Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li ( lisq@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Ingi Agnarsson
© 2019 Zilong Bai, Fengyuan Li, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Bai Z, Li F, Li S (2019) Ten new species of the spider genus Sinoderces Li & Li, 2017 from China, Laos and Thailand (Araneae, Psilodercidae). ZooKeys 886: 79-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.886.39212
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Ten new species of the spider family Psilodercidae Machado, 1951 are described from tropical East Asia, including five species found in China: Sinoderces luohanensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), S. xueae Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), S. taichi Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), S. wenshanensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), S. aiensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀); three are from Laos: S. khanensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), S. phathaoensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), S. kieoensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂); and the rest are from Thailand: S. saraburiensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂), S. dewaroopensis Li & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀). Types of all new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China.
Biodiversity, endemism, ochyroceratids, taxonomy, tropical spiders
A great diversity of spiders of the family Psilodercidae Machado, 1951 has evolved throughout the zoogeographic regions of Indo-Burma, Sundaland, the Philippines and Wallacea. To date, 141 psilodercid species have been recorded from the various countries collectively known as “Tropical East Asia” (
The genus Sinoderces Li & Li, 2017 is currently included in the family Psilodercidae. Only two Sinoderces species have been documented so far, namely S. exilis (Wang & Li, 2013) and S. nawanensis Li & Li, 2017, both from China. In the present paper, we describe ten new species of Sinoderces from China, Laos and Thailand.
All specimens were collected in China, Thailand and Laos (Fig.
Sinoderces nawanensis Li & Li, 2017
The genus is distinguished (together with Thaiderces Li & Li, 2017) from all the other genera in Psilodercidae by the absence of an apical protrusion on the male cymbium. It is distinguished from the genus Thaiderces by the presence of a single tooth on the cheliceral retromargin and the long embolus of the palpal bulb (
Cheliceral promargin with lamina, retromargin with a tooth or denticle; palpal bulb with long embolus; conductor present or absent-if present, then embolus and conductor separated basally; female with two pairs of elongate, curved spermathecae (
Holotype : ♂, Khan Cave, 5.35 km west of Viengkieo Village, Vang Vieng District, Vientiane Province, Laos, 18°55.592'N, 102°23.718'E, 270 m, 01.XI.2012, Yao Z. leg. Paratypes: 1♂2♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the cave where type material was collected; adjective.
Male Sinoderces khanensis sp. nov. can be recognized by the overall slender configuration of the palp, with two spines on the cymbium (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 2.33; carapace 1.02 long, 0.75 wide; abdomen 1.28 long, 0.70 wide. Clypeus light brown, with two apophyses. Carapace round, light yellow, with brown lateral margins and a wide median brown band, which is noticeably broader in the mid-section (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female (one of the paratypes). Size and color similar to male (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected at a cave’s entrance at an elevation of 270 m.
Holotype : ♂, outside of Luohan Cave, Suwei Town, Mu Village, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 22°32.600'N, 108°03.390'E, 270 m, 9.V. 2015, Chen Z. and Li F. leg. Paratypes: 3♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the name of the cave; adjective.
Sinoderces luohanensis sp. nov. resembles S. nawanensis in shape and size (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.66; carapace 0.66 long, 0.71 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.64 wide. Carapace round, brown, with darker brown lateral margins. Carapace with large, brown, fork-shaped pattern in the middle (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female. Color similar to male, and body size slightly larger than males (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected at a cave entrance at an elevation of 196 m.
Holotype : ♂, Pha Thao Cave, Vang Vieng District, 11.95 km north of Viengkieo Village, Vientiane Province, Laos, 19°01.749'N, 102°25.954'E, 290 m, 03.XII.2012, Yao Z. leg. Paratypes: 3♀, same data as holotype
The specific name refers to the name of cave; adjective.
Sinoderces phathaoensis sp. nov. resembles S. kieoensis sp. nov. in having a similar shaped bulb in males. Males can be distinguished by the curved embolus, almost half as long as the bulb (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.84; carapace 0.64 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.20 long, 0.60 wide. Carapace round, light yellow, with brown lateral margins and a trifurcate mark in the center of the carapace (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female (one of the paratypes). Size and color similar to male (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected in a cave entrance at an elevation of 290 m.
Sinoderces phathaoensis Li & Li, sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A internal genitalia, dorsal view B female epigastric furrow, ventral view C female habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, ventral view E male habitus, dorsal view (Arrow: apophysis). Abbreviation: SP spermathecae.
Holotype : ♂, Dewaroop Cave 1, Pak Chong Distict, Musee Village, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, 14°33.708'N, 101°24.064'E, 397 m, 23.X.2014, Zhao H., Li Y. and Chen Z. leg. Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the name of the cave; adjective.
Sinoderces dewaroopensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the large apical protrusion on the cymbium (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.44; carapace 0.76 long, 1.69 wide; abdomen 1.06 long, 0.54 wide. Carapace round, pale yellow. The overall color is light yellow (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female (one of the paratypes). Size and color similar to male, but slightly larger and darker (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected at a cave entrance at an elevation of 397 m.
Holotype : ♂, Limu Mountain Town, Hainan Province, China. 19°12.002'N, 109°43.710'E, 591 m, 25.III.2012, Chen Z. leg. Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype.
This name is in honor of Wenjing Xue, a good friend of the first author of the paper who has been helpful to his study and life. The case is feminine and genitive.
Sinoderces xueae sp. nov. resembles S. taichi sp. nov. in having a similarly shaped conductor and embolus. However, the males can be distinguished by the following: five spines on the distal part of the palpal cymbium, vs. six in S. taichi sp. nov; the slightly sigmoid embolus and short conductor (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.94; carapace 0.66 long, 0.72 wide; abdomen 1.28 long, 0.59 wide. Carapace round, brown, with dark brown lateral margins and one wide median brown band, clypeus yellow and chelicerae dark brown (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female (one of the paratypes). Females are darker than males (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected in pristine forests.
Holotype : ♂, Lingshui Town, Hainan Province, China. 18°43.777'N, 109°51.740'E, 03.IV.2012, Chen Z. leg. Paratypes: 2♀, same data as holotype.
In ventral view (Fig.
Sinoderces taichi sp. nov. resembles S. xueae sp. nov. in having a similarly shaped conductor and embolus. However, the males can be distinguished by the following: six spines on the distal part of the palpal cymbium, as against vs. five in S. xueae sp. nov.; a coiled embolus and long conductor. The edge margin of the epigyne is very thick (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.56; carapace 0.70 long, 0.67 wide; abdomen 0.86 long, 0.64 wide. Carapace round, brown, with dark brown margins and a narrow, brown median line behind ocular area (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female (one of the paratypes). Size and color similar to the male but slightly larger and darker (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected in pristine forest within a protected zone.
Holotype : ♂, Radio and television station hill, Xiqiao County, Wenshan, Yunnan Province, China, 23°25.980'N, 104°40.392'E, 1556 m, 17.V.2015, Li F. and Chen Z. leg. Paratypes: 2♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the name of the hill at the type locality; adjective.
Sinoderces wenshanensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other known species by the nearly parallel conductor and embolus (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.72; carapace 0.62 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.10 long, 0.60 wide. Carapace round, dark brown, with dark brown margins (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female (paratype). Similar to male in color and general features (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected from leaf litter at an elevation of 1556 m.
Holotype : ♂, Ai Cave, Baoyou Village, Qicha Town, Changjiang li autonomous County, Hainan Province, China. 19°6.068'N, 109°1.200'E, 125 m, 18.XII. 2014, Zhao Z. and Shao L. leg. Paratypes: 1♂2♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the name of the cave; adjective.
Sinoderces aiensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other known species by the light-colored bulb, a curved conductor with a slightly curved tip (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.31; carapace 0.54 long, 0.50 wide; abdomen 0.77 long, 0.43 wide. Carapace round, light yellow, with darker yellow margins and a narrow, dark yellow median line behind ocular area (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Female (one of the paratypes). Similar to male in light color and general features (Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected from a cave at an elevation of 125 m.
Holotype : ♂, Tham Bo Pla Cave, Kaeng Koi District, Song Khon Village, Saraburi Province, Thailand, 14°39.625'N, 100°58.115'E, 73 m, 20. X. 2014, Zhao H., Li Y. and Chen Z. leg.
The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.
Sinoderces saraburiensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other known species by the swan-like shape of the palp (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.82; carapace 0.65 long, 0.72 wide; abdomen 1.18 long, 0.56 wide. Carapace round, light yellow, with dark lateral margins. Anterior margin of cephalic region distinctly elevated. Clypeus yellow. Chelicerae light yellow. Cheliceral promargin with one tooth, connected to a lamina; retromargin toothless (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype : ♂, Kieo Cave, Vang Vieng District, 10.37 km north of Viengkieo Village, Vientiane Province, Laos, 19°00.880'N, 102°25.902'E, 286 m, 2.XII.2012, Yao Z. leg.
The specific name refers to the name of the cave at the type locality; adjective.
Sinoderces kieoensis sp. nov. resembles S. phathaoensis sp. nov. in having a similar shaped bulb in males. Males can be distinguished from by the straight embolus, with less than half the bulb length in S. kieoensis sp. nov. (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 2.28; carapace 0.72 long, 0.78 wide; abdomen 1.56 long, 0.63 wide. Carapace round, yellow, with brown lateral margins. The brown line is close to the center with a circular brown spot. Clypeus brown, medially with one pair of bifurcate apophyses. Chelicerae dark yellow. Cheliceral promargin with one tooth, connected to a lamina, retromargin with one small tooth (Fig.
Male palp
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Collected in a cave at an elevation of 286 m.
Cheliceral retromargin A Sinoderces khanensis sp. nov. B S. luohanensis sp. nov. C S. phathaoensis sp. nov. D S. dewaroopensis sp. nov. E S. xueae sp. nov. F S. taichi sp. nov. G S. wenshanensis sp. nov. H S. aiensis sp. nov. I S. saraburiensis sp. nov. J S. kieoensis sp. nov. Abbreviations: RT retromargin teeth, PT promarginal teeth, CL cheliceral laminal.
Distribution of ten new Sinoderces in China, Laos and Thailand 1 Sinoderces khanensis sp. nov. 2 S. luohanensis sp. nov. 3 S. phathaoensis sp. nov. 4 S. dewaroopensis sp. nov. 5 S. xueae sp. nov. 6 S. taichi sp. nov. 7 S. wenshanensis sp. nov. 8 S. aiensis sp. nov. 9 S. saraburiensis sp. nov. 10 S. kieoensis sp. nov.
The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Drs Ingi Agnarsson, Zhiyuan Yao and Sarah Crews. Joseph K.H. Koh kindly checked English. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Shuqiang Li (NSFC-31530067).