Monograph |
Corresponding author: Michael Balkenohl ( mike.balkenohl@bluewin.ch ) Academic editor: Thorsten Assmann
© 2020 Michael Balkenohl.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Balkenohl M (2020) A genus in disguise. Revision of the genus Salcedia Fairmaire, 1899 with descriptions of nine new species (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaritinae, Salcediini). ZooKeys 901: 1-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.901.39432
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This monograph on the genus Salcedia Fairmaire, 1899 revises the nine described species S. perrieri Fairmaire, 1899, S. coquilhati Alluaud, 1932, S. elongata Alluaud, 1932, S. africana (Britton, 1947), S. schoutedeni Alluaud, 1930, S. putzeysi (Oberthür, 1883), S. miranda (Andrewes, 1920), and S. parallela Baehr, 1998. The following nine new species are described: S. unifoveata sp. nov., S. faillei sp. nov., S. lukulua sp. nov., S. matsumotoi sp. nov., S. utetea sp. nov., S. robusta sp. nov., S. procera sp. nov., S. tuberculata sp. nov., and S. baroensis sp. nov. Photographs of the habitus and male and female genitals are provided for all species. An identification key to the species is given. Morphological characteristics of the genus are described and illustrated. Zoogeography of the group is discussed and distribution records from Africa are displayed on a map. Available biological data are summarised.
Africa, Madagascar, Oriental region, zoogeography, biology, key to species
The genus Salcedia Fairmaire, 1899 comprises small grey to brownish species of approximately 2.4–4 mm length. At first glance, the species, which are generally coated with dirt, appear very homogenous, but on detailed examination they exhibit distinct species-specific characters.
The genus is closely related to two South American genera, Holoprizus Putzeys, 1866 and Solenogenys Westwood, 1859. In current catalogues the genus Andozelma Dostal, 1993, is placed as well in the tribe Salcediini. However, this placement is questioned by the author (compare discussion).
At the suprageneric level, the three genera seem to be isolated. According to
Holoprizus is monotypic and three species of Solenogenys are known. Both of the genera occur on the banks of the Rio Amazonas, Rio Negro and its tributaries (
To date, seven species from Africa and two species from the Oriental region have been described. In an effort to determine unidentified material it became apparent that the material cannot be determined with confidence without revising the described species. Investigation of the type material and determined specimens of Salcedia deposited in the Musée Royal de l´Afrique Centrale (MRACT) revealed that the material was confused and contains undescribed species.
In addition to the Museums in Tervuren (MRACT) and Paris (
This contribution aims to revise the genus Salcedia at the species level by considering all of the available material and information.
Holotypes and other available type material of the redescribed species were investigated. In addition, some other material was located and it was possible to base this monograph on a total of 652 specimens.
The complete information given on the labels is displayed in the descriptions of the species, verbatim as they appear on the labels including spelling, spacing, and punctuation. Many of the labels give historic names of former countries. In these cases, the names in use today are given in addition, under ‘distribution’ in the descriptions.
For comparison of several characters the following other species have been investigated: Solenogenys foeda Westwood, 1858, S. thomsoni Reichardt, 1975, S. funkei Adis, 1981, Holoprizus serratus Putzeys, 1866 (BMNH and
In general terms, descriptions of characters and methods were based on
Describing the surface of the elytra is more complex than in other Clivinini. On the one hand one can describe what one sees. This results in many of the Salcedia species in three distinctly raised longitudinal carinae but also in 14 rows of punctures. It is obvious this cannot be intervals and striae even if it looks like it superficially and at first glance. The reason for the complexity is the lack of a precise term for the actual structures, e.g., impressed unconnected punctures arranged in longitudinal rows with or without connection, and others. This issue has already been recognised (
Salcedia baroensis sp. nov., latero-ventral view, basal half of elytron and metepisternum. White arrows: series of umbilical setae arising from tuberculate punctures. Blue arrow: real humerus, yellow arrow: longitudinal groove for the reception of the apical half of the intermediate tibia and the tarsomeres.
The lateral ventral carina of the front tibia often shows a different degree of digitation. The terminal upper spine, as well as an obtuse spine that can sometimes be present at the base of the tibia, is not counted in the descriptions.
The following terms and their explanations describing the colour and surface were taken from
Terms used for the male genitalia refer to the natural position in non-dissected specimens. For the description of the female gonocoxites, terminology follows
Specimens were examined using a Leica M205-C stereomicroscope and a Reichert-Jung Polyvar compound microscope. Measurements and angular degrees were taken electronically using the integrated and automatically calibrating measurement system of the Imagic Client software. The respective body parts of the specimens (head, pronotum, elytron) must to be placed in an exactly horizontal position. If available, ten specimens of each species were measured including the holotype. Body length was measured from the apex of the longer mandible in closed position to the apex of the elytra. The length of the pronotum was measured along the median line including the posteriorly produced base, and the width was determined at the widest part. The length of the elytron was measured from the anterior basal tip of the lateral margin to the tip of the apex. The elytral width was measured at the maximum width of both elytra in closed position and represents the general the width of the specimen. The limits of the measurements and arithmetic means (X̄) are provided for the values of all species including ratios calculated (Table
Measurements and ratios of Salcedia species. N = number of specimens measured; x̄ = arithmetic mean; “term used” refers to the shape of the elytra.
Region | Species | Body length [mm] | Width [mm] | Length of elytron [mm] | Ratio length/width of pronotum | Ratio length/width of elytra | Posterior lateral angle of head | N | ||||||
Range | x¯ | Range | x¯ | Range | x¯ | Range | x¯ | Range | x¯ | Term used | ||||
Madagascar | S. perrieri Fairmaire, 1899 | 3.22–3.59 | 3.47 | 1.1–1.22 | 1.18 | 1.95–2.19 | 2.09 | 0.65–0.71 | 0.69 | 1.71–1.82 | 1.78 | subelongate | obtuse, ~125° | 10 |
S. unifoveata sp. nov. | 2.6–3.11 | 2.85 | 0.91–1.13 | 1.03 | 1.48–1.81 | 1.65 | 0.74–0.75 | 0.75 | 1.54–1.63 | 1.59 | long-ovoid | obtuse, ~118° | 6 | |
S. faillei sp. nov. | 3.06 | – | 0.98 | – | 1.83 | – | 0.73 | – | 1.89 | – | elongate | 128° | 1 | |
Continental Africa | S. coquilhati Alluaud, 1932 | 2.37–2.76 | 2.52 | 0.95–1.13 | 1.03 | 1.41–1.75 | 1.56 | 0.55–0.59 | 0.57 | 1.48–1.55 | 1.51 | long-ovoid | reg. convex | 10 |
S. elongata Alluaud, 1932 | 3.3–3.65 | 3.49 | 1.04–1.17 | 1.13 | 2.07–2.27 | 2.17 | 0.67–0.76 | 0.72 | 1.83–2.03 | 1.92 | oblongo-elongate | 135–136° | 10 | |
S. africana (Britton, 1947) | 3.32–3.97 | 3.63 | 1.0–1.2 | 1.1 | 2.01–2.28 | 2.16 | 0.67–0.76 | 0.72 | 1.87–2.04 | 1.97 | oblongo-elongate | 118–119° | 10 | |
S. procera sp. nov. | 3.09–3.41 | 3.32 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.97 | 1.9–2.07 | 2.01 | 0.75–0.79 | 0.77 | 1.99–2.11 | 2.06 | super-elongate | 105–107° | 8 | |
S. schoudtedeni Alluaud, 1930 | 3.39–3.76 | 3.54 | 1.35–1.45 | 1.37 | 2.03–2.38 | 2.21 | 0.58–0.61 | 0.6 | 1.58–1.65 | 1.62 | subelongate | 108–111° | 10 | |
S. nigeriensis Alluaud, 1932 | 3.27–3.71 | 3.55 | 1.10–1.30 | 1.25 | 2.06–2.33 | 2.18 | 0.63–0.66 | 0.65 | 1.64–1.93 | 1.74 | subelongate | 96–98° | 10 | |
S. baroensis sp. nov. | 3.53–3.89 | 3.74 | 1.25–1.37 | 1.32 | 1.71–1.76 | 1.73 | 0.61–0.68 | 0.63 | 1.71–1.76 | 1.73 | subelongate | ~107° | 10 | |
S. utetea sp. nov. | 3.4–3.58 | 3.48 | 1.16–1.26 | 1.21 | 2.08–2.17 | 2.11 | 0.63–0.66 | 0.64 | 1.71–1.79 | 1.74 | subelongate | 96–99° | 10 | |
S. lukulua sp. nov. | 2.8; 2.84 | – | 0.89; 0.96 | – | 1.67; 1.72 | – | 0.73; 0.74 | – | 1.79; 1.88 | – | elongate | obtuse, ~137° | 2 | |
S. robusta sp. nov. | 3.54–4.2 | 3.97 | 1.2–1.43 | 1.33 | 2.2–2.59 | 2.42 | 0.66–0.69 | 0.68 | 1.76–1.82 | 1.79 | subelongate | 115–117° | 10 | |
S. tuberculata sp. nov. | 3.43 | – | 1.03 | – | 1.99 | – | 0.74 | – | 1.94 | – | oblongo-elongate | 119° | 1 | |
S. putzeysi (Oberthür, 1883) | 3.12–3.88 | 3.52 | 1.24–1.28 | 0.25 | 2.11–2.33 | 1.17 | 0.63–0.65 | 0.35 | 1.67–1.81 | 0.74 | subelongate | 120–123° | 10 | |
S. matsumotoi sp. nov. | 3.02–3.59 | 3.36 | 0.94–1.19 | 1.1 | 1.82–2.24 | 2.08 | 0.72–0.81 | 0.75 | 1.84–1.96 | 1.9 | elongate | ~122° | 10 | |
Oriental region | S. miranda (Andrewes, 1920) | 3.76; 3.96 | – | 1.35; 1.47 | – | 2.24; 2.39 | – | 0.64; 0.65 | – | 1.63; 166 | – | subelongate | 90° | 2 |
S. parallela Baehr, 1998 | 3.61 | – | 1.15 | – | 2.21 | – | 0.73 | – | 1.91 | – | oblongo-elongate | 102° | 1 |
Terms used for the description of the antennae of Salcedia species. Antennomere six is taken as reference for antennomeres five to ten.
Term used | Description of term | Ratio length/width of antennomere six | Species |
sub-moniliform | slightly wider than long | 0.95–1.00 | S. procera sp. nov. |
moniliform | as long as wide | 1.00–1.04 | S. elongata Alluaud, 1932 |
super-moniliform | slightly longer than wide | 1.09–1.10 | S. africana (Britton, 1947) |
sub-elongate | longer than wide | 1.14–1.20 | S. lukulua sp. nov. |
S. unifoveata sp. nov. | |||
S. tuberculata sp. nov. | |||
elongate | longer than 1.20× | 1.24–1.34 | S. perrieri Fairmaire, 1899 |
S. schoutedeni Alluaud, 1930 | |||
S. nigeriensis Alluaud, 1932 | |||
S. coquilhati Alluaud, 1932 | |||
S. putzeysi (Oberthür, 1883) | |||
S. parallela Baehr, 1998 | |||
S. matsumotoi sp. nov. | |||
S. robusta sp. nov. | |||
S. utetea sp. nov. | |||
S. faillei sp. nov. | |||
oblong-elongate | longer than 1.35× | 1.38–1.44 | S. miranda (Andrewes, 1920) |
S. baroensis sp. nov. |
The genitalia dissected were mounted on transparent celon cards and embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone. After clearing overnight, these cards were fixed on an object glass slide and used under the compound microscope. Descriptions were made of the genitals under transmitted light from beneath, or with top light (Reichert-Jung Polyvar compound microscope; magnification ×80–×500), or both light regimes. In cases where setae or trichia of the gonopod IX are rubbed off, the pores from which they emerge are clearly visible using interference contrast. Dissected specimens are indicated separately under material as males and females, respectively.
Photographs were taken with a 5-megapixel Jenoptic core 5 digital camera, either through the Leica M205–C stereomicroscope using a motorised focussing drive and diffused light with Leica hood LED5000 HDI for single pictures stacking automatically, or for the Polyvar compound microscope using the drive manually. All pictures are composites, processed and optimised by using Imagic Client software and enhanced with CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X5.
The surface and especially the dorsal surface is usually coated with a tough film that obscures characters. Pits and grooves on the head, prothorax, and elytra are usually filled with dirt and substrate that adheres to the tough film. In most cases the pits and the space between the carinae of the prothorax and the interneurs of the elytra are mostly covered with mud or clay and in approximately half of the specimens the dorsal surface is completely clothed with substrate. However, the narrow lateral channel of the elytra and the series of umbilical setigerous punctures are always free of mud. Typical examples of two uncleaned species are provided to show exactly the same specimens in dirty and in clean condition (Figs
The material is deposited in the following collections:
BMNH (
CBB Coll. Michael Balkenohl, Bonstetten near Zürich, Switzerland;
CBP Coll. Petr Bulirsch, Prague, Czech Republic;
CDW Coll. Alexander Dostal, Vienna, Austria;
CFGC Coll. François Génier, Gatineau, Canada;
MHNM Museu de Historia Natural de Maputo, Mozambique;
MRACT Musée Royal de l´Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium;
Other abbreviations used:
L/W ratio length divided by width (used for the pronotum, elytra, and sixth antennomere);
SSO subapical setose organ (situated at the female coxostylus/gonopod IX);
[sic !] written exactly this way, as a comment by the author;
x̄ arithmetic mean (used in Table
Salcedia Fairmaire, 1899: 512.
= Zelma Andrewes, 1920: 451.
Salcedia perrieri Fairmaire, 1899, by original designation.
Small sized (2.4–4 mm); griseous to piceous species with long oval or elongated shape of the habitus; head semi-circular or campanulate; labrum short, seven-setose; clypeus fused with clypeal wings; frons of head posteriorly with four longitudinal carinae, the median ones more or less joining anteriorly into a keel or tubercle; without clypeal and supraorbital setae; eyes either not at all or to a small extent visible in dorsal view. Head and pronotum ventrally with channel for the reception of the antennae. Pronotum with two conspicuously raised longitudinal carinae at middle, laterally with one to four additional smaller carinae, laterally broadly bent upwards, wing-like, with five or six transverse lateral pits, lateral margin crenulate to varying degrees, without marginal setae. Elytron with carinate suture, with interneurs two, four, and six sharp; lateral interneur (sixth) more or less crenulated, forming outline of elytron, interneurs two and four conspicuously raised, interneur two with distinct tubercle at base, interneur five without carina, one and three in some species with slight to indistinct carina of different lengths. Intervals with one or two longitudinal series of pits. Lateral margin and channel not visible in dorsal view, channel with a series of umbilical setigerous punctures, accompanied by interneurs seven and eight. Elytron without discal setigerous punctures. Metepisternum with longitudinal groove medially for the reception of intermediate tarsomeres and the apical part of the intermediate tibia. At the margin of the last visible abdominal sternum with one setigerous puncture at each side. All tibiae carinate, front and intermediate tarsomeres broadened.
Different from the other genera of the tribe Salcediini, mainly by the antennal channel on the ventral surface of the pronotum, by the metepisternum with longitudinal groove for the reception of the apical part of the intermediate leg, the distinctly carinate tibiae, the less visible eyes in dorsal view, and by the antennomeres two and three which are of the same length.
Measurements: Body length 2.4–4 mm, width 0.9–1.5 mm.
Colour and surface: Anthracite grey to fuscous or piceous, more or less shiny; top of carinae, margins of pronotum and elytra and surface of supra-antennal and supraorbital plates usually opaque, griseous, covered with pale grey pili; mandibles, legs, antennae and palpi paler.
Head:
Narrower than pronotum. Outline semi-circular, campanulate or reniform. Surface very sculptured, camouflaged by mud if not cleaned (Fig.
Pronotum: Outline rectangular, more or less transverse. Anterior margin bilaterally excised, the central projection carinate, fits in and hangs over the posterior excision of the head. Lateral margin straight or convex, crenulated or tuberculated. Anterior and posterior angles distinctly marked. Disc flattened or convex in lateral view, with two distinctly raised paramedian carinae more or less parallel to median line, forming two wide tubercles at base pointing posteriorly, with one to four additional shorter carinae bilaterally of which the three lateral ones are present or not, with narrow median line. Margin laterally bent upwards, wing-like, with five or six large transverse pits. Scutellum small, embedded on peduncle, somewhat hidden. No setae on dorsal surface.
Elytron:
Outline convex to parallel. Suture carinate. Interneurs two, four, and six sharp, distinctly to conspicuously raised (Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed or reduced.
Lower surface:
Head with deep channel-like grooves under eyes and at lateral parts of neck for reception of antennae. Pronotum channel-like hollowed out from anterior margin nearly up to base (for reception of antenna, Fig.
Legs: Short, stout. Profemora ventro-basally wing-like dilated, dorsal surface with reticulation. Protibia with three strong short setae on ventral surface, with terminal spine arcuate at apex, laterally dentate to varying degrees, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur small, slightly arcuate, acute, length nearly half as long as first tarsomere; meso- and metafemora slender, slightly dilated basally, mesofemora tooth-like dilated posteriorly at base. Meso- and metatibia nearly square in cross section, with four longitudinal carinae, furnished with robust setae of moderate length. First tarsomere distinctly elongated, not quite as long as tarsomere two to five combined, front legs with tarsomeres two to four distinctly broadened and flattened. Intermediate tarsomeres moderately broadened and flattened. Claws and seta between claws relatively long.
Male genitalia: Median lobe with outline moderately or slightly arcuate, in some species fractuate, apex in some species spatulate. Parameres non-pedunculate, in most of the species asetose, conspicuously asymmetrical with the ventral one very small. The median lobe is similar to the type found in the genus Trilophidius Jeannel, 1957.
Female genitalia: Slender, coxostylus (gonopod IX) one and two fused, distinctly broadened basally, without or with one or two subapical setose organs, usually with one larger often somewhat flattened nematiform seta at beginning of basal third and five to eight slender nematiform setae. Outline similar to that of the clivinine genus Ancus Putzeys, 1866.
Distributed over the whole tropical belt of Africa from the west coast to the east coast, and southward to the north of the Republic of South Africa and of Madagascar. Also known from four localities in the Oriental region (Tharrawaddy, Mandalay, Palon, Calcutta).
Channels for the reception of appendices. The head exhibits channel like grooves on the lower surface for the reception of antennomeres four to five (Fig.
The elongated metepisternum possesses a longitudinal groove (Fig.
This longitudinal groove on the metepisternum is not present in Solenogenys. It is intimated as flat longitudinal depression in Holoprizus.
Layer on the surface. Compared to other Carabidae and especially Clivinini, the species of Salcedia show a remarkable layer on the surface of the integument, visible with optical microscopes after removal of the mud by short cleaning. The layer covers the dorsal surface of the head, pronotum and elytra (Fig.
Setae on the surface. Usually, longer nematiform setae (macrochaetae), often used for taxonomy in Scaritinae and especially Clivinini, are generated from distinct setigerous punctures. They are of a yellow to brown colour, are quite robust, tapering to the apex, ending acutely, are distant, and often erect. They are present in Salcedia in the following parts of the body: The labrum shows a total of seven setae with four long ones, two of medium size and the seta at middle is very small and usually completely hidden by the clypeus. In addition, the labrum is ciliate laterally. The generally small mentum shows a pair of setae at base and two pairs anteriorly. Setae of the other mouthparts (palpi, glossa, ligula) and the antennae exhibit a structure of setae as in other Clivinini, including a short stout apically situated seta on the scapus. The pronotum shows a group of setae at its base, which are usually arranged bilaterally as a group of four to eight setae. These setae are located opposite to the two basal tubercles of interneur two of the elytron. In addition, there is a bunch of such setae situated at the top of the two tubercles which are situated ventro-anteriorly of the anterior margin of the pronotum. The elytron shows a small basal tubercle with setigerous puncture bearing a distinct seta of medium length, situated at the basal declivity at level of interneur one. The lateral channel of the elytron, situated ventro-laterally (not visible in dorsal view), exhibits a series of light-beige umbilical setae generated from tuberculate punctures. There are longer and shorter setae which are generally thin (Fig.
The following parts of the dorsal surface are covered with fine, short, soft, acutely ending, grey, and tight-fitting pili: Lateral margins of the head, parts of the supraorbital and supra-antennal plates, pronotum and elytra. In addition, all carinae on the head, pronotum and the elevated interneurs of the elytron show a band of these pili bilaterally to the top, sometimes also on the top. Moreover, slightly stronger pili are present at the declivity of the basal tubercles of the pronotum and elytra. The eyes also show short pili, arising from the interspaces of the ommatidia.
Furthermore, there is another type of fine short pili present at the lateral margins of the head, pronotum and elytra. These pili are less numerous than the small grey pili, club-like and slightly larger in diameter, rounded at the tip and often of beige to grey colour. These second type of pili are quite easily removed when robust cleaning of specimens is applied.
In general, and obviously depending on the age of the specimen, all of the setae are often rubbed off with the exception of the abdominal ambulatory setae which are present in nearly all specimens.
Number, location and appearance of setae and pili on the external surface are very similar among the species and do not exhibit much difference that is usable for species differentiation. However, in S. baroensis sp. nov., the pili are less numerous, in S. miranda the pilosity is denser.
The following setae, usually present in most of the other Clivinini, are missing: Clypeal setae, supraorbital setae, lateral pronotal setae, and discal setae of the elytron.
In Salcedia the female coxites 1 and 2 are fused (gonopod IX). They show a characteristic pattern of nematiform setae in the basal half. In addition, in most of the species there is a subapical setose organ (vestigial gonostylus) present generating one or two microtrichia.
The small species are not easy to discriminate, if not trained. It is recommended to compare the results of the identification with the data provided in Tables
1 | African species; frons of head with paramedian carinae converging anteriorly and joining into a keel or tubercle | 2 |
– | Oriental species; head with paramedian carinae converging anteriorly but not completely joining, not forming a keel or tubercle | 17 |
2 | Species from Madagascar; with or without conspicuously reduced eyes | 3 |
– | Species from continental Africa; always with well-developed eyes | 5 |
3 | Eyes conspicuously reduced, not visible in dorsal view, in lateral view strikingly small, embedded between lateral carinae and genae, concave; lateral margin of pronotum with 16 tubercles; intervals of elytron with one serially row of pits; body length 2.6–3.1 mm | S. unifoveata sp. nov. |
– | Eyes well developed, partly visible in dorsal view, in lateral view large, convex; lateral margin of pronotum with 8–12 tubercles; intervals of elytron with more than one row of pits | 4 |
4 | Lateral margin of pronotum with 12 tubercles; head with raised tubercle in middle; pseudohumerus of elytron with laterally projecting tooth; body length 3.2–3.6 mm | S. perrieri Fairmaire, 1899 |
– | Lateral margin of pronotum with 8–9 tubercles; head with keel at middle; pseudohumerus of elytron without projecting tooth; body length 3.1 mm | S. faillei sp. nov. |
5 | Outline of elytron in dorsal view distinctly convex; species smaller than 3.0 mm (but see exception S. baroensis sp. nov. at 3.7 mm) | 6 |
– | Outline of elytron in dorsal view parallel or slightly rounded with straight or indistinctly rounded parts; species larger than 3.0 mm | 8 |
6 | Pronotum conspicuously transverse with ratio length/width 0.55–0.59, with row of five transverse lateral pits, lateral margin with 9 tubercles; head reniform, posterior genae convex, without angle (dorsal view); smallest species; body length 2.4–2.8 mm | S. coquilhati Alluaud, 1932 |
– | Pronotum moderately transverse with ratio length/width 0.72–0.75, with row of six transverse lateral pits, lateral margin with 12–13 tubercles; head semi-circular or campanulate, posterior genae with distinct angle (dorsal view), without convexity | 7 |
7 | Paramedian carinae on frons of head joining V-like anteriorly and ending with minute tubercle; antenna with segments five to ten sub-elongate (L/W 1.16); base of pronotum produced wing-like posteriorly, distinctly emarginated bilaterally towards middle; head obtuse angled postero-laterally (angle 137°); body length 2.8 mm | S. lukulua sp. nov. |
– | Paramedian carinae on frons of head joining into a distinct keel; antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.24); base of pronotum not produced posteriorly, with slight notch bilaterally towards middle; head postero-laterally with distinct angle (around 122°); body length 3.3–3.4 mm | S. matsumotoi sp. nov. |
8 | Elytron super-elongate or oblong-elongate, with lateral outline parallel, with interneur two parallel at middle | 9 |
– | Elytron sub-elongate or elongate, with outline slightly convex or slightly dilated posteriorly with straight or indistinctly rounded parts in basal third only, with interneur two convex at middle | 12 |
9 | Elytra super-elongate with lateral outline nearly parallel but slightly to indistinctly concave at middle, maximum width before and behind middle; antennomeres with joint 5–10 sub-moniliform (L/W 0.95–1.02); body length 3.1–3.4 mm | S. procera sp. nov. |
– | Elytra oblong-elongate with lateral outline parallel, straight, maximum width at middle; antennomeres with joint 5–10 moniliform or sub-elongate | 10 |
10 | Base of pronotum bilaterally with distinct tubercle pointing posteriorly; elytron with distinct tubercle at base of interneur four; pronotum one fifth wider than long; body length 3.4 mm | S. tuberculata sp. nov. |
– | Base of pronotum without distinct tubercle; elytron without tubercle at base of interneur four; pronotum one third or one quarter wider than long | 11 |
11 | Pronotum a quarter wider than long; pronotum bilaterally with two additional carinae; elytron with interneur four shortened at base; Elytron with interneur two shortened at apex; antennomeres with joint 5–10 moniliform, male median lobe with apex long, slender, apex stick-like in cross section; body length 3.3–3.7 mm | S. elongata Alluaud, 1932 |
– | Pronotum one third wider than long; pronotum bilaterally with three additional carinae; elytron with interneur four running up to base; Elytron with interneur two running distinctly up to apex; antennomeres with joint 5–10 super-moniliform; male median lobe with apex continuously narrowed to apex, apex flattened in cross section; body length 3.3–4 mm | S. africana (Britton, 1947) |
12 | Pronotum with paramedian carinae conspicuously raised, interrupted by distinct deep notches; lateral margin of pronotum with 8–(10) tubercles; body length 3.5–4.2 mm | S. robusta sp. nov. |
– | Pronotum with paramedian carinae moderately raised, more or less continuing, not interrupted by distinct notches; lateral margin of pronotum with 10–15 tubercles | 13 |
13 | Antennomeres with joints five to ten oblong-elongate (ratio length/width 1.41); elytra shorter, length 1.71–1.76 mm; elytra slightly diverging posteriorly, maximum width behind middle, interneur three developed as slightly raised carina; body length 3.5–3.9 mm | S. baroensis sp. nov. |
– | Antennomeres with joints five to ten elongate (ratio length/width 1.25–134); elytra longer, length 2.03–2.38 mm; elytra slightly convex laterally but not diverging, with maximum width at middle, interneur three without raised carina | 14 |
14 | Pronotum with all three lateral carinae complete; elytron with pseudohumerus obtuse-angled (angle around 97°); elytron with lateral margin (not visible in dorsal view) smooth; median lobe of aedeagus at apex spatulate in total, in cross section with concavity; female coxostylus with eight nematiform setae and with one SSO; body length 3.4–3.6 mm | S. utetea sp. nov. |
– | Pronotum with lateral carinae incomplete, two of the three carinae completely missing; elytron with pseudohumerus nearly right-angled; elytron with lateral margin (not visible in dorsal view) sub-crenulate; median lobe of aedeagus at apex ovoid in cross section | 15 |
15 | Pronotum with lateral margin regularly convex with maximum width at middle, with 10 to 11 tubercles; elytron with lateral outline straight at middle; head baso-laterally with obtuse angle (angle 120–123°); body length 3.1–3.9 mm | S. putzeysi (Oberthür, 1883) |
– | Pronotum with lateral margin either regularly convex or diverging anteriorly with maximum width behind middle, with > 12 tubercles; elytron with lateral outline convex or converging and with straight parts; head baso-laterally with angle <110° | 16 |
16 | Lateral margin of pronotum convex and converging anteriorly, lateral tubercles indistinct; elytron with lateral outline with straight and almost parallel part directly posterior pseudohumerus; pseudohumerus with distinct tooth-like tubercle; median lobe of aedeagus with apex sinuate, in cross section oval; female coxostylus with six nematiform long setae and one SSO; body length 3.4–3.8 mm | S. schoutedeni Alluaud, 1930 |
– | Lateral margin of pronotum slightly and regularly convex, lateral tubercles distinct; elytron with lateral outline slightly convex; pseudohumerus without or with indistinct projecting tooth; median lobe of aedeagus straight, pointing dorsally, flattened preapically and in cross section oval at apex; female coxostylus with eight nematiform setae; body length 3.3–3.7 mm | S. nigeriensis Alluaud, 1932 |
17 | Elytron without laterally projecting tooth at pseudohumerus, interval between interneurs four and five and five and six with two serially rows of pits; lateral margin of pronotum convex; antennomeres five to ten oblong-elongate (ratio length/width 1.44); body length 4 mm | S. miranda (Andrewes, 1920) |
– | Elytron with distinct laterally projecting tooth at pseudohumerus, interval between interneurs four and five with two serially rows of pits, and between interneurs five and six with one row of serial pits; lateral margin of pronotum straight; antennomeres five to ten elongate (ratio length/width 1.22); body length 3.6 mm | S. parallela Baehr, 1998 |
Salcedia perrieri
Fairmaire, 1899: 512;
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: brownish, printed, black framed “Madagr. Suberblle. H.Perrier” (
1 spec., Madagascar Ron Maroantsetra V 35 Vadon ! (
A medium sized species, with sub-elongate oval outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three additional lateral carinae. The pseudohumerus is nearly rectangular and distinctly dentate. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. faillei sp. nov. by the tubercle on the frons of the head, the twelve tubercles at the lateral margin of the pronotum, and the pseudohumerus of the elytron which shows a laterally projecting tooth. Moreover, the median lobe of the male genitalia is different and the dorsal paramere has a pilus at the apex.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Anthracite grey, opaque; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra shiny; mandibles and legs piceous, antennae and palpi leoninous.
Head: Two-thirds of width of pronotum. Outline semi-circular. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, separated from convex clypeal wings by indistinct obtuse notches, clypeal wings separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches, with raised pentagon-shaped field at middle, separated from frons by deep transverse furrow, frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly, prolonged anteriorly into a central distinctly erected tubercle, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central tubercle, with two parallel carinae paralaterally near base; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with deep circular pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly margined, margin raised, carina-like, indistinctly crenulated, supra-antennal plates vaulted. Base emarginated at middle, obtuse angled laterally (angle 120°). Eyes convex, genae slightly convex, both of them partly visible from above, with pentagonal shape in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.26), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum excised anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum small, epilobes wide, projecting and obtuse angled anteriorly, completely margined, surface coriaciate-like with flat impressions.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with one row of serial pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metasternum and last five abdominal sternites with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, regularly arranged at carinae and margins.
Legs: Profemora with irregular pits on dorsal surface. Protibia laterally with two larger and one smaller tooth, dorsally with one and ventrally with two carinae. Metafemora with small, short grooves at dorsal surface.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The carinae on the frons of the head are tuberculated to a different degree. The number and shape of the pits on the ventral surface varies to a small degree. Slight differences could also be observed with the flat impressions on the lower surface. The female specimen from Perinet (label indicating uncertain location) is slightly larger than the other ones but in all other characters matches S. perrieri.
(Fig.
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, black printed “MUS. ROY. CENTR. Madagascar Est : Bale d’Antongli J. Vadon” / black printed and handwritten “Ambodivoangy II. 1959 (Lavage de terre) 12.” (MRACT). Paratypes: 3 ♀♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, same data as holotype but “05.”; 1 ♀, same data as holotype but “21.” (MRACT, CBB).
A medium sized species, with long-ovoid outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and pronotum with three additional carinae and at the lateral margin with eight to nine tubercles. The pseudohumerus is obtuse angled and not dentate. The antennomeres are sub-elongate. Distinguished from all other species of the genus by the very small and laterally embedded eyes, and the elytron with one row of pits between the suture and the interneurs. In addition, the hind wings are reduced to threadlike rudiments.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Anthracite grey, pronotum laterally and elytra shiny; pronotum laterally and antero-lateral part of elytra slightly translucent piceous, top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra shiny; mandibles, legs and antennae piceous, palpi leoninous. Surface without adhesive layer. Short pili on surface less numerous compared to other species.
Head: Two-thirds of width of pronotum. Outline pentagonal. Clypeus wide, clypeal wings small, nearly fused with clypeus, separated from supraorbital plates by distinct rectangular notches, with raised pentagon-shaped field at middle, separated from frons by deep transverse furrow, frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly, prolonged anteriorly into a flat central keel, with two small glossy tooth-like tubercles laterally anterior to keel and two large tubercles paralaterally at genae level; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows; each furrow with deep circular pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly margined, margin sub-crenulate, supra-antennal plate vaulted, separated from supraorbital plate by distinct notches. Base slightly emarginated at middle, laterally narrowed and rounded off without angle. Eyes reduced, conspicuously small (lateral view), reniform, concave, genae developed as small obtuse carinae. Antenna with segments five to ten sub-elongate (L/W 1.14), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent. Labrum short, straight anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, slender and arcuate in apical half, right one broadened in basal h Glossa slightly arcuate, obtuse at apex. Mentum small, epilobes wide, projecting and obtuse angled anteriorly, completely margined, with carina medially, surface coriaciate-like with flat impressions.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Reduced to threadlike rudiments.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with one row of serial pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum of moderate length, with broad longitudinal groove. Metasternum and last five abdominal sternites with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, regularly arranged at carinae and margins. Sternum four to six obtusely sulcate.
Legs: Profemora with few transverse wrinkles on dorsal surface. Protibia with terminal spine hook-like at apex, laterally with two teeth, dorsally with one and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur short, length a quarter of first tarsomere. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, almost as long as tarsomeres two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The number and shape of the pits on the dorsal surface varies to a certain degree.
The name refers to the single row of pits on the elytron between the suture and the interneurs, which is unique in the whole genus (Latin unus = one, fovea = pit).
(Fig.
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, black printed “S MADAGASCAR Isalo N.P., 11–12.1. Ranohira env., 2010 F.Pavel leg., 825 m / 22°33'07,5"S, 045°24'49,5"E (
A small sized species, with elongate oval outline of the elytra with maximum width slightly behind middle and the pronotum with three additional carinae. The pseudohumerus is nearly rectangular and not dentate. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. perrieri by the keel on the frons of the head, the eight to nine tubercles at the lateral margin of the pronotum, and the pseudohumerus of the elytron which is also right angled but without projecting tooth. The male genitalia has a different median lobe and the ventral paramere is setose at apex.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous to fuscous; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as intervals shiny; legs, mandibles, scapus, and pedicellus piceous, antennomeres three to eleven and palpi leoninous.
Head: Three-quarters of pronotum width. Outline campanulate. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, not separated from convex clypeal wings, clypeal wings separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches, with raised pentagon-shaped field at middle, separated from frons by flat transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly, prolonged anteriorly into central keel, with two small teeth bilaterally anterior to central keel, with two carinae paralaterally near base converging anteriorly; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with deep circular pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus and another pit bilaterally to clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly carinate, indistinctly crenulated, supra-antennal plates vaulted. Base emarginated at middle, obtuse angled laterally (angle 128°). Eyes convex, genae slightly convex, both of them partly visible from above, with transverse-oval shape in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.22), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum straight. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum moderately sized, with isodiametric reticulation, epilobes wide, projecting and acute angled anteriorly, amargined, surface covered with flat pits.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Flattened in anterior half (lateral view), flattened at middle in frontal view and moderately convex laterally. Elongate, margin moderately convex, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus slightly obtuse angular (angle 104°), distinctly angulate. Apex rounded, acutely denticulate at suture. Disc with interneur six indistinctly crenulated, interneur three convex in basal third, interneur two running up to apex as slightly convex line, distinctly raised; interneur four running in parallel to interneur six, distinctly not reaching base, shortened at apex. Interneur five and six with three rows of transversally connected pits, connection of the latter ones is of such intense that the interval line is hardly recognisable.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with one row of serial pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metasternum and last five abdominal sternites with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, regularly arranged at carinae and margins.
Legs: Profemora with irregular reticulation on dorsal surface. Protibia laterally with two larger and two fine teeth, dorsally with one and ventrally with two carinae. Metafemora with irregular reticulation at dorsal surface.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia: Unknown.
Variation: Slight intra-individual variation between the two lateral margins of the pronotum was observed in the number of tubercles.
The species is dedicated to Dr. Arnaud Faille (
(Fig.
Salcedia coquilhati
Alluaud, 1932: 3;
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, printed and handwritten “MUSÉE DU CONGO Coquilhatville –XII– 1924 DrH.Schouteden” / red, glued “TYPE” / white printed and handwritten “R. DÉT. 2019 f” / white, black framed, handwritten and printed “Salcedia coquilhati All. Alluaud det. 19” / red, black double framed “TYPE” / white, black printed “RMCA ENT 000019377” and square barcode (MRACT). Paratype: 1 ♀, with labels and data: white, printed and handwritten “MUSÉE DU CONGO Coquilhatville -XII- 1924 DrH.Schouteden” / white, handwritten “Salcedia coquilhati n.sp. Ch. Alluaud det.” / red, black double framed “PARATYPE” (MRACT).
In the holotype the left anterior leg is missing and the hind body shows some slight damages. In the paratype the left hind leg is missing.
1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 spec., Eala I-1935 and XI-1934 J.Ghesquière MUSÉE DU CONGO; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 specs., Irebu 30-XII-1920 DrH.Schouteden MUSÉE DU CONGO (MRACT, CBB); 10 specs., COLL. MUS. Congo Ubangi: Nouvelle-Anvers 9-XII-1952 P. Basilewsky / A la lumière (MRACT, CBB); 1 spec., I.R.S.A.-MUS.R.A.C. Equateur : terr. Bikoro, Mabali IX.1959 N. Leleup / Forêt inondée à la lumière (MRACT); 1 spec., Coquilhatville – a table le soir – G Juillet 1909 / MUSÉE DU CONGO Voyage de S.A.R. le Prince Albert 1909 (MRACT); 1 spec., MUSÉE DU CONGO Stanleyville a Coquilhatville Dr. Géranrd. (MRACT); 1 spec., MUSÉE DU CONGO Kai Bumba DrH.Schouteden 11-X-1920 (MRACT); 1 spec., COLL. MUS. CONGO Tshuapa : Bamania XII-1952 R. P. Hulstaert (MRACT); 1 spec., Congo Belge, P.N.G. Miss. H. De Saeger Mabanga 1949–1952 Réc. H. De Saeger (MRACT); 1 spec., Congo belge, P.N.G. Miss. H. De Saeger I/b/3’’, Mabanga 14-IV-1950 Réc. H. De Saeger.458 / Salcedia (MRACT); 1 spec., MUSEUM PARIS Afrique Équatoriale Fr. BRAZZAVILLE ANDRÉ GIDE 1925 / AOUT / Salcedia coquilhati Alluaud det. 1934 (
A small sized species, with long-ovoid outline of the elytra with maximum width at posterior third. The pseudohumerus is obtuse angled and not dentate. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished from all other species of the genus by the extraordinary transverse pronotum which shows at the lateral margin five large transverse pits instead of six pits present in all other species, and the head exhibits a reniform outline in dorsal view.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Melaneous, opaque; top of carinae griseous; mandibles and legs fuscous, antennae and palpi hinnuleous.
Head: Two-thirds of width of pronotum. Outline reniform. Clypeus wide, slightly but distinctly convex anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by obtuse notches, frons with two flattened paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly into a convex bulge not clearly separated from frons, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central bulge, with two parallel carinae paralaterally near base; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with moderately deep circular pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly margined, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted, margin of supraorbital plates conspicuously raised. Base emarginated at middle, laterally rounded-off and constricted to neck without angle. Eyes large, convex, genae slightly convex, both of them clearly visible from above, with nearly circular shape in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.26), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with minute longitudinal reticulation. Labrum straight anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum small, epilobes wide, projecting and nearly rectangular anteriorly, completely margined, surface coriaciate-like with flat impressions.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Slightly convex in anterior half (lateral view), convex in frontal view. Outline in posterior five sixths long-ovoid, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus sub-rectangular, with small tubercle-like tooth. Apex acute at suture. Disc with interneur six crenulated, interneur two running up to apex as distinctly convex line, conspicuously raised; interneur four running in parallel to interneur six, reaching base, not reaching apex. Interneur four and six with two to three indistinct rows of pits becoming transverse apically.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Pronotum with surface of antennal channel with irregular reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with two rows of serial pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum elongate, with broad longitudinal groove. Metasternum and last five abdominal sternites with numerous pits, regularly arranged at carinae and margins. Sternum four to six distinctly sulcate.
Legs: Profemora with dorsal surface indistinctly reticulated. Protibia with terminal spine arcuate at apex, laterally with three teeth, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur arcuate, acute, length nearly as half as first tarsomere. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, almost as long as tarsomeres two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: On the elytron between the interneurs four and six, the rows of pits vary in the number of pits and rows. In some of the specimens the labrum is indistinctly convex.
(Fig.
Salcedia elongata
Alluaud, 1932: 3;
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, printed and handwritten “MUSÉE DU CONGO Katanga: Lufira 13-IV-1925 Ch. Seydel” / red, glued “TYPE” / white printed and handwritten “R. DÉT. 2019 ol” / white, black framed, handwritten and printed “Salcedia elongata All. Alluaud det. 1931” / red, black framed “HOLOTYPUS” (MRACT). Paratypes: 1 spec., same data as holotype but “R. DÉT. 2019 e” and red, black double framed “PARATYPE”; 1 spec., same data but “MUSÉE DU CONGO Katanga: Kangele 4-IV-1925 Ch. Seydel” (MRACT).
In the paratype from Lufira the pronotum and head is missing.
2 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 specs., “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville –X–1940 H.J. Brédo” (MRACT); 5 specs., “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville II/V-1949 Ch. Seydel” / black framed “A la lumière” (MRACT); 6 specs., “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville (lumière) XI. 1951 – II. 1952 Ch. Seydel” (MRACT, CBB); 6 specs., “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville (a la lumière) 1.III-52/30-IX-1953 Ch. Seydel” (MRACT); 4 specs., “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville (a la lumière) 1953/1955 Ch. Seydel” (MRACT); 28 specs., “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville, A la lumière XI-50/VI-51 Ch. Seydel” (MRACT, CBB); 1 spec., “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville IX-1958/V-1959 Ch. Seydel” (MRACT); 1 spec., “MUSÉE DU CONGO Katanga: Lufira 13-IV-1925 Ch. Seydel” (MRACT). 1 spec. “COLL. MUS. CONGO Elisabethville (à la lumière) XII-1952 H. Bomans” (MRACT); 2 ♀, “COLL. MUS. CONGO Tanganika: Musosa, 980 m. (a la lumière) XI-1953 H. Bomans” (MRACT); 1 ♀, 2 specs., “I.R.S.A.C.-MUS. CONGO Kivu : Kavimvira (Uvira) (a la lumière) II/III-1955 G. Marlier” (MRACT); 2 specs., MUS. ROY. AFR. CENTR. Lualaba : Zilo (écorces) 124 13-II-1960 Dr. V. Allard (MRACT); 4 specs., COLL. MUS. CONGO Lulua : Kapanga V/VII-1958, IV/IX-1958, V/VII-1959, V/VII-1959, J. Allaer (MRACT, CBB); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 spec., Congo Belge, P.N.G. Miss. H. De Saeger Mabanga, 25-III-1952 H. De Saeger. 3220; 3411; 3114;3339; 3883 (MRACT, CBB); 2 ♀, Congo Belge, P.N.G. Miss. H. De Saeger Pidigala, 24-IV-1952 H. De Saeger. 3325 (MRACT); 1 ♀, Soil-Zoological Congo-Brazzaville Kindamba,Méya settlement / 9.11.1963, No 147 by lamplight leg.Endrödi-Younga (CBP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 specs., ZAMBIA NORTHERN PROVINCE 15 km NE LUWINGU 03.-04.2008 1400 M A.KUDRNA JR LGT (CBP); 1 ♀, ZAMBIA c., Northern pr. CHIPONA FALLS, 5–8.xiI 30 km S of Chinsali leg. F. + L. Kantner 2002 (CBP); 1 ♀, Angola : Nzargi-Andrada VIII/XII-1952 A. de Barros Machado (MRACT); 1 ♂, 3 specs., UGANDA NC. 20km NE of GULU PATIKO env. 5.12.2001 Lgt.M.SNIŽEK (CBP);
A large species, with oblong-elongate parallel outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three additional carinae of which the inner and outer lateral carinae are distinctly shortened. The pseudohumerus is nearly rectangular with indistinct tooth. The antennomeres are moniliform. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. africana by the pronotum with anteriorly projecting angles and with shortened inner and outer lateral carinae. Moreover, in S. africana the antennomeres are sub-elongate, interneur four of the elytron is running up to the base, and the front tibia shows five lateral teeth instead of four. The second similar species, S. procera sp. nov. is much smaller, its antennomeres are sub-moniliform, and the elytra are super-elongate with the lateral outline slightly concave.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous, areas between carinae and pits shiny; lateral fifth of pronotum translucent fuscous; mandibles, legs, and antennae fuscous, palpi leoninous.
Head: Four-fifths of the pronotum width. Outline pentagonal shaped. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches, with convex field at middle, separated from frons by deep transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly, prolonged anteriorly into a central distinctly erected tubercle, with two small rounded glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central tubercle, with two parallel carinae paralaterally near base; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with deep slightly longitudinal pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly margined, margin raised, carina-like, indistinctly crenulated, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted. Base emarginated at middle, distinctly but obtuse angled laterally (angle 135–136°). Eyes large, convex, with transverse-pentagonal shape in lateral view, with small part just visible in dorsal view; genae slightly convex. Antenna with segments five to ten moniliform (L/W 1.02), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus, and pedicellus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum slightly pointed anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Apical segment of maxillary palpomere moderately long. Mentum small, epilobes wide, projecting and distinctly angled anteriorly, completely margined, surface covered with pits.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface
(Fig.
Legs: Profemora dorsally with a pit and isodiametric reticulation. Protibia stout, with short moderately curved terminal spine, laterally with four teeth of decreasing size, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur short, length a quarter of first tarsomere. Meso- and metafemora of moderate length, slender, slightly dilated basally. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, almost as long as tarsomeres two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: The longitudinal central blunt carina at middle of sternum six is more distinctly developed in females.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: In some of the specimens the elytra are indistinctly depressed in anterior half in lateral view. Protibia in some specimens with five teeth laterally. In specimens from Luwingu (Zambia) the lateral margin of the elytron is not exactly straight but indistinctly curved and the lateral margin of the pronotum shows eleven to twelve tubercles.
(Fig.
Zelma africana Britton, 1947: 126.
Salcedia africana
(Britton, 1947):
Holotype: ♀, with labels and data: white, printed, with red line “N.Rhodesia: N’Changa. C.T.Macnamara. B.M.1931-179.” / white, handwritten “HOLOTYPE. Zelma Africana Britton” / white, circle, black printed, with red circle “Type” (BMNH).
In the holotype, the following parts are missing: Mentum and half of the mouthparts including glossa, ligula and mentum, right antennae from joint eight onwards, parts of left front tibia and all left front tarsomeres, right meso tarsomeres. Head, pronotum and hind body were glued.
1 ♀, ZAMBIA LUSAKA PROVINCE 30 km S LUSAKA 16.-17.12.2002 A. KUDRNA JR. LGT. (CBB); 1 ♀, ZAMBIA CENTRAL PROVINCE 15 km S KAPIRI MPOSHI 30.11.2002 A. KUDRNA JR. LGT. (CBB); 1 ♀, Zambia, Copperbelt Prov. 60 km SE of Kitwe, 13.7.2002 F. & L. Kantner lgt. (
A large species, with oblong-elongate nearly parallel outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three complete additional carinae. The pseudohumerus is slightly obtuse angular and distinctly dentate. The antennomeres are super-moniliform. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. elongata by the pronotum with convex lateral margin and angles not projecting anteriorly, and with complete inner and outer lateral carinae. Moreover, in S. elongata the antennomeres are moniliform, interneur four of the elytron is somewhat shortened at base, and the front tibia shows four lateral teeth. The second similar species, S. procera sp. nov. is much smaller, its antennomeres are sub-moniliform, and the elytra are super-elongate with the lateral outline slightly concave.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous, areas between carinae and pits shiny; lateral fifth of pronotum fuscous; mandibles and legs piceous, antennae hinnuleous, palpi leoninous.
Head: Three-quarters of pronotum width. Outline shaped like a frustum of a pyramid. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches, with transverse elevated field at middle, separated from frons by deep transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly, prolonged anteriorly into a central small but distinctly erected tubercle, with two small rectangular glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central tubercle, with two parallel carinae paralaterally near base; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with deep longitudinal pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly margined, margin raised, carina-like, at supraorbital plates indistinctly crenulated, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted, surface of supraorbital and supra-antennal plates with numerous small flat irregular impressions. Basal border emarginated at middle, distinctly and obtuse angled laterally (angle 118–119°). Eyes convex, with transverse-rectangular shape in lateral view, with small part clearly visible in dorsal view; genae slightly convex, with small indistinct notch anterior angle. Antenna with segments five to ten super-moniliform (L/W 1.1), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus, and pedicellus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum clearly visible from above, convex anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Epilobe of mentum wide, projecting and distinctly angled anteriorly, completely margined, surface covered with pits.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with rows of indistinct flat hardly recognisable pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum distinctly elongated, with broad longitudinal groove. Last visible sternum with acute longitudinal carina at middle, hollowed out laterally.
Legs: Profemora with dorsal surface indistinctly irregularly reticulated. Protibia longer, with terminal spine curved at apex, laterally with five teeth of decreasing size, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur short, length a third of first tarsomere, curved ventrally. Meso- and metafemora of moderate length, slender. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, almost as long as tarsomeres two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: In a few specimens from Zambia, the outlines of the elytra are not exactly straight but show an indistinct convexity.
(Fig.
Salcedia schoutedeni
Alluaud, 1930: 21;
Salcedia schoutedeni schoutedeni
Alluaud, 1930:
Holotype: ♀, with labels and data: white, printed and handwritten “MUSÉE DU CONGO Kwamouth 9-VII-1921 Dr H.Schouteden” / white, printed black framed “R. DÉT. 1783 c” red, black double framed “HOLOTYPE” / white, black framed, handwritten and printed “Salcedia Schoutedeni Type Alluaud, det. 1930” (MRACT).
In the holotype both of the front legs are broken and glued.
1 ♂, 1 ♀, 22 specs., Léopoldville I-1947 Dr E. Dartevelle COLL. MUS. CONGO (MRACT, CBB); 1 ♀, same data (
A large sized species, with sub-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with a rudiment of the outer lateral carina. The pseudohumerus is rectangular with a distinctly laterally projecting tooth. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. nigeriensis by the pronotum with the lateral margin converging from middle to the anterior angles, the pseudohumerus of the elytron with a distinct tooth, and the female coxostylus with six large setae and one SSO. In addition, S. schoutedeni has a distinct keel on the frons of the head.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Anthracite grey, shiny; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as margins of pronotum and elytra opaque, covered with pale grey pili; legs piceous, mandibles, antennae and palpi piceous.
Head: Less than two-thirds of width of pronotum. Outline semi-circular. Clypeus wide, convex anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches, with slightly raised pentagon-shaped field at middle, separated from frons by deep transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly into a V-like keel, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central keel, with two indistinct short parallel carinae paralaterally at base; frons separated from supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows; with conspicuously deep and broad pit at front-eye level; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin of supraorbital plate distinctly raised, carina-like, supra-antennal plates vaulted. Base with narrow emargination at middle, sharply rectangular laterally (angle around 109°). Eyes large, convex, genae slightly convex, both of them clearly visible from above, with nearly circular shape in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.25), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with irregular reticulation. Labrum nearly straight anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum small, with slight tooth at middle, epilobes wide, projecting and angled anteriorly, margined anteriorly, surface with small pits anteriorly, with isodiametric reticulation basally.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with one row of slightly transverse pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum elongate, with broad longitudinal groove. Metasternum, abdominal sternites one and five with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, sternite two to three smooth, with band of small punctures at middle. Last three abdominal sternites laterally with isodiametric reticulation, sternite one with longitudinal reticulation, two with transverse reticulation. Sternum four to six slightly sulcate. Sternum six at apical margin with hollowed out transverse impression at apex.
Legs: Profemora with surface indistinctly reticulated. Protibia with short, robust, moderately curved terminal spine, laterally with laterally with two larger and two smaller teeth, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomere distinctly elongated, as long as tarsomeres two to five together, front and intermediate legs with tarsomeres two to four broadened and somewhat flattened.
External sexual dimorphism: Sternum six with the hollowed out transverse impression at the apical margin is obtusely longitudinally sulcate in females.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The tubercles at the lateral margin of the pronotum are more or less strongly developed. Number and shape of the pits on the ventral surface varies to a small degree.
(Fig.
Salcedia schoutedeni ssp. nigeriensis
Alluaud, 1932: 2; Salcedia schoutedeni var. nigeriensis Alluaud, 1932,
Salcedia nigeriense
[sic !] Alluaud, 1932:
Salcedia schoutedeni nigeriensis
Alluaud, 1932:
Salcedia nigeriense
[sic !] Alluaud, 1932:
Salcedia nigeriensis
Alluaud, 1930 [sic !]:
Paratypes: 1 ♂, with labels and data: white, handwritten “Tillabéry Niger Alluaud XII.1930 h° 8.” / white, “R. DÉT. 2019 c” / white, black framed, handwritten and printed “Schoutedeni ssp. nigeriensis All. Alluaud det. 1931” / red, black framed, printed “PARATYPE” / white, printed “COLL. MUS. CONGO” (MRACT); 1 ♀, same data but printed, handwritten “Tillabéry, Niger Ch. Alluaud, XII.1930” (MRACT); 1 spec., same data as before (MRACT); 3 specs. mounted on one card, one without head, with labels and data: white, handwritten in black ink “Gao bords du Niger I. 1931 (Alluaud)” / “Salcedia schoutedeni Subsp. nigeriensis Cotypes All. Alluaud det.” (
16 specs., SOUDAN FRANÇAIS Gao / MUSÉUM PARIS 12 – 1930 – VI – 1931 Ch. Alluaud & P. A. CHAPPUIS (
The holotype should be deposited in
Diagnosis. A large sized species, with sub-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with a short outer lateral carina near base. The pseudohumerus is rectangular and without distinctly projecting tooth. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. schoutedeni by the pronotum with the lateral margin slightly convex but not converging anteriorly, the pseudohumerus of the elytron without distinctly projecting tooth, and the female coxostylus with eight large setae and without SSO. In addition, S. nigeriensis shows a distinctly erected tubercle on the frons of the head.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Fuscous to griseous, shiny; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as margins of pronotum and elytra opaque, covered with pale grey pili; legs and mandibles fuscous, antennae and palpi leoninous.
Head: Four-fifths of the pronotum width. Outline semi-circular. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by obtuse notches, with raised transverse field at middle, separated from frons by broad flattened shiny transverse furrow, frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly into a V-like keel, prolonged anteriorly into a central small but distinctly erected tubercle, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central keel, with two indistinct short diverging carinae paralaterally at base. Frons separated from supraorbital plates by flattened broad furrows; with conspicuously deep and broad pit at front-eye level; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin of supraorbital plate distinctly raised, carina-like, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted. Basal border with narrow emargination at middle, nearly rectangular laterally (angle 96–98°). Eyes large, convex, genae slightly convex, both of them clearly visible from above, with ovoid shape in lateral view. Antenna with antennomeres five to ten elongate (L/W 1.24), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with sub-elongate reticulation. Labrum slightly convex anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum small, without tooth at middle, epilobes wide, projecting and angled anteriorly, nearly completely margined, surface with indistinct pits, with isodiametric reticulation.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with a short row of pits, lateral margin of elytron sub-crenulate. Metepisternum elongate, with broad longitudinal groove. Metasternum, abdominal sternites one and five with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, sternite two to three smooth, with band of small punctures at middle. Last two abdominal sternites laterally with isodiametric reticulation, sternite one with sub-longitudinal reticulation, two with irregular reticulation. Sternum four to six slightly sulcate. Sternum six with hollowed out circular impression at apex.
Legs: Profemora with surface indistinctly reticulated. Protibia with robust, with moderately curved terminal spine, laterally with four teeth of decreasing size, the basal one with some distance from prebasal one, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomere distinctly elongated, as long as tarsomeres two to four together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The number of tubercles at the lateral margin of the pronotum varies from 13 to 15.
(Fig.
There is one additional female specimen from a different collection location with label data “BURKINA FASO BOROMO 11°45'06"N, 2°50'56"W / 9 VII 2005 LEG: P. MORETTO LIGHT TRAP” (CBP). This specimen shares some but not all characters with S. nigeriensis Alluaud. More material and/or a male specimen from that locality are needed for a proper identification.
Holoprizus putzeysi
Oberthür, 1883: XL;
Salcedia putzeysi
(Oberthür, 1883):
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: beige, black framed and printed “Addah.W.Afrika Goldküste.” / white, handwritten “Holoprizus Putzeysi Oberth.” / red, black printed “TYPE” (
The holotype was in two pieces but glued. The aedeagus was dissected and stored in a microvial at the same pin as the specimen. The specimen is complete. The type label was hidden under the determination label.
4 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 specs., with labels and data: blue, printed, black framed “MUSEUM PARIS DAHOMEY ENV. DE PORTO-NOVO WATERLOT 1912” (
A large sized species, with sub-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with a short outer lateral carina near base. The pseudohumerus is rectangular and with an indistinct tooth. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the most similar species, S. schoutedeni and S. nigeriensis, by the head with an obtuse angle laterally at the base, the lateral outline of the elytra which are straight at middle, the less convex lateral margin of the pronotum, and by the different aedeagus. It differs most from S. matsumotoi sp. nov. by the different characters of the ratios of the elytra and the pronotum and the less numerous tubercles at the lateral margin.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Griseous, shiny; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as margins of pronotum and elytra opaque, covered with pale grey pili; legs and mandibles fuscous, antennae and palpi leoninous.
Head: Three-quarters of pronotum width. Outline campanulate. Clypeus wide, slightly convex anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by obtuse notches, with raised transverse field at middle, separated from frons by broad transverse furrow, frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly into a V-like keel, keel slightly tooth-like overhanging anteriorly, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central keel, with a short distinctly diverging carina at each side paralaterally at base. Frons separated from supraorbital plates by flattened broad furrows; with conspicuously deep, broad pit at level of front of eyes; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin of supraorbital plate distinctly raised, carina-like, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted. Basal border with broad emargination at middle, obtuse angled laterally (angle 120–123°). Eyes large, convex, genae slightly convex, parts of both of them clearly visible from above, with slightly trapezoid shape in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.25), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with sub-elongate reticulation. Labrum convex anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum small, convex anteriorly, without tooth, epilobes wide, projecting and angled anteriorly, slightly margined medially, surface smooth, with isodiametric reticulation.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Slightly depressed in anterior half (lateral view), convex in frontal view. Sub-elongate, convex laterally but with straight part at middle, not diverging, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus rectangular, without distinctly projecting tooth. Apex rounded, with small but acute tooth at suture, slightly retracted. Disc with interneur six sub-crenulate, interneur one indistinctly carinate in anterior three-thirds, interneur three slightly carinate in whole length, interneur two running up to apex as nearly straight line, conspicuously raised, not reaching apex; interneur four running in parallel to interneur six, reaching base, shortened at apex. Interneur five and six with two rows of serial pits towards apex.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with a row of pits, pits transverse towards apex, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum elongate, with broad flat longitudinal groove. Metasternum, abdominal sternites one and five with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, sternite two to three smooth. Last abdominal sternites laterally with isodiametric reticulation, sternite one with longitudinal reticulation, two with isodiametric reticulation. Sternum four to six slightly sulcate. Sternum six with longitudinal flat pits laterally, with keel at apex.
Legs: Profemora with surface indistinctly reticulated. Protibia with robust, moderately curved terminal spine, laterally with four teeth of decreasing size and with equal distance from each other, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, as long as tarsomeres two to four together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The lateral margin of the pronotum varies from nearly straight (Ghana, Kumasi) to slightly more convex in specimens from Porto-Novo. The two specimens from the south of Ghana are slightly larger.
(Fig.
The specimens from Porto-Novo, Benin (formerly Dahomey) are quoted in
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, printed “IVORY COAST 479 m Denguele Classified Forrest (sudanian forest) 09°30'0.6"N, 07°40'51.1"W 6–14.vi.2018” / “Actinic Light Trap Aristophanous, M., Miles, W., Moretto, P., Outtara. Y. leg. ANHRT: 2018.28, BMNH(E) 2018-153” / “NHMUK013685508 square barcode” (BMNH). Paratypes: 3 ♀♀, same data as holotype but with third label “NHMUK013685506 square barcode”, and 013685505, 013685506, 013685507 (BMNH, CBB); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 7 specs. same data as holotype but with third label “NHMUK013650247 square barcode”, 013650248 – 013650252, 013680129 and -38, 014055537 (BMNH, CBB); 1 ♀, with labels and data: white, printed “IVORY COAST 417 m Gbando Village (sudanian forest with gallery forest) 09°34'17.1"N, 06°41'1.1"W 15–22.vi.2018” / “MV Light Trap. Aristophanous, M., Outtara, Y. leg. ANHRT: 2018.28, BMNH(E) 2018-153” / “NHMUK013650253 square barcode” (BMNH).
In one of the paratypes the left front tibia is missing, in another one three tarsomeres of the right intermediate and hind leg are missing.
A large sized species, with elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with nearly complete lateral carinae. The pseudohumerus is obtuse-angular and with a tooth. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the most similar species S. putzeysi by the elongate elytra and measurement ratios, the angle of the pseudohumerus, the pronotum with nearly complete lateral carinae, the female coxostylus with different setae pattern, and the different aedeagus.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Fuscous, shiny; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as margins of pronotum and elytra opaque, covered with pale grey pili; pronotum laterally translucent-hinnuleous, legs and mandibles fuscous, antennae and palpi hinnuleous.
Head: Three-quarters of pronotum width. Outline campanulate. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by obtuse notches, with raised transverse field at middle, separated from frons by broad flat transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly into a V-like keel, keel tubercle-like increasing anteriorly, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central keel, with a short parallel running carina at each side paralaterally at base; frons separated from supraorbital plates by flattened broad furrows; with conspicuously deep and broad pit at front-eye level; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin of supraorbital plate distinctly raised, carina-like, with indistinct tubercle anterior hind angle; supra-antennal plates vaulted. Basal border with broad emargination at middle, angled laterally (angle around 122°). Eyes large, convex, genae flattened, parts of eyes visible from above, with indistinct triangle shape in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.24), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with sub-elongate reticulation. Labrum like a flat triangle anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum small, ovoid, without tooth, with isodiametric reticulation; epilobes wide, projecting and angled anteriorly, margined anteriorly and slightly medially, surface covered with small pits.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Indistinctly depressed in anterior third (lateral view), convex in frontal view. Elongate, slightly and regularly convex laterally, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus obtuse-angular (angle 114°), with projecting tooth. Apex rounded, with small but acute tooth at suture. Disc with interneur six sub-crenulate, interneur two running up to apex as indistinctly convex line, distinctly raised, reaching apex; interneur four running at middle in parallel to interneur six, nearly reaching base, shortened at apex. Interneur five and six with two rows of serial pits distinctly merging transversally.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with a row of indistinct pits, transverse apically, lateral margin of elytron indistinctly sub-crenulate. Metepisternum elongate, with moderately narrow longitudinal groove. Metasternum, abdominal sternites with numerous irregularly situated larger pits, sternite one and two with longitudinal reticulation. Last abdominal sternite laterally with irregular reticulation. Sternum four to six slightly sulcate. Last sternite with longitudinal flat keel laterally and at middle, apex somewhat hollowed out and with isodiametric reticulation.
Legs: Profemora with surface indistinctly reticulated. Protibia with robust, slightly curved terminal spine, laterally with five teeth of decreasing size, the basal one with some distance from the others, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, as long as tarsomeres two to four together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: On the pronotum the notches on the paramedian carinae show variability in the distinctness. The outer one of the three lateral carinae is becoming indistinct anteriorly to a different degree.
The species is dedicated to Keita Matsumoto (BMNH) who supported especially this work by intensive searching for Salcedia specimens among the huge West African material in the BMNH.
(Fig.
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, printed and handwritten in black ink “Angola : Lac Calundo 105 km E. Vila Luso 4492.8 XII-1954 E. Luna de Carvalho” / green, black framed “Récolté sous des pierres” / white, handwritten in pencil “ANG:4592-8” (MRACT). Paratypes: 1 spec., same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype but “4724-2”; 1 ♀, 3 specs., same data as holotype but with numbers 4510-18, 4538-11, 4643-5, 4623-3 and additional label “ A la lumière” (MRACT, CBB).
In some of the paratypes, parts of the tarsomeres and antennae are missing.
A medium sized species, with super-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width anterior and posterior middle and the pronotum with three additional complete carinae. The pseudohumerus is obtuse angular and dentate. The antennomeres are sub-moniliform. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. africana by the smaller size, the sub-moniliform antennomeres and the front tibia with four lateral teeth. The second similar species, S. elongata Alluaud is much larger, its antennomeres are moniliform, the elytra are oblong-elongate and the anterior angles of the pronotum are acutely produced anteriorly. Moreover, it is the only species of the genus with slightly concave outline of the elytra, so that the maximum width is anterior and posterior to the middle.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous, areas between carinae and pits shiny; legs, and antennae fuscous, palpi leoninous.
Head: Three-quarters of pronotum width. Outline pentagonal shaped. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches, with convex transverse field at middle, separated from frons by deep transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly into a central erected tubercle, with two minute acute glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to the central tubercle, with two parallel carinae paralaterally near base; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with deep slightly longitudinal pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly margined, margin raised, carina-like, nearly smooth, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted. Base emarginated at middle, nearly right-angled laterally (angle 105°–107°). Eyes large, convex, with transverse shape in lateral view, with small part visible in dorsal view; genae slightly convex. Antenna with segments five to ten sub-moniliform (L/W 0.95–1.02), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus and pedicellus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum convex anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Apical segment of maxillary palpomere moderately long. Mentum small, elongated, epilobes elongated, projecting and distinctly angled anteriorly, margined medially, surface covered with flattened irregular pits.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Flattened to slightly depressed in anterior half (lateral view), moderately convex in frontal view. Super-elongate, margin nearly parallel but slightly concave at middle, maximum width anterior and posterior middle. Pseudohumerus obtuse angular (angle 111°), dentate. Apex rounded, indistinctly denticulate at suture. Disc with interneur six sub-crenulate, interneur three slightly carinate in anterior third, interneur two running up to apex as parallel line, distinctly raised; interneur four running in parallel at middle, convex towards apex, almost reaching apex, nearly reaching base. Interval five and six with two rows of serial pits. Interneur five indistinctly visible due to transversally connected pits.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with one row of pits, interrupted at middle, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum distinctly elongated, with broad longitudinal groove, groove isodiametrically reticulated. Last visible sternum with longitudinal carina at middle.
Legs: Profemora dorsally with a small pit and irregular reticulation. Protibia of moderate length, with short curved and flattened terminal spine, laterally with four teeth of decreasing size, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur short, length a third of first tarsomere. Meso- and metafemora of moderate length, slender, slightly dilated basally. First tarsomere distinctly elongated, almost as long as tarsomere two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The number of small tubercles at the lateral margin of the pronotum varies from eight to ten. In some specimens the tubercles are doubled.
The species name refers to its very slender shape and is expressed as a Latinised adjective (procerus, a, um = slender).
Known from the type locality at the Lac Calundo in the west of Angola. The specimens were found under stones.
There is one additional female specimen from a different collecting locality with label data “9.XI.2011 ANGOLA, Bié Province, 50 km NEE Kuito. Chissamba Mission P. Schüle leg.” (CBP). This specimen shares some characters with S. procera sp. nov. but it could not be determined with certainty and is therefore not included in the series of paratypes.
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, black printed, with black cross stripe “Coll. Mus. Tervuren Ethiopie: Ilubabor prov Pokwo, Baro riv 25.VIII 72” / white, black printed “Coll. Mus. Tervuren Ethiopie R.O.S.Clarke” (MRACT). Paratypes: 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, 57 specs., same data as holotype (MRACT, CBB); 1 spec., white, black printed and handwritten with black ink “Illubabor Prov.: POKWO besides Bari Riv. VIII.72” / “Coll. Mus. Tervuren Ethiopie R.O.S. Clarke” (MRACT); 7 specs., white, black printed and handwritten with black ink “Illubabor Prov.: alt. 1800 m POKWO VIII.72” / “Coll. Mus. Tervuren Ethiopie R.O.S. Clarke” (MRACT); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, 16 specs., white, black printed “Illubabor Prov.: Gambela 16/19.X.1972” / “Coll. Mus. Tervuren Ethiopie R.O.S. Clarke” (MRACT, CBB); 2 specs., same data but “1 km W of Gambela 17XI.1972” (MRACT); 1 spec., same data but handwritten with black ink “21–23.V.1972” (MRACT).
A large sized species, with sub-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width behind middle and the pronotum with a rudiment of the outer lateral carina at the posterior third. The pseudohumerus is rectangular and shows a laterally projecting tooth. The antennomeres are oblong-elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. nigeriensis by the lateral margin of the pronotum with eleven tubercles and the oblique base. In addition, the elytra diverge slightly posteriorly. Moreover, it also differs from S. utetea sp. nov. in the elongate antennomeres, and shorter elytra.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous, shiny; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as margins of pronotum and elytra opaque, covered with pale grey pili; legs and mandibles fuscous, antennae and palpi leoninous.
Head: Four-fifths of the pronotum width. Outline semi-circular. Clypeus wide, distinctly convex anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by obtuse notches, with raised pentagon-shaped field at middle, separated from frons by broad flattened shiny transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly V-like into a broad slightly elevated keel, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central keel, with two short diverging carinae paralaterally at base; frons separated from supraorbital plates by flattened broad furrows; with conspicuously deep and broad pit at front-eye level; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin of supraorbital plate distinctly raised, carina-like, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted. Basal border with narrow emargination at middle, sub-rectangular laterally (angle around 107°). Eyes large, convex, genae slightly convex, both of them just visible from above, with longovoid shape and straight anterior and posterior margin in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten oblong-elongate (L/W 1.41), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum completely covered by clypeus, convex anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, regularly arcuate, more distinct at apex. Mentum small, sub-elongate, isodiametrically reticulated with obtuse tooth at middle, epilobes wide, projecting and angled anteriorly, margined laterally, surface with indistinct punctures, shiny.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface
(Figs
Legs: Profemora with surface indistinctly reticulated. Protibia with short, robust, moderately curved terminal spine, laterally with four teeth of decreasing size, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, as long as tarsomeres two to four together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The slight carina on interneur three of the elytron shows variation in length, width and height, but is developed in all specimens. The indistinct thin carina at the base of interneur one varies much more, and is visible in approximately half of the specimens. At sternum six the number and position of punctures varies. In any case they form two irregular transverse bands of punctures. However, no differences between sexes were observed.
The name refers to the River Baro in the west of Ethiopia where the species has been found.
(Fig.
Holotype:
♂, with labels and data: white, black printed „TANZANIA or.mer. 8°03,2'S, 38°52,7'E; 70m 15 km N Utete, pr.Pwani leg. F. Kantner 16.i.2007” (
A medium sized species, with sub-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with complete inner and outer lateral carinae. The pseudohumerus is sub-rectangular with a laterally projecting tooth. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. nigeriensis by the lateral margin of the pronotum with ten tubercles and the complete set of carinae on the disc. In addition and in contrast to S. nigeriensis, the lateral margin of the elytron (not visible in dorsal view) is smooth.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous, shiny; top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as margins of pronotum and elytra opaque, covered with pale grey pili; legs, mandibles and antennae fuscous, palpi leoninous.
Head: Two-thirds of width of pronotum. Outline campanulate. Clypeus wide, distinctly convex anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, not separated from supra-antennal plates, with raised sub-square field at middle, separated from frons by broad flattened shiny transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly into a V-like keel, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to keel, with two short parallel carinae paralaterally at base; frons separated from supraorbital plates by flattened broad area; with conspicuously deep and broad pit at front-eye level; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin of supraorbital plate distinctly raised, carina-like, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted. Base with moderately broad emargination at middle, laterally obtuse-angled (angle 103°-105°), with small but distinct tooth at angle, with small notch anterior tooth. Eyes large, convex, genae slightly convex, both of them just visible from above, with long ovoid shape and straight posterior margin in lateral view. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.3), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum convex anteriorly. Mandible of moderate size, regularly arcuate, more distinct at apex. Mentum small, pentagon-like shaped, isodiametrically reticulated, without tooth, epilobes wide, projecting and angled anteriorly, margined completely, surface with medium sized pits, shiny.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Flattened in anterior half (lateral view), convex in frontal view. Sub-elongate, slightly convex laterally, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus sub-rectangular (angle 96°), with laterally projecting tooth. Apex rounded, without tooth at suture. Disc with interneur six crenulated; interneur three slightly carinate in basal sixth, interneur two running up to apex as slightly convex line, conspicuously raised, reaching apex; interneur four running in parallel to interneur six, not reaching base, distinctly shortened apically. Interneur five and six with two rows of serial pits, the latter ones distinctly merging transversally.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with row of small pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum elongate, with broad longitudinal groove reticulated isodiametrically. Metasternum with distinct pits partly joining; abdominal sternite one with longitudinal reticulation, sternite two with isodiametric reticulation, other sternites with densely arranged pits, with isodiametric reticulation laterally. Sternum four to six sulcate. Sternum five to six with isodiametric reticulation laterally, sternum six with longitudinal large pit apically.
Legs: Profemora with surface reticulated. Protibia with short, moderately curved terminal spine, laterally with three larger and three smaller teeth, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, as long as tarsomere two to four together.
External sexual dimorphism: Last visible sternum in females with lateral and central longitudinal carinae slightly more distinct developed as in males.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: On the head, the lateral margin of the supra-antennal and supraorbital plates shows a different degree of the slight crenulation. In one of the paratypes the clypeal wings are separated from the supra-antennal plates by slight obtuse notches. The pronotum with the lateral margin shows an inter- and intra-specific variation of the number of tubercles (12 to 15). The protibia exhibits in some specimens one or two additional small teeth with a seta. In one specimen from “Narobi b. Tanga” the pronotum is slightly more constricted anteriorly.
The name refers to the location Utete in Tanzania where most of the type material was found.
(Fig.
Salcedia species, pronotum, dorsal view 26 S. perrieri Fairmaire 27 S. unifoveata sp. nov. 28 S. faillei sp. nov. 29 S. coquilhati Alluaud 30 S. elongata Alluaud 31 S. africana (Britton) 32 S. schoutedeni Alluaud 33 S. nigeriensis Alluaud 34 S. putzeysi (Oberthür) 35 S. matsumotoi sp. nov.
Holotype: ♀, with labels and data: white, black printed, “I.R.S.A.C.-MUS. CONGO Katanga : Galerie forest , de la Lukulu, terr. Manono X-1958” / “Mission Z. Bacq N. Leleup” (MRACT). Paratype: 1 ♀, same data as holotype (CBB).
In the paratype two terminal antennomeres of the left antennae are missing.
A small sized species, with elongate oval outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three additional carinae with the inner lateral carina isolated. The pseudohumerus is obtuse angled and not dentate. The antennomeres are sub-elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. perrieri by the distinctly convex outline of the elytra without tooth at the pseudohumerus, and the pronotum with the posterior lateral part of the base distinctly wing-like produced posteriorly with distinct notch between wing and central part of base, slightly emarginated posteriorly.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous to slightly fuscous, shiny, top of carinae on head, pronotum and elytra opaque; mandibles, antennae, palpi and legs fuscous, antennae with scapus piceous.
Head
(Fig.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Flattened in anterior two thirds (lateral view), convex in frontal view. Elongate, margin long-convex, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus appearing nearly rectangular but is obtuse (angle 108°), not dentate. Apex rounded, with small acute tooth at suture. Disc with interneur six sub-crenulate, more distinct apically, interneur two running up to apex as slightly convex line, distinctly raised, conspicuously raised at base; interneur four running in parallel to interneur six, not reaching base, distinctly shortened at apex. Interneur five and six with two rows of serial pits, the latter ones distinctly merged transversally.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with two rows of pits, lateral pits larger; lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metasternum with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, last five abdominal sternites with small pits and irregular reticulation, four to six distinctly sulcate, last visible sternum with longitudinal carina at middle and three flat oval impressions apically.
Legs: Profemora indistinctly reticulated. Protibia laterally with three larger teeth and with a smaller one basally, dorsally with one and ventrally with two carinae. Metafemora with transverse flat rugae at ventral surface.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia: Unknown.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The slight separation of the clypeus from the clypeal wings is more distinct in the paratype.
The name refers to the river Lukulu where the two specimens were found.
(Fig.
Holotype:
♂, with labels and data: white, printed, “MALAWI centr., Salima env., 5.–6.i.2002 J. Bezdĕk leg.” / “SALCEDIA elongata Alluaud, 1932 P. Bulirsch det. 2012” (
A large sized species, with sub-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three additional carinae of which the inner lateral carina is distinctly shortened and the outer lateral carina slightly shortened anteriorly and posteriorly. The pseudohumerus is nearly rectangular with a tubercle at the edge not tooth-like projecting. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. schoutedeni Alluaud. S. nigeriensis Alluaud, and S. baroensis sp. nov. by the 8–10 tubercles at the lateral margin of the pronotum. In addition, and unlike all other species, the two paramedian carinae of the pronotum are conspicuously raised with roughly sculptured tubercles which are distinctly interrupted by two deep gap-like notches.
Salcedia species, male genitalia, dorsal view of aedeagus (a) and parameres (b, c), lateral view (d). Small sketches in black symbolising the apex in cross section 52 S. perrieri Fairmaire 53 S. unifoveata sp. nov. 54 S. faillei sp. nov. 55 S. coquilhati Alluaud 56 S. elongata Alluaud 57 S. africana (Britton).
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Anthracite grey to piceous, areas between carinae and pits shiny, carinae on both sides densely covered with band of grey pili; lateral fifth of pronotum fuscous; mandibles, legs and antennae piceous, palpi fuscous. Surface in general with less mud, but the layer is thicker.
Head: Three-quarters of pronotum width. Outline shaped like a frustum of a pyramid. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches, with transverse convex field at middle, separated from frons by moderately deep transverse furrow: Frons with two paramedian carinae tubercle-like raised, joining anteriorly, prolonged anteriorly into a central horn-like erected tubercle, with two small acute teeth bilaterally anterior to central tubercle, with two parallel sharp carinae paralaterally near base; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with deep transverse pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates distinctly margined, margin raised, carina-like, smooth, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted, surface of supraorbital and supra-antennal plates reticulated, with some flat rugae. Basal border emarginated at middle, obtuse angled laterally (angle 115–117°). Eyes convex, with transverse triangular shape in lateral view, with small part just visible in dorsal view; genae slightly convex, with small but distinct notch anterior angle, separated from supraorbital plates by distinct notch. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.3), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus and pedicellus with irregular reticulation. Labrum just visible from above, slightly pointed anteriorly. Mandible robust, wide, irregularly reticulated, slightly arcuate at apex. Epilobe of mentum moderately slender, flattened, projecting and distinctly angled anteriorly, not margined laterally, surface covered with flattened small pits; mentum indistinctly isodiametrically reticulated.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Flattened in anterior two-thirds (lateral view), regularly convex in frontal view. Sub-elongate, margin slightly convex, straight but indistinctly diverging in anterior fifth, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus slightly obtuse angular (angle 96°), tubercle at edge not tooth-like projecting. Apex retracted, denticulate. Disc with interneur six sub-crenulate, interneur three with indistinct traces of carina in anterior two thirds, interneur two running up to apex as indistinct convex line, moderately raised, not reaching apex; interneur four convex, running nearly in parallel to lateral carina, not reaching apex, shortened at base. Interneur five and six with two rows of serial pits partly merging transversally.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with irregular reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with two rows of pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum distinctly elongated, with broad longitudinal groove. Last visible sternum with acute longitudinal carina at middle, hollowed out laterally.
Legs: Profemora with dorsal surface indistinctly irregularly reticulated. Protibia with terminal spine curved at apex, laterally with four teeth of decreasing size, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur short, length a third of first tarsomere, curved slightly ventrally. Meso- and metafemora of moderate length, slender. First tarsomere distinctly elongated, almost as long as tarsomeres two to five together, front and intermediate legs with tarsomeres two to four broadened and somewhat flattened.
External sexual dimorphism: Last visible sternum in males with surface more roughly sculptured.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: The lateral margin of the pronotum shows in the majority of the specimens eight tubercles but tend to then in some specimens. On the pronotum the inner lateral carina is small in general but varies in size. At the front tibia one of the lateral teeth is sometimes missing at one side. In the single male specimen from Malawi the front tibia shows an additional small tooth basally which adds up to five lateral teeth.
The species name refers to its size and robust appearance and is expressed as a Latinised adjective.
(Fig.
Salcedia species, male genitalia, dorsal view of aedeagus (a) and parameres (b, c), lateral view (d). Small sketches in black symbolising the apex in cross section 58 S. schoutedeni Alluaud 59 S. nigeriensis Alluaud 60 S. putzeysi (Oberthür) 61 S. matsumotoi sp. nov. 62 S. procera sp. nov. 63 S. baroensis sp. nov.
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, printed “S. Afr; KrugerNat. Pk PundaMariaNgotsodam 21.26S, 31.14E / 7.2.1994; E-Y: 2984 shorewashing leg. Endrödy-Younga” / “Salcedia africana (BRITT.) det.M.Baehr’03” / “SALCEDIA africana (
A medium sized species, with oblong-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three additional complete carinae. The pseudohumerus is nearly rectangular and not dentate. The antennomeres are sub-elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. africana by the pronotum with its base laterally with straight but obtuse lobe produced posteriorly and with a distinct peg-like tubercle. Distinguished at the first glance from all other species by the interneur four of the elytron which shows a distinct knob-like tubercle at base (in addition to the tubercle at base of the interneur two present in all species).
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Fuscous to piceous, areas between carinae and pits shiny; lateral fifth of pronotum fuscous; mandibles piceous; legs, antennae and palpi fuscous; pronotum with posterior and lateral margin densely covered with beige-grey pili, more intensive around posterior angles.
Head: Four-fifths of the pronotum width. Outline shaped like a frustum of a pyramid. Clypeus wide, indistinctly convex anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct obtuse notches, with square elevated field at middle, separated step-like from frons. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, joining anteriorly, prolonged anteriorly into a central keel, with two small acute glossy teeth bilaterally anterior to central keel, with two parallel carinae paralaterally near base, converging anteriorly, broadened basally; frons and clypeus separated from supra-antennal and supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows, each furrow with deep circular pit between supra-antennal plate and clypeus; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin raised, carina-like, at supraorbital plates excised concavely, supra-antennal plates slightly vaulted, surface of supraorbital and supra-antennal plates with numerous small flat irregular impressions. Basal border indistinctly emarginated at middle, distinctly and obtuse angled laterally (angle 118–120°). Eyes convex, oval shaped in lateral view, with small part just visible in dorsal view; genae slightly convex, with small notch anterior angle. Antenna with segments five to ten sub-elongate (L/W 1.17), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus and pedicellus with indistinct reticulation. Labrum clearly visible from above, nearly straight anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, regularly arcuate at apex. Mentum pentagonal; epilobe of mentum moderately wide, projecting and distinctly angled anteriorly, completely margined, somewhat hollowed out, surface covered regularly with pits.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Indistinctly depressed in anterior half (lateral view), moderately convex in frontal view. Oblong-elongate, margin at middle straight but indistinctly diverging, maximum width at middle. Pseudohumerus nearly rectangular, not dentate. Apex long-oval, retracted. Disc with interneur six indistinctly crenulated, interneur two running up to apex as indistinctly convex line, moderately raised; interneur four running slightly convex at middle, distinctly convex towards apex, not reaching apex, reaching base, with distinct knob-like tubercle at base. Interneur five and six with two rows of serial pits.
Hind wings: Reduced by approximately 50%.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with isodiametric reticulation. Pseudoepipleura with two rows of pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum moderately long, with flat longitudinal groove. Last visible sternum with obtuse longitudinal carina at middle, with rough pits laterally.
Legs: Profemora with dorsal surface roughly reticulated. Protibia longer, with terminal spine curved regularly, laterally with four teeth of decreasing size, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. Movable spur short, length a third of first tarsomere, slightly curved ventrally. Meso- and metafemora of moderate length, slender. First tarsomeres distinctly elongated, almost as long as tarsomeres two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia: Unknown.
Variation: Unknown.
The name refers to the distinct tubercle at base of the interneur four of the elytra as well as to the distinct tubercles at the base of the pronotum.
(Fig.
Salcedia species, female coxostyli (gonopod IX) and laterotergite IX (epipleutite IX) 68 S. perrieri Fairmaire 69 S. unifoveata sp. nov. 70 S. coquilhati Alluaud 71 S. elongata Alluaud 72 S. africana (Britton) 73 S. schoutedeni Alluaud 74 S. nigeriensis Alluaud 75 S. putzeysi (Oberthür) 76 S. matsumotoi sp. nov.
Zelma miranda
Andrewes, 1920: 453:
Salcedia miranda
(Andrewes, 1920):
Zelma miranda
Andrewes, 1920:
Salcedia miranda
(Andrewes, 1920)
Holotype: ♂, with labels and data: white, printed “Tharrawaddy Burma” / white, handwritten and printed “Zelma miranda Type Andr. H.E.Andrewes det.” / red, black printed “Type” / white, black printed “figured specimen”, backside black handwritten “F.B.I.” / white, printed “H.E.Andrewes Coll. B.M.1945-97.” (BMNH).
1 ♀, with labels and data: beige, printed, black framed “Palon (Pegu) L.Fea VIII.IX.87” / “Mus. Civ. Genova” / white, printed “H. E. Andrewes Coll. B. M. 1945-97.” (BMNH); 1 ♀, with labels and data: beige, printed, black framed “Palon (Pegu) L. Fea VIII.IX.87” / “MUSEUM PARIS COLL. A. GROUVELLE 1917” / white, handwritten “Versim.: Salcedia miranda Andr.” / beige, handwritten “nettoyage necessaire pour determ. precise. Alluaud 1934” (
In the holotype there is an additional mounting card on the pin where the following parts are glued: one front and one hind leg, complete mentum with right paragena and pair of labial palpi, right glossa with right maxillary palpus. An additional drop of glue indicates there might have been another piece of the body which is obviously lost. The following parts are missing from the specimen: left front leg with tibia onwards, left intermediate tarsomeres, right mandible.
A large sized species, with sub-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three additional carinae of which the inner lateral carina is distinctly shortened. The pseudohumerus is rectangular and with a non-projecting tooth. The antennomeres are oblong-elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. parallela by the pronotum with the lateral margin convex and with seven to nine distinct tubercles. Moreover, in S. miranda the intervals five and six of the elytron each have two rows of pits.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Piceous, shiny; top of supraorbital and supra-antennal plates, carinae on head, pronotum and elytra as well as margin of pronotum and elytra densely covered with beige-grey pili; legs fuscous, mandibles and first segments of antennae piceous, antennae brightened apically, palpi leoninous.
Head: Four-fifths of the pronotum width. Outline semi-circular. Clypeus wide, slightly convex anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches and deep pit at each side, with raised semi-circular-shaped field at middle, separated from frons by deep transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, carinae not joining anteriorly, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally to median carinae, with two shorter diverging carinae paralaterally at base; frons separated from supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows; with conspicuously broad pit at front-eye level; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates margined, margin raised, carina-like, supra-antennal plates vaulted. Base with angled emargination at middle (angle 100°), laterally right-angled (angle 90°). Eyes large, convex, genae higher as eyes, convex, both of them clearly visible from above, in lateral view shaped like a broad strip. Antenna with segments five to ten oblong-elongate (L/W 1.44), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum slightly convex anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum small, with slight rounded tooth at middle, epilobes wide, projecting, acutely angled anteriorly, margined apically, surface uneven, with irregular reticulation.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron
(Fig.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with surface isodiametrically reticulated. Pseudoepipleura densely covered with beige-grey pili, with two rows of transversally connected pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum elongate, with broad longitudinal groove. Metasternum, abdominal sternites one to five with numerous irregularly situated larger and smaller pits, sternites four to six sulcate, with band of small punctures at middle. Sternum six hollowed out concavely, with small blunt longitudinal carina at middle.
Legs: Profemora with dorsal surface nearly smooth. Protibia with moderately long and curved terminal spine, laterally bidentate and with two strong setae towards base, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomere distinctly elongated, nearly as long as tarsomeres two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: At the lateral margin of the pronotum the number of tubercles varies inter- and intra-individually from nine to eleven. In the holotype the basal margin of the head is more distinctly emarginated.
(Fig.
Salcedia parallela
Baehr, 1998: 2;
Holotype: ♀, with labels and data: yellow, black printed and handwritten in black ink “BURMA (central) Mandalay, 20.9. 1984 D. Grohmann leg.” / red, black printed “HOLOTYPE Salcedia parallela sp. nov. det. M. Baehr 1997” (
The tarsomere of the right intermediate leg are missing.
A large sized species, with oblong-elongate outline of the elytra with maximum width at middle and the pronotum with three additional carinae of which the inner lateral carina is shortened to a rudiment and the outer one anteriorly shortened. The pseudohumerus is rectangular and with a distinct tooth. The antennomeres are elongate. Distinguished most clearly from the similar species S. miranda by the pronotum with the lateral margin straight and parallel and with eleven indistinct tubercles. Moreover, in S. parallela the interneur five and six of the elytron shows three rows of pits at middle.
Measurements in Table
Colour and surface: Anthracite grey with piceous traces, shiny; carinae of pronotum and elytra as well as margins of pronotum and elytra and surface of supra-antennal and supraorbital plates densely covered with beige-grey pili; legs, mandibles and scapus of antennae fuscous, other antennomeres lighter apically, palpi leoninous.
Head: Five-sixths of width of pronotum. Outline semi-circular. Clypeus wide, straight anteriorly, fused with clypeal wings, separated from supra-antennal plates by indistinct obtuse notches and deep pit at each side, with raised oval-shaped field at middle, separated from frons by broad transverse furrow. Frons with two raised paramedian carinae, carinae convex, not joining anteriorly, with two small glossy teeth bilaterally to median carinae, with two shorter diverging carinae paralaterally at base; frons separated from supraorbital plates by deep broad furrows; with conspicuously broad pit at front-eye level; supra-antennal and supraorbital plates keel-like raised, supra-antennal plates vaulted. Base with angled emargination at middle (angle 130°), laterally obtuse angled (angle 102°). Eyes large, convex, genae higher as eyes, convex, both of them just visible from above, in lateral view shaped like a broad strip. Antenna with segments five to ten elongate (L/W 1.22), densely pubescent, segments two to four scarcely pubescent, scapus with longitudinal reticulation. Labrum straight anteriorly. Mandible moderately short, wide, slightly arcuate at apex. Mentum of moderate size, oval, epilobes wide, projecting, acutely angled anteriorly, with flattened margin at base, inner side and anteriorly, surface with longitudinal flat pits.
Pronotum
(Fig.
Elytron: Flattened in anterior half (lateral view), moderately convex in frontal view. Oblong-elongate, margin straight in middle third, maximum width at middle, sub-tuberculate. Pseudohumerus rectangular (slightly over 90°), with distinct tooth. Apex rounded, with small but acute tooth at suture. Disc with interneur six sub-tuberculate, interneur three with indistinct longitudinal convexity at base, interneur two running towards apex as convex line, conspicuously raised, week apically, almost reaching apex; interneur four running in parallel to interneur two, almost reaching base, shortened at apex. Interneur five and six with three rows of serial pits. Pits of interneurs five and six partly connected transversally.
Hind wings: Fully developed.
Lower surface: Antennal channel of pronotum with surface irregular reticulated. Pseudoepipleura densely covered with grey pili, with partly doubled row of circular pits, lateral margin of elytron smooth. Metepisternum elongate, with broad longitudinal reticulated groove. Metasternum, abdominal sternites one to five with numerous irregularly situated smaller and larger pits, sternites four to six sulcate, four and five with band of small punctures at middle. Sternum six bilaterally slightly hollowed out concavely, with blunt longitudinal carina at middle.
Legs: Profemora with dorsal surface irregularly reticulated. Protibia with moderately long and distinctly laterally curved terminal spine, laterally bidentate and with two strong setae towards base, dorsally and ventrally with two carinae. First tarsomere distinctly elongated, nearly as long as tarsomeres two to five together.
External sexual dimorphism: Not observed.
Male genitalia: Unknown.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Variation: Intra-individually, one side of the pronotum is straight and the other indistinctly convex.
(Fig.
A historical account is provided by
The monotypic genus Androzelma Dostal, 1993 keyed out among the Salcediini (
At first glance, the collecting localities and the distribution pattern of the species look puzzling (Fig.
Map of tropical Africa providing an overview of the occurrence of all African Salcedia species described to date (recorded localities plotted). 1 (black S. perrieri Fairmaire; 2 (white) S. unifoveata sp. nov.; 3 (black circle) S. faillei sp. nov.; 4 (red) S. coquilhati Alluaud; 5 (yellow) S. elongata Alluaud; 6 (blue) S. africana (Britton); 7 (orange) S. utetea sp. nov.; 8 (grey) S. procera sp. nov.; 9 (light green) S. robusta sp. nov.; 10 (turquoise) S. schoutedeni Alluaud; 11 (purple) S. lukulua sp. nov.; 12 (dark green) S. tuberculata sp. nov.; 13 (brown) S. baroensis sp. nov.; 14 (light blue) S. nigeriensis Alluaud; 16 (dark blue) S. putzeysi (Oberthür); 17 (black) S. matsumotoi sp. nov.; ? in a circle (twice): collection locality of a single female Salcedia specimen of uncertain species. Basic schematic map of Africa taken from SimpleMappr.net.
The majority of the older material was collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Obviously, more intensive collection took place there at the large river system of the Congo and its catchment area. At the middle and lower course of the River Congo three species occur, Salcedia coquilhati, S. elongata, and S. schoutedeni. Salcedia elongata seems to be the most widely distributed species. It populates the upper confluences of the Congo in the north-east up to the northern borders of Uganda, and in the south up to the watershed to the river system of the Zambesi in the north-west of Zambia. South of this watershed and at the Zambesi River, S. africana occurs. To the east, the East African rift valley with the Viphya Mountains obviously act as a barrier. East of the rift valley, the species S. utetea sp. nov. occurs in Tanzania and S. robusta sp. nov. in Mozambique.
The River Limpopo at the northern border of the Republic of South Africa is obviously populated by a different species, S. tuberculata sp. nov., and at the influx to the River Nile, the Baro River in the east of Ethiopia S. baroensis sp. nov. occurs. In West Africa, the river Niger is populated by S. nigeriensis but the influxes of the Volta River system are obviously populated by the different species, S. matsumotoi sp. nov., and at the lagoons in the south of West Africa S. putzeysi occurs.
This and recent finds of smaller and larger series of specimens from Zambia 2002, Guinea 2004, Mozambique 2012/13, and Ivory Coast 2018 lead to the assumption the genus might be much more widely radiated around inland waterways throughout tropical Africa and might possibly populate nearly all the larger river systems.
For the Oriental region, only five specimens have been found, from non-specific documented localities. It is possible the genus has not radiated as widely over the Oriental region, but it is also possible that the genus was simply not often found there until today, due to their camouflaged way of life. The species occur at or near the River Tharrawaddy and the specimen from Calcutta mentioned by
Knowledge about the way of life of this genus is poor, and if available at all it refers only to adult specimens. According to the labels and few hints in the literature, the following can be summarised, and some conclusions might be discussed.
For the 648 African specimens examined, documentation on the labels is available directly or as coordinates for 40% that they were collected at or very close to water bodies (banks of rivers or lakes). For an additional 31% it could be ascertained in detail that the collecting spot is situated close to a river or a lake (e.g., with the aid of Google Earth Pro). Specimens of S. procera sp. nov. were collected at Lac Calundo (Angola) by two methods, collecting by hand under stones (“récolté sous des pierres”) and “à la lumière”. This shows the species obviously lives under stones at shores but becomes active nocturnally. In case of S. putzeysi, localities are on a languet between the Ébrié-Lagoon and the sea (Addah, Côte de Ivoire) or close to but not at the sea (Porto-Novo, Benin). In nearly all of these cases there is forest nearby, e.g., gallery forests. So, there is evidence for occurrence near inland water bodies for around 70% of the material investigated. None of the finds were made directly on the sea shore. The substrate adhering on many specimens consist of fine sediment (mud or clay), but not sand (as it is for example in Lophocoryza Alluaud, 1941). Consequently, the hypothesis can be drawn that specimens occur on the banks of rivers and lakes, dominantly in woodland, and many of the species are riparian. According to
However, there is also a report of a collecting locality which is not directly located at a river or lake. According to François Génier, who collected abundant specimens of Salcedia robusta sp. nov. in Mozambique, “… there was no visible body of water near the trapping site (Fig.
Forty-eight percent of the labels indicate collection at light. This matches with the observation of fully developed wings in 18 of the 20 species. It is astonishing what powerful fliers these small species are, because they have to carry relatively thick layers of dirt during flight, and the weight is greater when the dirt is wet. It is assumed the species are not able to fly high or for long periods of time. An exception is S. unifoveata sp. nov. from Madagascar, possibly representing a member of a different group within the genus. It was washed from the ground and does not possess the wax like adhesive film on the surface. However, the broader pits in this species are evidently filled with dirt. The hind wings of this species are reduced to a minute rudiment, and the eyes are reduced to a small reniform and concave bulge. It is assumed this species lives in a different type of microhabitat from the other species, possibly in deeper underground. In another species, S. tuberculata sp. nov., the hind wings are reduced by half. It is obviously brachypterous. The species was collected by “shorewashing” at an influx of the River Limpopo (Republic of South Africa). It is possible that the population of this species includes both brachypterous and macropterous specimens, which is also known in some other small Carabidae which inhabit river banks.
Cordial thanks are due to the following curators for making type material and unidentified specimens available: Michael Geiser, Keita Matsumoto, Beulah Garner and Max Barclay (BMNH), Stéphane Hanot (MRACT), Dr Arnaud Faille (
The collecting of a large part of the recent African material now in