Catalogue |
Corresponding author: Weibing Zhu ( wbzhu@sibs.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Marco Gottardo
© 2014 Mengmeng Wang, Verner Michelsen, Kai Li, Weibing Zhu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wang M, Michelsen V, Li K, Zhu W (2014) Supplementary catalogue of the Anthomyiidae (Diptera) of China. ZooKeys 453: 71-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.453.8282
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The present catalogue of Anthomyiidae attempts to list all species (173) described or recorded from mainland China (165) and Taiwan (8) that for various reasons are not treated in “Flies of China” from 1998. The catalogue further lists Chinese species that are presently standing in new generic combinations compared to those of “Flies of China”, species that have changed name because of synonymy or misidentification, and species upgraded from subspecies to species. Regional distribution by province is specified for all species. Literature sources to descriptions or records of anthomyiid species from China are only given for those 173 species not covered by “Flies of China”. Four new combinations are proposed: Enneastigma fulva (Malloch, 1934), Enneastigma henanensis (Ge & Fan, 1982), Enneastigma lengshanensis (Xue, 2001) and Hylemya qinghaiensis (Fan, Chen & Ma, 1989). Eremomyia turbida Huckett, 1951 is revived from synonymy with Chortophila triticiperda Stein, 1900 (current name Eutrichota turbida). One subspecies is upgraded to species: Adia asiatica Fan, 1988. The following eight new synonymies are proposed: Delia pectinator fuscilateralis Fan in Fan & Zheng, 1992 with Delia pectinator Suwa, 1984; Eremomyia pilimana pilimarginata Fan & Qian in Fan, Chen, Ma & Ge, 1982 with Eremomyia turbida Huckett, 1951 (current name Eutrichota turbida); Lopesohylemya Fan, Chen & Ma, 1989 with Hylemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; Deliomyia Fan in Fan et al., 1988 with Subhylemyia Ringdahl, 1933; Hydrophoria disticrassa Xue & Bai, 2009 with Hydrophoria pullata Wu, Liu & Wei, 1995 (current name Zaphne pullata); Heteroterma Wei, 2006 with Scathophaga Meigen, 1803; Heteroterma fanjingensis Wei, 2006 with Scathophaga curtipilata Feng, 2002; Scatomyza fansipanicola Ozerov in Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2011 with Scathophaga curtipilata Feng, 2002. The genus Heteroterma Wei, 2006 and species Heteroterma fanjingensis Wei, 2006 are reassigned from Anthomyiidae to Scathophagidae.
Nomenclature, classification, Anthomyiidae , Scathophagidae , China, Taiwan
China is a huge country of 9.6 million square kilometres in eastern Asia supporting a rich Palaearctic biota supplemented with a smaller Oriental biota in the southern areas. The Anthomyiidae are a large and diverse family of muscoid Diptera with c. 2000 described species worldwide. Anthomyiid flies are most diverse under temperate to subarctic conditions in the Northern Hemisphere. Accordingly, the Chinese anthomyiid fauna is exceedingly rich, including about one-third of the known world fauna, but still far from exhaustively investigated despite the voluminous literature on the subject.
The first comprehensive revision of the Anthomyiidae in China is that of
The notable increase in number of anthomyiid species presently recognized from mainland China (675) compared to “Flies of China” (511) reflects on one hand the high activity level of taxonomic and faunistic investigation of anthomyiid flies that has taken place in China since 1992/93 (the approximate deadline for “Flies of China”). However, our catalogue includes 25 species described as new and 17 species recorded from China or Taiwan before 1992 that for unknown reasons are omitted from “Flies of China”. These aspects emphasize the strong need of the present supplementary list.
The following catalogue is primarily a compilation of all anthomyiid species recorded from mainland China and Taiwan but for various reasons omitted from consideration in “Flies of China” (
The arrangement of the species is alphabetical by genus and by species. The generic classification follows the most recent update of the family in “Fauna Europaea” (
Genus Adia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Adia asiatica Fan in Fan et al., 1988, STAT. REV.
Adia grisella asiatica Fan.
Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Taxonomic note. The present taxon differs significantly from Adia grisella (Rondani) in the structure of the male terminalia. It also has a distribution overlapping with A. grisella in Central Asia (DM Ackland in litt.).
Genus Alliopsis Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911
Syn.: Paraprosalpia Villeneuve, 1922.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Alliopsis billbergi (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Paraprosalpia billibergi [misspelling of billbergi] shanghaina Fan in Fan, Chen, Cui & Wang, 1983.
Paraprosalpia billergi [misspelling of billbergi] shanghaina Fan.
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Shanghai.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Alliopsis denticauda (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Paraprosalpia denticauda (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Alliopsis flavipes (Fan & Cui in Fan, Chen, Cui & Wang, 1983)
Paraprosalpia flavipes Fan & Cui.
Distribution. China: Heilongjiang.
Alliopsis maculifrons (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Paraprosalpia lutebasicosta Fan in Fan, Chen, Cui & Wang, 1983.
Alliopsis lutebasicosta (Fan).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Alliopsis magnilamella (Fan in Fan, Chen, Cui & Wang, 1983)
Paraprosalpia magnilamella Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai.
Alliopsis moerens (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Paraprosalpia moerens (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Neimenggu.
Alliopsis pilitarsis (Stein, 1900)
Paraprosalpia pilitarsis (Stein).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Xinjiang.
Alliopsis sepiella (Zetterstedt, 1845)
Paraprosalpia sepiella (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Xinjiang.
Alliopsis tibialis (Fan & Wang in Fan, Chen, Ma & Ge, 1982)
Paraprosalpia tibialis Fan.
Parprosalpia [misspelling of Paraprosalpia] tibialis Fan & Wang.
Distribution. China: Shanxi.
Genus Anthomyia Meigen, 1803
Syn.: Craspedochoeta Macquart, 1851.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Anthomyia alishana Ackland & Suwa in Ackland, 1987
Distribution in China. Taiwan (
Anthomyia cannabina (Stein, 1916)
Craspedochoeta cannabina (Stein).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning.
Anthomyia confusanea Michelsen in Michelsen & Báez, 1985
Craspedochoeta liturata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Neimenggu, Shanxi, Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. Anthomyia liturata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) is known exclusively from Europe, whereas A. confusanea is a more widespread Palearctic species.
*Anthomyia hirsuticorpa (Feng & Fan in Feng, Fan & Zeng, 1999)
Craspedochoeta hirsuticorpa Feng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Anthomyia lasiommata Fan & Chen, 1992
Distribution. China: Hainan (
*Anthomyia latifasciata Suwa, 1987
Distribution in China. Guizhou (
Anthomyia mimetica (Malloch, 1918)
Craspedochoeta angulata (Tiensuu, 1938).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Anthomyia oculifera Bigot, 1885
Anthomyia koreana Suh & Kwon, 1985.
Distribution in China. Liaoning.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Anthomyia psilommata Fan & Chen, 1992
Distribution. China: Hainan (
Anthomyia pullulula (Fan in Fan, Chen, Ma & Wu, 1984)
Craspedochoeta pullulula Fan.
Distribution in China. Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang.
*Anthomyia sinensis Zhang & Sun, 1997
Distribution. China: Liaoning (
Genus Boreophorbia Michelsen, 1987
*Boreophorbia hirtipes (Stein, 1907)
Chirosia hirtipes Stein.
Distribution in China. Qinghai (
Genus Botanophila Lioy, 1864
Syn.: Monochrotogaster Ringdahl, 1932; Pseudomyopina Ringdahl, 1933.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Botanophila alcaecerca (Deng, 1997)
Pegohylemyia alcaecerca Deng.
Distribution. China: Shandong, Sichuan (
*Botanophila alishana Suwa, 1996
Distribution. China: Taiwan (
*Botanophila angulisurstyla Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila angustisilva Xue & Yang, 2002
Distribution. China: Shaanxi, Gansu (
Botanophila atricornis (Fan & Wu, 1981)
Monochrotogaster atricornis Fan & Wu.
Distribution. China: Qinghai, Sichuan.
*Botanophila bicoloripennis Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Hebei, Sichuan (
*Botanophila caligotypa (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Pegohylemyia caligotypa Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
Botanophila cercodiscoides (Fan, Zhong & Deng in Fan et al., 1988)
Pegohylemyia okai cercodiscoides Fan, Zhong & Deng.
Botanophila okai cercodiscoides (Fan, Zhong & Deng).
Distribution. China: Sichuan.
Taxonomic note. First ranked as species by
*Botanophila chelonocerca Xue & Yang, 2002
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Botanophila choui (Fan, Chen & Ma, 2000)
Pegohylemyia choui Fan, Chen & Ma.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila chui Suwa, 1996
Distribution. China: Taiwan (
*Botanophila clavata (Hennig, 1970)
Distribution in China. Qinghai, Yunnan (
*Botanophila convexifrons (Fan, Chen & Chen 1993)
Pegohylemyia convexifrons Fan, Chen & Chen.
Distribution. China: Henan, Xinjiang (
*Botanophila cornuta (Deng, 1997)
Pegohylemyia cornuta Deng.
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Botanophila cuneata (Deng, Li & Liu, 1996)
Pegohylemyia cuneata Deng, Li & liu.
Distribution. China: Jiangxi, Sichuan (
*Botanophila curvimargo (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Pegohylemyia curvimargo Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila densispinula Xue & Song, 2007
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
Botanophila depressa (Stein, 1907)
Chortophila depressa Stein.
Botanophila oraria (Collin, 1967).
Distribution in China. Qinghai, Gansu, Xizang (
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first suggested by
*Botanophila dianisenecio Xue & Wang, 2010
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Botanophila dolichocerca (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Pegohylemyia dolichocerca Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Heilongjiang, Qinghai (
*Botanophila endotylata (Deng, Li & Liu, 1996)
Pegohylemyia endotylata Deng, Li & Liu.
Distribution. China: Henan, Sichuan (
*Botanophila euryisurstyla (Deng, Liu & Li, 1995)
Pegohylemyia euryisurstyla Deng, Liu & Li.
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Botanophila fanjingensis Wei, 2006
Distribution. China: Guizhou (
*Botanophila flavibellula (Deng, Geng, Liu & Li, 1995)
Pegohylemyia flavibellula Deng Geng, Liu & Li.
Distribution. China: Jilin, Sichuan (
*Botanophila fulgicauda (Deng, Liu & Li, 1995)
Pegohylemyia fulgicauda Deng, Liu & Li.
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
Botanophila fumidorsis (Ackland, 1967)
Pseudomyopina fumidorsis probola Fan in Ye, Ni & Fan, 1982.
Distribution in China. Shandong, Gansu, Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Botanophila gnava (Meigen, 1826)
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Xinjiang (
*Botanophila gnavoides (Hennig, 1970)
Distribution in China. Gansu, Xinjiang (
*Botanophila guizhouensis Wei, 2006
Distribution. China: Guizhou (
*Botanophila higuchii (Suwa, 1974)
Pegohylemyia higuchii Suwa.
Distribution in China. Shaanxi, Gansu (
*Botanophila hohxiliensis Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Jilin, Qinghai (
*Botanophila kanmiyai Suwa, 1996
Distribution. China: Taiwan (
*Botanophila latigena (Stein, 1907)
Chortophila latigena Stein.
Pegohylemyia latigena (Stein).
Botanophila latigena (Stein).
Distribution in China. Qinghai, Gansu, Hebei (
*Botanophila latispinisternata Xue & Wang, 2010
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Botanophila ligoniformis (Deng, 1993)
Pegohylemyia ligoniformis Deng.
Distribution. China: Sichuan, Xizang (
*Botanophila longibarbata Xue & Wang, 2010
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
Botanophila maculipes (Zetterstedt, 1845)
Botanophila pseudomaculipes (Strobl, 1893).
Distribution in China. Sichuan, Xizang (
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Botanophila mediotubera (Deng, Li & Liu, 1996)
Pegohylemyia mediotubera Deng, Li & Liu.
Distribution. China: Jiangxi, Sichuan (
Botanophila melametopa (Fan in Fan & Zheng, 1992)
Pegohylemyia melametopa Fan.
Pegohylemyia nigrifrontata Fan & Zheng, 1992.
Botanophila melametopa (Fan).
Botanophila nigrifrontata (Fan & Zheng).
Distribution. China: Sichuan.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Botanophila menyuanensis (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Pegohylemyia menyuanensis Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila monacensis (Hennig, 1970)
Pegohylemyia monacensis Hennig.
Distribution in China. Hebei (
*Botanophila monoconica (Chen & Fan, 1995)
Pegohylemyia monoconica Chen & Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila nigribella (Deng, Geng, Liu & Li, 1995)
Pegohylemyia nigribella Deng, Geng, Liu & Li.
Distribution. China: Henan, Sichuan (
Botanophila pamirensis (Ackland, 1967)
Pseudomyopina pamirensis Ackland.
Distribution in China. Henan, Xinjiang.
*Botanophila papiliocerca (Deng, 1997)
Pegohylemyia papiliocerca Deng.
Distribution. China: Shanxi, Sichuan (
Taxonomic note. Pegohylemyia papiliocera is an incorrect original spelling in the English summary (p. 204) by
*Botanophila peltophora (Li, Cui & Fan, 1993)
Pegohylemyia peltophora Li, Cui & Fan.
Distribution. China: Neimenggu, Henan (
*Botanophila peninsularis Suh & Kwon, 1986
Distribution in China. Liaoning (
*Botanophila pilicoronata Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila platysurstyla Xue & Song, 2007
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Botanophila prenochirella (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Pegohylemyia prenochirella Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila rotundivalva (Ringdahl, 1937)
Distribution in China. Shandong, Shaanxi (
*Botanophila rubrigena (Schnabl, 1915)
Distribution in China. Qinghai, (
Botanophila rufifrons (Fan & Chen, 1981)
Monochrotogaster rufifrons Fan & Chen.
Distribution. China: Qinghai.
*Botanophila sanctiforceps Xue & Yang, 2002
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Botanophila sericea (Malloch, 1920)
Botanophila sericea (Malloch).
Distribution in China. Not given.
*Botanophila spinisternatodea Xue & Wang, 2010
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Botanophila stenocerca (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Pegohylemyia stenocerca Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila strictistriolata Xue & Zhang, 2005
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Botanophila submontivaga Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Gansu, Xinjiang (
*Botanophila subobscura Xue & Yang, 2002
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Botanophila subspinulibasis Xue & Song, 2007
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Botanophila tetracrula (Deng, 1997)
Pegohylemyia tetracrula Deng.
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Botanophila tortiforceps (Deng, 1993)
Pegohylemyia tortiforceps Deng.
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Botanophila trifurcata (Huckett, 1947)
Distribution in China. Qinghai, Sichuan (
*Botanophila trifurcatoides Xue & Song, 1992
Pegohylemyia trifurcata Hennig, 1976 [preoccupied in Botanophila].
Distribution. China: Heilongjiang (
*Botanophila trinivittata (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Pegohylemyia trinivittata Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
Botanophila unicolor (Ringdahl, 1932)
Monochrotogaster unicolor Ringdahl.
Distribution in China. Xinjiang.
*Botanophila unicrucianella (Xue & Zhang, 1996)
Pseudomyopina unicrucianella Xue & Zhang.
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila unimacula Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Botanophila vicariola (Fan in Fan, Chen & Fang, 1987)
Pegohylemyia vicariola Fan.
Distribution. China: Xizang (
Botanophila zhuoniensis (Jin, 1983)
Pegohylemyia zhuoniensis Jin.
Botanophila zhuouniensis [misspelling of zhuoniensis] (Jin).
Distribution. China: Gansu.
Genus Chirosia Rondani, 1856
Syn.: Meliniella Suwa, 1974; Shakshainia Suwa, 1974.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Chirosia bisinuata (Tiensuu, 1939)
Meliniella bisinuata (Tiensuu).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
*Chirosia forcipispatula Xue, 2001
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
Chirosia griseifrons (Séguy, 1923)
Meliniella griseifrons (Séguy).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning.
Chirosia grossicauda Strobl, 1899
Chirosia parvicornis (Zetterstedt, 1845) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Liaoning, Fujian.
Taxonomic note. The valid name for the present species first proposed by
*Chirosia nodula (Li, Cui & Fan, 1993)
Meliniella nodula Li, Cui & Fan.
Distribution. China: Henan (
Chirosia rametoka (Suwa, 1974)
Shakshainia rametoka Suwa.
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning.
Chirosia spatuliforceps (Fan & Chu in Fan, Chen, Ma & Ge, 1982)
Meliniella spatuliforceps Fan & Chu.
Distribution. China: Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Chirosia strigilliformis (Deng & Li, 1986)
Meliniella strigilliformis Deng & Li.
Distribution. China: Sichuan.
*Chirosia styloplasis (Zheng & Fan, 1990)
Meliniella styloplasis Zheng & Fan.
Distribution. China: Xizang (
Genus Delia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
*Delia absidata Xue & Du, 2008
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Delia ancylosurstyla Xue, 2002
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Delia angustaeformis (Ringdahl, 1933)
Distribution in China. Xinjiang (
*Delia apicifloralis Xue, 2002
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Delia brevipalpis Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Delia conjugata Deng & Li, 1994
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Delia conversatoides Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
Delia diluta (Stein, 1916)
Delia diluta (Stein).
Delia segmentata (Wulp, 1896) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Qinghai.
Taxonomic note.
*Delia dovreensis Ringdahl, 1953
Distribution in China. Shanxi (
*Delia falciforceps Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Xinjiang (
*Delia fimbrifascia Xue & Du, 2009
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Delia flavicommixta Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Xinjiang (
*Delia flavipes Tian & Ma, 1999
Distribution. China: Neimenggu (
*Delia flavogrisea (Ringdahl, 1926)
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang (Hennig 1974: 814).
Delia floricola Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Delia floricola Robineau-Desvoidy.
Delia cardui (Meigen, 1826) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note.
*Delia formosana Suwa, 1994
Distribution. China: Taiwan (
*Delia hohxiliensis Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
Delia linearis (Stein, 1898)
Delia flabellifera (Pandellé, 1900).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Neimenggu, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Delia longiarista Xue, 2002
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Delia longimastica Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
Delia madoensis Fan in Fan et al., 1988.
Delia rondanii madoensis Fan in Fan et al.
Distribution in China. Gansu, Qinghai.
Taxonomic note. First ranked as species by
*Delia mastigella Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Delia minutigrisea Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Delia nigriabdominis Xue, 2001
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Delia parvicanalis Fan in Fan, Chen, Ma & Wu, 1984
Distribution. China: Qinghai, Sichuan (
Delia pectinator Suwa, 1984
Delia pectinator fuscilateralis Fan in Fan & Zheng, 1992, syn. n.
Distribution in China. Sichuan.
Taxonomic note.
Delia penicilliventris Ackland, 2010
Delia penicillaris (Rondani, 1866) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Taxonomic note.
*Delia persica Hennig, 1974
Distribution in China. Hebei (
*Delia podagricicauda Xue, 1997
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Delia scrofifacialis Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Delia stenostyla Deng & Li, 1994
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Delia subatrifrons Xue & Du, 2009
Distribution. China: Sichuan, Yunnan (
*Delia subinterflua Xue & Du, 2008
Distribution. China: Sichuan, Yunnan (
*Delia taonura Deng & Li, 1994
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
Delia tenuiventris (Zetterstedt, 1860)
Delia conversata (Tiensuu, 1936).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Delia turcmenica Hennig, 1974
Distribution in China. Qinghai (
*Delia unguitigris Xue, 1997
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Delia uralensis Hennig, 1974
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai (
Genus Egle Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Egle ciliata (Walker, 1849)
Egle muscaria (Fabricius, 1777) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Liaoning, Neimenggu.
Taxonomic note. The valid name for the present species was first proposed by
Egle inermis Ackland, 1970
Egle steini Schnabl, 1911 [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Liaoning.
Taxonomic note. Misidentification first noted by
*Egle longirostris (Stein, 1907)
Chortophila longirostris Stein.
Lasiomma longirostris (Stein).
Egle longirostris (Stein).
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
Egle minuta (Meigen, 1826)
Egle korpokkur Suwa, 1974.
Egle gracilior Zheng & Fan, 1990.
Distribution in China. Liaoning, Shanxi, Gansu, Sichuan.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Egle subarctica (Huckett, 1965)
Egle cyrtacra Fan & Wang in Fan, Chen, Ma & Ge, 1982.
Distribution in China. Shanxi.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Genus Emmesomyia Malloch, 1917
*Emmesomyia dorsalis (Stein, 1915)
Chortophila dorsalis Stein.
Distribution in China. Taiwan (
*Emmesomyia ovata (Stein, 1915)
Chortophila ovata Stein.
Distribution in China. Taiwan (
*Emmesomyia roborospinosa Cui, Li & Fan, 1993
Distribution. China: Heilongjiang (
*Emmesomyia similata Suwa, 1991
Distribution in China. Guizhou (
Emmesomyia suwai Ge & Fan, 1988
Emmesomyia socia suwai Ge & Fan.
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan.
Taxonomic note. First ranked as species by
Genus Enneastigma Stein, 1916
Taxonomic note. The following two species are presently referred to Enneastigma rather than Pegoplata, because the male cerci that are not forming a projecting lobe between the surstyli, a derived character state only defining the genera Pegoplata and Myopina within the Myopina group of genera. In that respect Enneastigma agrees with Calythea Schnabl & Dziedzicki.
Enneastigma fulva (Malloch, 1934), COMB. NOV.
Nupedia fulva (Malloch).
Distribution in China. Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan.
Enneastigma henanensis (Ge & Fan, 1982), COMB. NOV.
Nupedia henanensis Ge & Fan.
Distribution. China: Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan.
*Enneastigma lengshanensis Xue, 2001, COMB. NOV.
Pegoplata lengshanensis Xue, 2001.
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
Genus Eutrichota Kowarz, 1893
Syn.: Eremomyia Stein, 1898; Pegomyza Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911; Arctopegomyia Ringdahl, 1938; Parapegomyia Griffiths, 1984.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Eutrichota apiciserpenta Xue & Dong in Xue, Dong & Bai, 2012
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Eutrichota breviungula Xue & Dong in Xue, Dong & Bai, 2012
Distribution. China: Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang (
*Eutrichota fanjingensis Wei, 2006
Distribution. China: Guizhou (
*Eutrichota gansuensis (Xue & Zhang, 2005)
Parapegomyia gansuensis Xue & Zhang.
Distribution. China: Gansu (
*Eutrichota latimana Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Eutrichota minutiungula Xue & Bai in Xue, Dong & Bai, 2012
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Eutrichota nigriceps Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (Xue & Zhang 1996b: 182).
*Eutrichota palaestinensis (Hennig, 1973)
Distribution in China. Shaanxi (
Eutrichota praepotens (Wiedemann, 1817)
Distribution in China. Only record from northern China (
*Eutrichota ruficeps Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
Eutrichota turbida (Huckett, 1951), SP. REV.
Eremomyia triticiperda (Stein, 1900) [misidentification].
Eutrichota triticiperda (Stein) [misidentification].
Eremomyia pilimana pilimarginata Fan & Qian in Fan, Chen, Ma & Ge, 1982, syn. n.
Eutrichota pilimarginata (Fan & Qian).
Distribution in China. Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. Comparative study has convinced one of us (VM) that Eutrichota triticiperda (Stein) from Central Europe is different from the species identified by that name from Central Asia (
Genus Hydrophoria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Taxonomic note. Hydrophoria in the present narrow sense follows upon the recognition of Zaphne (q.v.) as a separate genus.
*Hydrophoria aberrans Stein, 1918
Distribution. China: Taiwan (
*Hydrophoria fanjingensis Wei, 2006
Distribution. China: Guizhou (
*Hydrophoria lushiensis Ge & Li, 1985
Distribution. China: Henan (
*Hydrophoria nigrinitida Feng, 2006
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Hydrophoria robustisurstylus Feng, 2006
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
Hydrophoria silvicola (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
Hydrophoria annulata (Pandellé, 1899) [misidentification].
Hydrophoria silvicola (Robineau-Desvoidy).
Distribution in China. Xinjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang.
Taxonomic note. The valid name for the present species was first proposed by
Genus Hylemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Syn.: Lopesohylemya Fan, Chen & Ma, 1989, syn. n.
Taxonomic note.
*Hylemya teinosurstylia Xue & Zhang, 2004
Distribution. China: Guangxi, Yunnan (
Hylemya qinghaiensis (Fan, Chen & Ma, 1989), COMB. NOV.
Lopesohylemya qinghaiensis Fan, Chen & Ma.
Distribution. China: Qinghai.
Hylemya urbica Wulp, 1896
Hylemya latifrons Schnabl.
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first published in
Genus Hylemyza Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911
Taxonomic note. First revived from synonymy with Hylemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 by
Hylemyza partita (Meigen, 1826)
Hylemya partita (Meigen).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Qinghai.
Genus Hyporites Pokorny, 1893
Syn.: Engyneura Stein, 1907
Taxonomic note. Species of Engyneura agree closely with those of Hyporites, and together they constitute a well defined, clearly monophyletic entity of anthomyiid flies. This was realized by
Hyporites curvostylata (Fan & Chen in Fan, Chen, Fan, Ma & Zhong, 1980)
Engyneura curvostylata Fan & Chen.
Distribution. China: Qinghai.
Hyporites gracilior (Fan & Zhong in Fan, Chen, Fan, Ma & Zhong, 1980)
Engyneura gracilior Fan & Zhong.
Distribution. China: Qinghai, Xizang.
Hyporites leptinostylata (Fan, Van & Ma in Fan, Chen, Fan, Ma & Zhong, 1980)
Engyneura leptinostylata Fan, Van & Ma.
Distribution. China: Qinghai.
Hyporites pilipes (Stein, 1907)
Engyneura pilipes Stein.
Distribution. China: Gansu, Qinghai.
Hyporites setigera (Stein, 1907)
Engyneura setigera Stein.
Distribution in China. Gansu, Qinghai.
Hyporites setifemorata (Fan in Fan & Zheng, 1992)
Engyneura setifemorata Fan.
Distribution. China: Sichuan.
*Hyporites yuanyea (Xue & Liu, 2013)
Engyneura yuanyea Xue & Liu.
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
Genus Lasiomma Stein, 1916
Syn.: Acrostilpna Ringdahl, 1929; Sinohylemya Hsue, 1980.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first established by
Lasiomma craspedodontum (Hsue, 1980)
Sinohylemya craspedodonta Hsue.
Distribution in China. Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan.
Lasiomma latipenne (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Acrostilpna latipennis (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Lasiomma monticola Suh & Kwon, 1985
Sinohylemya ctenocnema Hsue, 1980 [preoccupied in Lasiomma].
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Lasiomma picipes (Meigen, 1826)
Lasiomma octoguttatum (Zetterstedt, 1845).
Distribution in China. Xizang.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Lasiomma replicatum (Huckett, 1929)
Acrostilpna montana Ma, 1988.
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Genus Leucophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Leucophora dasyprosterna Fan & Qian in
Leucophora brevifrons dasyprosterna Fan & Qian.
Distribution. China: Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. First ranked as species by
*Leucophora liaoningensis Zhang & Zhang, 1998
Distribution. China: Liaoning (
*Leucophora obtusa (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Distribution in China. Liaoning (
*Leucophora xinjiangensis Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Xinjiang (
Genus Mycophaga Rondani, 1856
*Mycophaga testacea (Gimmerthal, 1834)
Distribution in China. Sichuan (
Genus Myopina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
*Myopina myopina (Fallén, 1824)
Distribution in China. Shanxi (
Genus Paradelia Ringdahl, 1933
Syn.: Pseudonupedia Ringdahl, 1959.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Paradelia brunneonigra (Schnabl in Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911)
Pseudonupedia brunneonigra (Schnabl).
Distribution in China. Shaanxi, Gansu.
Paradelia intersecta (Meigen, 1826)
Pseudonupedia intersecta (Meigen).
Distribution in China. Jilin, Shanxi, Gansu.
*Paradelia lundbeckii (Ringdahl, 1918)
Distribution in China. Sichuan (
Paradelia palpata (Stein, 1906)
Pseudonupedia trigonalis (Karl).
Distribution in China. Qinghai.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Genus Paregle Schnabl, 1911
Syn.: Chionomyia Ringdahl, 1933.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Paregle vetula (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Chionomyia vetula (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan.
Genus Pegomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
*Pegomya acisophalla Xue, 2003
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Pegomya agilis Wei, 2006
Distribution. China: Guizhou (
*Pegomya basichaeta Li, Liu & Fan in Li, Liu, Fan & Cui, 1999
Distribution. China: Henan (
*Pegomya calyptrata (Zetterstedt, 1846)
Distribution in China. Qinghai (
*Pegomya chaetostigmata Zheng & Fan, 1990
Distribution. China: Xizang (
*Pegomya cricophalla Xue, 2003
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Pegomya deprimata (Zetterstedt, 1845)
Distribution in China. Jiangxi (
*Pegomya diplothrixa Li, Liu & Fan in Li, Liu, Fan & Cui, 1999
Distribution. China: Henan (
*Pegomya flavifrons (Walker, 1849)
Distribution in China. Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang (
*Pegomya heteroparamera Zheng & Fan, 1990
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Pegomya hohxiliensis Xue & Zhang, 1996
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Pegomya huanglongensis Deng & Li, 1993
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
*Pegomya incrassata Stein, 1907
Pegomyia incrassata Stein.
Distribution in China. Guangdong, Qinghai (
Pegomya japonica Suwa, 1974
Pegomya japonica japonica Suwa.
Pegomya japonica mokanensis Fan, 1982.
Distribution in China. Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Pegomya lageniforceps Xue, 2003
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
Pegomya lurida (Zetterstedt, 1846)
Pegomya valgenovensis Hennig.
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan.
Taxonomic note. Synonomy first proposed by
*Pegomya mediarmata Zheng & Xue, 2002
Distribution. China: Liaoning (
*Pegomya mirabifurca Cui, Li & Fan, 1993
Distribution. China: Heilongjiang, Henan, Neimenggu (
*Pegomya nigripraepeda Feng, 2006
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
Pegomya nudapicalis Li & Deng in Fan et al., 1988
Pegomya dichaetomyiola nudapicalis Li & Deng.
Distribution. China: Sichuan.
Taxonomic note. Pegomya dichaetomyiola nudicpiculis and P. dichaetomyiola nudiapicalis are incorrect original spellings in the Index (p. 391) and in the English summary (p. 396) by
*Pegomya pulchripes (Loew, 1857)
Distribution in China. Hebei, Sichuan (
*Pegomya revolutiloba Zheng & Fan, 1990
Distribution. China: Xizang (
Pegomya rhagolobos Li, Deng, Zhu & Sun, 1984
Pegomya rhagolobs [misspelling of rhagolobos] Li, Deng, Zhu & Sun.
Distribution. China: Sichuan.
*Pegomya rufina (Fallén, 1825)
Distribution in China. Shaanxi (
*Pegomya semicircula Li, Liu & Fan, 1999
Distribution. China: Henan (
*Pegomya setaria (Meigen, 1826)
Distribution in China. Shanghai (
*Pegomya spiraculata Suwa, 1974
Distribution in China. Liaoning (
*Pegomya sublurida Hsue, 1981
Distribution. China: Liaoning (
*Pegomya tabida (Meigen, 1826)
Distribution in China. Shaanxi (
*Pegomya unilongiseta Fan & Huang in Fan, Huang, Zou & Wu, 1984
Distribution. China: Fujian (
*Pegomya yunnanensis Xue, 2001
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
Genus Pegoplata Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911
Syn.: Nupedia Karl, 1930.
Taxonomic note. Griffiths (1986: 610) first proposed a wider concept of Pegoplata to include species previously recognized in Nupedia.
Pegoplata aestiva (Meigen, 1826)
Nupedia aestiva (Meigen).
Distribution in China. Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang.
Pegoplata annulata (Pandellé, 1899)
Pegoplata juvenilis (Stein, 1898) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Taxonomic note. Griffiths (1986: 622) recognized two subspecies under Pegoplata juvenilis (Stein, 1898), of which the nominal subspecies is Nearctic in distribution and its Palearctic counterpart was named as P. juvenilis nitidicauda (Schnabl, 1911).
Pegoplata infirma (Meigen, 1826)
Nupedia infirma (Meigen).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang.
*Pegoplata laotudingga Zheng & Xue, 2002
Distribution. China: Liaoning (
Pegoplata linotaenia (Ma, 1986)
Nupedia linotaenia Ma.
Distribution. China: Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Neimenggu.
Pegoplata nigroscutellata (Stein, 1920)
Nupedia nigroscutellata (Stein).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Qinghai.
Pegoplata patellans (Pandellé, 1900)
Nupedia patellans (Pandellé).
Distribution in China. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan.
Pegoplata plicatura (Hsue, 1981)
Nupedia plicatura Hsue.
Distribution. China: Liaoning.
*Pegoplata qiandianensis Wei, 2006
Distribution. China: Guizhou (
Genus Phorbia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
*Phorbia fani Xue, 2001
Distribution. China: Sichuan, Yunnan (
Phorbia genitalis (Schnabl, 1911)
Phorbia securis xibeina Wu, Zhang & Fan in Fan et al., 1988.
Distribution in China. Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Phorbia lobata (Huckett, 1929)
Phorbia perssoni Hennig, 1976.
Distribution in China. Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
*Phorbia longipilis (Pandellé, 1900)
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang (
*Phorbia morulella Fan, Li & Cui, 1993
Distribution. China: Henan (
*Phorbia polystrepsis Fan, Chen & Ma, 2000
Distribution. China: Qinghai (
*Phorbia simplisternita Fan, Li & Cui, 1993
Distribution. China: Henan (
*Phorbia sinosingularis Zhang, Fan & Zhu, 2011
Distribution. China: Shanxi (
*Phorbia subcurvifolia Zhang, Fan & Zhu, 2011
Distribution. China: Heilongjiang (
Phorbia subfascicularis Suwa, 1994
Phorbia fascicularis Tiensuu, 1936 [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Taxonomic note. Misidentification first noted by
Genus Ringdahlia Michelsen, 2014
Ringdahlia curtigena (Ringdahl, 1935)
Lasiomma curtigena (Ringdahl).
Distribution in China. Gansu.
Taxonomic note. The genus Ringdahlia was established by
Genus Sinophorbia Xue, 1997
Syn.: Sinophorbia Xue in Wei et al., 1998
Sinophorbia tergiprotuberans Xue, 1997
Sinophorbia tergiprotuberans Xue in Wei et al., 1998b: 2301.
Distribution. China: Sichuan (
Note. The present genus and species, intended for publication in “Flies of China” (Xue in Wei et al., 1998b), were accidentally published by
Genus Strobilomyia Michelsen, 1988
*Strobilomyia lijiangensis Roques & Sun in Roques, Sun, Zhang, Pan, Xu & Delplanque, 1996
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
*Strobilomyia oriens (Suwa, 1983)
Lasiomma abietes [misspelling of abietis] (Huckett, 1953) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Liaoning (
Taxonomic note.
[Strobilomyia sanyangi Roques & Sun in Sun, Roques, Zhang & Xu, 1996]
Unavailable nomen nudum (
*Strobilomyia sibirica Michelsen, 1988
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang (
*Strobilomyia svenssoni Michelsen, 1988
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang (
Genus Subhylemyia Ringdahl, 1933
Syn.: Deliomyia Fan in Fan et al., 1988, syn. n.
Taxonomic note. Deliomyia was proposed as a subgenus of Subhylemyia Ringdahl. The genus Subhylemyia is reasonably well defined and includes only two known species. Thus we see no reason to split this taxon any further.
Subhylemyia dorsilinea (Stein, 1920)
Subhylemyia (Deliomyia) lineola (Collin).
Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Qinghai.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy first proposed by
Genus Zaphne Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Taxonomic note. First proposed by
Zaphne ambigua (Fallén, 1823)
Hydrophoria ambigua (Fallén).
Zaphne ambigua (Fallén).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Zaphne divisa (Meigen, 1826)
Hydrophoria divisa (Meigen).
Zaphne divisa (Meigen).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Neimenggu, Tianjin.
Zaphne fasciculata (Schnabl, 1915)
Hydrophoria fasciculata (Schnabl).
Zaphne fasciculata (Schnabl).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Zaphne ignobilis (Zetterstedt, 1845)
Hydrophoria ignobilis (Zetterstedt).
Zaphne ignobilis (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Jinlin, Yunnan.
Zaphne inuncta (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Hydrophoria hyalipennis (Zetterstedt, 1855).
Zaphne inuncta (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Jilin.
Taxonomic note. Synonymy established by
*Zaphne laxibarbiventris Xue & Dong in Xue, Bai & Dong, 2009
Distribution. China: Yunnan (
Zaphne lineatocollis (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Hydrophoria lineatocollis (Zetterstedt).
Zaphne lineatocollis (Zetterstedt).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
Zaphne maculipennis (Stein, 1907)
Hydrophoria maculipennis Stein.
Zaphne maculipennis (Stein).
Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Xizang.
Zaphne melaena (Stein, 1907)
Hydrophoria melaena Stein.
Zaphne melaena (Stein).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Qinghai, Neimenggu, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang.
Zaphne nuda (Schnabl in Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911)
Hydrophoria nuda (Schnabl).
Zaphne nuda (Schnabl).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang.
*Zaphne pullata (Wu, Liu & Wei, 1995)
Hydrophoria pullata Wu, Liu & Wei.
Zaphne pullata (Wu, Liu & Wei).
Hydrophoria disticrassa Xue & Bai in Xue, Bai & Dong, 2009, syn. n.
Distribution. China: Guizhou, Yunnan (
Taxonomic note. Present synonymy based on comparison of the original illustrations of the male terminalia of the two nominal species.
Zaphne tundrica Schnabl in Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911
Hydrophoria verticina (Zetterstedt, 1838) [misidentification].
Zaphne verticina (Zetterstedt) [misidentification].
Distribution in China. Xinjiang.
Taxonomic note. Misidentification first noted by
Zaphne venatifurca (Zhong, 1985)
Hydrophoria venatifurca Zhong.
Zaphne venatifurca (Zhong).
Distribution. Xizang.
Zaphne ventribarbata (Hsue, 1981)
Hydrophoria ventribarbata Hsue.
Zaphne ventribarbata (Hsue).
Distribution. Jilin.
Zaphne wierzejskii (Mik, 1867)
Hydrophoria wierzejskii (Mik).
Zaphne wierzejskii (Mik).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang.
Zaphne zetterstedtii (Ringdahl, 1918)
Hydrophoria zetterstedti [misspelling of zetterstedtii] (Ringdahl).
Zaphne zetterstedti [misspelling of zetterstedtii] (Ringdahl).
Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Sichuan.
Valid species removed from the list of Chinese Anthomyiidae
Eutrichota schineri (Schnabl, 1910)
A record from NE China by
Lasiomma seminitidum (Zetterstedt, 1845)
Recorded from NE China by
Identity of Heteroterma fanjingensis Wei
Genus Scathophaga Meigen, 1803
Syn.: Heteroterma Wei, 2006, syn. n.
[name preoccupied by Heteroterma Gabb, 1869 in Tudiclidae, a fossil gastropod family]
Scathophaga curtipilata Feng, 2002
Heteroterma fanjingensis Wei, 2006, syn. n.
Scatomyza fansipanicola Ozerov in Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2011, syn. n.
Distribution. China: Sichuan, Guizhou; Vietnam (
Taxonomic note.
We have attempted to consult all relevant publications on Chinese Anthomyiidae in the preparation of the above supplementary catalogue of Anthomyiidae covering both mainland China and Taiwan. The anthomyiid fauna of mainland China comprises 675 species in 37 genera which corresponds to more than one-third of the known world fauna and 84% of the currently recognized anthomyiid genera. One genus (Sinophorbia Xue, 1997) and c. 425 species of Anthomyiidae are presently regarded as endemic to mainland China; other 6 species are endemic to Taiwan. However, a revisional study of the difficult and species rich genus Botanophila in North America is still pending and may expectedly show that a substantial number of the species currently listed as endemic to China in reality are more widespread, northern Holarctic species.
As shown in the bar graph (Fig.
Wang, Li and Zhu thank Zide Fan, Xianwei Liu, and Li Dai (Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for help with literature.We all want to express our special gratitude to Michael Ackland (Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford) for his critical reading of an earlier version of the manuscript and invaluable corrections and suggestions that have significantly improved the content of this paper. This project was supported by key project of Science-technology basic condition platform from The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (Grant No. 2005DKA21402).