Taxon treatments Taxon names Citations Turn highlighting On/Off
ZooKeys 422: 11–22, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.422.7802
A new genus and species in the mite family Eupodidae (Acari, Eupodoidea) from Crimea
Alexander A. Khaustov 1
1 Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia

Corresponding author: Alexander A. Khaustov (alkhaustov@mail.ru)

Academic editor: A. Bochkov

received 28 April 2014 | accepted 18 June 2014 | Published 30 June 2014
(C) 2014 Alexander A. Khaustov. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Citation: Khaustov AA (2014) A new genus and species in the mite family Eupodidae (Acari, Eupodoidea) from Crimea. ZooKeys 422: 11–22. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.422.7802

Abstract

A new genus Pseudoeupodes Khaustov, gen. n. and new species Pseudoeupodes porosus sp. n. are described from moss in Crimea. The taxonomy of the Eupodidae and some other families and genera of Eupodoidea is reviewed. The genus Turanopenthalodes Barilo, 1988 is transferred from Penthalodidae to Penthaleidae. The family Cocceupodidae Jesionowska, 2010 and the genus Filieupodes Jesionowska, 2010 are considered as junior synonyms of Eupodidae Koch, 1842 and Cocceupodes Thor, 1934, respectively. A key to genera of the family Eupodidae is provided.

Keywords

Acarina, Eupodoidea, Eupodidae, Pseudoeupodes, systematics, key, Crimea

Introduction

Mites of the cosmopolitan superfamily Eupodoidea Koch, 1842 are fungivorous, phytophagous and predatory. The classification of the superfamily lacks stability (Baker and Lindquist 2002). The superfamily Eupodoidea currently includes nine families: Eupodidae Koch, 1842, Penthaleidae Oudemans, 1931, Penthalodidae Thor, 1933, Rhagidiidae Oudemans, 1922, Strandtmanniidae Zacharda, 1979, Eriorhynchidae Qin & Halliday, 1997, Pentapalpidae Olivier & Theron, 2000, Dendrochaetidae Olivier, 2008 and Cocceupodidae Jesionowska, 2010 (Jesionowska 2010; Walter et al. 2009). The validity of the latter two families is problematic in my opinion (see Discussion). The family Eupodidae includes two subfamilies: Benoinyssinae Fain, 1958 and Eupodinae Koch, 1842, although this subdivision is not followed by most workers. The genera Cocceupodes Thor, 1934 and Linopodes Koch, 1835, which were previously placed in the family Eupodidae, were recently transferred to the separate family Cocceupodidae (Jesionowska 2010); and the genus Hawaiieupodes Strandtmann & Goff, 1978 was transferred to the family Penthalodidae (Jesionowska 2008).

This paper presents a description of a new genus and species of eupodid mite, Pseudoeupodes porosus gen. n., sp. n., collected from moss in Crimea, and discusses the taxonomy of some families and genera of Eupodoidea.

Materials and methods

Mites were collected from moss using Berlese funnels and mounted in Hoyer’s medium. Notations for the prodorsal and leg setae follow Lindquist and Zacharda (1987) and Baker (1995), and the remaining nomenclature is as applied to eupodoids by Baker (1990). All measurements are given in micrometres (μm) for the holotype and for five paratypes (in parentheses). In descriptions of leg setation the number of solenidia is given in parentheses. Photographs were taken with a digital camera Tucsen 3.0 via the ocular of light microscope MBI-11 with phase contrast device. The type material is deposited in the mite collection of the Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia.

Systematics
Family Eupodidae Koch, 1842
Genus Pseudoeupodes Khaustov, gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/BABD612A-51F7-4111-A1D5-31760CE6208A

Type species.

Pseudoeupodes porosus Khaustov, sp. n. Monotypic.

Description.

Female. Idiosomal dorsum (Figs 1, 11–13). Idiosoma oval. Cuticle soft and striated. Sejugal furrow well developed. Prodorsum with three pairs of tactile setae (v1, v2, sc2) and a pair of filiform trichobothria (sc1). Naso (epivertex) folded downward onto ventral surface of prodorsum, setae v1 situated on dorsal part of naso near anterior margin of prodorsum; naso defined by different pattern of striation from surrounding prodorsum (Fig. 11). Hysterosoma with eight pairs of dorsal setae (c1, c2, d1, e1, f1, f2, h1, h2) and three pairs of large round lyrifissures (ia, im, ip). Hysterosoma dorsally with two transverse furrows, between setae c1 and d1, and between e1 and f1. Setae f1 not trichobothrium-like.

Figures 1–2.

Pseudoeupodes porosus Khaustov, gen. n., sp. n., female: 1 idiosomal dorsum 2 idiosomal venter.

Idiosomal venter (Figs 2, 3, 14–15). Coxisternal setal formula 3-1-4-2; six pairs of eugenital setae; six pairs of genital setae; five pairs of aggenital setae; two pairs of pseudanal setae; one pair of lyrifissures (ih), same form as dorsals.

Figures 3–6.

Pseudoeupodes porosus Khaustov, gen. n., sp. n., female: 3 genital area 4 subcapitulum 5 chelicera, antiaxial aspect 6 palp, antiaxial aspect.

Gnathosoma (Figs 4–6). Palp setal formula 0-2-3-8(ɷ), tarsus ovoid. Chelicerae: typical for eupodid mites, movable digit slender and acuminate distally, fixed digit distinctly shorter than movable digit and truncated distally; seta cha present.

Legs (Figs 7–10). All legs shorter than body. Soft cuticle separating coxisternal plates and trochanters of all legs with distinct pore-like structure (Fig. 14). Rhagidial organ I with two longitudinally arranged solenidia; rhagidial organ II with three longitudinally arranged rhagidial solenidia. Tarsus I with famulus (stellate setae) situated in shallow depression; tarsus II with spine-like famulus. Tibiae I and II with one distal rhagidial solenidion; tibiae I-III with proximal erect solenidion; genua I and II with one erect solenidion. Femur IV not enlarged. Trochanteral setal formula 1-1-1-1.

Figures 7–10.

Pseudoeupodes porosus Khaustov, gen. n., sp. n., female: 7–10 legs I-IV, respectively.

Figures 11–15.

Pseudoeupodes porosus Khaustov, gen. n., sp. n., female: 11 prodorsum 12 striation in the area of setae c1 and d113 striation in the area of setae d1 and e114 venter of propodosoma, arrows point to pore-like structures 15 genital area.

Male and immatures. Unknown.

Etymology.

The genus name is derived from the related genus Eupodes and prefixed pseudo- (from Greek ψευδής) meaning false.

Differentiation of the genus.

The new genus is most similar to Caleupodes Baker, 1987. Both genera are characterized by the naso folded down to the ventral surface of the prodorsum, the same palpal chaetotaxy, six pairs of eugenital and five pairs of aggenital setae, the presence of only two pairs of pseudanal setae, femur IV not enlarged, trochanteral setal formula 1–1–1–1, and legs I-IV shorter than idiosoma. The new genus differs from Caleupodes by having striated dorsal cuticle (reticulated in Caleupodes), the absence of a transverse furrow between segments D and E (all hysterosomal segments are clearly separated by transverse furrows in Caleupodes), coxisternal setal formula 3–1–4–2 (3–1–4–3 in Caleupodes), and genua I and II with a solenidion (absent in Caleupodes). The new genus is also closely related to Niveupodes Barilo, 1991 in the naso folded down to the ventral surface of the prodorsum, femur IV not enlarged, trochanteral setal formula 1–1–1–1, legs I-IV shorter than idiosoma, and only two pairs of pseudanal setae. It differs from Niveupodes by the presence of dorsal transverse furrows between segments C – D and E – F (dorsal hysterosoma without transverse furrows in Niveupodes), coxisternal setal formula 3–1–4–2 (3–1–4–3 in Niveupodes), five pairs of aggenital and six pairs of eugenital setae (four aggenital and five eugenital in Niveupodes), the absence of scapular lyrifissure isc (present in Niveupodes, according to Barilo 1991), and the ovoid palptarsus (cone-shaped in Niveupodes). The new genus differs from all other known eupodoid genera by the presence of pore-like structures of unknown origin and function situated on the soft cuticle between the coxisternal plates and the trochanters of all legs. These pore-like structures are unknown in any other group of trombidiform mites.

Pseudoeupodes porosus Khaustov, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/3897531B-758D-4AC5-B0F0-F9D85048964C

Figs 1–15
Description.

Female. Length of idiosoma 288 (280–300), width 163 (157–180).

Idiosomal dorsum (Figs 1, 11–13). Idiosoma with striae bearing microtubercles (Figs 11–13). All dorsal setae densely pilose, setae v1 slightly widening apically. Prodorsum with pair of longitudinal lines between the bases of setae sc2 and anterior margin of prodorsum near setae v1. Setae sc1 with large barbs, a weak reticulate subcuticular ornamentation visible posteriorly to bases of sc1 (Fig. 11). Lyrifissures ia situated posterolaterally to bases of setae c1; im situated posterolaterally to bases of setae d1; ip situated between setae e1 and f1. Length of dorsal setae: v1 9 (98-10), v2 16 (15–19), sc1 50 (47–55), sc2 15 (14–17), c1 13 (12–16), c2 21 (19–25), d1 16 (14–19), e1 15 (14–18), f1 40 (37–45), f2 25 (24–28), h1 23 (21–26), h2 17 (15–21). Setae f1 longest of dorsal hysterosomal setae but not of trichobothrial form.

Idiosomal venter (Figs 2, 3, 14–15). All ventral setae densely pilose. Setae 1a, 3a, 4a (10–13) slightly widened distally; setae 1c the shortest on coxal fields. Genital setae arranged in one longitudinal row, anterior five pairs (g1–g5) situated on non-striated genital covers bearing only microtubercles, posterior pair (g6) situated outside genital covers on striated cuticle (Figs 3, 15). Anterior two pairs of genital setae distinctly longer (10–11) than other genitals (6–7). Aggenital setae increasing in length from ag5 (7) to ag1 (10–11). Eugenital setae situated on protuberances and arranged in three groups: two anterior (eu1, eu2), one medial (eu3) and three posterior (eu4-eu6) (Fig. 3). Pseudanal setae ps1 15 (14–18) distinctly longer than ps3 11 (10–14). Lyrifissure ih located anterolaterally to bases of setae ps3.

Gnathosoma (Figs 4–6). Integument papillate. Subcapitulum (Fig. 4) roughly triangular, with two pairs of minute smooth adoral setae (or1, or2), located subapically; subcapitular setae sbc2 densely pilose, sbc1 smooth, located laterally at level of proximal margin of palp trochanters, about one-third as long as sbc2, sbc2 inserted ventrally one third to one quarter of distance between sbc1 and tip of subcapitulum, labrum acuminate. Chelicera (Fig. 5) 60 in length. Palps (Fig. 6) with supracoxal seta ep minute, brush-like, femorogenual and tibial setae densely pilose, tarsal setae acm and sl” smooth, other tarsal setae pilose, p” bifurcate distally.

Legs (Figs 7–10). Relative lengths of legs: I>IV>III>II. All leg setae densely pilose. Leg I (Fig. 7): Supracoxal setae ep of the same shape and length as palpal supracoxal setae ep. Femur incompletely divided into basi- and telofemur. Setal formula: Tr – 1, Fe – 6+5, Ge – 7(1σ), Ti – 7(2φ), Ta – 18 (2ω, 1ε). Famulus ε (stellate seta) located in a shallow depression clearly posterolaterally to basal part of rhagidial solenidion ω1 and anterior to seta ft”. Rhagidial solenidion φ1 obliquely oriented toward anterior lateral margin of leg, located anterodorsally and situated in shallow depression; solenidion φ2 located posterodorsally in the space between setae l’1 and l”1; solenidion σ located anterodorsally, about 1.5 times as long as φ2. All setae on tarsus, d and l’ on tibiae are eupathidia (as applied for Eupodoidea by Lindquist and Zacharda 1987). Leg II (Fig. 8): Femur incompletely divided into basi- and telofemur. Setal formula: Tr – 1, Fe – 5+5, Ge – 4(1σ), Ti – 5(2φ), Ta – 12 (3ω, 1ε). Famulus ε spine-like, located just posterolaterally to base of rhagidial solenidion ω1. Rhagidial solenidion φ1 obliquely oriented toward anterior lateral margin of leg, located anterodorsally and situated in shallow depression; solenidion φ2 located posterodorsally; solenidion σ located anterodorsally, subequal to φ2. Tarsal setae (u), (p), (it) and tc’ are eupathidia. Leg III (Fig. 9): Setal formula: Tr – 1, Fe – 4+4, Ge – 4, Ti – 5(1φ), Ta – 10; femur completely divided into basi- and telofemur; solenidion φ located posterodorsally; all setae on tarsus and d on tibia are eupathidia. Leg IV (Fig. 10): Setal formula: Tr – 1, Fe – 2+3, Ge – 4, Ti – 5, Ta – 11; femur completely divided into basi- and telofemur; tarsal setae (u), p’, ft’ and d on tibia are eupathidia.

Type material.

Holotype female, slide № AK210494, CRIMEA: Yalta mountain-forest Nature Reserve, moss on soil, 21 April 1994, coll. A.A. Khaustov. Paratypes: five females, same data as holotype; seven female paratypes, CRIMEA: Yalta, moss on soil, 5 March 1994, coll. A.A. Khaustov.

Etymology.

The name of the new species refers to the presence of unusual pore-like structures in the soft cuticle between the coxisternal plates and the trochanters of all legs.

Discussion

The present systematic organisation of the family Eupodidae and the superfamily Eupodoidea is highly unstable. Preliminary morphological cladistic analyses (Qin 1996, Qin and Halliday 1997) suggested that only two families (the Eriorhynchidae and Penthalodidae) are monophyletic. Of the other four, the Rhagidiidae plus Strandtmanniidae formed a monophyletic group, the Penthaleidae was paraphyletic, and the status of the Eupodidae was not resolved (Baker and Lindquist 2002). Jesionowska (1989) described the genus Protopenthalodes Jesionowska, 1989 in the family Penthalodidae and moved Hawaiieupodes Strandtmann & Goff, 1978 from Eupodidae to Penthalodidae (Jesionowska 2008). According to Jesionowska (2008), this new concept of the Penthalodidae will be published in a separate paper. Qin (1997) reconsidered the taxonomic position of Protopenthalodes and suggested that this genus is more appropriately placed in the family Eupodidae because of soft body integument. Barilo (1988) described Turanopenthalodes Barilo, 1988, which is another problematic genus in the family Penthalodidae. The key characters of the family Penthalodidae are the fully sclerotized body and the presence of an epirostrum projecting over the gnathosoma (Qin and Halliday 1997; Olivier 2008; Walter et al. 2009), but other characters such as the idiosomal setation have never been used to separate Penthalodidae from other families of Eupodoidea. In my opinion the genera Hawaiieupodes and Protopenthalodes are more closely related to Penthalodidae than to Eupodidae, in agreement with the suggestion by Jesionowska (2008). Like Penthalodes Murray, 1877, the type genus of the family Penthalodidae, both Hawaiieupodes and Protopenthalodes have the following synapomorphies: sejugal furrow not developed, lens-like eyes present near the setae sc2, setae h2 absent, naso usually very small, oval with minute setae v1. This combination of characters is not found in the closely related families Penthaleidae and Eupodidae, and following Jesionowska (2008), I retain Hawaiieupodes and Protopenthalodes in the Penthalodidae. The position of the genus Turanopenthalodes in the family Penthalodidae is doubtful. Barilo (1988) placed Turanopenthalodes in Penthalodidae based on a single character, the presence of epirostral processes lateral to the naso, similar to those found in the penthalodid genus Stereotydeus Berlese, 1901, which he considered the main differential character of the family Penthalodidae. Other apomorphic characters of this genus, such as neotrichy of the idiosoma, a small anal opening situated dorsally, short and truncated palptarsus and very characteristic “trident” at the distal end of the fixed digit of the chelicera, are similar to those found in Penthaleus Dugès, 1834, the type genus of the family Penthaleidae, and I currently place Turanopenthalodes in the family Penthaleidae. Undoubtedly some characters that are now used to separate some families in the Eupodoidea should be re-evaluated. Such an attribute as more conspicuously sclerotized dorsal body surfaces, which is characteristic of the family Penthalodidae (Walter et al. 2009), is highly variable. There is an undescribed species of Protopenthalodes in my collection with a soft body, but having subcuticular reticulate ornamentation throughout the body surface, which I consider as intermediate in the extent of body sclerotization.

The monotypic family Dendrochaetidae (Olivier 2008, 2009), which includes only the genus Dendrochaetus Olivier, 2009, shares some synapomorphic characters with Hawaiieupodes and Protopenthalodes. All these genera lack setae h2, the sejugal furrow is absent, the naso is small, almost round, and well separated from the anterior margin of the prodorsum. The only difference between Dendrochaetidae and soft-bodied Penthalodidae (Hawaiieupodes and Protopenthalodes) is the presence of an additional transverse furrow at the level of setae v1. Dendrochaetes acarus (Olivier, 2008) needs to be restudied and redescribed to clarify the status of the family Dendrochaetidae.

Jesionowska (2010) erected the family Cocceupodidae, in which she included three genera: Cocceupodes Thor, 1934, Linopodes Koch, 1835 and Filieupodes Jesionowska, 2010. According to Jesionowska (2010) the family Cocceupodidae differs from Eupodidae by two main characters: setae v1 situated posterior to naso and the presence of only two pairs of circumanal setae (ps1 and ps3). In my opinion, the decision to create the family Cocceupodidae is groundless. The similar location of setae v1 on dorsal part of naso near anterior margin of prodorsum is also found in the eupodid genera Caleupodes, Niveupodes and Pseudoeupodes, but in these genera the naso is not directed anteriorly, but folded to the ventral side of the prodorsum. The presence of only two pairs of pseudanal setae (ps2 absent, according to Baker 1990) is a variable character in the family Eupodidae. Setae ps2 are absent in the genera Caleupodes, Niveupodes, Pseudoeupodes and Benoinyssus Fain, 1958. The absence of setae ps2 is a reduction and could happen independently in different lineages of eupodoid mites (homoplasy). On the other hand, Jesionowska (2010) did not mention some synapomorphic characters of Cocceupodes and Eupodes Koch, 1842. Both genera have characteristic swollen femora IV adapted for jumping. Another synapomorphic attribute is the relatively long and thin legs I, which are usually subequal to or longer than the idiosoma, and much longer than legs II. In early derivative genera of Eupodidae, such as Neoprotereunetes Fain & Camerik, 1994, Caleupodes and Niveupodes, femora IV are not swollen and legs I are not so long and thin. Thus, the characters separating Cocceupodidae and Eupodidae proposed by Jesionowska (2010) are variable within the family Eupodidae. I therefore consider the family Cocceupodidae as a junior synonym of Eupodidae.

Jesionowska (2010) created a new genus Filieupodes, which differs from Cocceupodes by a single character, the filiform setae v1 (clavate or capitate in Cocceupodes). Filiform setae v1 is a plesiomorphic character state and should not be used for recognition of a new taxon. I therefore consider Filieupodes as a junior synonym of Cocceupodes.

Currently I recognize 11 genera in the family Eupodidae: Xerophiles Jesionowska, 2003, Benoinyssus, Claveupodes Strandtmann & Prasse, 1976, Eupodes, Aethosolenia Baker and Lindquist, 2002, Neoprotereunetes, Linopodes, Cocceupodes, Niveupodes, Caleupodes, and Pseudoeupodes gen. n.

Key to the genera of the family Eupodidae
1 Setae f1 trichobothrium-like 2
– Setae f1 not trichobothrium 3
2 Setae ps2 present Xerophiles
– Setae ps2 absent Benoinyssus
3 Setae ps2 present 4
– Setae ps2 absent 7
4 Trichobothria (sc1) filiform 5
– Trichobothria (sc1) clavate Claveupodes
5 Femur IV not swollen 6
– Femur IV swollen, adapted for jumping Eupodes
6 Setae h1 trichobothrium-like, adanal setae present, tibia and tarsus I much thicker than other leg segments Aethosolenia
– Setae h1 not trichobothrium, adanal setae absent, tibia and tarsus I not enlarged Neoprotereunetes
7 Leg I shorter or slightly longer than idiosoma, solenidia in rhagidial organs not T-shaped 8
– Leg I more than 3 times longer than idiosoma, solenidia in rhagidial organs T-shaped Linopodes
8 Leg I distinctly shorter than idiosoma, sejugal furrow well developed, femur IV not enlarged, naso folded to ventral surface of prodorsum 9
– Leg I usually longer than idiosoma, sejugal furrow absent or poorly developed, femur IV enlarged, naso directed anteriorly Cocceupodes
9 Hysterosoma dorsally with 3 pairs of lyrifissures 10
– Hysterosoma dorsally with 4 pairs of lyrifissures (scapular lyrifissure present) Niveupodes
10 Idiosoma dorsally reticulated, all hysterosomal segments delineated by distinct transverse furrows, solenidia on genua I and II absent Caleupodes
- Idiosoma dorsally striated, transverse furrows present only between segments C–D and E–F, solenidia on genua I and II present Pseudoeupodes gen. n.
Acknowledgements

The author thanks Dr. Bruce Halliday (CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia) and Dr Evert Lindquist (Ottawa, Canada) for critical reviewing of the manuscript.

References
Baker AS (1987) Caleupodes, a new genus of eupodoid mite (Acari: Acariformes) showing primary opisthosomal segmentation. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) (Zool. Ser.), Miscellanea, 53(2): 103–113. biostor.org/reference/50311
Baker AS (1990) A survey of external morphology of mites of the superfamily Eupodoidea Banks, 1894 (Acari: Acariformes). J Nat. Hist. 24: 1227–1261. doi: 10.1080/00222939000770741
Baker AS (1995) A redescription of Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Prostigmata: Penthaleidae) with a survey of ontogenetic setal development in the superfamily Eupodoidea. Int. J. Acarol. 21: 261–282. doi: 10.1080/01647959508684069?journalCode=taca20
Baker AS, Lindquist EE (2002) Aethosolenia laselvensis gen. n., sp. n., a new eupodoid mite from Costa Rica (Acari: Prostigmata). Syst. Appl. Acarol. Spec. Publ. 11: 1–11. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/acarology/saas/saasp/2002/saasp11.pdf
Barilo AB (1988) New genus of mites of the family Penthalodidae (Acariformes) from the Middle Asia. Zool. Zh. 67: 617–619. [in Russian]
Barilo AB (1991) A new genus and a new species in the family Eupodidae (Acariformes) from central Asia. Zool. Zh. 70: 140–142. [in Russian]
Berlese A, Leonardi G (1901) Acari Sud Americani. Zool. Anz. 25: 12–18.
Dugès A (1834) Recherches sur l'ordre des Acariens. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 2: 18–63.
Fain A (1958) Un nouvel acarien trombidiforme parasitant les fosses nasales d'un serpent au Ruanda-Urundi. Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 57: 177–183.
Fain A, Camerik AM (1994) Notes on the mites of the genus Ereynetes Berlese (Acari: Ereynetinae), with description of five new species from South Africa. Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg. Ent. 64: 145–164.
Jesionowska K (1989) New genus and new species of mite of the family Penthalodidae (Actinotrichida, Actinedida, Eupodoidea) from Poland. Acta zool. Cracov 32(3): 57–67.
Jesionowska K (2003) Xerophiles ereynetoidalis, a new mite genus and species of the family Eupodidae (Actinotrichida, Actinedida, Eupodoidea) from Poland. Acta Biol. Cracov. Ser. Zool. 45: 11–18.
Jesionowska K (2008) Redescription of Hawaiieupodes termophilus Strandtmann et Goff, 1978 (Acari: Prostigmata: Eupodoidea: Penthalodidae) from Hawaii, with a discussion of the systematic status of the taxon. Ann. Zool. 58(2): 337–346. doi: 10.3161/000345408X326654
Jesionowska K (2010) Cocceupodidae, a new family of eupodoid mites, with description of a new genus and two new species from Poland. Part I. (Acari: Prostigmata: Eupodoidea). Genus 21(4): 637–658. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/Jesionowska_Cocceupodidae.pdf
Koch CL (1835) Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Herrich-Schaffer, Regensberg, 1: 12.
Koch CL (1842) Ubersicht des Arachnidensystems. J.L. Lotzberk, Nürnberg, 1–72.
Lindquist EE, Zacharda M (1987) A new genus and species of Rhagidiidae (Acari: Prostigmata) from Chihuahuan Desert litter in New Mexico. Can. J. Zool. 65: 2149–2158. doi: 10.1139/z87-328
Murray A (1877) Economic Entomology. Aptera. London, South Kensington Museum Handbooks, 433 pp.
Olivier PAS (2008) Dendrochaetidae, a new family of mites (Acari: Prostigmata), with description of a new genus and species from South Africa. Afr. Zool. 43: 16–24. http://africanzoology.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/409
Olivier PAS (2009) A replacement name for Dendrodus Olivier, 2008, and validation of Dendrochaetidae Olivier, 2008 nomen nudum (Acari: Prostigmata). Zootaxa 2293: 68. http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02293p068f.pdf
Oudemans AC (1922) Acarologische Aanteekeningen. LXVII. Ent. Ber, 6: 81–84.
Oudemans AC (1931) Acarologische Aanteekeningen, CVIII. Ent. Ber., 8: 251–263.
Qin TK (1996) A review and cladistic analysis of Eupodoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Syst Appl Acarol. 1: 77–105.
Qin TK (1997) A reconsideration of the taxonomic position of Protopenthalodes (Prostigmata: Eupodoidea). Syst. Appl. Acarol. 2: 253–255.
Qin TK, Halliday B (1997) Eriorhynchidae, a new family of Prostigmata (Acarina), with a cladistic analysis of eupodoid species of Australia and New Zealand. Syst. Entomol. 22: 151–171. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3113.1997.d01-27.x
Strandtmann RW, Goff ML (1978) The Eupodoidea of Hawaii (Acarina: Prostigmata). Pacif. Ins, 19: 121–143.
Strandtmann RW, Prasse J (1976) Prostigmatic mites from the experimental farm in Etzdorf/Saalkreis, GDR Abh. Ber. Naturk. Mus.-ForschStelle, Gӧrlitz, 50(2): 1–33.
Thor S (1933) Über die prostigmatische Familie Eupodidae C. L. Koch 1842 und über die Teilung dieser Famillie, mit Definitionen der neuen Familien. Zool. Anz. 101: 271–277.
Thor S (1934) Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der invertebraten Fauna von Svalbard. Zool. Anz. 107: 115–139.
Walter DE, Lindquist EE, Smith IM, Cook DR, Krantz GW (2009) Order Trombidiformes. Chapter 13. In: Krantz GW, Walter DE (Eds) A Manual of Acarology. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, 233–420.
Zacharda M (1979) Strandtmanniidae – a new family of Eupodoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata). Vĕst. Českoslov. Spol. Zool. 43: 76–81.