Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yang-Seop Bae ( baeys@incheon.ac.kr ) Corresponding author: Seunghwan Lee ( seung@snu.ac.kr ) Academic editor: Andrew Mitchell
© 2019 Sora Kim, Yang-Seop Bae, Seunghwan Lee.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kim S, Bae Y-S, Lee S (2019) Four new species and seven new records of Promalactis Meyrick, 1908 (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Laos. ZooKeys 900: 69-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.900.39569
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The genus Promalactis Meyrick, 1908 is recorded for the first time from Laos in mainland Southeast Asia and four new species are described: P. crassa sp. nov., P. retusa sp. nov., P. senispina sp. nov., and P. uniclavata sp. nov. Additionally, seven species are newly reported from the country: P. albisquama Kim & Park, P. apicisetifera Du & Wang, P. bitrigona Kim & Park, P. zolotuhini Lvovsky, P. parasuzukiella Wang, P. suzukiella (Matsumura), and P. spiraliola Kim. Distributional data and diagnoses and/or descriptions for all species in Laos are provided, along with illustrations of adults and genitalia.
First record of genus, fungivores and scavengers, PKK National Park, systematics
Promalactis Meyrick, 1908 is one of the largest genera of the family Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea), comprising 341 species (
In Mainland Southeast Asia (Fig.
Laos is a andlocked and mountainous country located in Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand to the west and southwest. It lies in the monsoon belt and experiences a rainy season between May and November, and a dry season from December to April.
The aim of this study is to report the first distributional data of Promalactis in Laos, with four new species described and seven other species newly recorded. Illustrations of all known species in Laos have been provided along with diagnosis and distributional information.
Materials in this study were collected from 2012–2017 at several sites of three provinces of Laos, Vientiane (Northwest), Xiang khaung (Northeast), and Bolikhamsai (Central) (Fig.
The forest consists of Dipterocarpus and Shorea, with a dry, evergreen forest centrally. Using either a mercury vapor lamp (220V/400W) or a black light lamp (20W), all individuals were taken alive, put in vials with cork lids, and killed with ammonia. Genitalia preparations for voucher specimens followed
Promalactis Meyrick, 1908a: 806. Type species. Promalactis holozona Meyrick, 1908a.
Promalactis parasuzukiella Wang, 2006: 44. Type locality: China.
1♀, Laos, Bolikhamsai Prov., Hat Khay, 22 December 2012, Kim, gen. slide no. 9513/S. Kim; 1♀, Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Tha, 1298 m, 12 November 2015, Bae et al.; 1♂, Laos, Bolikhamsai prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area National Park, 322 m, 1 April 2016, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9846/S. Kim; 1 extra (missing abdomen), Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Tha, 1298 m, 6 April 2016, Bae et al.; 1♀, same locality, 7 August 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9848/S. Kim.
This species (Fig.
Laos (northeast, central; new record), China (south) and Thailand (central).
Province of Laos | Locality | Geographic position | Date, season |
Vientiane (Northwest) | PKK National Park | 18°24'43.67”N, 102°50'57.92”E | 7 December 2012, dry season |
Fig. |
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Xiang khaung (Northeast) | Ban Tha, 1204 m | 19°43'0.70”N, 103°35'24.20”E | 30 June 2017, rainy season |
Fig. |
7 August 2016, rainy season | ||
Ban Tha, 1298 m | 19°45'07.35”N, 103°33'25.34”E | 12 November 2015, rainy season | |
Fig. |
5–6 April 2016, dry season | ||
7 August 2017, rainy season | |||
Ban Tha, 1513 m | 19°44'50.2”N, 103°37'28.1”E | 20 February 2017, dry season | |
Fig. |
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Ban Tha, 1524 m | 19°44'17.99”N, 103°38'25.06”E | 01 January 2017, dry season | |
Fig. |
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Bolikhamsai (Central) | Hat Khay | 18°24'33.03”N, 103°9'37.08”E | 22 December 2012, dry season |
Fig. |
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Thaphabath, Phaset | 18°25'37.53”N, 103°16'19.64”E | 21 February 2013, dry season | |
Fig. |
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PKK National Park, 322 m | 18°28'25.28”N, 103°5'6.11”E | 01 April 2016, dry season | |
Fig. |
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PKK National Park, 452 m | 18°27'11.9”N, 103°03'40.5”E | 03 July 2017, rainy season | |
Fig. |
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PKK National Park, 561 m | 18°29'43.79”N, 103°00'48.02”E | 02 July 2017, rainy season | |
Fig. |
Genitalia of Laos Promalactis A–D P. parasuzukiella: A male genitalia B aedeagus C uncus and gnathos D apical part of valva E–H P. suzukiella: E male genitalia F aedeagus G uncus and gnathos H apical part of valva I–L P. uniclavata sp. nov.: I male genitalia J aedeagus K uncus and gnathos L dense hairs on apical part of juxta M–O P. albisquama: M male genitalia N uncus and gnathos O juxta and aedeagus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Borkhausenia suzukiella Matsumura, 1931: 1089. Type locality: Japan.
1♂, Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Ta, 1524 m, 1 January 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9829/S. Kim.
This species (Fig.
Laos (northeast; new record), China (south), Vietnam; Palaearctic: Korea (South), China (northwest, northeast, central), Japan, Russia (Far East); Nearctic: USA.
Holotype: ♂, Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Tha, 1513 m, 20 February 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9834/S. Kim. Paratype: 1♂, 1♀, Laos, Vientiane Prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area, 7 December 2012, Lee et al., gen. slide no. 9512(M), 9509(F)/S. Kim; 1 ex., Laos, Bolikhamsai prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area, 322 m, 1 April 2016, Bae et al.; 1♂, Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Tha, 1298 m, 6 April 2016, Bae et al. [Holotype is deposited in INU, paratypes are separately deposited into SNU and INU.]
The species is superficially most similar to P. suzukiella in the similar forewing pattern but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the subbasal band which traverses from the costa to the posterior margin and with a fuscous suffusion below the costal patch at 2/3 of the posterior margin. The male genitalia are characterized in having the uncus bifurcate, the gnathos digitate, and the juxta large and club-shaped.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Laos (northeast, northwest, central; new).
The name is derived from the Latin, uni (= one) plus the Latin clava (= club), referring from the large, club-shaped juxta in the male genitalia.
Promalactis albisquama Kim & Park, 2010: 548. Type locality. Vietnam, Tamdao.
1♂, Laos, Vientiane Prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area, 7 December 2012, Lee et al., gen. slide no. 9511/S. Kim.
The species (Fig.
Laos (northwest; new record), Cambodia (northwest), China (south), Vietnam (north).
Promalactis spiraliola Kim, 2017: 1710. Type locality: Cambodia, Koh Kong.
2♂, 1♀ and 1 ex., Bolikhamsai Prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area National Park, 561 m, 2 July 2017, gen. slide no. 9862(♂), 9858(♂) and 9863 (♀)/S. Kim. 1♂, Laos, Bolikhamsai prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area National Park, 561 m, 2 July 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9858/S. Kim.
The species (Fig.
Laos (central; new record), Cambodia (southwest).
Holotype: ♂, Laos, Bolikhamsai prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area National Park, 322 m, 1 April 2016, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9860/S. Kim. [Holotype is deposited in INU.]
This species is externally similar to P. lophacantha Wang, Du & Li by having irregular bands of forewing, but it can be easily differentiated by the extended saccus and the prolonged aedeagus, which bears six projections in male genitalia.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female unknown.
Laos (central; new).
The specific name is derived from the Latin, seni (= six) and -spina (= spine), referring from the aedeagus bearing six spines in males.
Promalactis apicesetifera Du, Li & Wang, 2011: 52. Type locality: China
1♂, Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Tha, 1298 m, 7 August 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9842/S. Kim.
The species (Fig.
Laos (northeast; new record), China (south).
Genitalia of Laos Promalactis A–E P. spiraliola: A male genitalia B aedeagus C uncus and gnathos D apical part of valva E bifurcate part of cornutus F–I P. senispina sp. nov.: F male genitalia G aedeagus H sclerotized projection of gnathos I apical projections of aedeagus J–M P. apicisetifera: J male genitalia K aedeagus L uncus and gnathos M juxta. Scale bars: 0.5mm.
Promalactis zolotuhoni Lvovsky, 2013: 133. Type locality: Vietnam.
1♂, Laos, Bolikhamsai Prov., Phou Khao Khouay National Protected, 452 m, 3 July 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9840/ S. Kim.
This species (Fig.
Laos (northeast; new record), Vietnam (north).
Genitalia of Laos Promalactis A–D P. zolotuhini: A male genitalia B aedeagus C uncus and gnathos D cucullus E–I P. crassa sp. nov.: E male genitalia F aedeagus G uncus and gnathos H apical part of valva I cornutus and spine of aedeagus J–N P. retusa sp. nov.: J male genitalia K aedeagus L uncus and gnathos M apical part of valva N cornutus. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Promalactis bitrigona Kim & Park, 2012: 900. Type locality: Vietnam.
One female, Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Tha, 1204 m, 30 June 2017, Bae et al, gen. slide no. 9847/ S Kim.
The species (Fig.
Laos (northeast; new record), Vietnam (north).
Holotype: ♂, Laos, Xiang khaung Prov., Ban Tha, 1298 m, 7 August 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9592/ S. Kim. Paratype: 1♀, same locality, date and collector, gen. slide no. 9595. [Holotype and paratype are deposited in INU].
This species is superficially similar to P. diorbis Kim & Park, 2012, but it can be differentiated in having the large costal patch at 4/5 of the length of the forewing and in having the small antrum and the thick ductus bursae bearing several tiny spines in the female genitalia.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Laos (northeast; new).
The name of this species is derived from the Latin, crass (= thick) and the suffix –a, referring from the ductus bursae thickly developed in the female genitalia.
Holotype: ♂, Laos, Bolikhamsai prov., Thaphabath, Phaset, 21 February 2013, Kim et al., gen. slide no. 9508/ S. Kim. Paratype: 1 ♂, same locality, data as holotype and collector. [Holotype and paratype are deposited in SNU.]
This species is externally similar to P. crassa sp. nov. in its wing pattern, but it can be easily recognized in having the costal and apical patches not large in the forewing. The male genitalia are differentiated by the inverted funnel-shaped uncus and the rectangular gnathos with blunt apex.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female unknown.
Laos (northeast; new).
The name of species is derived from the Latin, retus (= blunt) and the suffix –a, referring from the gnathos with blunt apex of male genitalia.
We are grateful to Park B.S., Na S.M., Kim J.W., Lee D.J., Ko J.H. and Lee T.K. of Incheon National University (INU), Republic of Korea for their help in collecting material in Laos. This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR201906201), and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2017R1D1A1B03030640). This research was also supported by the Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences (RIALS), Republic of Korea.