Research Article |
Corresponding author: Rodrigo Vieira ( rodrigo08vieira@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Torsten Dikow
© 2014 Rodrigo Vieira, Jose Rafael.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Vieira R, Rafael J (2014) Longivena, a new robber-fly genus from Brazil (Diptera, Asilidae, Asilinae). ZooKeys 443: 119-138. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.443.8324
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Longivena gen. n. and five new species are described and illustrated from caatinga and cerrado habitats from Brazil: Longivena digitata sp. n., type–species (Maranhão, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul states), L. bilobata sp. n. (Maranhão state), L. flava sp. n. (Mato Grosso do Sul state), L. limeiraoliverai sp. n. (Maranhão state), L. spatulata sp. n. (Maranhão state). An illustrated key is also provided.
Asilidae , Neotropical, taxonomy, new genus and species, Efferia group
There are 178 currently known genera of Asilinae Latreille, 1802, of which 67 are known from the Neotropical region and 19 from Brazil (
For the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, 11 groups have been proposed (
In this paper, a new robber fly genus, Longivena gen. n., is proposed. This genus is morphologically similar to the genera of the artificial group Efferia and is characterized by the r3 cell closed and petiolate and the long stump vein (supernumerary crossvein) on R4 reaching the base of R2+3. This paper presents a description, diagnoses, illustrations of a new genus of Asilinae, and comments on related genera.
This study is based on the examination of specimens housed in the following institutions: CZMA – Coleção Zoológica do Maranhão, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão state, Brazil (Dr Francisco Limeira-de-Oliveira) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil (Dr Marcio Oliveira). Morphological terminology follows
Longivena digitata sp. n. (present designation).
From Latin, longi = long + vena= vein, referring to the long stump vein (supernumerary crossvein) on R4 that reaches the base of R2+3.
Feminine.
Brazil: Maranhão, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul states (Fig.
Head. Postpedicel oval, small, narrow distally; two to six setae, and two to four ocellar macrosetae; vertex black or yellowish, usually sparsely gold tomentose; face black or yellow, gold tomentose; proboscis black with thin and yellow ventral setae; labial setae yellowish; occipital setae white or yellowish. Thorax: two black notopleural macrosetae; one to two black supra-alar macrosetae; two black postalar macrosetae; no anatergal setae; thin, yellowish and black, discal scutellar setae yellowish or black, katatergal macrosetae yellowish; setae on posterior meron + metanepisternum yellowish. Wing: Without costal dilation; bifurcation of R4+5 beyond apex of discal cell; R4 supernumerary crossvein present, complete, reaching R2+3, as long as 1/5–1/6 of R2+3 length (Figs
Femora wholly black (Fig.
Holotype. Head. Antenna black; two setae and two long ocellar macrosetae; vertex, frons and face black, all sparsely golden tomentose; mystax with black and yellow setae; palpus with yellow basal setae and black apical setae; proboscis black with yellow ventral setae; labial setae yellowish; occiput black, silvery tomentose with white setae; ten black postocular macrosetae.
Thorax (Fig.
Wing (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Abdomen. Tergites II–V dark brown, gold tomentose apically and laterally; tergites VI–VII golde tomentose; sternites I–V brown tomentose and sternites VI–VII golden tomentose. Sternite VIII not developed medioapically.
Terminalia (Figs
Length. Body 13.4 mm; wing 9.0 mm.
Unknown.
(n= 5). Body length 12.6–15 mm; wing length 8.3–10 mm; eight to nine black postocular macrosetae; two black, apical scutellar macrosetae; black and yellow katatergal macrosetae; one black supra-alar macrosetae; capitulum reddish; hind femur with two yellow setae on basal 1/2 and two black on apical 1/2 anteroventrally.
From Latin, bi = two + lobus = lobe, referring to the bilobate apex of the epandrium.
Left detached wing mounted on microslides, terminalia placed in microvial with glycerin and pinned along with the specimen.
Brazil: Maranhão (Fig.
Holotype: BRASIL, MA[ranhão], Mirador, Parque
Est.[adual] Mirador, Base do Mosquito [06°43'S 44°58'W] / Armadilha de Malaise, 04–08.ii.2011, F. Limeira–de–Oliveira / Holotype Longivena bilobata (♂ INPA).
Paratypes: Same data as holotype / Paratype Longivena bilobata (1♂ INPA; 1♂ CZMA); BRASIL, MA[ranhão], Mirador, Parque Est.[adual] Mirador, Base da Geraldina / Armadilha Luminosa, 08–13.iii.2008, F. Limeira–de–Oliveira, J.C. Silva / Paratype Longivena bilobat a (1♂ INPA); BRASIL, MA[ranhão], Mirador, Parque Est.[adual] Mirador, Posto avançado do Mel, 06°43'50"S, 44°58'59"W / Armadilha Luminosa 02–08.iv.2001, F. Limeira–de–Oliveira, G.A. Reis & M.S. Oliveira, cols. / Paratype Longivena bilobata (1♂ CZMA).
Longivena bilobata sp. n. Holotype male. 1 Habitus, lateral view 2 Terminalia, lateral view 3 Wing. Obs. The small crosssvein connecting stump vein with R2+3 is an anomaly 4 Terminalia, lateral view treated in hot 10% KOH 5 Sternite VIII 6 Gonocoxite and gonostylus 7 Apex of gonostylus 8 Aedeagus 9 Apex of aedeagus. Abbreviations: aed: aedeagus; cerc: cercus; ej apod: ejaculatory apodeme; epand: epandrium; goncx: gonocoxite; gonst: gonostylus; hypd: hypandrium; st VIII: sternite VIII.
Six setae and two ocellar macrosetae; no apical scutellar seta; sternites VI–VIII brown, golden tomentose; tergites I–II with yellow setae laterally; sternite VIII developed medioapically, with black and yellow setae (Fig.
Holotype. Head. Scape and pedicel black, postpedicel dark brown to black; six setae and two ocellar macrosetae; vertex black, sparsely golden tomentose; frons black; face black, golden tomentose; mystax mostly with black macrosetae and a few golden macrosetae on oral margin; palpus with yellow to brown setae; proboscis black with yellow ventral setae; labial setae yellowish; occiput black, sparsely gray tomentose, with yellow setae; eight to nine postocular macrosetae.
Thorax. Antepronotum golden, yellow to brown tomentose; postpronotum golden tomentose; mesonotum black, presutural and prescutellar spot golden and yellow tomentose; pleuron black, gray and golden tomentose. Chaetotaxy: two black notopleural macrosetae; one black supra-alar macrosetae; two black postalar macrosetae; two pairs of presutural and four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral macrosetae; no anatergal, neither apical scutellar setae; discal scutellar setae yellowish and blackish; katatergal macrosetae yellow; setae on posterior meron + metanepisternum yellowish.
Wing (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Abdomen. Tergites dark brown, golden tomentose; sternites VI–VIII brown, golden tomentose; sternite VIII developed medioapically, with black and yellow setae; tergites I–II with yellow setae laterally.
Terminalia (Figs
Length. Body 12.2 mm; wing 8.1 mm.
Two ocellar setae lost; some mystax setae broken; one left dorsocentral macroseta lost; cells r4 and r5 punctured apically; right mid tibia with one seta broken and another lost; right hind femur with two anteroventral setae broken and left hind femur with three anteroventral macrosetae broken. Left detached wing mounted on microslides, terminalia placed in microvial with glycerin and pinned along with the specimen.
Variation (n= 12): Body length 13.3–14.9 mm, wing 8.4–9.5 mm; three to seven ocellar setae; frons black, golden tomentose; five to seven postocular macrosetae; five pairs of postsutural dorsocentral macrosetae; one macrosetae and one, or two, apical scutellar setae; two black supra-alar macrosetae; halter stem yellow and capitulum reddish; mid femur with a black seta anteriorly; hind femur with three yellow macrosetae anteriorly, and four yellow and one to two anteroventrally; fore tibia with three to four yellow and one black setae posteroventrally; mid tibia with four yellow setae; hind tibia with two yellow setae anteriorly and one preapical ventrally; mid tarsus with black setae; tergites II–IV gray tomentose laterally; sternites II–VI gray tomentose.
Female (Figs
Etymology: From Latin digitata = digitate, finger-like, referring to the shape of the gonocoxite’s apex.
Distribution. Brazil: Bahia and Minas Gerais (Fig.
Type material examined. Holotype: BRASIL, BA[hia], Encruzilhada, 15°32'25"S, 40°50'12"W, 10–12.xii.2007 / J.A. Rafael, P.C. Grossi & D.R. Parizotto col.[etores], Armadilha Luminosa, 800m / Holotype Longivena digitata (♂ INPA).
Paratypes: same data as holotype (4♀ INPA); BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Berizal, Fazenda Veredão, 15°39'54"S, 41°39'56"W / 14.xii.2007, J.A. Rafael, P.C. Grossi & D.R. Parizotto col.[etores], Armadilha Luminosa, 850m / Paratype Longivena digitata (1♀ INPA); BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Berizal, Fazenda Veredão, 15°39'54"S, – 41°39'56"W, 11.xii.2012, J.A. Rafael & E.J. Grossi, Arm. Luminosa, 850m / Paratype Longivena digitata (3♂, 1♀ INPA); BRASIL, BA[hia], Encruzilhada, 15°32'25"S, 40°50'12"W, 15.xii.2007 / J.A. Rafael & P.C. Grossi col.[etores], Armadilha Lumisona, 800m / Paratype Longivena digitata (2♂ INPA).
Longivena digitata sp. n. Holotype male. 10 Habitus, lateral view 11 Terminalia, lateral view 12 Wing 13 Terminalia, lateral view treated in hot 10% KOH 14 Sternite VIII 15 Gonocoxite and gonostylus 16 Apex of gonostylus 17 Aedeagus 18 Apex of aedeagus. Abbreviations: aed: aedeagus; cerc: cercus; ej apod: ejaculatory apodeme; epand: epandrium; goncx: gonocoxite; gonst: gonostylus; st VIII: sternite VIII.
Antepronotum and postpronotum yellow; mesonotum yellowish (Fig.
Holotype. Head. Scape yellow with black apex, pedicel yellow, but black dorsally and apically, postpedicel black; two long ocellar macrosetae and seven long setae; vertex yellow, gold tomentose; frons and face yellow, gold tomentose; mystax with black and yellow macrosetae; palpus yellow with black and yellow setae; proboscis black, except for yellow labella with labial setae yellowish; occiput gold tomentose with yellow setae; eight to nine black postocular macrosetae.
Thorax (Fig.
Wing (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Terminalia (Figs
Length. Body 12.2 mm; wing 9.2 mm.
Unknown.
left wing slightly wrinkled; right katatergite and left posterior basalare sclerite punctured; right mid leg glued onto thorax; hind tibiae crushed medially. Right detached wing mounted on microslides, terminalia placed in microvial with glycerin and pinned along with the specimen.
From Latin flava = yellow, referring to the specimen’s color.
Distribution. Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul (Fig.
Holotype: BRASIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, 22°11'42.2"S, 54°58'35.6"W, 398m, 23.x–06.xi.2012 / Malaise, Teles Col., Amostra 15 / Holotype Longivena flava (♂ INPA).
Longivena flava sp. n. Holotype male. 23 Habitus, lateral view 24 Terminalia, lateral view 25 Wing 26 Terminalia, lateral view treated in hot 10% KOH 27 Aedeagus 28 Gonocoxite and gonostylus 29 Apex of aedeagus 30 Apex of gonostylus 31 Sternite VIII. Abbreviations: aed: aedeagus; cerc: cercus; ej apod: ejaculatory apodeme; epand: epandrium; goncx: gonocoxite; gonst: gonostylus; st VIII: sternite VIII.
Two setae and four ocellar macrosetae; sternite VIII without projections (Fig.
Holotype. Head. Antenna black; two setae and four ocellar macrosetae; vertex, frons and face black, golden tomentose; mystax with black macrosetae; palpus with black setae; proboscis black with yellow, ventral setae; labial setae yellowish; occiput black, silver tomentose, sparse; white occipital setae; seven to nine black postocular macrosetae.
Thorax (Fig.
Wing (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Abdomen. Tergites I–II black, gray tomentose on apical margin; tergites II–III with gray tomentose triangular macula; tergites IV–V wholly black and tergites VI–VII gray tomentose (Figs
Terminalia. Brown to black (Figs
Length. Body 10.1 mm; wing 6.8 mm.
Left detached wing mounted on microslides, terminalia placed in microvial with glycerin and pinned along with the specimen.
Unknown.
(n= 3). Body length 10.1–12.1 mm; wing 6.3–7.5 mm; four pairs black, presutural dorsocentral macrosetae; four macrosetae and two black apical scutellar setae; capitulum reddish brown; hind femur with two black macrosetae anteriorly; hind tibia with three black macrosetae posteriorly.
A patronym to the researcher Francisco Limeira–de–Oliveira, PhD at Universidade Estadual do Maranhão.
Brazil: Maranhão (Fig.
Holotype: BRASIL, MA[ranhão], Mirador, Parque
Est.[adual] Mirador, Povoado Pindaíba (Mel), 06°39'44"S, 45°01'37"W / Armadilha de Malaise, 01–05.vi.2011, F. Limeira–de–Oliveira, M.M. Abreu & J.S. Pinto Júnior / Holotype Longivena limeiraoliverai (♂ INPA).
Paratypes: same data as holotype (1♂ INPA); BRASIL, MA[ranhão], Mirador, Parque Est.[adual] Mirador, Base da Geraldina / Armadilha de Malaise, 20.v–02.vi.2007, F. Limeira–de–Oliveira, Cols / Paratype Longivena limeiraoliverai (1♂ CZMA); same data as holotype: 07–14.v.2010, J.C. Silva & M.M. Abreu / Paratype Longivena limeiraoliverai (1♂ CZMA).
Longivena limeiraoliverai sp. n. Holotype male. 32 Habitus, lateral view 33 Terminalia, lateral view 34 Wing 35 Terminalia, lateral view treated in hot 10% KOH 36 Sternite VIII 37 Gonocoxite and gonostylus 38 Apex of gonostylus 39 Aedeagus 40 Apex of aedeagus. Abbreviations: aed: aedeagus; cerc: cercus; ej apod: ejaculatory apodeme; epand: epandrium; goncx: gonocoxite; gonst: gonostylus; hypd: hypandrium; st VIII: sternite VIII.
four setae and two ocellar macrosetae; tergites V–VII brown; sternites I–IV black, gray tomentose; sternite VIII triangular, developed medioapically and with yellow setae (Fig.
Holotype. Head. Antenna black; four setae and two ocellar macrosetae; vertex black, sparsely golden tomentose; frons black; face black, golden tomentose; mystax with black setae on dorsal 1/2 of facial swelling and yellow setae on ventral 1/2; palpus with yellow setae on basal 1/2 and black setae on apical 1/2; proboscis black with yellow setae ventrally; yellow labial setae; occiput black, golden tomentose, sparse; yellow occipital setae; seven black and four yellow, thick, postocular macrosetae on each side of the head.
Thorax (Fig.
Wing (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Abdomen. Tergites I–IV black, gray tomentose, with brown apical margin, tergites V–VII brown; sternites I–IV black, gray tomentose; sternites V–VII gray and brown tomentose; sternite VIII triangular, medioapically developed and with yellow setae.
Terminalia (Figs
Length. Body 15.3 mm; wing 10.2 mm.
Left hind leg lost; part of tergite I separated from thorax. Right detached wing mounted on microslides, terminalia placed in microvial with glycerin and pinned along with the specimen.
Unknown.
From Latin spatulata = spatulated, referring to the shape of the gonocoxite apex.
Brazil: Maranhão (Fig.
Longivena spatulata sp. n. Holotype male. 41 Habitus, lateral view 42 Terminalia, lateral view 43 Wing 44 Terminalia, lateral view treated in hot 10% KOH 45 Sternite VIII 46 Gonocoxite and gonostylus 47 Apex of gonostylus 48 Aedeagus 49 Apex of aedeagus. Abbreviations: aed: aedeagus; cerc: cercus; ej apod: ejaculatory apodeme; epand: epandrium; goncx: gonocoxite; gonst: gonostylus; st VIII: sternite VIII.
Holotype: BRASIL, MA[ranhão], Caxias [4°52'29"S, 43°20'49"W], Res.[erva] Ecol.[ógica] Inhamum, Lençol e Luz mista, 29–31.i.2006, F. Limeira–de–Oliveira / Holotype Longivena spatulata (♂ INPA).
1 | Sternite VIII developed medioapically (Figs |
2 |
– | Sternite VIII not developed medioapically (Figs |
4 |
2 | Gonocoxite without a long apical extension (Fig. |
L. digitata sp. n. (Brazil: Bahia state and Minas Gerais) |
– | Gonocoxite with a long apical extension (Figs |
3 |
3 | Body mainly light yellow (Fig. |
L. flava sp. n. (Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul) |
– | Body mainly brown to black (Fig. |
L. spatulata sp. n. (Brazil: Maranhão) |
4 | Tergites II–III black with a triangular gray tomentose dorsal macula; tergites IV–V wholly black and tergites VI–VII wholly gray tomentose; epandrium basal margin rounded, apex subtriangular in lateral view, without projections (Figs |
L. limeiraoliverai sp. n. (Brazil: Maranhão) |
– | Tergites II–V dark brown, golden tomentose apically and laterally; tergites IV–VII dark brown wholly golden tomentose; epandrium basal margin straight, apex bilobate in lateral view (Figs |
L. bilobata sp. n. (Brazil: Maranhão) |
Longivena gen. n. is morphologically similar to the genera of the artificial Efferia group and according to the key published by
The senior author included only Longivena gen. n., but not Diplosynapsis (no specimens of both sexes were available for study), in the cladistic analysis of Asilinae (Vieira et.al. in prep.). Longivena gen. n. forms a clade together with Albibarbefferia Artigas & Papavero, 1997, Aristofolia Ayala-Landa, 1978, Carinefferia Artigas & Papavero, 1997, Ctenodontina Enderlein, 1914, Efferia Coquillett, 1893, Eichoichemus Bigot, 1857, Eicherax Bigot, 1857, Eraxasilus Carrera, 1954, Lecania Macquart, 1838, Nerax Hull, 1962, Pogonioefferia Artigas & Papavero, 1997, Porasilus Curran, 1934 and Triorla Parks, 1968: ((Ctenodontina (Lecania (Lecania + Eraxasilus))) (Eicherax (Triorla (Albibarbefferia (Porasilus (Carinefferia (Longivena + Eichoichemus) (Nerax (Aristofolia + Pogonioefferia) Efferia))))))).
Longivena gen. n. and Eichoichemus are sister taxa sharing the synapomorphy: suture between labella and prementum strongly appressed, situated dorsally and five additional apomorphic character states: anterior tentorial pits small, slitlike, inconspicuous, ventrally located; presutural acrostichal setae in regular rows; postmetacoxal bridge absent, postmetacoxal area entirely membranous; stump vein supernumerary crossvein on R4 present, length intermediate (1/5–1/6 of vein R2+3); costal section on between tip of R5 and tip of M1 shorter than costal section between tips of R1 and R5.
Biology. Little is known about the biology of species of Longivena gen. n.. The species were collected with either light or Malaise traps. Only the female of L. digitata has been collected to this day. It is expected that with future collecting efforts, new species of Longivena gen. n. will be found as well as the females of the species described in this paper.
Distribution. The species of Longivena gen. n. were found in the Caatinga (Longivena digitata sp. n.) and Cerrado (L. bilobata sp. n., L. flava sp. n., L. limeiraoliverai sp. n. and L. spatulata sp. n.) habitats or environments. Caatinga is a region characterized by arboreal or bushy forests, having mainly small trees and bushes which bear spines and some xerophytic characteristics, average annual precipitation below 800 mm and, at most, a 0.5 aridity index (
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) are acknowledged for financial support of the Project PRONEX, Edital 016/2006, Proc. 1437/2007. CNPq/PNPD Processo n°: 560987/2010– 2; CNPq: Biodiversidade e Monitoramento do processo de desmatamento do cerrado maranhense no Parque Estadual do Mirador, 457440/2012– 0 – CNPq PPBio Rede Cerrado; Riqueza, Diversidade e Composição dos táxons de insetos do Parque Estadual do Mirador, estado do Maranhão, Brasil, FAPEMA, Processos: APP– 00852/10 _ FAPEMA; APP_00498/12 _ FAPEMA CBIOMA– 03001/12 FAPEMA; FAPEAM EDITAL N. 022/2013 – FIXAM/AM N°Processo: 062.00745/2014. Curators of the following museums are thanked for the loan of specimens: Dr Francisco Limeira– de– Oliveira (CZMA), Dr Marcio Oliveira (INPA) and Dr Manoel Araécio Uchôa– Fernandes (UFGD – Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados). We thank Mr. Fritz Geller-Grimm, Dr Jason Londt and Dr Torsten Dikow for essential comments on the manuscript.