Monograph
Print
Monograph
Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
expand article infoJose Fernandez-Triana, Mark R. Shaw§, Caroline Boudreault, Melanie Beaudin|, Gavin R. Broad
‡ Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada
§ National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
¶ Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
Open Access

Abstract

A checklist of world species of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is provided. A total of 81 genera and 2,999 extant species are recognized as valid, including 36 nominal species that are currently considered as species inquirendae. Two genera are synonymized under Apanteles. Nine lectotypes are designated. A total of 318 new combinations, three new replacement names, three species name amendments, and seven species status revised are proposed. Additionally, three species names are treated as nomina dubia, and 52 species names are considered as unavailable names (including 14 as nomina nuda). A total of three extinct genera and 12 extinct species are also listed. Unlike in many previous treatments of the subfamily, tribal concepts are judged to be inadequate, so genera are listed alphabetically. Brief diagnoses of all Microgastrinae genera, as understood in this paper, are presented. Illustrations of all extant genera (at least one species per genus, usually more) are included to showcase morphological diversity. Primary types of Microgastrinae are deposited in 108 institutions worldwide, although 76% are concentrated in 17 collections. Localities of primary types, in 138 countries, are reported. Recorded species distributions are listed by biogeographical region and by country. Microgastrine wasps are recorded from all continents except Antarctica; specimens can be found in all major terrestrial ecosystems, from 82°N to 55°S, and from sea level up to at least 4,500 m a.s.l. The Oriental (46) and Neotropical (43) regions have the largest number of genera recorded, whereas the Palaearctic region (28) is the least diverse. Currently, the highest species richness is in the Palearctic region (827), due to more historical study there, followed by the Neotropical (768) and Oriental (752) regions, which are expected to be the most species rich. Based on ratios of Lepidoptera and Microgastrinae species from several areas, the actual world diversity of Microgastrinae is expected to be between 30,000–50,000 species; although these ratios were mostly based on data from temperate areas and thus must be treated with caution, the single tropical area included had a similar ratio to the temperate ones. Almost 45,000 specimens of Microgastrinae from 67 different genera (83% of microgastrine genera) have complete or partial DNA barcode sequences deposited in the Barcode of Life Data System; the DNA barcodes represent 3,545 putative species or Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), as estimated from the molecular data. Information on the number of sequences and BINs per genus are detailed in the checklist. Microgastrinae hosts are here considered to be restricted to Eulepidoptera, i.e., most of the Lepidoptera except for the four most basal superfamilies (Micropterigoidea, Eriocranioidea, Hepialoidea and Nepticuloidea), with all previous literature records of other insect orders and those primitive Lepidoptera lineages being considered incorrect. The following nomenclatural acts are proposed: 1) Two genera are synonymyzed under Apanteles: Cecidobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910, new synonym and Holcapanteles Cameron, 1905, new synonym; 2) Nine lectotype designations are made for Alphomelon disputabile (Ashmead, 1900), Alphomelon nigriceps (Ashmead, 1900), Cotesia salebrosa (Marshall, 1885), Diolcogaster xanthaspis (Ashmead, 1900), Dolichogenidea ononidis (Marshall, 1889), Glyptapanteles acraeae (Wilkinson, 1932), Glyptapanteles guyanensis (Cameron, 1911), Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861), and Pseudapanteles annulicornis Ashmead, 1900; 3) Three new replacement names are a) Diolcogaster aurangabadensis Fernandez-Triana, replacing Diolcogaster indicus (Rao & Chalikwar, 1970) [nec Diolcogaster indicus (Wilkinson, 1927)], b) Dolichogenidea incystatae Fernandez-Triana, replacing Dolichogenidea lobesia Liu & Chen, 2019 [nec Dolichogenidea lobesia Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019], and c) Microplitis vitobiasi Fernandez-Triana, replacing Microplitis variicolor Tobias, 1964 [nec Microplitis varicolor Viereck, 1917]; 4) Three names amended are Apanteles irenecarrilloae Fernandez-Triana, 2014, Cotesia ayerzai (Brèthes, 1920), and Cotesia riverai (Porter, 1916); 5) Seven species have their status revised: Cotesia arctica (Thomson, 1895), Cotesia okamotoi (Watanabe, 1921), Cotesia ukrainica (Tobias, 1986), Dolichogenidea appellator (Telenga, 1949), Dolichogenidea murinanae (Capek & Zwölfer, 1957), Hypomicrogaster acarnas Nixon, 1965, and Nyereria nigricoxis (Wilkinson, 1932); 6) New combinations are given for 318 species: Alloplitis congensis, Alloplitis detractus, Apanteles asphondyliae, Apanteles braziliensis, Apanteles sulciscutis, Choeras aper, Choeras apollion, Choeras daphne, Choeras fomes, Choeras gerontius, Choeras helle, Choeras irates, Choeras libanius, Choeras longiterebrus, Choeras loretta, Choeras recusans, Choeras sordidus, Choeras stenoterga, Choeras superbus, Choeras sylleptae, Choeras vacillatrix, Choeras vacillatropsis, Choeras venilia, Cotesia asavari, Cotesia bactriana, Cotesia bambeytripla, Cotesia berberidis, Cotesia bhairavi, Cotesia biezankoi, Cotesia bifida, Cotesia caligophagus, Cotesia cheesmanae, Cotesia compressithorax, Cotesia delphinensis, Cotesia effrena, Cotesia euphobetri, Cotesia elaeodes, Cotesia endii, Cotesia euthaliae, Cotesia exelastisae, Cotesia hiberniae, Cotesia hyperion, Cotesia hypopygialis, Cotesia hypsipylae, Cotesia jujubae, Cotesia lesbiae, Cotesia levigaster, Cotesia lizeri, Cotesia malevola, Cotesia malshri, Cotesia menezesi, Cotesia muzaffarensis, Cotesia neptisis, Cotesia nycteus, Cotesia oeceticola, Cotesia oppidicola, Cotesia opsiphanis, Cotesia pachkuriae, Cotesia paludicolae, Cotesia parbhanii, Cotesia parvicornis, Cotesia pratapae, Cotesia prozorovi, Cotesia pterophoriphagus, Cotesia radiarytensis, Cotesia rangii, Cotesia riverai, Cotesia ruficoxis, Cotesia senegalensis, Cotesia seyali, Cotesia sphenarchi, Cotesia sphingivora, Cotesia transuta, Cotesia turkestanica, Diolcogaster abengouroui, Diolcogaster agama, Diolcogaster ambositrensis, Diolcogaster anandra, Diolcogaster annulata, Diolcogaster bambeyi, Diolcogaster bicolorina, Diolcogaster cariniger, Diolcogaster cincticornis, Diolcogaster cingulata, Diolcogaster coronata, Diolcogaster coxalis, Diolcogaster dipika, Diolcogaster earina, Diolcogaster epectina, Diolcogaster epectinopsis, Diolcogaster grangeri, Diolcogaster heterocera, Diolcogaster homocera, Diolcogaster indica, Diolcogaster insularis, Diolcogaster kivuana, Diolcogaster mediosulcata, Diolcogaster megaulax, Diolcogaster neglecta, Diolcogaster nigromacula, Diolcogaster palpicolor, Diolcogaster persimilis, Diolcogaster plecopterae, Diolcogaster plutocongoensis, Diolcogaster psilocnema, Diolcogaster rufithorax, Diolcogaster semirufa, Diolcogaster seyrigi, Diolcogaster subtorquata, Diolcogaster sulcata, Diolcogaster torquatiger, Diolcogaster tristiculus, Diolcogaster turneri, Diolcogaster vulcana, Diolcogaster wittei, Distatrix anthedon, Distatrix cerales, Distatrix cuspidalis, Distatrix euproctidis, Distatrix flava, Distatrix geometrivora, Distatrix maia, Distatrix tookei, Distatrix termina, Distatrix simulissima, Dolichogenidea agamedes, Dolichogenidea aluella, Dolichogenidea argiope, Dolichogenidea atreus, Dolichogenidea bakeri, Dolichogenidea basiflava, Dolichogenidea bersa, Dolichogenidea biplagae, Dolichogenidea bisulcata, Dolichogenidea catonix, Dolichogenidea chrysis, Dolichogenidea coffea, Dolichogenidea coretas, Dolichogenidea cyane, Dolichogenidea diaphantus, Dolichogenidea diparopsidis, Dolichogenidea dryas, Dolichogenidea earterus, Dolichogenidea ensiger, Dolichogenidea eros, Dolichogenidea evadne, Dolichogenidea falcator, Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris, Dolichogenidea gobica, Dolichogenidea hyalinis, Dolichogenidea iriarte, Dolichogenidea lakhaensis, Dolichogenidea lampe, Dolichogenidea laspeyresiella, Dolichogenidea latistigma, Dolichogenidea lebene, Dolichogenidea lucidinervis, Dolichogenidea malacosomae, Dolichogenidea maro, Dolichogenidea mendosae, Dolichogenidea monticola, Dolichogenidea nigra, Dolichogenidea olivierellae, Dolichogenidea parallelis, Dolichogenidea pelopea, Dolichogenidea pelops, Dolichogenidea phaenna, Dolichogenidea pisenor, Dolichogenidea roepkei, Dolichogenidea scabra, Dolichogenidea statius, Dolichogenidea stenotelas, Dolichogenidea striata, Dolichogenidea wittei, Exoryza asotae, Exoryza belippicola, Exoryza hylas, Exoryza megagaster, Exoryza oryzae, Glyptapanteles aggestus, Glyptapanteles agynus, Glyptapanteles aithos, Glyptapanteles amenophis, Glyptapanteles antarctiae, Glyptapanteles anubis, Glyptapanteles arginae, Glyptapanteles argus, Glyptapanteles atylana, Glyptapanteles badgleyi, Glyptapanteles bataviensis, Glyptapanteles bistonis, Glyptapanteles borocerae, Glyptapanteles cacao, Glyptapanteles cadei, Glyptapanteles cinyras, Glyptapanteles eryphanidis, Glyptapanteles euproctisiphagus, Glyptapanteles eutelus, Glyptapanteles fabiae, Glyptapanteles fulvigaster, Glyptapanteles fuscinervis, Glyptapanteles gahinga, Glyptapanteles globatus, Glyptapanteles glyphodes, Glyptapanteles guierae, Glyptapanteles horus, Glyptapanteles intricatus, Glyptapanteles lamprosemae, Glyptapanteles lefevrei, Glyptapanteles leucotretae, Glyptapanteles lissopleurus, Glyptapanteles madecassus, Glyptapanteles marquesi, Glyptapanteles melanotus, Glyptapanteles melissus, Glyptapanteles merope, Glyptapanteles naromae, Glyptapanteles nepitae, Glyptapanteles nigrescens, Glyptapanteles ninus, Glyptapanteles nkuli, Glyptapanteles parasundanus, Glyptapanteles penelope, Glyptapanteles penthocratus, Glyptapanteles philippinensis, Glyptapanteles philocampus, Glyptapanteles phoebe, Glyptapanteles phytometraduplus, Glyptapanteles propylae, Glyptapanteles puera, Glyptapanteles seydeli, Glyptapanteles siderion, Glyptapanteles simus, Glyptapanteles speciosissimus, Glyptapanteles spilosomae, Glyptapanteles subpunctatus, Glyptapanteles thespis, Glyptapanteles thoseae, Glyptapanteles venustus, Glyptapanteles wilkinsoni, Hypomicrogaster samarshalli, Iconella cajani, Iconella detrectans, Iconella jason, Iconella lynceus, Iconella pyrene, Iconella tedanius, Illidops azamgarhensis, Illidops lamprosemae, Illidops trabea, Keylimepie striatus, Microplitis adisurae, Microplitis mexicanus, Neoclarkinella ariadne, Neoclarkinella curvinervus, Neoclarkinella sundana, Nyereria ituriensis, Nyereria nioro, Nyereria proagynus, Nyereria taoi, Nyereria vallatae, Parapanteles aethiopicus, Parapanteles alternatus, Parapanteles aso, Parapanteles atellae, Parapanteles bagicha, Parapanteles cleo, Parapanteles cyclorhaphus, Parapanteles demades, Parapanteles endymion, Parapanteles epiplemicidus, Parapanteles expulsus, Parapanteles fallax, Parapanteles folia, Parapanteles furax, Parapanteles hemitheae, Parapanteles hyposidrae, Parapanteles indicus, Parapanteles javensis, Parapanteles jhaverii, Parapanteles maculipalpis, Parapanteles maynei, Parapanteles neocajani, Parapanteles neohyblaeae, Parapanteles nydia, Parapanteles prosper, Parapanteles prosymna, Parapanteles punctatissimus, Parapanteles regalis, Parapanteles sarpedon, Parapanteles sartamus, Parapanteles scultena, Parapanteles transvaalensis, Parapanteles turri, Parapanteles xanthopholis, Pholetesor acutus, Pholetesor brevivalvatus, Pholetesor extentus, Pholetesor ingenuoides, Pholetesor kuwayamai, Promicrogaster apidanus, Promicrogaster briareus, Promicrogaster conopiae, Promicrogaster emesa, Promicrogaster grandicula, Promicrogaster orsedice, Promicrogaster repleta, Promicrogaster typhon, Sathon bekilyensis, Sathon flavofacialis, Sathon laurae, Sathon mikeno, Sathon ruandanus, Sathon rufotestaceus, Venanides astydamia, Venanides demeter, Venanides parmula, and Venanides symmysta.

Keywords

Microgastrinae, world fauna, checklist, nomenclature changes, genus diagnosis, genus illustration, distribution, Lepidoptera

Introduction

With almost 3,000 described species and estimates of up to 46,000+ worldwide (Rodriguez et al. 2013), the parasitoid wasp subfamily Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae) is an important and hyperdiverse group, which has long played a central role in our understanding of insect parasitism in the context of many areas of ecological, agricultural, and basic science (Whitfield et al. 2018). Because of their diversity, prevalence in most terrestrial habitats, and the fact that species are exclusively parasitoids of larval Lepidoptera across nearly the full range of families within the taxon (Eulepidoptera, sensu Aarvik et al. 2017), microgastrine wasps are one of the most important groups in the biological control of agricultural and forestry lepidopterous pests worldwide (Whitfield 1997).

A world checklist of Microgastrinae has never been published, although Shenefelt (1972, 1973) listed the species as part of his monumental work cataloguing the world species of Braconidae. Unfortunately, those papers are outdated, especially since Mason (1981) published a seminal study that changed the generic and tribal classifications. In addition to taxonomic changes (many nominal species had been placed in synonymy), the number of newly described species has increased dramatically since Shenefelt’s catalogue: 1,446 new species of Microgastrinae (48.2%) were described between 1974 and 2019. In the past six years alone (2014–2019), 720 new species have been described (an average of 120 new species/year), which represents, by far, the largest increase in species for any subfamily of Braconidae in that time span (data extracted from this paper and Yu et al. 2016).

The database Taxapad, originally produced as a CD (Yu et al. 2005), and later available as a USB drive (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) or, partially, as a web product (now offline), has been used as the de facto catalogue of Ichneumonoidea (and associated data comprising some 350,000 names) for almost fifteen years. It is important to understand that it is essentially a compilation of all published information, whether correct or not. Nevertheless, Taxapad is an extraordinary product that contains copious information about the taxonomy, distribution, hosts and associated host plants, morphology, etc., of Ichneumonoidea that is easy to collate and analyze. As a result, it is widely consulted by researchers worldwide, and it has been adopted and (unfortunately uncritically) used in many other databases, websites, and publications pertinent to Ichneumonoidea.

However, for Microgastrinae, Taxapad follows a classification based on van Achterberg (2003), which is far from being universally accepted. A different classification, based on an older, more comprehensive paper (Mason 1981), is the one preferred and used by most researchers worldwide (e.g., Papp 1988, Kotenko 2007a, Shaw 2012, Broad et al. 2016 in the Palearctic; Whitfield 1995a, Fernandez-Triana 2010 in the Nearctic; Whitfield 1997, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e in the Neotropical region; Rousse and Gupta 2013 in the Afrotropical region; Chen and Song 2004, Liu et al. 2017, 2018 in the Oriental region; Austin and Dangerfield 1992 in Australasia). Thus, the Microgastrinae arrangement in Taxapad conflicts with that used by most taxonomists working on the subfamily, a situation that becomes even more confusing for ecologists, biocontrol researchers and other non-taxonomist users of Taxapad.

To complicate matters further, neither Mason (1981) nor van Achterberg (2003) treated all world species, having left many nominal species without checking their generic placement, especially those described in older literature. As a result, many of those species have remained where they were originally described or as Nixon (1965) interpreted them, usually in one of the three traditional genera historically considered to constitute practically all Microgastrinae: Apanteles Foerster, Microgaster Latreille, and Microplitis Foerster; or they were placed as part of an expanded Apanteles and Protapanteles Ashmead (sensu van Achterberg 2003). Some exceptions fared slightly better, e.g., Papp (1988) assigned many European species to Mason’s (1981) genera, Whitfield (1995a) did the same for North America, and Austin and Dangerfield (1992) for Australasia.

In this paper we a) summarize general information about Microgastrinae, including a historical outline of the internal classification, estimates of specific and generic diversity, distribution at local and world levels, advances in regional taxonomic studies, and general trends in host use; b) characterize all 81 currently accepted genera of extant Microgastrinae, including brief morphological diagnostic features, colour illustrations, available DNA barcodes and general comments on known host families; c) revise, to the best of our knowledge, the generic placement of all described species of Microgastrinae; d) compile an updated checklist of the extant and fossil world species of Microgastrinae, including recorded geographical distribution and taxonomic notes; and e) provide all information as a supplementary Excel file, to facilitate future use of the data. As work on Microgastrinae advances, we hope to provide updates in future versions of this checklist.

Materials and methods

We used the last two versions of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) as the starting point to compile a list of world genera and species of Microgastrinae and their recorded geographical distribution. Because the last version of Taxapad includes only information published up to the end of 2015, with some data from early 2016 (Yu, pers. comm.), we checked Zoological Record and Google Scholar for all papers published after 2015. The information presented in this paper has the cut off date of 31 December 2019.

We also compiled information from some of the world’s largest collections of Microgastrinae. All primary types (representing almost 500 species) of the Canadian National Collection of Insects (Ottawa, Canada) were studied, and unpublished information on the distribution of many species and genera was extracted from that collection, probably the largest depository of world Microgastrinae, with 120,000+ pinned specimens. We examined all primary types (representing almost 500 species of Microgastrinae) in The Natural History Museum (London, United Kingdom). Most of the primary types (representing almost 400 species of Microgastrinae) in the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, United States) were either examined or studied from images (available at http://www.usnmhymtypes.com/). Types and non-type material were extensively studied in the Finnish Museum of Natural History (Helsinki, Finland), the National Museums of Scotland (Edinburgh, United Kingdom), four major Japanese collections (Hokkaido University, Sappporo; Kobe University, Kobe; Meijo University, Nagoya; and the Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka), the New Zealand Arthropod Collection (Auckland, New Zealand), Naturalis (Leiden, the Netherlands), the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest, Hungary), and the Austrian Natural History Museum (Vienna, Austria). Extensive non-type material, representing thousands of specimens worldwide, were borrowed for study from several institutions in Canada, Costa Rica, France, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Several online databases such as the Barcoding of Life Data Systems (http://v4.boldsystems.org/) and Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica (http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso) were searched as well. The final data were input into an Excel file, which is provided here as a supplementary file to facilitate access to all information for personal use and editing (Suppl. material 1). We also provide an index of all available species names of Microgastrinae in strict alphabetical order; with the valid names in bold and italics, and the synonyms, homonyms, and nomina dubia just in italics (Suppl. material 2).

After the initial list was compiled, all species were assessed as comprehensively as possible, including: a) examination of primary types whenever possible (in a few cases we examined high quality illustrations of the primary types, which were sufficient to establish their generic placement unambiguously; in those cases we clearly indicate the source of the illustrations); b) study of secondary types and/or authenticated specimens (= specimens in collections identified by experts on the group; in those cases we mention the name of the expert identifying the species); and c) checking relevant literature, either the original description (including illustrations whenever available) or subsequent references where the species was treated (e.g., taxonomic revision, regional checklist, etc.). Throughout the checklist, “not examined but original description checked” or “not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked” means that one of us checked those references. For every species, we detail how we assessed its status, as it is evident that the conclusion will be more reliable if the primary type was examined as opposed to secondary types, authenticated specimens, or the reading of a description. For species where we could neither examine specimens nor check for relevant literature we (explicitly) maintain the original generic combination.

For a few species, mostly in Apanteles and Microgaster, the available information (usually only the original description) was enough to suggest that they belonged to a different genus, but not enough to confidently place them in another genus (usually because several alternatives were possible, or none was clear). In those cases we considered the species as species inquirendae and add a question mark before the genus name it was originally described in (e.g., ? Apanteles) to indicate the questionable generic placement.

In the checklist, at the beginning of each genus we detail its author, year of publication and page (of the original description of the genus), gender of the genus name, type species, genus synonyms, and comments (if needed). As far as we know, the gender of every Microgastrinae genus has not been stated in a single publication before (e.g., Shenefelt (1972, 1973) did not address that; Mason (1981) only discussed the gender of some of the new genera described there; Yu et al. (2016) did not present that information either). For our checklist we follow the original publication (if the gender was stated there), or expert advice from an ICZN commissioner (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.).

For each species in the checklist we provide current name, original combination, synonyms, homonyms, and details of the primary type (including sex, holding institution, and country of the type locality), as well as details of the recorded geographical distribution of the species. Where necessary, additional comments are added at the end of the species’ treatment under “Notes”. We do not include full details on the combination history of the species name or further taxonomic details (other than the ones detailed above). For such details, Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) and Shenefelt (1972, 1972) must be consulted.

The spelling of some author’s last names was found to vary in the literature: de Saeger/De Saeger, de Santis/De Santis, Fernandez-Triana/Fernandez-Triana, Foerster/Förster, van Achterberg/Van Achterberg. For the sake of consistency, in this paper we are using the first alternative in each of the above cases. The only exception is María Teresa Oltra Moscardó (Spain), as she has recorded her last name in several publications as either Oltra (referring to species authorship and also as paper authorship for most of her papers) or Oltra-Moscardó (only applying to one paper cited in our checklist: Oltra-Moscardó and Jiménez-Peydró 2005). In this case we use the appropriate alternative according to the corresponding reference cited, but for all eight species that she has described we refer to her as Oltra.

The availability of species names was assessed following the latest version of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); throughout the text any reference to ICZN articles follows the online version (https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature/the-code-online/).

Details on species distribution are first presented by biogeographical regions, and then by countries within biogeographical regions, in both cases arranged in alphabetical order. For biogeographical boundaries we follow the O’Hara et al. (2009) approach of combining the Australasian and Oceanian regions into one, with the name of the former. Throughout the text we use six regions (there are no Microgastrinae recorded from their Antarctic region), abbreviated as follows: NEO Neotropical (sometimes referred to as Neotropics), NEA Nearctic, PAL Palaearctic, OTL Oriental, AFR Afrotropical (sometimes referred to as Afrotropics), and AUS Australasian.

Occasionally, we use wider terms such as Holarctic (NEA and PAL), New World (NEA and NEO), Old World tropics (AFR, OTL and AUS), and pantropical (NEO, AFR, OTL, AUS). Some of these terms can be vague or hard to define precisely (e.g., some of the Australasian or southern Neotropical taxa are not really “tropical”, and the southern limits of the Holarctic region have a mix of temperate and subtropical taxa). However, they are used throughout the paper as a way to discuss trends in generic distribution and are not meant to be taken as strictly defined boundaries.

The list of countries follows the Standard ISO 3166 (codes for names of countries and their subdivisions: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search). Throughout the text, we abbreviate United States of America as USA. For the six largest countries by area (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil and Australia) we also present finer species distributions by country subdivisions (provinces, republics, states, territories, etc.). For Australian states and territories, we follow http://www.bda-online.org.au/help/bda-conventions/abbreviations-states/. For states of the USA and for Canadian provinces and territories, acronyms consisting of two capital letters are used, following Canada Post (http://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/manual/PGaddress-e.asp). We follow Standard ISO 3166 for China provinces (https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CN) and Brazil states (https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BR). For Russia subdivisions we mostly follow Standard ISO 3166 (https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RU), but see next paragraph for explanation on exceptions.

In most cases the information on species distribution per subdivisions was summarized from Yu et al. (2016), with updates from publications after that date. For Brazil we followed Shimbori et al. (2019). For Russia we mostly followed Yu et al. (2016), but we also added information from a recent update from Belokobylskij et al. (2019). However, Belokobylskij et al. (2019) combined several of the Russian subdivisions (according to the Standard ISO 3166, followed by Yu et al. 2016 and also by us in this paper) into broader categories, its “geoscheme for Russia” being different. As a result, some species recorded from Russia have its distribution detailed only to the level of those broader categories, as dealt with by Belokobylskij et al. (2019). The acronyms for those categories are as follow: C Centre, E East, N North, NC North Caucasus, NW North-West and S South, in the “European Part of Russia”; IR Irkutsk Province, in “Eastern Siberia”; UR Ural in the “Ural” (no province or territory detailed); KA Kamchatka Territory and PR Primorskii Territory, in the “Far East” (for more details see Belokobylskij et al. 2019: 9, fig. 1 on page 10).

Some countries have political units located in different biogeographical regions (or, in some cases, islands which are separate from the continent where the country is located), we considered those units as separate entities in our checklist (and the “country” in those cases is recorded as the separate entity and not the actual country it politically belongs to). Those cases are: Chile (Juan Fernández Islands), France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Marquesas Islands, Réunion, Society Islands), Japan (Ryukyu Islands), the Netherlands (Netherlands Antilles), Portugal (Azores, Madeira Islands, Selvagens Islands), Spain (Canary Islands), United Kingdom (British Virgin Islands, Saint Helena), and USA (American Samoa, Hawaiian Islands, and the USA Virgin Islands).

For all species historically recorded from the former Czechoslovakia we were able to separate the records that belong to either Czech Republic or Slovakia, based on Capek and Lukas (1989). However, for some species historically recorded from the former Yugoslavia (currently six or seven different countries, depending on the source) and also from the former Sudan (currently two countries: Sudan and South Sudan), the sources of the species records did not contain enough information to determine to which country they currently belong; therefore we annotate those records just as Yugoslavia and Sudan respectively.

Apart from some general comments on Microgastrinae hosts, we have not attempted to add host information for particular species; we intend to publish a critical assessment of Microgastrinae host records at a later date. We do, however, state general trends in host parasitization on a generic level. We follow the arrangement in Aarvik et al. (2017) when referring to families and superfamilies of Lepidoptera. Taxapad (Yu et al. 2016) gives almost complete information on published host records up to the end of 2015, but that source is inevitably very far from a reliable indication of true host associations. A complete and critical analysis of those records would require a huge effort, and in many cases it might be very difficult to determine unambiguously which ones are correct. In this respect, the amount of misinformation in the general literature is far larger than generally realised and can completely mask any real understanding of a parasitoid’s host range; Noyes (1994), Shaw (1994) and Shaw and Aeschlimann (1994) discuss this with examples.

For collection acronyms we mostly follow the website “Insect and Spider Collections of the World” (http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-r-us.html). In cases where institutions were not listed there, we propose codens based on some abbreviation of the institution name. The complete list of institutions mentioned in this paper is:

AEIC American Entomological Institute, Utah State University, Logan, USA

AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA

AMUZ Aligarh Muslim University, Zoological Museum, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra City, Australia

ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

BAMU Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India

BGM Beth Gordon Agriculture and Nature Study Institute, Deganya, Israel

BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA

CBGP Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Montpellier, France

CFRB Chinese Academy of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Beijing, China

CNC Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada

CUIC Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

DCBU Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidad Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil

DCMP Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

DPBA Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, Buenos Aires, Argentina

DPPZ Department of Plant Protection, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

DZCU Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India

DZUC University of Ceylon, Department of Zoology, Colombo, Sri Lanka

EBW Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, Germany

EIHU Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

ESUW University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA

FAFU Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China

FNIC Fiji National Insect Collection, Suva, Fiji

FSCA Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, USA

GUGC Guizhou University, Guiyang, China

HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary

HUNAU Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China

IAVH Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia

IEAS Academia Sinica, Institute of Entomology, Shanghai, Shanghai, China

IEBR Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam

IECA Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

IFRI Indian Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

IIAF Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, México

INBio Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica

INHS Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA

INPC National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

KUEC Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

LNKD Landessammlung für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany

LSUK The Linnean Society of London, London, United Kingdom

LUNZ Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand

MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina

MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

MHNG Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland

MIUP Museo de Invertebrados Graham Bell Fairchild, Universidad de Panamá, Panama

MLP Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

MMBC Moravske Muzeum [Moravian Museum], Brno, Czech Republic

MNCN Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain

MNHN Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

MNNC Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile

MUSM Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

MVMMA Museums Victoria, Melbourne Museum, Melbourne, Australia

MZH Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland

MZLU Lund University, Lund, Sweden

MZUSP Museum of Zoology, University of São Paulo, Brazil

NBAIR National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore, India

NHMO Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

NHMUK Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

NHMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria

NHRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden

NIAES National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan

NMID National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

NMKE National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya

NZAC New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand

NZSI National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

OUMNH Museum of Natural History, Oxford University, United Kingdom

PCMAG Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery, Plymouth, United Kingdom

PPRI Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

QM Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

QSBG Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chaing Mai, Thailand

QCAZ Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador

RBINS Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

RMCA Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium

RMNH Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, Netherlands

RSME National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

SAMA South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

SAMC Iziko Museum of Capetown, Cape Town, South Africa

SAUC Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China

SCAC South China Agricultural College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

SEMC Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA

SIZK Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kiev, Ukraine

SJCA St. John's College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

SMF Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany

SUKI Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India

TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan, China

TFRI Insect Museum, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

TMAG Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

TMSA Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

TMUC Department of Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

TUDTG Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Forest Science, Tharandt, Germany

UCDC R.M. Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, USA

UFSM Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

UFVB Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Museum of Entomology, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil

UKM Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

UKZMP Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

ULQC University of Laval, Quebec City, Canada

USNM National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA

UUZM Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

UVS University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

VNMN Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

WAM Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

ZIN Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

ZJUH Parasitic Hymenoptera Collection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

ZMHB Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany

ZMTU Zoological Museum, Trakya University, Turkey

ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danmark

ZMUK Zoologisches Museum, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany

ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany

The concept of DNA barcoding as a tool for species discovery and identification was proposed approximately 15 years ago (Hebert et al. 2003a, 2003b). A short DNA sequence, approximately 650 base pairs (bp) in the mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), has been accepted as a practical and standardized DNA barcode for many groups of animals (e.g., Kress et al. 2015). The Barcode Index Number (BIN) System uses DNA barcodes to indicate possible species limits (see more details on the BIN concept in Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013), and it has been used in taxonomic studies of Microgastrinae (e.g., Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018, Fagan-Jeffries et al. 2018b). In the checklist below we provide details of the number of DNA barcode sequences and BINs for every genus of Microgastrinae currently available in the Barcoding of Life Data Systems (BOLD, see also http://v4.boldsystems.org/index.php) as of 31 December 2019. Sequences were considered as “barcode compliant” if they fulfilled the requirements set in Ratnasingham and Hebert (2007), namely: the sequence has at least 500 nucleotides with fewer than 1% ambiguous base calls (Ns); it has a species name (assigned by an expert taxonomist) or a provisional name; it has a unique specimen identifier, information related to the voucher specimen (including the name of the institution storing the voucher), and a collection record (e.g., collector, collection date, collection location, geospatial coordinates); and it has the sequence of PCR primers used to generate the CO1 amplicon and the trace files (Santschi et al. 2013).

We provide brief morphological diagnostic features and colour illustrations for all 81 valid genera of Microgastrinae (at least one species per genus is illustrated, usually more). For morphological terms we follow several published references (Huber and Sharkey 1993, Sharkey and Wharton 1997, Karlsson and Ronquist 2012, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e) as well as the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO) website (http://portal.hymao.org/projects/32/public/ontology/). We use the abbreviations T1, T2, and T3 for metasomal mediotergites 1, 2, and 3; and the fore wing second submarginal cell is mentioned throughout the text as areolet for the sake of brevity.

Photographs were taken with either a Keyence VHX-1000 Digital Microscope or with a Leica camera on a Leica M165 C Microscope, using lenses with a range of 10–130 ×. Multiple images were taken of a structure through the focal plane and then combined to produce a single in-focus image using the software associated with the Keyence System or, for the images taken with the Leica camera, the Zerene Stacker program (http://zerenesystems.com/cms/stacker). Images were corrected using Adobe Photoshop CS4 and Gimp 2.10.12; the plates were prepared using Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 and later saved as .tiff files. For seven figures in our paper we used other sources, all of which are acknowledged in the corresponding figure caption and in the Acknowledgements section below.

In the Results section, we discuss several topics concerning Microgastrinae before providing the checklist of world species. These include a detailed explanation of the generic concepts used here, geographical patterns, general overview of host data in the subfamily, extinct taxa, and limitations of both Taxapad and our checklist. It is very important to understand the limitations, as the user must be aware of the areas where Taxapad and/or our list lack strong support, e.g., critical review of host data, and/or missing information, such as examination of primary types. Further, there will undoubtedly be some yet to be recognised synonymy. We hope future versions of our world checklist will address some of the shortcomings of the present one. We also hope to prepare an online version that is continuously updated, probably in the style of a similar effort currently outdated (http://microgastrinae.myspecies.info/).

Results

Overview of the present paper and its limitations

In the checklist below, a total of 81 genera and 2,999 extant species are recognized as valid, including 36 nominal species that are currently considered to be species inquirendae.

Two genera are synonymized under Apanteles: Cecidobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910 syn. nov., and Holcapanteles Cameron, 1905 syn. nov. Nine lectotypes are designated. A total of 318 new combinations, three new replacement names, three species name amendments, and seven species status revised are proposed. Additionally, three species names are treated as nomina dubia, and 52 species names are considered to be unavailable (including 14 as nomina nuda), listed at the end of the checklist.

Extinct taxa, only known as fossils (three genera and 12 species) are listed in a separate section below (Table 3).

The pace of species description in Microgastrinae has been steadily increasing since the first species was described in 1758 and has shown no signs of slowing down (Fig. 1). The total number of genera has also increased substantially, especially since 1965; the information is summarized in Whitfield et al. (2018), Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault (2018), and below.

Figure 1. 

Microgastrinae species described since 1758 based on data in present paper A Total numbers per decade B Cumulative number (1758–2019).

Primary types of Microgastrinae are deposited in 108 institutions worldwide, although 76% of those types are concentrated in seventeen collections (Table 1), seven of which have more than 100 primary types each. Localities of primary types are reported from 138 different countries.

Microgastrine wasps have been recorded in most countries and all continents except Antarctica. Only 16 countries do not yet have any recorded species of Microgastrinae: Bahrain, Botswana, Bhutan, Cambodia, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kuwait, Laos, Liberia, Mauritania, Qatar, and Swaziland. This is of course just an artifact of insufficient collecting and/or lack of studies in those countries; each is expected to harbour many species.

The current data (Table 2) show two countries with 400+ Microgastrinae species each (China with 448 and Costa Rica with 427), another two with 300+ species each (Russia with 388 and Hungary with 327) and five with 200+ species each (USA, Germany, India, United Kingdom, and Canada). Overall, 34 countries have more than 100 described species recorded, although those numbers can be misleading. For example, the reason Hungary ranks so high is because of extensive studies in that country, done over many years by Jenö Papp while working in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. A similar situation applies to both the United Kingdom and Germany, where a long European tradition of experts on the group coupled with extensive collecting have provided figures that are close to the actual diversity in those countries. While the microgastrine fauna of those three countries is relatively well known, the opposite occurs in large and/or mostly tropical countries, where more species are still undescribed. For example, in Costa Rica, DNA barcoding has already identified more than 1,200 species just in ACG (Janzen and Hallwachs 2016). And the figures for China and India (which are considered to be “megadiverse countries”, sensu Myers et al. 2000), are still very far from being complete, as both countries should easily reach more than 1,000 species each. Other megadiverse countries such as Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mexico, Peru, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and USA are all likely to have similar (in some cases higher) totals, but studies thus far have been insufficient, leading to most of those countries having “only” a hundred species or fewer recorded at present.

There are three main limitations in our paper that we want to point out. The first relates to the coverage of primary types in our study. We were able to examine primary types for 1,394 species (46.5%), and for another 1,568 species (52.3%) we studied authenticated specimens, checked original descriptions, or read subsequent revisions. However, for 37 species (1.2%) we could not check any source of information, or it was considered inadequate, and they are left in the genus in which they were originally described (or as species inquirendae), with explanatory annotations. In future versions, we aim to increase the number of species for which we have examined primary types, but for the present paper the reader must consider the relatively large number of species still needing to be thoroughly studied. It is especially important to keep in mind that for some of those species for which we could only study descriptions (which may not be detailed or clear enough), the generic placement made in this paper might be incorrect.

A second limitation is the coverage of references concerning Microgastrinae. In the References section we tried to list all papers where original descriptions of Microgastrinae were published (those references in turn are cited under the corresponding treatment of every species in the checklist below). However, our list is not complete and we are aware of some omissions; in that sense, the latest versions of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) have more comprehensive lists of references than our paper. Especially important and comprehensive is Yu et al. (2016), which lists 6,200+ references related to Microgastrinae.

A third limitation of our paper is that we do not treat host records in detail. We expect to present host data for microgastrine species with verified information in a subsequent version of the world checklist, although it is improbable that we will be able to comment with reliability on all published records. The latest versions of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) provide the best coverage of references on hosts of Microgastrinae; however, that is only an uncritical compilation of literature, and many of those references report incorrect data. The reader is strongly advised to double check host references and be very cautious in interpreting information from secondary sources.

Table 1.

World collections with the largest numbers of primary types of Microgastrinae (data from valid species as recognized in the present paper).

Collection code Country Number of primary types
NHMUK UK 491
CNC Canada 476
USNM USA 380
ZJUH China 160
RMCA Belgium 122
ZIN Russia 113
HNHM Hungary 108
MNHN France 84
FAFU China 63
ANIC Australia 52
SIZK Ukraine 44
ZMHB Germany 40
MACN Argentina 36
RMNH The Netherlands 35
AEIC USA 32
EIHU Japan 29
HUNAU China 29
Table 2.

Alphabetic list of countries with described species of Microgastrinae (data based on this paper). Countries with political units located in different biogeographical regions (mostly islands) have species recorded from those entities listed separately below; those species are not added to the total for the country to which the entities belong politically.

Countries No. of Species Countries No. of Species
Afghanistan 20 Lithuania 70
Albania 7 Luxembourg 1
Algeria 7 Macedonia 37
Andorra 2 Madagascar 67
Angola 1 Malawi 11
Argentina 68 Malaysia 70
Armenia 105 Mali 1
Australia 129 Malta 18
Austria 97 Mauritius 12
Azerbaijan 126 Mexico 54
Bahamas 1 Moldova 113
Bangladesh 11 Mongolia 161
Barbados 2 Montenegro 23
Belarus 23 Morocco 14
Belgium 61 Mozambique 7
Belize 7 Myanmar 9
Benin 3 Namibia 1
Bolivia 10 Nepal 6
Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 Netherlands 105
Brazil 120 Netherlands (Netherlands Antilles) 1
Brunei 1 New Zealand 27
Bulgaria 128 Nicaragua 5
Burkina Faso 1 Niger 1
Burundi 1 Nigeria 16
Cape Verde 32 Norway 15
Cameroon 13 Oman 1
Canada 213 Pakistan 20
Central African Republic 2 Panama 22
Chad 1 Papua New Guinea 47
Chile 21 Paraguay 10
Chile (Juan Fernández Islands) 2 Peru 39
China 448 Philippines 90
Colombia 31 Poland 170
Comoros 1 Portugal 7
Democratic Republic of Congo 135 Portugal (Azores) 3
Costa Rica 427 Portugal (Madeira Islands) 14
Croatia 70 Portugal (Selvagens Islands) 2
Cuba 20 Romania 174
Cyprus 11 Russia 388
Czech Republic 90 Rwanda 59
Denmark 20 Saint Kitts & Nevis 2
Dominica 3 Saint Lucia 2
Dominican Republic 5 Saint Vincent 18
Ecuador 101 Saudi Arabia 2
Egypt 12 Senegal 51
El Salvador 1 Serbia 95
Eritrea 3 Sierra Leone 3
Estonia 12 Singapore 11
Ethiopia 11 Slovakia 161
Fiji 29 Slovenia 18
Findland 162 Solomon Islands 5
France 122 Somalia 2
France (French Guiana) 6 South Africa 98
France (Guadeloupe) 2 Spain 103
France (Marquesas Islands) 1 Spain (Canary Islands) 18
France (Réunion) 34 Sri Lanka 37
France (Society Islands) 2 Sudan 8
Gambia 1 Suriname 5
Georgia 73 Sweden 121
Germany 248 Switzerland 166
Ghana 6 Syria 2
Greece 92 Tajikistan 42
Grenada 15 Tanzania 23
Guatemala 6 Thailand 30
Guyana 12 Togo 3
Haiti 2 Tonga 2
Honduras 8 Trinidad & Tobago 19
Hungary 327 Tunisia 40
Iceland 5 Turkey 173
India 245 Turkmenistan 63
Indonesia 63 Uganda 35
Iran 109 Ukraine 154
Iraq 2 United Arab Emirates 3
Ireland 81 United Kingdom 242
Israel 72 United Kingdom (British Virgin Islands) 1
Italy 149 United Kingdom (Saint Helena) 1
Ivory Coast 16 United States 299
Jamaica 6 United States (American Samoa) 3
Japan 96 United States (Hawaiian Islands) 14
Japan (Ryukyu Islands) 7 United States (USA Virgin Islands) 1
Jordan 10 Uruguay 11
Kazakhstan 121 Uzbekistan 72
Kenya 30 Vanuatu 8
Korea 130 Venezuela 21
Kyrgyzstan 18 Vietnam 137
Latvia 37 Western Samoa 10
Lebanon 2 Yemen 17
Lesotho 1 Zambia 3
Libya 2 Zimbabwe 7

Fossil Microgastrinae taxa

Extinct genera and species of Microgastrinae have been found in Eocene and Oligocene deposits, from 37–44 million years ago (MYA). Many specimens from the Miocene (20–30 MYA) are known from Dominican and Chiapas ambers, but most appear to be undescribed representatives of extant genera (Murphy et al. 2008). Belokobylskij (2014) revised the taxonomic status of all previously known taxa of fossil Microgastrinae and described one new genus as well as two new species. The origin of Microgastrinae has been estimated at ~ 54 MYA (Murphy et al. 2008).

Unlike previous work (Mason 1981, Yu et al. 2005, 2012, 2016), we exclude fossil genera or species from our world checklist. Instead, we tabulate in this section the three genera and 12 species of fossil Microgastrinae currently described (Table 3).

Table 3.

Extinct genera and species of Microgastrinae, compiled from Yu et al. (2012, 2016) and Belokobylskij (2014).

Genera only known from fossils Species only known from fossils
Dacnusites Cockerell, 1921 Apanteles concinnus Statz, 1938
Eocardiochiles Brues, 1933 Apanteles macrophthalmus Statz, 1938
Palaeomicrogaster Belokobylskij, 2014 Dacnusites reductus Cockerell, 1921
Dacnusites sepultus Cockerell, 1921
Eocardiochiles fritschii Brues, 1933
Microplitis elegans Timon-David, 1944
Microplitis primordialis (Brues, 1906)
Microplitis vesperus Brues, 1910
Semionis nixoni Tobias, 1987
Semionis wightensis Belokobylskij, 2014
Snellenius succinalis Brues, 1933
Palaeomicrogaster oculatus Belokobylskij, 2014

Generic limits and taxonomic arrangement of the subfamily Microgastrinae

Microgastrinae was originally described at family rank, as ‘Microgasteroidae’, by Foerster (1863). At that time, it comprised only three genera: Microgaster Latreille, 1804 (the genus that provides the root for the subfamily name, meaning “small abdomen”, in reference to the relatively short length of the metasoma compared to other Braconidae), as well as two genera described by Foerster (1863): Microplitis (which means “small sword” or “small weapon”, referring to the generally short ovipositor in that genus) and Apanteles (meaning “incomplete”, in reference to the fore wing lacking the second intercubitus, leaving the second submarginal cell open or incomplete). Fornicia, although described by Brullé (1846) before Foerster’s work, was at the time considered to belong to other subfamilies in Braconidae (e.g., Dalla Torre (1898) placed the genus in Cheloninae; Ashmead (1900a) placed it in Sigalphinae; Granger (1949) placed it in Triaspidinae), and it was not recognized to be part of Microgastrinae until a century later (Baltazar 1962, Nixon 1965).

The high diversity of Microgastrinae quickly became evident, and so attempts to split the group into further genera started shortly after Foerster’s (1863) paper, e.g., by Reinhard (1880). Many additional genera (15 recognized in this paper) were described between 1882 and 1958, although some were not associated with Microgastrinae at the time, and others were not accepted as valid genera by some authors of the period, e.g., Muesebeck (1921) and Telenga (1955).

This view changed with two seminal works in 1965 and 1981. Nixon (1965) reclassified the subfamily limits and provided some structure to what was being recognized as a huge assemblage of parasitoids of Lepidoptera. He recognized 20 genera, eight of which were new, and reclassified the species within Apanteles sensu lato into a more practical and useful array of 44 species groups to facilitate identification. Mason (1981) fundamentally changed the taxonomy of Microgastrinae by recognizing 50 genera (23 of which he described as new), including numerous taxa that mostly corresponded to particular species groups of Nixon (1965, 1973), and additionally proposing new combinations for some 350 species.

Since Mason (1981) 32 genera have been described. Whitfield et al. (2018: fig. 2) graphically showed the increase in description of new genera during the past 150 years. Nevertheless, there are still many more genera of Microgastrinae that remain to be described, e.g., Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault (2018). Additionally, several genera, as currently understood, are probably polyphyletic and need to be split, e.g., Diolcogaster and Glyptapanteles. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily is needed before we can achieve a clearer picture. However, just based on the material we have seen in collections, we estimate that the Microgastrinae is likely to comprise close to one hundred genera.

For the past few years the main problem with the generic concepts is that two different classifications of Microgastrinae have been proposed and are widely used: those based on Mason (1981) and on van Achterberg (2003). For a visual depiction of how the two classifications differ (based on the number of species assigned to each of the most speciose genera), see Figure 2.

Figure 2. 

Number of extant species per larger genera of Microgastrinae A Data from Taxapad 2016, which is mostly an update, with slight modifications, of van Achterberg (2003), total number of species: 2,710 B Data from present paper, which is mostly based on Mason (1981) but extensively updated, total number of species: 2,999.

The classification proposed by Mason (1981) had a narrower concept of Apanteles and Protapanteles, which resulted in a larger number of Microgastrinae genera treated as valid. Many of the new combinations resulting from that classification are in Mason (1981), although not all species have been properly transferred to the corresponding genus. Mason’s system has been followed by most researchers (see examples cited in the Introduction) and has remained largely stable for the past 38+ years, with a few exceptions: his genus Teremys was synonymized under Pholetesor (Whitfield 2006); and his arrangement of genera within tribes, largely based on phylogenetic grounds, has not been universally accepted (Austin 1990, Austin and Dangerfield 1992, Whitfield 1995a, Fernandez-Triana 2010; see also Walker et al. 1990 for further criticism of tribes within Microgastrinae). Mason (1981) based his paper on studies of the world fauna; however, a careful examination of the CNC collection (Mason’s base) and other material available to him at the time shows that specimens from the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australasian regions were much more poorly represented than the remaining regions. Thus, most of the new genera from those regions described by Mason (1981) have later been found to have a wider distribution and greater morphological variation than originally thought, and some of those genera will need redefinition. Another consequence of the limited geographical coverage of the studied specimens is that the keys to tribes and genera in Mason (1981) work reasonably well for the temperate areas, but not as well for the tropical areas, especially the Old World tropics.

The classification proposed by van Achterberg (2003) reduced the number of genera by treating eleven genera recognised by Mason as synonyms or subgenera of Apanteles and Protapanteles. That system was later implemented in Taxapad (Yu et al. 2005, 2012, 2016) and other, mostly European, databases, e.g., Fauna Europaea (https://fauna-eu.org/) and Dyntaxa (https://www.dyntaxa.se/). Shortcomings of this approach have been pointed out by other authors, e.g., Broad et al. (2016) and Whitfield et al. (2018). The main issue with van Achterberg’s approach is that his classification was based mainly on the European species, a region with relatively little diversity in genera and species (see sections below), and is thus clearly insufficient to capture the rich fauna of Microgastrinae worldwide. Second, and more worrisome, van Achterberg’s generic concepts were applied in Taxapad to the entire world fauna, effectively producing numerous (perhaps hundreds) of new name combinations which have never been formally published, let alone critically assessed. The validity of those names may be questionable, but van Achterberg’s classification has been embraced uncritically by some users of Taxapad.

To complicate things further, generic concepts changed slightly in Taxapad from the 2012 to the 2016 version (Table 4). For example, Taxapad 2016 considers some taxa as subgenera that the 2012 version had listed as synonyms of Apanteles (Dolichogenidea, Exoryza, Iconella, Illidops, and Pholetesor) or as synonyms of Protapanteles (Nyereria, Rasivalva, Sathon, and Venanides). Other genera were treated differently, e.g., Distatrix is treated as a valid genus in the 2012 version but as a subgenus of Protapanteles in 2016, and Glyptapanteles is a synonym of Protapanteles in 2012 but a valid genus in 2016. Some of those decisions may have merit, but three are highly questionable:

a) Rasivalva should never have been considered to be part of Protapanteles as it has a complete areolet in the fore wing (a character not present in any Protapanteles or related genera);

b) Ectadiophatnus is listed as a genus of Microgastrinae in both the 2012 and 2016 versions, following Shenefelt (1973), despite having been published as belonging to the subfamily Blacinae since at least 1935 (Ferrière 1935, Mani 1938, Varshney 1976, Mason 1981) [van Achterberg (pers. comm.) has examined the type species and found that it is a new synonym of Eubazus Nees, in Brachistinae-Brachistini];

c) the species listed under Lissogaster have since 1988 been transferred back to Microgaster (see more details about that in Mason (1986) and in the checklist below, in the introductory comments to the genus Microgaster).

The rationale for the changes between versions of Taxapad is not always evident and, as far as we are aware, has never been explained in a published paper. As a result, it is difficult to follow the different arrangements of genera and subgenera, a problem which is further compounded by the use of tribes in the 2012 version, while the 2016 version added sub-tribes (Table 4).

We believe that the classification proposed by Mason (1981), although not entirely free from problems and shortcomings, provides the best framework currently available to deal with the world diversity of Microgastrinae and provides a solid and clear foundation from which to work towards future improvements. In this paper we largely follow that system, except for dividing the subfamily into tribes, as we do not think the tribes proposed by Mason properly reflect the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily. We here classify the world species in 81 genera of Microgastrinae (Table 4 and checklist below).

Table 4.

Microgastrinae arrangement (genera, subgenera, subtribes, and tribes) used in the 2012 and 2016 versions of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) and the present paper. Each column is independent of the others, so the lists must be read vertically only, as they are not comparable horizontally.

Taxapad 2012 Taxapad 2016 Present paper
MICROGASTRINAE Foerster, 1862 MICROGASTRINAE Foerster, 1863 MICROGASTRINAE Foerster, 1863
MICROGASTRINI Foerster, 1863 (No tribes)
APANTELINI Viereck, 1918 APANTELINA Viereck, 1918 (No subtribes)
Alphomelon Mason, 1981 Alphomelon Mason, 1981 Agupta Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Apanteles (Apanteles) Foerster, 1862 Apanteles (Apanteles) Foerster, 1863 Alloplitis Nixon, 1965
Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911 Napamus Papp, 1993 Alphomelon Mason, 1981
Iconella Mason, 1981 Apanteles (Choeras) Mason, 1981 Apanteles Foerster, 1863
Illidops Mason, 1981 Apanteles (Dolichogenidea) Viereck, 1911 Austinicotesia Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Napamus Papp, 1993 Apanteles (Exoryza) Mason, 1981 Austrocotesia Austin & Dangerfield, 1992
Apanteles (Choeras) Mason, 1981 Apanteles (Iconella) Mason, 1981 Beyarslania Koçak & Kemal, 2009
Apanteles (Exoryza) Mason, 1981 Apanteles (Illidops) Mason, 1981 Billmasonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Austrocotesia Austin & Dangerfield, 1992 Apanteles (Pholetesor) Mason, 1981 Buluka de Saeger, 1948
Exulonyx Mason, 1981 Austrocotesia Austin & Dangerfield, 1992 Carlmuesebeckius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Miropotes Nixon, 1965 Dasylagon Muesebeck, 1958 Chaoa Luo & You, 2004
Papanteles Mason, 1981 Exulonyx Mason, 1981 Choeras Mason, 1981
Parapanteles Ashmead, 1900 Miropotes Nixon, 1965 Clarkinella Mason, 1981
Pelicope Mason, 1981 Papanteles Mason, 1981 Cotesia Cameron, 1891
Pholetesor Mason, 1981 Parapanteles Ashmead, 1900 Cuneogaster Choi & Whitfield, 2006
Promicrogaster Brues & Richardson, 1913 Promicrogaster Brues & Richardson, 1913 Dasylagon Muesebeck, 1958
Sendaphne Nixon, 1965 Sendaphne Nixon, 1965 Deuterixys Mason, 1981
Xanthapanteles Whitfield, 1995 Xanthapanteles Whitfield, 1995 Diolcogaster Ashmead, 1900
COTESIINI Mason, 1981 COTESIINA Mason, 1981 Distatrix Mason, 1981
Buluka de Saeger, 1948 Buluka de Saeger, 1948 Dodogaster Rousse, 2013
Chaoa Luo & You, 2004 Chaoa Luo & You, 2004 Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911
Cotesia Cameron, 1891 Cotesia Cameron, 1891 Eripnopelta Xiong, van Achterberg & Chen, 2017
Cuneogaster Choi & Whitfield, 2006 Cuneogaster Choi & Whitfield, 2006 Exix Mason, 1981
Deuterixys Mason, 1981 Deuterixys Mason, 1981 Exoryza Mason, 1981
Diolcogaster Ashmead, 1900 Diolcogaster Ashmead, 1900 Exulonyx Mason, 1981
Distatrix Mason, 1981 Exix Mason, 1981 Fornicia Brullé, 1846
Exix Mason, 1981 Glyptapanteles Ashmead, 1904 Gilbertnixonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Larissimus Nixon, 1965 Larissimus Nixon, 1965 Glyptapanteles Ashmead, 1904
Lathrapanteles Williams, 1985 Lathrapanteles Williams, 1985 Hygroplitis Thomson, 1895
Parenion Nixon, 1965 Nyereria Mason, 1981 Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, 1898
Protapanteles (Protapanteles) Ashmead, 1898 Parenion Nixon, 1965 Iconella Mason, 1981
Glyptapanteles Ashmead, 1904 Protapanteles (Protapanteles) Ashmead, 1898 Illidops Mason, 1981
Protapanteles (Nyereria) Mason, 1981 Protapanteles (Distatrix) Mason, 1981 Janhalacaste Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Protapanteles (Rasivalva) Mason, 1981 Protapanteles (Rasivalva) Mason, 1981 Jenopappius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Protapanteles (Sathon) Mason, 1981 Protapanteles (Sathon) Mason, 1981 Jimwhitfieldius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Protapanteles (Venanides) Mason, 1981 Protapanteles (Venanides) Mason, 1981 Keylimepie Fernandez-Triana, 2016
Protomicroplitis Ashmead, 1898 Protomicroplitis Ashmead, 1898 Kiwigaster Fernandez-Triana, Ward & Whitfield, 2011
Pseudovenanides Xiao & You, 2002 Pseudovenanides Xiao & You, 2002 Kotenkosius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Venanus Mason, 1981 Venanus Mason, 1981 Larissimus Nixon, 1965
Wilkinsonellus Mason, 1981 Wilkinsonellus Mason, 1981 Lathrapanteles Williams, 1985
MICROGASTRINI Foerster, 1862 MICROGASTRINA Foerster, 1863 Mariapanteles Whitfield & Fernandez-Triana, 2012
Beyarslania Koçak & Kemal, 2009 Beyarslania Koçak & Kemal, 2009 Markshawius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Cecidobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910 Cecidobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910 Microgaster Latreille, 1804
Clarkinella Mason, 1981 Clarkinella Mason, 1981 Microplitis Foerster, 1863
Dasylagon Muesebeck, 1958 Ectadiophatnus Cameron, 1913 Miropotes Nixon, 1965
Ectadiophatnus Cameron, 1913 Holcapanteles Cameron, 1905 Napamus Papp, 1993
Holcapanteles Cameron, 1905 Hygroplitis Thomson, 1895 Neoclarkinella Rema & Narendran, 1996
Hygroplitis Thomson, 1895 Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, 1898 Nyereria Mason, 1981
Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, 1898 Lissogaster Bengtsson, 1926 Ohenri Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Lissogaster Bengtsson, 1926 Mariapanteles Whitfield & Fernandez-Triana, 2012 Papanteles Mason, 1981
Microgaster Latreille, 1804 Microgaster Latreille, 1804 Parapanteles Ashmead, 1900
Neoclarkinella Rema & Narendran, 1996 Neoclarkinella Rema & Narendran, 1996 Parenion Nixon, 1965
Paroplitis Mason, 1981 Paroplitis Mason, 1981 Paroplitis Mason, 1981
Prasmodon Nixon, 1965 Prasmodon Nixon, 1965 Pelicope Mason, 1981
Pseudapanteles Ashmead, 1898 Pseudapanteles Ashmead, 1898 Philoplitis Nixon, 1965
Rhygoplitis Mason, 1981 Rhygoplitis Mason, 1981 Pholetesor Mason, 1981
Xanthomicrogaster Cameron, 1911 Shireplitis Fernandez-Triana & Ward, 2013 Prasmodon Nixon, 1965
MICROPLITINI Mason, 1981 Xanthomicrogaster Cameron, 1911 Promicrogaster Brues & Richardson, 1913
Alloplitis Nixon, 1965 MICROPLITINI Mason, 1981 Protapanteles Ashmead, 1898
Microplitis Foerster, 1862 Alloplitis Nixon, 1965 Protomicroplitis Ashmead, 1898
Philoplitis Nixon, 1965 Microplitis Foerster, 1863 Pseudapanteles Ashmead, 1898
Snellenius Westwood, 1882 Philoplitis Nixon, 1965 Pseudofornicia van Achterberg, 2015
FORNICIINI Mason, 1981 Snellenius Westwood, 1882 Pseudovenanides Xiao & You, 2002
Fornicia Brullé, 1846 FORNICIINI Mason, 1981 Qrocodiledundee Fernandez-Triana, 2018
SEMIONINI Tobias, 1987 Fornicia Brullé, 1846 Rasivalva Mason, 1981
Semionis Nixon, 1965 Pseudofornicia van Achterberg, 2015 Rhygoplitis Mason, 1981
Kiwigaster Fernandez-Triana, Whitfield & Ward, 2011 SEMIONINI Tobias, 1987 Sathon Mason, 1981
Pelicope Mason, 1981 Semionis Nixon, 1965
Semionis Nixon, 1965 Sendaphne Nixon, 1965
Dodogaster Rousse, 2013 Shireplitis Fernandez-Triana & Ward, 2013
Keylimepie Fernandez-Triana, 2016 Snellenius Westwood, 1882
Kiwigaster Fernandez-Triana, Whitfield & Ward, 2011 Silvaspinosus Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Tobleronius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Ungunicus Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Venanides Mason, 1981
Venanus Mason, 1981
Wilkinsonellus Mason, 1981
Xanthapanteles Whitfield, 1995
Xanthomicrogaster Cameron, 1911
Ypsilonigaster Fernandez-Triana, 2018
Zachterbergius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Brief diagnosis of all Microgastrinae genera as they are understood in this paper

The last two published keys to world genera of Microgastrinae were in Nixon (1965) and Mason (1981). Nixon (1965) recognized 19 genera in his key, whereas Mason (1981) included 50 genera (although Mason’s paper started with a key to tribes, and then genera within each tribe are keyed out and treated separately). Some regional generic keys have been published since, e.g., Tobias (1986) for the former Soviet Union, Austin and Dangerfield (1992) for the Australasian region, Whitfield (1997) for the New World, Chen and Song (2004) for China, and Kotenko (2007a) for the Russian Far East. However, with 81 genera considered in this paper, the information to recognize them in the aforementioned references is clearly outdated, and an updated key to world genera is badly needed.

Unfortunately, we still lack a robust phylogeny for the subfamily, which would be needed to provide a useful and comprehensive key. The limits of some genera at present are not well defined, and at times are contradictory; moreover, it is likely that future work will change many groups as currently understood. We anticipate that a few genera will end up as synonyms while several others, which are paraphyletic or polyphyletic as currently defined, will be split. This should likely result in an overall increase in the total number of genera as compared to present (e.g., see Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

We divide the 81 genera recognized in this paper into four groups and characterize each group and singular genus with brief morphological diagnoses. We emphasize that these groups are not to be considered as monophyletic, and we caution that the discussion below is not to be taken as a new phylogeny for the subfamily, which is beyond the scope of the present paper. We do not present the information below as a surrogate key either; to key out Microgastrinae genera the reader is advised to initially consider the works mentioned at the beginning of this section. Our only intention here is to provide the reader with some basic information on the concepts we have followed when making decisions about generic placement of species, especially in the new combinations we propose in the checklist below. Besides comments on morphological diagnoses, we also provide illustrations for every Microgastrinae genus (at least one species per genus, usually more), the first time that has been done for the entire subfamily.

We separate Microgastrinae into four broadly defined groups:

a) unplaced genera, all of which have unique morphological characters that make them very distinctive, although they do not share any character in common per se, comprising 18 genera: Austinicotesia, Austrocotesia, Beyarslania, Billmasonius, Clarkinella, Exulonyx, Fornicia, Janhalacaste, Kiwigaster, Mariapanteles, Miropotes, Neoclarkinella, Pelicope, Prasmodon, Qrocodiledundee, Semionis, Xanthomicrogaster, and Zachterbergius;

b) Microplitis group, which includes the Microplitini (sensu Mason 1981) and four additional genera described by Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault (2018), for a total of eight genera: Alloplitis, Gilbertnixonius, Jenopappius, Microplitis, Philoplitis, Silvaspinosus, Snellenius, and Tobleronius;

c) Cotesia group, which includes most but not all of the Cotesiini (sensu Mason 1981), with 29 genera: Buluka, Carlmuesebeckius, Chaoa, Cotesia, Cuneogaster, Deuterixys, Diolcogaster, Distatrix, Eripnopelta, Exix, Glyptapanteles, Jimwhitfieldius, Keylimepie, Larissimus, Lathrapanteles, Markshawius, Nyereria, Ohenri, Parenion, Protapanteles, Protomicroplitis, Pseudofornicia, Pseudovenanides, Rasivalva, Sathon, Ungunicus, Venanides, Venanus, and Wilkinsonellus;

d) Apanteles group, which includes most but not all of the Apantelini + Microgastrini (sensu Mason 1981) with 26 genera: Agupta, Alphomelon, Apanteles, Choeras, Dasylagon, Dodogaster, Dolichogenidea, Exoryza, Hygroplitis, Hypomicrogaster, Iconella, Illidops, Kotenkosius, Microgaster, Napamus, Papanteles, Parapanteles, Paroplitis, Pholetesor, Promicrogaster, Pseudapanteles, Rhygoplitis, Sendaphne, Shireplitis, Xanthapanteles, and Ypsilonigaster.

a) Unplaced genera

Kiwigaster (Figs 136137) is the only genus of Microgastrinae with sexual dimorphism in the number of antennal segments; females have 17 flagellomeres and males have 18 (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2011). All other known microgastrines have 16 flagellomeres in both sexes.

Only five genera of Microgastrinae, Austinicotesia, Austrocotesia, Miropotes, Pelicope, and Semionis, have hind wings without vein 2r-m (all other known Microgastrinae have that vein present, although often weakly pigmented).

Pelicope and Semionis can be recognized within this group because both have the fore wing areolet very large (while the other three genera are without an areolet or have a very small areolet). Pelicope (Fig. 181) has the propodeum unsculptured, notauli at least partially marked, and eyes in frontal view slightly divergent ventrally. Semionis (Figs 221, 222) has the propodeum with a partial transverse carina and many fine striations radiating from the nucha, the notauli not marked, and the eyes in frontal view are not divergent ventrally (Nixon 1965, Mason 1981).

Miropotes (Figs 157159) differs from the other genera by the ovipositor sheaths and ovipositor with a unique shape, in most species strongly bent; eyes enlarged and strongly convergent with malar space totally or almost totally obliterated; metacoxa small and metatibial spurs very short (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014d).

Austinicotesia (Figs 27, 28) and Austrocotesia (Figs 2932) are similar to each other in several features (Austin and Dangerfield 1992, Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018) but differ as follows: Austinicotesia has the fore wing without areolet (with areolet in Austrocotesia); fore wing with pterostigma relatively thin and long, 3.5 × as long as wide (pterostigma much less than 3.0 × as long as wide in Austrocotesia); fore wing vein 2RS much longer, ca. 1.5 ×, than vein r (fore wing vein 2RS much shorter, ca. 0.5 ×, than vein r in Austrocotesia); metafemur relatively thick and stout (of more normal proportions in Austrocotesia); T1 widening towards posterior margin and with strong hump followed by deeply excavated area and strong carinae (T1 more or less parallel-sided or narrowing towards posterior margin and without hump or excavate area in Austrocotesia); and T2 mostly smooth (usually mostly sculptured in Austrocotesia).

Only six genera of Microgastrinae have the propodeum mostly smooth except for complete longitudinal and transverse carinae: Beyarslania, Clarkinella, Janhalacaste, Neoclarkinella, Mariapanteles, and Prasmodon. We place them together because of the diagnostic value of that unique carination pattern, but it is clear that these genera do not constitute a monophyletic group.

Prasmodon (Figs 191193) is the only genus in this subgroup with notauli strongly marked and fore wing areolet relatively large (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014f).

Clarkinella and Janhalacaste also have a fore wing areolet (although very small, almost obliterated) and can be distinguished from each other as follows. Clarkinella (Figs 46, 47) has the scutellar disc with a smooth posteromedian band, T1 without a median longitudinal carina, and hypopygium mostly inflexible with only a sharp fold posteriorly (Mason 1981), whereas Janhalacaste (Figs 128, 129) has the scutellar disc with a coarse posteromedian band, T1 with a longitudinal sulcus on the anterior 0.6–0.7 of its length and posterior 0.3 with two short carinae centrally delimiting a slightly raised area, and hypopygium folded medially and with several pleats (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Neoclarkinella (Figs 161165), Mariapanteles, and Beyarslania all lack a fore wing areolet. Neoclarkinella can be recognized because it has a very distinctive T1 which sharply narrows towards posterior margin and has a wide depression on the anterior half, and a hypopygium with multiple pleats (Chen and Song 2004, Veena et al. 2014).

Mariapanteles and Beyarslania have the hypopygium mostly inflexible, with a posteromedian translucent fold where only a few or no pleats are visible; and T1 has a sharply defined median, longitudinal sulcus, at least on the anterior half. Mariapanteles (Figs 143, 144) has the ovipositor sheaths much longer (0.7 × as long as the metatibia length), and ovipositor mostly straight to slightly curved (Whitfield et al. 2012), whereas Beyarslania (Fig. 33) has the ovipositor sheaths relatively very short (less than 0.3 × metatibial length), and the ovipositor strongly downcurved (Mason 1981, at the time referring to the genus as Xenogaster). Mariapanteles is also the only genus in this group with the propodeum having some additional, small and short transverse carinae that radiate from the median carina (but, nevertheless, the propodeum still appears as if it is crossed by the median and transverse carinae, the defining trait of this group).

The remaining six genera in this group cannot easily be associated with any other genus and are discussed below in alphabetical order.

Billmasonius (Fig. 34) is recognized by T1 with a unique shape and desclerotization, with a relatively wide anterior 0.6 and very narrow posterior 0.4, so that widest part of tergite, near anterior margin, is around 4.0 × the narrowest width, along posterior 0.4, and with anterior 0.6 mostly desclerotized, only with lateral margins and narrow central strip sclerotized; T2 is also diagnostic, with a partially sclerotized area surrounding each spiracle on laterotergite 2 the same colour as T2, giving the impression of T2 having three peaks, the largest and central one being the actual T2, the two smaller lateral ones being the area surrounding the spiracles on each laterotergite (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Exulonyx (Fig. 95) has a unique combination of features within Microgastrinae: propodeum with a partial median, longitudinal carina on anterior 0.6 and complete areola on posterior 0.4, hypopygium inflexible, ovipositor curving downwards on posterior 0.3, and T1 and T2 coarsely sculptured (Mason 1981).

Fornicia (Figs 9698) is the only Microgastrinae genus with the epicnemial carina complete and the fore wing areolet absent; also, the head in lateral view is relatively small (compared to the mesosoma) (Austin and Dangerfield 1992), and T1–T3 form a carapace covering the entire dorsal surface of the metasoma. Only a few species in the Microplitis group (see below) have a partial to complete epicnemial carina, but all those genera have the fore wing with an areolet (usually relatively large), and the head of normal proportions.

Qrocodiledundee (Fig. 212) can easily be recognized by its propodeal apophysis, unique among Microgastrinae, as well as the flattened mesosoma, metafemur short and stout, pronotum dorsally enlarged, and the propodeum with a median carina and a partially defined areola (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Xanthomicrogaster (Figs 246249) is unique because of the following combination of features: hind wing with vein 1cu-a strongly sinuous and first submarginal cell tall (height at least 2 × its width), fore wing with a very small areolet, metacoxa very large (almost as large as the metasoma length), propodeum mostly smooth but with a strong and sharp median longitudinal carina, T1 very wide and with a strong median longitudinal sulcus, T2 rectangular and usually sculptured, hypopygium inflexible, and ovipositor sheaths relatively long (more than 0.5 × metatibia length) and with numerous setae. Some of these morphological features would suggest this genus could be placed within the Cotesia group, contrary to Mason’s (1981) opinion when he grouped it within his Microgastrini. However, Xanthomicrogaster has many other features that are so different to both our Cotesia group and Mason’s Microgastrini that we prefer to maintain it as an unplaced genus.

Zachterbergius (Figs 253, 254) has the longest and thinnest T2 among all known Microgastrinae, with T2 length 4.0 × its width at base and apex, 0.7–0.8 × as long as T1 length, and around 1.5× as long as T3 length. Also, the propodeum has a clearly defined median carina, partially defined transverse carina, and the posterior part of an areola; the antennal scape is very transverse, and the labial palpi are very long, extending to the mesopleuron (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

b) Microplitis group

This is one of the best-defined groups of genera within Microgastrinae (see Mason 1918), and most likely to be monophyletic. It is characterized by: tentorial pits relatively large, head mostly coarsely sculptured, stemmaticum usually very well defined and slightly to strongly raised from the surrounding areas, anteromesoscutum and scutellar disc usually coarsely sculptured, notauli almost always defined (often very clearly), propodeum always sculptured and with several strongly defined carinae, fore wing with areolet usually large, metacoxa relatively small, metatibial spurs short, T1 with median longitudinal sulcus, hypopygium inflexible and almost always relatively short, ovipositor sheaths with few setae that are mostly limited to the apex, and ovipositor almost always very short (much shorter than 0.5 × metatibia length).

Philoplitis (Figs 182, 183) has a unique combination of features including an enormous scutellum conically prolonged posteriorly over the propodeum (Mason 1981, Fernandez-Triana and Goulet 2009, Ranjith et al. 2019). It also has an occipital carina, and ocelli forming a very low triangle, to the point that the anterior ocellus seems almost on the same line as the posterior ones.

Silvaspinosus (Fig. 227) has the clypeus extremely long and thin, the malar line extremely short (almost absent), the mandible base separated from the rest of the head by a desclerotized area that looks almost like an opening, and mandibles relatively stout and large. The shape of the clypeus, and the separation of the mandible from the rest of the head by a desclerotized area are unique among Microgastrinae (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). It also has the fore tarsus with a spine-like seta, and the scutellar disc with the posteromedian band smooth; both of which are unique and distinctive among the Microplitis group.

Gilbertnixonius (Fig. 99), is the only genus in this group that has the propodeum with both longitudinal and transverse carinae but without an areola (Alloplitis and Tobleronius have those carinae, although sometimes incomplete, but they also have a complete areola on the propodeum). Gilbertnixonius also has an epicnemial carina (otherwise only present in some species of Snellenius and in all species of the unrelated genus Fornicia) and an incomplete occipital carina (otherwise only present in Alloplitis, Philoplitis, and Tobleronius) (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Alloplitis and Tobleronius are somewhat similar morphologically and distinguished from the other six genera in this group by the propodeum with a complete areola (in addition to partial longitudinal and transverse carinae). Alloplitis (Figs 7, 8) has T1 more or less parallel-sided or slightly widening towards the posterior margin, and T2 more or less rectangular; whereas Tobleronius (Fig. 233) has T1 strongly narrowing towards the posterior margin (width at posterior margin 0.3 × or less of width at anterior margin) and T2 very long and thin (although slightly widening towards the posterior margin) and with the area surrounding the spiracles on laterotergite 2 partially sclerotized and the same colour as T2 giving the impression of T2 having three peaks, the largest and central one being the actual T2, the two smaller lateral ones being the area surrounding the spiracle on each laterotergite (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Microplitis (Figs 151156) and Snellenius (Figs 228232) are very similar and form one of the most morphologically distinct groups of Microgastrinae (Nixon 1965, Mason 1981, Walker et al. 1990, Shaw and Huddleston 1991, Austin and Dangerfield 1993, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2015b) with the following shared diagnostic features: propodeum with coarse sculpturing and a strong median carina and T2 and T3 with a poorly defined separation between them. Most species of Snellenius are easily distinguished by having the notauli and the scutellar disc strongly excavated and sculptured, and by having the scutoscutellar sulcus very wide and deep; both cases represent the most extreme examples within Microgastrinae. Additionally, the propodeum is divided into two distinct areas (faces) clearly marked by a strong angulation (observed in lateral view) and a transverse carina (observed in dorsal view). The main difficulty when trying to distinguish both genera is that those features appear to grade, from strongly excavated and sculptured notauli and scutellar disc (most Snellenius) to less excavated and less sculptured (a few Snellenius, most Microplitis), to basically smooth and unexcavated (some Microplitis). The only reliable feature to separate the two genera is the presence of an epicnemial carina in Snellenius, which is absent in Microplitis (Mason 1981, Austin and Dangerfield 1992, 1993, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2015b), although in practice it may be difficult to distinguish the epicnemial carina due to setae and/or sculpture on the epicnemium and mesopleuron.

Jenopappius (Figs 130131) resembles Microplitis but with T2 strongly sculptured and rectangular, and T1 mostly sculptured and with a median depression anteriorly. Some Alloplitis may also have a somewhat similar sculpture on either T1 or T2 but the shape of those tergites is very different, and Alloplitis always has the propodeum with a complete areola, defined by strongly raised carinae. The combination of the sculptured propodeum without an areola, T1 with an anteromedian depression, and T1 and T2 with strong sculpture are very unusual and will separate Jenopappius from any other genus of Microgastrinae (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

c) Cotesia group

We place here genera with a completely inflexible hypopygium, ovipositor sheaths relatively short (less than 0.5 × metatibial length, usually much less) and mostly without setae (except apically in some cases). Most of the 29 genera considered here also have the propodeum without a complete areola (although some have it, and others have a complex arrangement of carinae and sculpture where a partial to complete areola can sometimes be defined). Although these features work well to recognize most members of the group, a few species of Sathon, Lathrapanteles, Glyptapanteles, and Ohenri have relatively long ovipositor sheaths, but in these cases the hypopygium is still always inflexible. Most or perhaps all the species within the Cotesia group posses a suite of characters indicative of parasitism of “macrolepidoptera” (sensu Mason 1981: 25), but the group is probably not monophyletic. From the Cotesiini (sensu Mason 1981) we exclude here Parapanteles and instead transfer it to the Apanteles group (see details under that group); the main reason being that this genus, as it had been understood, apparently includes two different sets of taxa: one that seems to be Cotesia species misidentified as Parapanteles (Valerio et al. 2009, Parks 2018, Freitas et al. 2019), and another (representing the majority of the genus, as currently understood, including the type species) that are more related to Dolichogenidea and Apanteles than to any genus in the Cotesia group. We also add here Sathon, which we consider to be closer to Glyptapanteles and related genera, unlike Mason (1981), who considered it to be part of his Microgastrini group.

The Cotesia group can be broadly split into two subgroups, based on whether the fore wing has an areolet (Buluka, Cuneogaster, Diolcogaster, Eripnopelta, Exix, Jimwhitfieldius, Keylimepie, Larissimus, Markshawius, Parenion, Protomicroplitis, Rasivalva, Ungunicus, Venanus) or does not have an areolet (Carlmuesebeckius, Chaoa, Cotesia, Deuterixys, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles, Lathrapanteles, Nyereria, Ohenri, Protapanteles, Pseudofornicia, Pseudovenanides, Sathon, Venanides, Wilkinsonellus).

Among the genera with a fore wing areolet, Jimwhitfieldius (Figs 132, 133) has the metatrochantellus with a unique shape (Fig. 133), the head with a strong depression behind the occiput, the metatibia with a very long and thick inner spur, and the ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths extremely short, probably the shortest in the entire subfamily (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Venanus (Figs 237240) is quite distinctive, and comprises small species, often with the body slightly depressed, face with a triangular flange between the antennal sockets, fore wing with a relatively large areolet, T2 with strongly defined lateral sulci, and ovipositor sheaths with very few and minute setae (Mason 1981).

The remaining genera in the subgroup seem to share one or several morphological features with Diolcogaster (whether those features are homoplastic or not). Diolcogaster (Figs 6677), as currently understood, is most likely a polyphyletic genus that will need to be split into several genera. Until then, it is difficult to define unequivocally. Instead, we discuss the remaining genera in this subgroup in alphabetical order, with the features that distinguish them from Diolcogaster.

Buluka (Figs 3537) has T1–T3 forming a carapace and occupying the entire dorsal surface of the metasoma, the fore wing has a complete areolet, and females have part of the ventral surface of the distal six or seven flagellomeres without longitudinal placodes, instead having an oblique groove bounded on one side by a row of bent-tipped sensilla (Austin 1989). The carapace is shared with Fornicia and very few species of other genera, e.g., Deuterixys, Pholetesor, none of which have a fore wing areolet. The basimacula species group of Diolcogaster (sensu Saeed et al. 1999) have both the carapace and areolet, but the antenna does not have the special groove and sensilla.

Cuneogaster (Figs 61, 62) resembles Diolcogaster but it has the glossa long and apically bilobed, T1 wedge-shaped, and the scutellar disc with the medioposterior band smooth (Choi and Whitfield 2006) whereas in Diolcogaster the glossa is not elongated, T1 is usually not wedge-shaped, and the scutellar disc has a medioposterior band of rugosity in most species.

Eripnopelta (Figs 87, 88) could be considered an atypical Diolcogaster, but the pronotal lateral surface does not have distinct furrows, the scutellar disc has a smooth and protruding medioposterior band, T1 does not have a distinct median groove on the basal half, and the fore wing areolet is very small, almost obliterated (Xiong et al. 2017).

Exix (Figs 89, 90) also seems morphologically related to Diolcogaster, but it is defined by T2 large and smooth, without submedian grooves, the hind wing has the vannal lobe concave and lacking setae, and the hind wing nervellus is externally concave (Mason 1981).

Keylimepie (Figs 134, 135) can be recognized by the reduced wings in females, relatively small eyes and long malar space. The shape and sculpture of the head, mesosoma sculpture, shape and sculpture of T2, and ovipositor are all similar to some Diolcogaster, but Keylimepie has a T1 without a median sulcus and instead it has the anterior 0.5 rather depressed and concave, and the posterior 0.5 with strong transversal striations (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2016).

Larissimus (Figs 139, 140) is another genus related to Diolcogaster but it can be recognized by the greatly reduced vannal lobe in the hind wing with, almost entirely smooth body, and the only described species is the largest known species of Microgastrinae, with a body and fore wing length of 7–8 mm (Nixon 1965, Mason 1981).

Markshawius (Figs 145, 146) has a unique set of features (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018) which together are very distinctive (although some, but not all, are shared with other genera). The female head is elongated and strongly concave posteriorly, modified to be tightly appressed to the anterior margin of the pronotum (following its contour); the face has its upper margin produced dorsally between the antennal insertions into a triangular flange; the frons is very elongated, with ocelli clearly much higher than normal; the antenna is very short (much shorter than body length, usually shorter than the combined length of the head and mesosoma), with all flagellomeres except the first having a single row of placodes; the propodeum has a median carina (defined posteriorly) and transverse rugosity which includes a poorly and partially defined transverse carina; and T1 is either extremely long and thin, with length at least 6.0× its width centrally, or very thin on the anterior 0.3–0.4, then strongly widening posteriorly, its width at the posterior margin around 3.0 × its width centrally.

Parenion (Figs 176, 177) can only be confused with some Diolcogaster, but is distinguished by having T2 and T3 smooth and barely or not separated, scutellar disc with the medioposterior band smooth and very small lunules on its lateral surface (Mason 1981).

Protomicroplitis (Figs 201, 202) is closely related to Diolcogaster, both morphologically and molecularly, and some of the criteria used to define it may need revision. The genus is defined by some flagellomeres having three rows of placodes, relatively large fore wing areolet, and T1 very long and narrow (Mason 1981, Fernandez-Triana 2015), although the last two features are also present in a few Diolcogaster species.

Rasivalva (Figs 213, 214) is characterized by the ovipositor sheaths lacking setae, or with very few and minute setae (Mason 1981, Chen and Song 2004, Kotenko 2007b). This separates it from Diolcogaster, which has relatively long setae on the ovipositor sheaths, including a few strong and thickened setae in many species. Other distinguishing features that appear in some species are the scutellar disc with the medioposterior band smooth, body sculpture smoother overall than in Diolcogaster, and propodeum with a median, longitudinal carina that is sometimes reduced or absent.

Ungunicus (Fig. 234) has remarkable and very distinctive tarsal claws, with a very large basal tooth longer than the apex of the tarsal claw, and a median lobe with setae arising from its margin, which seems slightly bilobate. These claws are unique within Microgastrinae (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Among the genera without the fore wing areolet, Chaoa (Fig. 39) was described from a single specimen (Luo et al. 2004), with little information provided. Based on the original description and illustrations of the holotype, this genus might just represent a species of Glyptapanteles, or perhaps Nyereria but without examining the type we cannot conclude and therefore retain it as a valid genus for the time being.

Carlmuesebeckius (Fig. 38) has the ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths relatively long, and the propodeum with a complete areola, unlike most other genera in this subgroup. Other unique features are T1 with a strong and raised median carina for most of its length, and the ovipositor bulging near apex and with two subapical serrate teeth on the lower (first) valvulae (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Cotesia (Figs 4860) is a relatively uniform genus morphologically, long considered the easiest group to recognize among all segregates from Apanteles sensu lato (Mason 1981: 113). Defining characters are: fore wing without areolet; T1 and T2 usually mostly to entirely sculptured, T3 also often at least partially sculptured or, more rarely, completely sculptured; T1 either widening towards its posterior margin (very often), more or less parallel-sided or barrel-shaped (often), slightly widening towards the posterior 0.7–0.8 of the tergite length and from that point slightly narrowing towards the posterior margin which is more or less rounded (rarely), or medially constricted (extremely rare), but never completely narrowing towards the posterior margin; ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths are very short to short, very rarely moderately long. The propodeum varies considerably but has a well defined median longitudinal carina (very often), although the median carina may be difficult to distinguish on its own in species with the propodeum strongly sculptured with an irregular pattern of carinae (often), or the median carina may be partially absent (rarely), or the median carina may be combined with a partial to complete areola partially defined by a transverse carina (rarely), or the median carina is absent and/or the propodeal surface is shiny overall and almost without any sculpture (rarely). The only other genus that could be confused here would be Protapanteles, which may eventually be considered as just a species group within Cotesia, with smoother propodeum and T1–T3.

Protapanteles (Figs 198200) usually has T1 either slightly widening towards the posterior 0.7–0.8 of the tergite length and then slightly narrowing towards the posterior margin which is more or less rounded (often), more or less parallel-sided or barrel-shaped (rarely), or slightly widening towards the posterior margin (rarely). The propodeum is variously sculptured, usually having a median longitudinal carina that may be partially or completely defined, and rarely lacking the median carina. A character commonly used to define this genus, a modified spine on the fore tarsus (Nixon 1965, 1972, 1973, 1976, Mason 1981), is present in some species of many related genera, e.g., Cotesia, Glyptapanteles, Distatrix, Nyereria, and even in some non-related genera such as Silvaspinosus, and thus does not have the same diagnostic value as expressed by Mason (1981). Some species may be considered as borderline between Cotesia and Protapanteles, and others may be considered as borderline between Glyptapanteles and Protapanteles; thus, it is difficult to clearly define these three genera. Differences between Protapanteles and Cotesia were given in the previous paragraph. Differences with Glyptapanteles are mostly related to the shape of T1. In Glyptapanteles, T1 is either parallel-sided anteriorly and then strongly narrowing posteriorly, or its sides are gradually to strongly converging posteriorly when compared to Protapanteles which has T1 parallel-sided throughout, except for a strongly rounded apex, and propodeum sculpture that is usually, but not always, more rugose and carinated than in Glyptapanteles. Additionally, Protapanteles larvae have mandibles with a row of 12 or fewer large teeth concentrated distally on the blade, and its species distribution is almost completely confined to the Holarctic region (Mason 1981). However, the morphological features mentioned above vary considerably among different species (Arias-Penna et al. 2019).

Glyptapanteles (Figs 100110) is most likely a polyphyletic assemblage, and may eventually be split into several genera. As a result, it is difficult to define (Arias-Penna et al. 2019). Some of its species may be confused with Protapanteles, Sathon, Lathrapanteles and, to a lesser extent, also Distatrix, Venanides, and Nyereria. The main features defining Glyptapanteles are: fore wing without an areolet; propodeum that is either completely smooth (often) to more or less rugose (more rarely), with a median longitudinal carina that is entirely absent (often), partially defined posteriorly (often) to complete and strong (rarely), or no median carina but instead a series of very short carinae radiating from the nucha (rarely); T1 narrows towards the posterior margin, usually strongly (almost always), or more parallel-sided, or rounded at apex, as in some species of Protapanteles (rarely); T2 is almost always subtriangular or trapezoidal (rarely shaped differently); ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths are relatively short (usually) to moderately long (rarely); setae at apex of ovipositor sheaths relatively long (as long or longer than setae on hypopygium). The differences from Protapanteles were given in the previous paragraph. Sathon has the ovipositor sheaths longer and male specimens have enlarged external genitalia; however, a few Glyptapanteles species have females with longer ovipositor sheaths, and a very few other species have males with external genitalia similarly enlarged; whether those species should be transferred to Sathon requires further study. Lathrapanteles has similar characters to Sathon (see more about those two genera below) and can be separated in the same manner from Glyptapanteles. Distatrix has the pronotum with only one furrow laterally, eyes enlarged and ovipositor sheaths without setae or with very few minute setae, whereas Glyptapanteles has the pronotum with two furrows, eyes that are almost never enlarged (but see Fernandez-Triana 2018, for one exception) and the ovipositor sheaths have much longer setae. Venanides can in turn be separated from Glyptapanteles based on having similar ovipositor sheaths to Distatrix (Mason 1981).

Distatrix (Figs 78, 79) is similar to Venanides, but it has two rows of placodes in the flagellomeres in females, and T2 has a characteristic shape, with the lateral margins widely diverging (Mason 1981, Grinter et al. 2009).

Venanides (Figs 235, 236) can be differentiated from Distatrix because it has only a single row of placodes in the flagellomeres in females, and T2 has less diverging lateral margins (Mason 1981). Additionally, Venanides specimens tend to be smaller and have a dorsoventrally compressed body that is also generally mostly smooth and shiny.

Sathon (Figs 218220) is distinguished mainly by the enlarged external genitalia in males and relatively long ovipositor sheaths in females; some species probably have the longest sheaths among the entire Cotesiini (sensu Mason 1981). However, these features are not unique: a few Glyptapanteles species have similarly enlarged male genitalia, and all described Lathrapanteles species (Figs 141, 142) are also very similar to Sathon (e.g., Williams 1985, 1988). The limits of Lathrapanteles and Sathon need revision and it is possible that one will eventually be placed in synonymy with the other.

Deuterixys (Figs 64, 65) is a very distinctive genus on account of its T1–T3 sculpture and shape (there appears to be a second constriction between T2 and T3), the propodeum being smooth and shiny and with a complete and strong median, longitudinal carina, and the relatively small body length (Mason 1981, Whitfield 1985, Zeng et al. 2011).

Nyereria (Figs 166169) has T2 divided into three sections by two deep, usually crenulated, longitudinal grooves delimiting a raised, median area that is not wider than long (Mason 1981). This genus can only be confused with a few species of Cotesia and Glyptapanteles that have their T2 with a similar raised, median area, although in those cases T2 is never as strongly defined by grooves.

Pseudovenanides (Fig. 211) has very scarce information available, but from the original description (Xiao and You 2002) it is clear that it is related to Glyptapanteles and, to a lesser extent, to Venanides. Apparently, T1 with a strongly marked longitudinal sulcus on most of the tergite is the defining feature of this genus.

Ohenri (Fig. 170) has many unique features and is only tentatively considered to be part of this subgroup lacking the fore wing areolet. The pronotum is considerably enlarged dorsally, the ovipositor has its lower valvulae with four subapical teeth, the tarsal claws have large teeth, and the propodeum has a median carina with a partially defined areola (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Pseudofornicia (Figs 208210) superficially resembles the (probably) unrelated Fornicia because its metasoma mostly forms a dorsal carapace, but it differs in lacking the epicnemial carina, the fore wing does not have an areolet, and T1 is movably joined to T2, whereas Fornicia has an epicnemial carina, fore wing with an areolet, and T1 and T2 are immovably joined (van Achterberg et al. 2015).

Wilkinsonellus (Figs 241244) is a very recognizable genus, with T1 very long and thin, propodeum with distinctive sculpture and carination pattern, and fore wing with veins r and 2RS strongly angled (Mason 1981, Long & van Achterberg 2011, Arias-Penna et al. 2013, 2014).

d) Apanteles group

Mason (1981) proposed the tribes Apantelini and Microgastrini to accommodate species with ovipositor sheaths mostly setose and relatively long (at least 0.5 × metatibial length), hypopygium with ventral margin usually flexible and either with one (rarely) or several (commonly) pleats. The latter is the most diagnostic feature for this group; however, there are exceptions (all Alphomelon, most Hygroplitis, and a few species of Apanteles and Microgaster) where the hypopygium is mostly to entirely inflexible. In this paper we combine most of the genera included in the two tribes into a single Apanteles group composed of 26 genera. The group is clearly not monophyletic. Most, if not all, of the species included here have the “microlepidoptera suite of characters” sensu Mason (see further discussion in Mason 1981, Walker et al. 1990). Here we separate the group into several subgroups that can be recognized on simple morphological features, although the genera included in each subgroup are not necessarily related.

The largest subgroup includes 13 genera that lack a fore wing areolet: Alphomelon, Apanteles, Dolichogenidea, Exoryza, Iconella, Illidops, Napamus, Parapanteles, Pholetesor, Pseudapanteles, Rhygoplitis, Shireplitis, and Xanthapanteles. Another two genera could be placed here, at least partially: some species of Choeras lack a fore wing areolet; however, most of the species have a complete or partial areolet so we consider Choeras to be better placed with the subgroup of genera with a complete or partial fore wing areolet; and a similar situation occurs with Promicrogaster, where smaller species tend to lack the areolet whereas the larger species have a complete areolet, and we similarly place that genus in the subgroup with an areolet. These two genera exemplify the challenges of delimiting precise groups in Microgastrinae (a frustration also shared by Mason 1981: 77).

Among the genera without a fore wing areolet, four have the propodeum either with a median longitudinal carina (Iconella, Pseudapanteles, Rhygoplitis) or with a complex pattern that includes full sculpturing and a series of short carinae radiating medially on the posterior 0.2–0.3 near the nucha (Illidops). A fifth genus, Napamus, could also be included in this subgroup, as one of its two described species has the propodeum with a median, longitudinal carina; however, the other species does not (Papp 1993: 170). Nevertheless, Napamus (Fig. 160) can be characterized by its mouth parts elongate, fore wing vein R1 very short (shorter than pterostigma length), inner metatibial spur much longer (1.3 ×) than the outer spur, body and legs black, and wings strongly infumate.

Iconella (Figs 122124) was described by Mason (1981) as a new genus based on the hind wing with a sinuous vein cu-a as a plesiomorphic character that suggests its unique status among similar genera. Fernandez-Triana et al. (2013a, 2014e) also considered the presence of a median longitudinal carina on the propodeum as strong support for its generic status. However, some Oriental species (with large body size and large and bilobate glossae) currently assigned to Iconella may eventually be placed in a different genus.

Illidops (Figs 125127) includes species that have the scutellar disc with a medioposterior band of rugosity, fore wing vein R1 shortened, and the propodeum with a series of short carinae medially on its posterior 0.2–0.3, near the nucha (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e). In some, but not all species the lower margins of the eyes converge, and T3–T7 are weakly sclerotized (Mason 1981).

Pseudapanteles (Figs 203207) is characterized by the glossa elongate and strongly bilobed apically, propodeum with a strongly defined median longitudinal carina but no transverse carina (traces of a transverse carina are very rarely present in a few Neotropical species), and T1 with a sharp median sulcus (Mason 1981, Whitfield 1997, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014a).

Rhygoplitis (Figs 215217) is the only genus in this subgroup with notauli relatively well defined. It also has the propodeum coarsely sculptured (in addition to a median, longitudinal carina), and fore wing with very short vein R1 (Mason 1981, Whitfield 1997).

The other eight genera without a fore wing areolet have the propodeum with a complete to partial areola, although in large genera such as Apanteles, Dolichogenidea, and Pholetesor, some species have lost all carinae and the propodeum is mostly smooth.

Shireplitis (Figs 225, 226) has the propodeum entirely sculptured, without median or transverse carina, but with the areola defined on the posterior 0.5 by two lateral carinae, ovipositor sheaths relatively short (0.4–0.5 × metatibia length), and legs short and robust – with the metafemur usually less than 3.0 × as long as wide (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2013b).

Alphomelon (Figs 911) has the gena with a white/pale spot that is relatively large and very distinctive (Mason 1981, Deans et al. 2003). A few other Microgastrinae genera have some species with a similar pale spot, but it is usually much smaller. Alphomelon is distinguished from the other Microgastrinae with white/pale spot on gena by its ovipositor sheaths being relatively long (much shorter in Cotesia, Glyptapanteles, Protapanteles), mesoscutum anteriorly without strong notauli (strong notauli in Prasmodon), propodeum without a median, longitudinal carina (strong median, longitudinal carina in Pseudapanteles), and the hypopygium inflexible and unpleated (almost always flexible and with several pleats in Apanteles).

Apanteles (Figs 1226) is currently the most speciose genus in Microgastrinae and has some morphological variability. It usually has the propodeum fully to partially areolated, rarely smooth and never with a median longitudinal carina; fore wing without an areolet; hind wing with the vannal lobe usually strongly concave or straight (see next paragraph for more details on that); ovipositor sheaths relatively long; and the hypopygium almost always flexible and pleated. This genus could only be confused with Pholetesor or Dolichogenidea (which seem to be related to one another, see below) and Parapanteles. Most Apanteles species can be distinguished from both Pholetesor and Parapanteles by the flexible, pleated hypopygium and relatively long ovipositor sheaths (usually at least 0.5 × length of metatibia). In contrast, Parapanteles and Pholetesor have the hypopygium either entirely inflexible or at most with a small, translucent area near the posterior margin (which may look like a pleat in a few species); and the ovipositor sheaths are relatively short (less than half the metatibia length, usually much less). However, a few species of Apanteles have relatively short ovipositor sheaths, and very few species may even have an inflexible hypopygium (e.g., Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e); the generic placement of those species may be revisited, but at present those exceptions make for a more difficult separation of these three genera.

Dolichogenidea (Figs 8186) is even more difficult to distinguish from Apanteles, as there is some overlap in some species groups of both genera (e.g., Mason 1981: 53, 54). The differences are frequently subtle and, at times it is very difficult to assign a species to one or other genus depending on the interpretation of morphological features alone. Apanteles has the hind wing with the vannal lobe usually strongly concave or, more rarely, straight to very slightly convex; the central part of the vannal lobe lacks any setae or has few, sparse setae that are often minute and not continuous. In contrast, Dolichogenidea has the vannal lobe convex to slightly straight; the central part of the vannal lobe is more or less entirely setose so that a continuous fringe of setae is almost always visible (although setae may be small in a few species). The fringe of setae (or lack of them) is the only morphological character that almost always seems to work in distinguishing these genera from each other; we are aware of very few species currently assigned to Dolichogenidea where the fringe is not complete and could lead to the species being placed within Apanteles, despite molecular data strongly suggesting the best generic placement is Dolichogenidea. Other features function only partially and seem to represent trends that are far from being universally present in one genus or the other. For example, the anteromesoscutum punctures (when present) tend to be partially or completely fused near the scutoscutellar sulcus in Apanteles, whereas in Dolichogenidea, which usually does not have punctures on the anteromesoscutum anteriorly and very rarely has them near scutoscutellar sulcus, the punctures never fuse. The scutoscutellar sulcus in many Dolichogenidea species tends to be very narrow and sometimes looks almost obliterated, whereas the sulcus in Apanteles is usually wider. Despite the rather subtle morphological differences, DNA barcodes tend to cluster both genera clearly apart (Smith et al. 2013, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e).

Dolichogenidea tends to cluster near Pholetesor (Figs 184190) and these genera seem to be closer to each other than either is to Apanteles. Dolichogenidea has a flexible, pleated hypopygium and relatively long ovipositor sheaths (usually at least 0.5 × metatibia length) whereas Pholetesor has the hypopygium entirely inflexible or with a small, translucent area near the posterior margin that could look like a pleat in a few species, and the ovipositor sheaths are relatively short, less than half the metatibia length (Mason 1981, Whitfield 2006).

The status of Exoryza (Figs 9294) as a valid genus has been questioned by many authors (Valerio et al. 2004, Rousse and Gupta 2013, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e, 2016c). Mason (1981) characterized it as having T1 and T2 heavily sculptured, and the propodeum coarsely rugose, with an areola present but obscured by heavy sculpture. However, the distinction between Exoryza and Dolichogenidea may be particularly difficult because many species of the latter genus have the propodeum sculptured, with or without an areola, and T1 is occasionally sculptured, although not as strongly as in Exoryza (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e, 2016c).

Parapanteles (Figs 172175) is a very difficult genus to understand at present. Parks (2018) found it to be paraphyletic. Some species of “Parapanteles” with available DNA barcodes cluster within Dolichogenidea and could just be considered as species within that genus, with short ovipositor sheaths and an inflexible hypopygium (similar to Pholetesor and the few borderline species of Apanteles mentioned above). Another group of Parapanteles seems to represent misidentifications of Cotesia (e.g., Valerio et al. 2009, Freitas et al. 2019). Whether a group of species that could be considered true Parapanteles actually exists remains to be seen. For the present, the genus can be defined as having the propodeum completely to mostly areolated (usually with well defined carinae), ovipositor sheaths short, and an inflexible hypopygium.

Xanthapanteles (Fig. 245) is a very distinctive genus, on the basis of the propodeum fully areolated with strongly defined and raised carinae, T1 very large and wide, T1–T3 sculpture like a finely pebble-grained surface (unlike any other Microgastrinae), flagellomere placodes arranged irregularly and fore wing relatively slender and much longer than body length (Whitfield 1995b).

Another subgroup within the Apanteles group includes six genera, Agupta, Dasylagon, Hypomicrogaster, Papanteles, Promicrogaster, and Sendaphne, that can be recognized by the fore wing with a very small areolet, sometimes almost obliterated. They also share (except for Agupta, see below) having the scutellum with lunules relatively high, more than 0.5 × the height of its lateral face. These genera are separated from each other based on different propodeal carination patterns, and T1 and T2 shapes and sculptures. Some described species of Choeras, almost exclusively from the Oriental region, have a very small areolet and thus could be included in this group. However, these are exceptions and are very likely to be transferred elsewhere or classified separately. For now, we place Choeras (see below) within the subgroup with a large fore wing areolet.

Agupta (Figs 5, 6) does not have enlarged lunules; however, it can be recognized by several unusual features: in males (and sometimes in females) the antenna has the first few flagellomeres with placodes irregularly distributed in three rows or no row can be clearly defined; the propodeum has a strongly raised median carina with small radiating carinae across its length; T1 shape (narrowing for first half, then parallel-sided) and T1 sculpture (anterior half mostly smooth, strongly concave and with central sulcus, posterior half punctured and with a polished area on posterior margin) are distinctive; and the body length is among the largest in Microgastrinae (second only to the unrelated genus Larissimus) (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). Some large specimens of Choeras in the Oriental region (see previous paragraph) might end being placed within Agupta when more studies are done in the future.

Promicrogaster and Sendaphne can be recognized by the following combination of features: glossa elongate and bilobate, metacoxa very long (0.8–1.0 × metafemur length and 0.6–0.8 × metatibia length), and ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths very long – among the longest in Microgastrinae usually 2.0 × as long as the metatibia or even longer. Most species have the body length longer than the fore wing length, usually by 0.2–0.4 mm (the majority of Microgastrinae species have the fore wing slightly longer than the body length). These two genera are very closely related and may eventually be treated as a single genus. Promicrogaster (Figs 194197) has the ovipositor apically sinuate; propodeum sculptured and usually with some carination (which may include a complete or partial median longitudinal carina, or an indication of a partial areola posteriorly); T1 parallel-sided to slightly narrowing towards the posterior margin; and T2 transverse, its width at the posterior margin 3.0–4.5 × (rarely 2.0 ×) its length medially (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2016b, Fernandez-Triana 2019). Sendaphne (Figs 223, 224) has the ovipositor straight apically, propodeum mostly smooth and without carina (with the rare exception of having sparse punctures and a few rugae near the nucha), T1 strongly narrowing towards the posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014h).

Dasylagon (Fig. 63) has the propodeum fully areolated (defined by strong carinae), T1 comparatively very wide and large (in dorsal view more than 0.3 of entire metasoma), T2 very transverse, metasomal terga entirely smooth, hind wing with a sinuous vein cu-a, and ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths relatively very long (more than 1.5 × metatibia length) (Mason 1981).

Hypomicrogaster (Figs 113121) has the propodeum with a complex carination pattern, which includes a median carina and a more or less complete areola, although some species have all carinae reduced, but still the propodeum would be mostly sculptured. The head is relatively transverse, i.e., wider than in most other genera of Microgastrinae, and T1 and T2 are mostly to entirely smooth (Mason 1981, Valerio and Whitfield 2015).

Papanteles (Fig. 171) has the propodeum fully areolated, T1 relatively long (ca. 2.0 × its width at posterior margin), T1 and T2 strongly sculptured, T2 and T3 comparatively narrow and not occupying the entire dorsal surface of the segment (dorsal width of T2 and T3 half the width of T5 and following terga), and the ovipositor sheaths are approximately the same length as the metatibia length (Mason 1981).

The remaining eight genera in the Apanteles group all have the fore wing areolet relatively large; even when some species may have a relatively smaller areolet, it never appears almost obliterated.

Ypsilonigaster (Figs 250252) has a very characteristic T1, with a median sulcus shaped like an inverted Y, a unique feature to recognize the genus (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Hygroplitis and Microgaster have the propodeum with a median carina, fore wing areolet relatively large, anteromesoscutum anteriorly mostly smooth, T1 and T2 heavily sculptured (also T3, partially or entirely), T1 relatively large and wide (width at posterior margin greater than width at anterior margin), and T2 mostly rectangular. The two genera are very closely related and DNA barcodes suggest Hygroplitis may eventually be synonymized under Microgaster. Hygroplitis (Figs 111, 112) has the body somewhat depressed dorsoventrally, notauli more strongly impressed, flagellomeres with three rows of placodes, and the hypopygium usually inflexible although in some cases it is weakly but distinctly pleated (Mason 1981); whereas Microgaster (Figs 147150) does not have the body dorsoventrally depressed, the notauli are barely visible, flagellomeres are usually (but not always) with two rows of placodes, and the hypopygium is usually (but not always) flexible and pleated (Mason 1981).

Paroplitis (Figs 178180) species are relatively small, with a body length of 2.5 mm or less; legs, especially the metafemur, short and robust; antenna short, with flagellomeres in females having only a single row of placodes; hypopygium almost entirely sclerotized but with a sharp fold medially; propodeum rarely entirely sculptured but almost always with a median longitudinal carina, at least on the anterior 0.5, and sometimes also with a complete or partial transverse carina; and T2 usually smooth, rarely sculptured (Mason 1981, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2013b).

Kotenkosius (Fig. 138) has a unique propodeal carination pattern that includes three complete longitudinal carinae, one medially, the other two sublaterally, and a complete transverse carina near posterior 0.6, with additional small striae radiating from the median and sublateral longitudinal carinae, and most carinae strongly defined and raised (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018).

Choeras (Figs 4045), as presently understood, is clearly a polyphyletic assemblage of species, some of which may eventually be placed in different genera. It is one of the few Microgastrinae genera that has some species without a fore wing areolet (although the shape of the remaining veins r, 2RS, and 2M usually indicate a partially defined areolet), and other species with a complete areolet that can vary from very small in some species to large in others (van Achterberg 2002, Fagan-Jeffries and Austin 2018b). The propodeum also varies, from having a complete longitudinal median carina to having a partial one, to not having any visible median carina, or having just minute carinae radiating from the nucha. T1 is mostly rectangular (slightly narrowing towards the posterior margin in some species), but never much wider on the posterior margin than on the anterior margin, and T2 is mostly transverse. Many Oriental species of “Choeras” most likely represent different lineages from the temperate species and may warrant placement in different genera, e.g., some of the species may be better placed in Agupta.

Dodogaster (Fig. 80) has a unique set of features in the Apanteles group. The propodeum has a more or less complete areola and a partial median carina, the fore wing has a relatively large areolet, and T1–T3 are heavily sculptured and almost form a carapace (Rousse and Gupta 2013).

Diversity and distribution of Microgastrinae genera at world and regional scales

Microgastrinae are present in all continents except Antarctica. Specimens can be found in all major terrestrial ecosystems, from 82°30'N (Canada, Nunavut, Ellesmere Island, Alert) to 55°S (Argentina and Chile, Tierra del Fuego) in the New World and 50°S (New Zealand, Auckland Islands) in the Old World, and from sea level up to at least 4,500 m (Fernandez-Triana 2018). The information currently available allows us to make preliminary comments on species diversity and distribution at the generic level (Table 5 and Fig. 2).

Table 5.

World genera of Microgastrinae, based on the present paper. The column Species richness details the current number of described species and estimated total, for each genus, the two figures separate by a slash. The estimated total is very conservative and is based on specimens we have seen in collections. For many genera, more species are to be expected. World region keys: NEO Neotropical, NEA Nearctic, PAL Palaearctic, OTL Oriental, AFR Afrotropical, AUS Australasian (including Oceanian). X Genus present in specific region. X* New record for that region (based on undescribed species seen in collections). X- Introduced into that region, not native. X? Questionable record for a region. The column Host data tallies the genera that have at least one lepidopteran host recorded (although no critical assessment of how accurate those host records was made). The column DNA barcodes records all genera for which there is at least one DNA barcode available; Yes- denotes a genus with only partial sequence(s) available, without fulfilling the criteria for DNA-barcode compliant sequences (see Materials and methods for definition of a barcode-compliant sequence).

Genera Species richness NEO NEA PAL OTL AFR AUS Host data DNA bar-codes
Agupta 4/30+ X X No Yes
Alloplitis 8/30+ X X* No Yes
Alphomelon 19/50+ X X Yes Yes
Apanteles 633/3,000+ X X X X X X Yes Yes
Austinicotesia 2/5 X No Yes
Austrocotesia 5/10 X? X No Yes-
Beyarslania 1/2 X No Yes
Billmasonius 1/1 X No Yes
Buluka 11/20 X X X Yes Yes
Carlmuesebeckius 1/1 X No No
Chaoa 1/1 X No No
Choeras 80/100+ X* X X X X X Yes Yes
Clarkinella 2/5+ X X No Yes
Cotesia 328/1500+ X X X X X X Yes Yes
Cuneogaster 1/5 X No No
Dasylagon 2/5 X Yes No
Deuterixys 18/20+ X X X X X Yes Yes
Diolcogaster 141/1,000+ X X X X X X Yes Yes
Distatrix 32/40+ X X X X X Yes Yes
Dodogaster 1/1 X No No
Dolichogenidea 366/700+ X X X X X X Yes Yes
Eripnopelta 1/1 X No No
Exix 7/10 X X No Yes-
Exoryza 15/20+ X X X X X Yes Yes
Exulonyx 1/1 X No No
Fornicia 32/50+ X X X X Yes Yes
Gilbertnixonius 1/1 X No Yes
Glyptapanteles 307/3,000+ X X X X X X Yes Yes
Hygroplitis 9/10+ X X X Yes Yes
Hypomicrogaster 48/200+ X X Yes Yes
Iconella 38/50+ X X X X X Yes Yes
Illidops 37/50+ X X X X X X- Yes Yes
Janhalacaste 3/5 X Yes Yes
Jenopappius 3/5+ X No Yes
Jimwhitfieldius 2/5+ X No Yes
Keylimepie 4/10 X* X X No Yes-
Kiwigaster 1/1 X No Yes
Kotenkosius 1/2+ X No Yes
Larissimus 1/5+ X Yes Yes
Lathrapanteles 4/10+ X X Yes Yes
Mariapanteles 2/10+ X No Yes
Markshawius 3/5 X No Yes
Microgaster 104/200+ X X X X X X Yes Yes
Microplitis 192/500+ X X X X X X Yes Yes
Miropotes 15/20 X X* X Yes Yes
Napamus 2/2 X Yes No
Neoclarkinella 7/50+ X* X X* No Yes
Nyereria 29/50+ X X X Yes Yes
Ohenri 1/1 X No No
Papanteles 2/5 X Yes Yes
Parapanteles 62/100+? X X X* X X X Yes Yes
Parenion 3/5+ X X No Yes
Paroplitis 5/10 X X X Yes Yes
Pelicope 1/1 X Yes Yes
Philoplitis 9/10+ X* X X No Yes
Pholetesor 57/100+ X X X X X* X Yes Yes
Prasmodon 18/30+ X Yes Yes
Promicrogaster 46/100+ X X* X* X* X* X* Yes Yes
Protapanteles 25/30+ X X X Yes Yes
Protomicroplitis 3/5 X X Yes Yes
Pseudapanteles 36/100+ X X Yes Yes
Pseudofornicia 4/5+ X X No No
Pseudovenanides 1/5+ X* X Yes No
Qrocodiledundee 1/1 X No No
Rasivalva 12/20+ X* X X X X X* Yes Yes
Rhygoplitis 4/10+ X X Yes Yes
Sathon 23/30+ X X X X X* X Yes Yes
Semionis 1/1 X No No
Sendaphne 11/20 X No Yes
Shireplitis 6/6 X No Yes
Silvaspinosus 1/2+ X No Yes
Snellenius 41/50+ X X X X* X Yes Yes
Tobleronius 1/2+ X No Yes
Ungunicus 1/1 X No Yes
Venanides 14/20+ X X X* X X X Yes Yes
Venanus 11/15+ X X Yes Yes
Wilkinsonellus 23/50+ X X X X Yes Yes
Xanthapanteles 1/1 X No No
Xanthomicrogaster 6/30+ X Yes Yes
Ypsilonigaster 6/10+ X No Yes
Zachterbergius 1/1 X No Yes

The most species-rich genera are Apanteles (in its restricted sense) and Glyptapanteles. The latter is probably the largest, but it may eventually be split into several genera. In contrast, Apanteles, although also likely to have some species reclassified into other genera, is a much more cohesive group and might end up being the larger group if many species are removed from the current Glyptapanteles. Regardless, the diversity of both genera will likely comprise a few thousand species each.

Apanteles already contains more than 630 described species (see checklist below); just in ACG, Costa Rica, 186 new species were recently described (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e). The world fauna of Apanteles could number many more than 3,000 species. The genus is notably absent from New Zealand (although a few species have been introduced there), where it is replaced by Dolichogenidea and an undescribed genus. It also has not been found in the high Arctic (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2017b).

Glyptapantes contains more than 300 species, with hundreds of undescribed species from all biogeographical regions seen in collections; we estimate that the world total could be more than 3,000 species. However, the generic limits are controversial (see previous section) and it may eventually be restricted to a slightly smaller, although still substantial, number of species. Regardless, its status as one of the two largest genera of Microgastrinae is certain.

The following genera are also very speciose: Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Dolichogenidea, Hypomicrogaster, and Microplitis. Among these, Diolcogaster is clearly the largest, and it could attain more than 1,000 species. But it will almost certainly be split into several genera and thus it could potentially end up having just a few hundred species. Cotesia, already with more than 320 described species, will also attain more than 1,000 species (Mason (1981) estimated between 1,500–2,000 species), and is a more cohesive group, unlikely to be severely split. The other three genera will certainly surpass 500 species each, probably substantially (e.g., Dolichogenidea already has more than 360 described species). Diolcogaster and Hypomicrogaster are more speciose in tropical areas, whereas Cotesia, Dolichogenidea and Microplitis tend to be richer in temperate areas.

Other relatively large genera are Microgaster, Choeras, and Pholetesor in temperate areas, and Parapanteles and Pseudapanteles in tropical areas. All of them are likely to have more than one hundred (in most cases several hundred) species. A few other genera might be equally large, but the material in collections is not comprehensive enough to provide estimates.

In regional composition, the tropical areas have a larger representation than temperate areas (as expected) with the Oriental (46 genera) and Neotropical (43 genera) regions being of comparable diversity, and the Afrotropical (36 genera) and Australasian (28 genera) regions following. Furthermore, we have seen in collections several putative additional (undescribed) genera from all tropical regions. In temperate areas, the Nearctic region (33 genera, including several Neotropical genera having a few species entering North America) has the highest generic diversity and the Palaearctic region (28 genera, including some Oriental genera that have a few species entering the southernmost areas of the Palearctic) has the lowest diversity. Considered as a whole, the entire Holarctic region would have a relatively high diversity of 39 genera.

The distribution of individual genera worldwide (Fig. 3) shows that 20 genera (24.7%) are cosmopolitan or almost so: 15 are present in all biogeographical regions (Apanteles, Choeras, Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Dolichogenidea, Glyptapanteles, Illidops, Microgaster, Microplitis, Parapanteles, Pholetesor, Promicrogaster, Rasivalva, Sathon, and Venanides) while another five are present in five out of the six biogeographical regions (Deuterixys, Distatrix, Exoryza, Iconella, and Snellenius). A few additional genera may eventually be found to be cosmopolitan.

Figure 3. 

Biogeographical distribution of the 81 Microgastrinae genera currently known worldwide. Data from the present paper.

Eleven genera (13.6%) are restricted to the New World tropics (Neotropical region): Cuneogaster, Dasylagon, Janhalacaste, Larissimus, Mariapanteles, Papanteles, Prasmodon, Sendaphne, Venanus, Xanthapanteles, and Xanthomicrogaster. Another nine genera (Alphomelon, Clarkinella, Exix, Hypomicrogaster, Lathrapanteles, Protomicroplitis, Pseudapanteles, Rhygoplitis, and Venanus) are almost exclusively found in the Neotropics, with few species reaching the Nearctic. The only genus that can be considered as a Nearctic endemic is Pelicope.

Ten genera (12.3%) are relatively widespread in, but restricted to, the Old World tropics: Agupta, Alloplitis, Buluka, Miropotes, Parenion, and Pseudofornicia. We also consider here Neoclarkinella, Nyereria, Philoplitis, and Pseudovenanides as almost exclusively present in the Old World tropics, as only a few species reach the southernmost areas of the Palaearctic.

Only two genera (2.5%) (Fornicia and Wilkinsonellus) seem to be pantropical, and completely absent in the Holarctic. Because almost all undescribed genera of Microgastrinae in collections are from tropical areas, this proportion could increase. No genus has a strictly Holarctic distribution, but three genera almost fulfill that criterion, as just a few species of each reach the northern limits of either the Oriental region (Hygroplitis and Paroplitis) or the Neotropical region (Rhygoplitis).

A total of 35 genera (43.2%) are presently known only from a single biogeographical region, with the Neotropical and Oriental regions each having ten endemic genera, respectively, and the Afrotropical having eight (Table 5). However, some of those genera will almost certainly be found to have a wider distribution.

DNA barcoding and Microgastrinae

During the past 12+ years, an extensive library of DNA barcodes for Microgastrinae has been assembled (Smith et al. 2013), resulting in the subfamily comprising 37% of all DNA sequences of Braconidae and almost 5% of all Hymenoptera sequences currently available in BOLD. At present, 44,739 specimens of Microgastrinae have sequences deposited in BOLD; 40,812 of those specimens have DNA barcodes representing 3,545 public BINs (http://v4.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=2099). The number of BINs will certainly increase, as most of the Microgastrinae specimens currently in BOLD come from just two countries: Canada and Costa Rica (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. 

Overview of Microgastrinae data in the Barcoding of Life Data System (BOLD) as of 31 December 2019.

BINs usually match well with putative species (as identified by an expert taxonomist), and thus could be used as a surrogate for analyses of species diversity, like other Operational Taxonomic Units (e.g., Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013, Fagan-Jeffries et al. 2018b). Based on our unpublished data, the correspondence between BINs and putative species in Microgastrinae may exceed 90%. For example, the number of Microgastrinae public BINs from Canada and Alaska (combined) currently found in BOLD is 551, very similar to the 550 species estimated for that area by Fernandez-Triana (2010; see also Fagan-Jeffries et al. 2018b). Even with the limited geographical coverage presently available, the total number of worldwide Microgastrinae BINs already surpasses the total of described species in our checklist by almost 200.

At the genus level, a significant proportion (67 genera or 83%) have some DNA data (Table 5). In most cases (64 genera or 79%) that includes at least one barcode compliant sequence, usually many more. Many of the 14 genera without molecular data in BOLD include taxa that are very rare in collections, i.e., only known from one or very few specimens, and/or the available specimens are very old (collected many decades ago) and did not yield any DNA. However, for at least a few of those genera it is expected that it will soon be possible to have DNA data.

Estimating species richness in Microgastrinae

With 2,999 valid species of Microgastrinae recognized here, an interesting question is how many species remain undescribed, whether or not known from collections. The actual species richness of Microgastrinae worldwide has been variously estimated during the past 35 years. At the lower end, Dolphin and Quicke (2001) extrapolated species richness of Braconidae based on data from butterflies and (primarily) mammals, arriving at an estimated 3,617–4,178 species of Microgastrinae. Jones et al. (2009) obtained similar results by comparing taxonomic revision data, with their estimates ranging from 3,900–5,500 species. Mason (1981) thought that 5,000–10,000 species would be a reasonable estimate, based on museum specimens he had seen. At the higher end of the spectrum, Rodriguez et al. (2013) compared the number of Lepidoptera and Microgastrinae species in several areas to arrive at estimates ranging from 17,000 to 46,000+ species.

Obviously, these estimates vary considerably: if the lowest one (3,617) were accurate, then we would already know 82% of the Microgastrinae species; if the highest one (46,620) were accurate, then the described species would represent only 6% of the actual diversity worldwide. Which estimate is more likely to be correct?

While a definite answer cannot be provided, some refinement of the current estimates is possible. The lowest range (3,000–5,000 species) is clearly too low based on what is currently known (2,999 described, valid species are recognized in this paper). As mentioned in the previous section, and despite its limited geographical coverage, Microgastrinae public BINs already represent 3,545 putative species. But, even if DNA data is disregarded, we have certainly seen in collections a few thousand undescribed species, which are clearly distinct based on morphological features alone. In that sense, Mason’s estimate of 10,000 species seems very reasonable.

But could the figures from Rodriguez et al. (2013) also be considered reasonable, or are they way off the mark? Although this might be seen just as a numbers game, the implications are significant. If indeed there were 30-, 40- or even 50,000 species of Microgastrinae worldwide, that could extrapolate to the entire family Braconidae having at least 150–200,000 species, and the entire Hymenoptera having much more than one million species. Those values are an order of magnitude higher than the values presently known for subfamily, family, and order, although they agree with estimates of the entire Hymenoptera suggested by other authors (e.g., LaSalle and Gauld 1991, Hanson and Gauld 1995, Foottit and Adler 2017).

Rodriguez et al. (2013) based their estimates on what Fernandez-Triana (2010) had referred to as the Lepidoptera/Microgastrinae ratio (L/M). Briefly explained, the ratio between lepidopteran and microgastrine species (where sufficient data are available) seems to be surprisingly similar in different regions, regardless of the area and diversity of such regions. The initial calculations were limited and only included three separate areas in Canada (Table 2 in Fernandez-Triana 2010). Based on the average ratio calculated from those three areas (L/M = 12/1) it was concluded that the richness of Microgastrinae in Canada and Alaska would be approximately 550 species. Rodriguez et al. (2013: Table 1) expanded the dataset to eleven different regions, mostly from North America and Europe, but also including New Zealand and ACG in Costa Rica; the resulting L/M ratios were still remarkably close, mostly ranging from 10/1 to 20/1, with an average of 16.4/1.

But just a few years later, some of the numbers used by Fernandez-Triana (2010) and Rodriguez et al. (2013) are already outdated. For Microgastrinae, the species richness in Ottawa, based on Fernandez-Triana et al. (2016a) and subsequent unpublished data, is now approaching 180 species, which represents a 20% increase compared to the total published in 2010; ACG in Costa Rica has surpassed 1,200 species, a 50% increase (based on Janzen and Hallwachs 2016); the Canadian High Arctic now has 26 recorded species or 30% more than initially reported (based on Fernandez-Triana et al. 2017b); the New Zealand fauna will increase by more than 25% compared to previous estimates (Fernandez-Triana & Ward, unpublished); even for the UK, arguably the most thoroughly studied region, the microgastrine count increased by at least 15% (based on Broad et al. 2016). Those revised figures all share one element in common: the species richness of Microgastrinae in those areas was underestimated by both Fernandez-Triana (2010) and Rodriguez et al. (2013).

Thus, the updated L/M ratios calculated for the above regions decreased, from an average of 16/1 in Rodriguez et al. (2013) to around 10/1 at present (also including Finland, where comprehensive data have become available since the Rodriguez et al. paper was published). But the lower the L/M ratio the higher the actual species richness of Microgastrinae. For example, assuming an estimated world number of Lepidoptera between 300,000 (Kristensen et al. 2007) and 500,000 species (Foottit and Adler 2017), and a world average L/M ratio of 10/1, the estimated number of Microgastrinae would then range from 30,000–50,000 species. If anything, the current data still seem to support higher, rather than lower, estimates for the subfamily.

As far as we know, there is only one major caveat in using L/M ratios to extrapolate and calculate the world fauna of Microgastrinae: at present all known figures come from temperate areas, with the sole exception of ACG. There is no other tropical area in the world with sufficient data to allow for meaningful L/M ratios to be calculated. Thus, it may be argued that if different ratios were prevalent in temperate areas compared to the tropics, which harbour, by far, the highest richness of Microgastrinae, then the overall world estimates could not be as high as Rodriguez et al. (2013) suggested. Only more data will allow this to be answered in a definite way; however, for the present it is worth noting that the L/M ratio in ACG (10/1) is actually very similar to those of temperate areas.

Overview of regional taxonomic studies on Microgastrinae

As with many insect groups, knowledge of Microgastrinae has been historically concentrated on the Northern Hemisphere temperate fauna. However, numerous recent studies are starting to shift focus to the tropics, with most new species in the past few years being described from the hitherto poorly worked Neotropical and Oriental regions, chiefly Costa Rica, China, and India.

In the Western Palearctic subregion, papers from the 1960s–1990s from Nixon and Papp treated most of the Microgastrinae species known up to that time, following careful work by Wilkinson from the 1920s–1940s aimed largely at interpreting poorly understood names (see papers of these three authors cited in the References section). Recent works have described a relatively small number of new species, although their papers sometimes included detailed accounts of species biology, and there is an ongoing concomitant deposition of DNA barcodes, etc. (Oltra and Michelena 1989, Oltra et al. 1995, 1996, Oltra-Moscardó & Jiménez-Peydró 2005, Shaw 1992, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012b, van Achterberg 2002, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014c). The Eastern Palearctic subregion is less well known, although progress has also been made (Tobias 1986, Kotenko 1981, 1986, 1992, 1993, 2004, 2007a, 2007b), and most of the new Palaearctic species to be discovered will probably come from the Eastern Palearctic. Some southern areas of the Palearctic, e.g., Iran, Turkey, and the Palearctic area of the Arabian Peninsula have also seen an increase in the number of publications in the last few years (Inanç 1992, 2002a, 2002b, Inanç and Çetin Erdogan 2004, Gadallah et al. 2015, Farahani et al. 2016, Ghahari and van Achterberg 2016, Fernandez-Triana and van Achterberg 2017, Ghafouri Moghaddam et al. 2018, 2019, Samin et al. 2018, Abdoli et al. 2019a, 2019b, Zargar et al. 2019); however, there have been few taxonomic revisions, with most of the work being biodiversity estimates, local checklists, or isolated species descriptions. With 827 described species of Microgastrinae, the Palearctic is currently the most speciose region, although it will almost certainly become the least when more studies in the other regions are undertaken.

In the Nearctic region progress has been slower than in the Palearctic. After two seminal papers from Muesebeck (1921, 1922), most of the new taxa have been described in isolated papers, mostly treating species of biocontrol relevance (Marsh 1975, 1978, 1979b, 1979c, Wharton 1983, Whitfield et al. 1999, Fernandez-Triana 2010, 2018; cf. other papers from Muesebeck cited in the References section), with some taxonomic revisions also produced (Whitfield 1985, 2006, Whitfield et al. 2011, Grinter et al. 2009, Valerio et al. 2009, Valerio and Whitfield 2015, Fernandez-Triana 2015, 2019 Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2016, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2013a). Hundreds of additional species from this region have been revealed by DNA barcoding, but the southernmost areas and west coast, which also happen to be the most species rich, have barely been studied (Fernandez-Triana 2018). It is expected that the actual numbers in the Nearctic will be several times higher than the current 350 described species.

The Neotropical region has been the focus of recent efforts, including the description of more than 400 new species and revision of many genera. However, most of those papers deal almost exclusively with the fauna of ACG, Costa Rica (Janzen et al. 2003, Valerio and Whitfield 2003, Valerio et al. 2005a, Fernandez-Triana 2015, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2013a, 2014a, 2014e, 2014f, 2014g, 2014h, 2015b, 2016b, 2016c), with only some marginal coverage of other countries (Austin and Dangerfield 1989, Penteado-Dias 1995, Penteado-Dias et al. 2000, 2002, 2011, Valerio and Whitfield 2005, 2015, Valerio et al. 2004, 2009, Choi and Whitfield 2006, Grinter et al. 2009, Arias-Penna et al. 2014, 2019, Salgado-Neto et al. 2018, 2019). Large collections have been amassed in South America, e.g., French Guiana, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, but an impediment to assessing that material is the difficulty in exchanging specimens with colleagues from other countries. In general, most of the Neotropics are extremely understudied, with several thousand species awaiting description but only 768 species described so far. For Microgastrinae, this is likely to be the most speciose region of the world.

The Oriental region, with 752 described species, currently ranks third after the Palearctic and Neotropical regions. It also contains thousands of undescribed species and may rival the Neotropical region as the most speciose. Recent advances have mostly been made in China and India, but we are also aware of large collections of specimens from other countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, which have already resulted in several publications (Austin 1987, 1989, Chen et al. 1994, Long and van Achterberg 2003, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, Chen and Song 2004, Long 2007, 2010, 2015, Fernandez-Triana and Goulet 2009, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014d, Zeng et al. 2011a, 2011b, Gupta 2013a, 2013b, Gupta and Kalesh 2012, Gupta and Fernandez-Triana 2014, 2015, Gupta et al. 2011, 2013a, 2013b, 2014a, 2014b, 2016a, 2016b, Liu et al. 2014, 205, 2016, 2018, Veena et al. 2014, van Achterberg et al. 2015, Xiong et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2017, Ranjith et al. 2015a, 2015b, 2019; cf. papers from authors Chen, Sathe, Song, Xu, and You cited in the References section). The main problem (other than difficulties in exchanging material) is the lack of revisions covering the entire region; the available taxonomic keys and papers tend to cover single countries, with few efforts to coordinate work at a larger (regional) scale. There is also a number of species described from India in publications that do not comply with ICZN Article 16, and thus those names are unavailable (see section Unavailable names below).

No significant progress has been made in the Afrotropical region for the past half a century. The very few exceptions include recent papers on the fauna of Réunion (Rousse and Gupta 2013), the Afrotropical area of the Arabian Peninsula (Fernandez-Triana and van Achterberg 2017), and some new species of importance in biocontrol (Kaiser et al. 2017, Fiaboe et al. 2017), or more general papers not specifically devoted to the Afrotropics (Walker 1994, Valerio et al. 2009, Fernandez-Triana and Goulet 2009, Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). However, relatively large collections from Kenya, Madagascar, Republic of Congo, and South Africa have been amassed during the past few years (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018), and there is potential to add hundreds, if not thousands of new species. Although the current total of described species is just 429 it is estimated that this will be the third most species-rich region of the planet for Microgastrinae.

Since the 1990s, several papers have treated the Australasian species (Austin 1990, Austin and Dangerfield 1992, 1993, Walker 1996, Saeed et al. 1999, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2011, 2013b, Fagan‐Jeffries and Austin 2018, Fagan‐Jeffries et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2019), but progress has been comparatively slow. At present 222 species are described from this region. Work on Pacific islands is basically non-existent but, when done, may reveal many more new and interesting taxa.

Hosts of Microgastrinae

The host range of a parasitoid is one of its most important features, linking its evolutionary past with its present autecology (Shaw 1994, Shaw and Aeschlimann 1994). Through knowledge of the host range it is possible to understand and to predict a parasitoid’s behaviour within current ecosystems (Shaw 2017b), and also gain some understanding of the speciation processes that brought them into existence (Shaw 2003).

Microgastrinae are the single most important group of parasitoids of Lepidoptera in the world, both in economic terms and in species richness (Whitfield 1995a, 1997). They are all koinobiont endoparasitoids and parasitize almost the entire taxonomic and biological spectrum of Lepidoptera (Shaw and Huddleston 1991, Whitfield 1997, Whitfield et al. 2018), with the probable exception of the four most basal superfamilies.

Adult female wasps typically oviposit into early instar larvae (with a few species known to oviposit into host eggs), within which the wasp eggs hatch and larval development takes place with the aid of venom and polydnavirus (PDV) effects on the host’s immune and endocrine system (summarized in Whitfield et al. 2018). All microgastrines fully depend on mutualistic PDVs to successfully parasitize hosts, the relationship between wasps and PDVs being the most remarkable known example of the evolution of a mutualistic endosymbiotic association between eukaryotes and viruses (Strand and Burke 2012, 2014).

Numerous literature records of non-Lepidoptera as hosts of Microgastrinae exist (Table 6), comprising at least 29 families within five orders of Insecta (data compiled from Yu et al. 2012). However, these records are wrong or at the very least highly questionable.

Table 6.

Historical account of Microgastrinae hosts that are not Lepidoptera, based on the compilation of Yu et al. (2012).

Order Families
Coleoptera Anobiidae, Anthomyiidae, Attelabidae, Bostrichidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Melandryidae, Phalacridae, Scirtidae
Diptera Agromyzidae, Cecidomyiidae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae
Hymenoptera Apidae, Argidae, Cimbicidae, Cynipidae, Diprionidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Tenthredinidae, Vespidae
Mantodea Mantidae
Trichoptera Limnephilidae

For example, the record of Apidae (Bombus sp.) as “host” of Microgastrinae can be easily rejected. Bombus nests have associated case-bearing moth caterpillars (Tineidae) feeding within the nest and the three known species of Microgastrinae that emerge from those nests actually parasitize the caterpillars, not the bees (Whitfield and Cameron 1993, Whitfield et al. 2001).

Two other recent examples are equally illustrative. The record of Enoicyla pusilla (Burmeister) (Trichoptera: Limnophilidae) as a host of the microgastrine Choeras gielisi (van Achterberg 2002) was at times considered to be a reliable example of a non-Lepidoptera host record; however, subsequent examination of the situation has called that record into doubt as it was reared from a substrate from which the host remains were not recovered (Shaw 2017a). Similarly, Kopelke (2011) reported two different species of Dolichogenidea (each from a single specimen), as part of his extensive rearing of inhabitants of 34,210 galls of nematine sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Europe; he asserted those two cases to be accidental, but genuine (Kopelke 2011: 9). Unfortunately, it is not clear from the publication if host remains were available (in those two specific cases) to confirm host identity, and under such circumstances we consider it appropriate to regard those records as highly dubious. Sawfly galls are nutritious and frequently fed on by caterpillars. It is relatively easy for a small parasitized lepidopteran larva to enter such a structure to die and become practically entirely consumed by the parasitoid, leaving almost only the head capsule. This happens with most Dolichogenidea species, which have a final external feeding period that leaves the host remains easily overlooked or misinterpreted. Many similar deductions concerning other recorded supposed non-lepidopteran hosts are easily made.

Even if examples of parasitization of other insect orders by Microgastrinae are well founded, we consider such cases would be highly abnormal. Shaw (1994) provided a conceptual definition for the host range of a particular parasitoid species, which should include only those species of potential hosts that the parasitoid is usually able to attack successfully, following a pattern of searching behaviour enabling it to encounter them regularly. That rather loose definition implies that some perfectly correct rearing records should be excluded from the host range if they represent only freak events of no importance to the autecology of the parasitoid or the host, and lack phylogenetic significance. It also implies that some hosts within the host range may be intrinsically more important than others that are encountered less frequently, or attacked less enthusiastically, or with a less successful outcome.

We also consider that there is no convincing evidence that the four most basal superfamilies of Lepidoptera (sensu Aarvik et al. 2017) are parasitized by Microgastrinae. There is no published record of Microgastrinae parasitizing Micropterigoidea and Eriocranioidea, and the few literature records of hosts in Hepialoidea and Nepticuloidea are highly questionable; we discuss and reject them below.

Sathon falcatus (Nees, 1834) was recorded in two broods (of 45 and 37 individuals) parasitizing Hepialus humulis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hepialidae) in the United Kingdom (Hammond and Smith 1957). We have located those specimens in the NHMUK but, although the relevant cocoon masses are present, there are no host remains. Sathon falcatus is a known parasitoid of the noctuid moth Apamea monoglypha (Hufnagel, 1766), whose larvae are superficially very similar to those of Hepialus humuli. Thus, we distrust the record strongly enough to refute it. It should also be noted that the rearings were not done by Hammond, who was the expert on Lepidoptera larvae.

The other known record is for Cotesia spuria (Wesmael, 1837) parasitizing Triodia sylvina (Linnaeus, 1761) (Hepialidae), published by Telenga (1955) with no details whatsoever, i.e., no information was provided on who identified the host or the parasitoid, or where and when the sample was collected, nor the depository of specimens. Cotesia spuria does have a wide host range, but confirmed hosts are all folivorous macrolepidoptera. Under these circumstances it is best to simply refute the record; although of course, if a rearing is repeated with appropriate credentials the refuted record could be recalled to stand as a possible previous instance.

The two published records of Nepticuloidea as hosts are also highly suspicious. Nixon’s (1976) record of Fomoria weaveri (Stainton, 1855) (Nepticulidae) as a host of Apanteles contaminatus (Haliday, 1834) has recently been refuted by Shaw (2012b), who commented on the rearing. The inflated mines of F. weaveri are superficially similar to those Epinotia nemorivaga (Tengström, 1848) (Tortricidae) from which A. contaminatus has been reliably reared; thus, in this case an error in host identification was almost certainly involved. Unfortunately, the specimen could not be found in the cited depository.

Gates et al. (2002: 221) recorded Stigmella ? variella (Nepticulidae) being parasitized by Dolichogenidea tischeriae Viereck (1912b) from a leaf mine on oak (Quercus agrifolia Née). However, that record is quoted as “parasitoids lot-reared from more than one leafmines from a single plant” (see caption of Table 2 on page 230 of Gates et al. 2002), and in that same Table other Lepidoptera families were recorded from that host plant, including several species of Gracillariidae and Tischeriidae, both of which had been reported as hosts of D. tischeriae in other papers and most likely represent the actual host(s). In that case, it is clear that the sample (leaves with mines) contained several lepidopteran species, and that Stigmella was wrongly assigned as a host of D. tischeriae.

Adeloidea and Tischerioidea are the most basal superfamilies of Lepidoptera (and the only non-Ditrysia groups) for which there is reasonably solid evidence supporting them as being hosts of Microgastrinae. There is reliable data showing that a few Microgastrinae indeed parasitize species of Adelidae (Shaw 2012b), Incurvariidae (Fernandez-Triana 2010), Prodoxidae (Nixon 1972, Shaw 2012b, Whitfield et al. 2005), Tischeriidae (Shaw 2012b) and even Heliozelidae (Fernandez-Triana et al., unpublished data).

Ditrysia (sensu Kristensen and Skalski 1999, Roe et al. 2009) constitutes the most derived clade of Lepidoptera, comprising more than 98% of all lepidopteran species, and representing by far the group most commonly parasitized by Microgastrinae. Eulepidoptera (sensu Aarvik et al. 2017) consists of Adeloidea + Tischerioidea + Ditrysia, which are the three groups for which we have solid evidence of parasitism by Microgastrinae. Thus, in this paper we propose that Microgastrinae hosts are restricted to Eulepidoptera, i.e., most of the Lepidoptera except for the four most basal superfamilies: Micropterigoidea, Eriocranioidea, Hepialoidea and Nepticuloidea. We consider all previous literature records of other insect orders and of the four early branching lineages of Lepidoptera as incorrect. Claims for hosts other than Eulepidoptera, which are made with conviction from time to time, are in our experience never supported by the recovery and preservation of associated host remains for careful assessment.

The published sources we compiled so far include Lepidoptera host data for 44 genera (54%) and around 1,250 species (42%) of Microgastrinae. Although the coverage is insufficient, those records include 3,200+ species of Lepidoptera and represent 5,500+ supposed host/parasitoid associations. In addition, there is a large amount of unpublished but databased host information (e.g., http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; http://www.caterpillars.org/), with hundreds of additional host/parasitoid records from currently undescribed microgastrine species (e.g., Whitfield et al. 2009, 2018, Hrcek et al. 2013). Still, more than half of the described species of microgastrines lack any information about their hosts. Even worse, an unknown but probably very large proportion of the published associations are also almost certainly wrong. Clearly, there is much to be learned, and for the existing information to be a good basis for understanding host records there needs to be a critically examination of the data to (try to) prune out wrong host/parasitoid associations, an effort that would require years of work, and even then would leave much uncertainty. A better approach to secure real knowledge may be to ensure that higher standards of data collection and specimen deposition take place for the future: in fact, without that we cannot expect much improvement in our understanding.

From the data presently available, the top ten families of Lepidoptera (as per number of species recorded as host) which are parasitized by Microgastrinae are Noctuidae, Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Crambidae, Geometridae, Gracillariidae, Depressariidae, Hesperiidae, Gelechiidae, and Nymphalidae. Altogether those families account for two-thirds of all known host/microgastrine parasitoid associations, which is not surprising given that they are also among the most species- rich Lepidoptera families. That probably also reflects a bias in collecting effort: these families provide most of the economically important crop and forestry pests, which are accordingly the most intensely sampled taxa for their parasitoids. Further, in some of these families there are large and/or spectacular caterpillars that are the most often seen and reared by hobbyists. Other groups such as stem borers, leaf litter, and canopy caterpillars tend to be less commonly reared.

Earlier compilations for species within particular microgastrine genera are dominated by records from the northern temperate region which are unlikely to reflect the complete spectrum of host associations when the ongoing (but currently mostly unpublished) massive number of rearings from tropical surveys are taken into account, e.g., Whitfield et al. (2018). In addition, there is a need to recognise phenological aspects of host range, especially in temperate climates: many parasitoid species are plurivoltine yet use univoltine hosts, each available to only one generation of the parasitoid; sometimes it happens that the parasitoid is, at least locally, entirely dependent on a single host species at one time of year but able to use another host or a wider range of hosts at another (see Shaw and Aeshlimann 1994). Last but not least, a parasitoid’s realized host range may not be constant in either space or time unless, of course, the parasitoid is strictly monophagous, and thus the relative abundance of co-occurring hosts will also vary (Shaw 2006). Recognition of the realized host range at a point in space and time is often of more practical significance for population dynamics, conservation biology, or biological control (Shaw 1994, 2003, 2017).

Despite the constraints mentioned above and the relatively poor state of knowledge, some general comments can be made for some of the most speciose Microgastrinae genera. For example, most Microgaster, Choeras, Apanteles, and Dolichogenidea species parasitize more or less concealed host larvae, allowing the final instar larvae of these parasitoids to carry out their external feeding phase in a sheltered environment, and host Lepidoptera with this amenable larval biology overwhelmingly belong to the families of the so-called microlepidoptera. Other genera such as Pholetesor and Deuterixys specialize on leaf-miners and parasitize hosts that feed in at least moderate concealment, as is required by the final external tissue-feeding phase of their parasitoid larvae. This is correlated with their use of hosts primarily from microlepidopteran families, which tend to be small, resulting in most of the parasitoids of microlepidoptera being solitary. In contrast, genera such as Microplitis, Cotesia, Distatrix, Diolcogaster, Protapanteles, and Glyptapanteles are fully endophagous and well-suited to parasitize exposed Lepidoptera larvae, such as those of many macrolepidoptera, which tend to be large and are thus more suited to support gregariousness, which is much more expressed in these microgastrine genera. There are exceptions, but they can often be understood in autecological terms, e.g., the few Microgaster that parasitize macrolepidopterans have hosts that feed or rest in concealed sites (Shaw 2004); the few Cotesia that parasitize microlepidopterans are usually associated with semi-exposed hosts in webs which feed partly exposed (see Nixon 1974); the flavipes group of Cotesia parasitizes stem borers in the families Pyralidae and Crambidae (e.g., Fujie et al. 2018).

Whenever comprehensive data are available, be it in temperate (e.g., in Europe and especially the United Kingdom), or tropical areas (e.g., ACG), patterns emerge. Often, they show that many species within most genera of Microgastrinae appear to have a high host specificity, often having been recorded from only a single or very few taxonomically closely related species. An alternative is having ecologically similar hosts (Shaw 2003, Fernandez-Triana 2018). Earlier studies often did not differentiate these levels of host specificity clearly, partly due to the presence of many morphologically cryptic species in large genera of Microgastrinae but also because it is very much harder to discover all or most of the hosts of a particular parasitoid species than it is to discover all or most of the parasitoid species using a given host. Only recently have they been detected through integrative taxonomy that incorporates DNA barcoding and other molecular methods, as well as much greater levels of field ecological data (Shaw 2017b, Whitfield et al. 2018).

However, some species of Microgastrinae seem to be much less restricted. Examples include Glyptapanteles vitripennis (Curtis, 1830), an incredibly polyphagous species with an immense host range of mainly (but not entirely) exposed macrolepidoptera found on trees and bushes in Europe (Nixon 1973, Shaw unpublished data), or Glyptapanteles pseudotsugae Fernandez-Triana, 2018, which parasitizes several lepidopteran species (Geometridae and Erebidae) feeding on Douglas fir across a range of 2,500 km in western North America (Fernandez-Triana 2018).

A few Microgastrinae genera seem to be restricted to only one host Lepidoptera family, e.g., Alphomelon (only reared from Hesperiidae), Fornicia (Limacodidae), Janhalacaste (Depressariidae), Papanteles and Xanthomicrogaster (Crambidae), and Pelicope (Prodoxidae). However, these microgastrine genera are not very species rich and it is difficult to know whether more data would extend their apparent associations.

For more speciose genera, the patterns are less clear or consistent, as the number of host families increases, in some cases dramatically. This may in part be a consequence of some Microgastrinae genera not being well defined, comprising at present an arrangement of different lineages that may be separated into different genera in future, e.g., Choeras, Diolcogaster, Glyptapanteles, and Hypomicrogaster. But some large and relatively well-defined genera, e.g., Apanteles, Cotesia, Dolichogenidea, Microplitis, and Microgaster, have large host ranges, including both early and more recently branching lepidopteran families, and ecological factors in their radiations have clearly been of importance.

There is no comprehensive account of the impact of Microgastrinae in biological control. Whitfield (1997) estimated that more than one hundred species had been studied and used in biocontrol programs against caterpillar pests worldwide, but he did not provide details or references to support that number. We have compiled the available information and have found that 800+ species of Lepidoptera considered as pests of some sort in agriculture and forestry are parasitized by Microgastrinae (Fernandez-Triana et al. unpublished data; host data for individual species of Microgastrinae is not presented in this paper, see next paragraph). That includes 110+ major pests, highlighting the importance of this group of parasitoid wasps in biological control programs anywhere.

In summary, Microgastrinae are the most abundant and diverse taxon of hymenopteran parasitoids reared from lepidopteran caterpillars worldwide. However, our current level of knowledge is still poor, as more than half of the wasp species have no host association records, and of the records that do exist, many of them are doubtful or plainly wrong. Considerable effort will be needed before we have a better and more accurate picture of the host/parasitoid associations of most species of Microgastrinae. Thus, in this paper we only provide general comments; details on individual host/parasitoid associations are intentionally omitted to avoid repeating and perpetuating inaccurate information.

Checklist of world genera and species of Microgastrinae

[Genera, and species within each genus, are arranged in alphabetical order. At the end of the list we place the species we consider as species inquirendae, nomina dubia, and nomina nuda, also in alphabetical order. For a complete list of all Microgastrinae available names in strict alphabetical order see also Suppl. material 1, 2]

Genus Agupta Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Agupta Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 28. Gender: neuter. Type species: Agupta jeanphilippei Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018, by original designation.

Four species are described from the Oriental region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018); those authors stated that there are dozens of undescribed species, based on collection holdings and specimens with available DNA barcodes, from the Australasian and Oriental regions. No revision of the genus has yet been produced. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are dozens of DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Agupta in BOLD, representing more than 25 different BINs (but none of those sequences have been identified in BOLD as belonging to Agupta, see Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault (2018) for more details on that).

Agupta danyi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Agupta danyi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Agupta jeanphilippei Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Agupta jeanphilippei Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Agupta raymondi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Agupta raymondi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Agupta solangeae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Agupta solangeae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Genus Alloplitis Nixon, 1965

Alloplitis Nixon, 1965: 268. Gender: masculine. Type species: Alloplitis guapo Nixon, 1965, by original designation.

Eight species are currently described from the Oriental and Afrotropical regions, but we have seen in collections (CNC, RMNH) numerous additional species from those regions. No revision of the genus has been produced, although a key to all four species known from Vietnam (Long & van Achterberg 2008) covers half of the described species. No host data are currently available for the genus. There are 20 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Alloplitis in BOLD representing eight different BINs, most of them undescribed species from Thailand.

Alloplitis albiventris Long & van Achterberg, 2008

Alloplitis albiventris Long & van Achterberg, 2008.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Alloplitis completus Mason, 1981

Alloplitis completus Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Alloplitis congensis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microplitis congensis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Even in the original description (de Saeger 1944), this species was considered not likely to belong to Microplitis. Without examining the holotype (and only known specimen), the best generic placement at present would be Alloplitis based on the propodeal areola, T1 with an impression on the basal third and striae on lateral margins, T2 rectangular in shape, and T3 shorter than T2.

Alloplitis detractus (Walker, 1860), new combination

Microgaster detractus Walker, 1860.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. From the original description and subsequent treatment of the species (Wilkinson 1927, 1929), it is clear that this species does not belong to Microgaster. After examining the holotype, we here transfer detractus to Alloplitis based on its short metatibial spurs, propodeum with a complete areola defined by strong carinae, T1 with a broad impression on anterior half, T2 broadly rectangular, and anteromesoscutum, scutellar disc, T1 and T2 heavily sculptured.

Alloplitis guapo Nixon, 1965

Alloplitis guapo Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Vietnam.

Alloplitis laevigaster Long & van Achterberg, 2008

Alloplitis laevigaster Long & van Achterberg, 2008.

Type information. Holotype male, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Alloplitis typhon Nixon, 1965

Alloplitis typhon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Alloplitis vietnamicus Long & van Achterberg, 2008

Alloplitis vietnamicus Long & van Achterberg, 2008.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Genus Alphomelon Mason, 1981

Alphomelon Mason, 1981: 54. Gender: neuter. Type species: Urogaster nigriceps Ashmead, 1900, by original designation.

Known from 19 described species from the New World (mostly Neotropical, with a few extending north into the Nearctic). The revision by Deans et al. (2003) is outdated; we have seen in collections (CNC) dozens of additional species, and the genus will easily surpass 50 species with additional study of the Neotropical fauna. All data currently available suggest that Alphomelon species may exclusively be parasitoids of Hesperiidae. There are 1,200+ DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 32 BINs, most of them undescribed species from Costa Rica.

Alphomelon arecaphile Deans, 2003

Alphomelon arecaphile Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (PA), Costa Rica.

Alphomelon brachymacher Deans, 2003

Alphomelon brachymacher Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (ES, MT, PA, SC), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru.

Notes. The specimens we studied were identified by the author of the species.

Alphomelon brasiliensis Shimabukuro & Penteado-Dias, 2003

Alphomelon brasiliensis Shimabukuro & Penteado-Dias, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, DCBU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MG, SP, RS).

Alphomelon bromeliphile Deans, 2003

Alphomelon bromeliphile Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica, Mexico.

Alphomelon citroloma Deans, 2003

Alphomelon citroloma Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (PE, RJ, RO), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Alphomelon conforme (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles conformis Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Venezuela.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RJ), Costa Rica, Venezuela.

Notes. This species was transferred from Apanteles to Alphomelon by Deans et al. (2003), although the new combination was not clearly formalized (but is implicit, see pages 1 and 18 of that paper). Deans et al. (2003) did not change the ending of the species name to agree in gender with the generic name (Article 34.2 of the ICZN). The genus Alphomelon was described by Mason (1981) as neuter, but conformis is a masculine adjective, and thus it must be changed to the neuter form conforme. Until now, no published paper had ever referred to this species as Alphomelon conforme although Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) correctly did so.

Alphomelon crocostethus Deans, 2003

Alphomelon crocostethus Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Jamaica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Bolivia, Brazil (ES, MG, RJ), Colombia, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.

Alphomelon disputabile (Ashmead, 1900), lectotype designation

Urogaster disputabilis Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Lectotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Grenada.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (KS, TX); NEO: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (ES, MT, PA, RJ, SC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Notes. Ashmead (1900c: 286) did not designate a type in the original description of the species, which was based on 'several specimens'. Subsequent references to the species (e.g., Muesebeck 1921, Shenefelt 1972, Marsh et al. 1979) did not address that either. In the most complete nomenclatural account of the species (Shenefelt 1972: 494), it is implied that the type series, including both male and female specimens, was deposited in London (NHMUK), and could be from either Grenada or Saint Vincent. Much later Deans et al. (2003) mentioned that they had examined the holotype of the species, which they wrote was a male and was deposited in the USNM (with USNM type #6446). However, there cannot be a 'holotype' when Ashmead’s paper makes it clear that the species description was based on a series of specimens. From the Introduction section of the original paper (Ashmead 1900c: 207) it is also clear that the specimens studied were loaned to him from London (NHMUK). Thus, what likely happened was that, after studying the loaned material, Ashmead retained one specimen in Washington from the original type series and returned the rest to London. That means that the male specimen examined by Deans et al. (2003) in Washington is a syntype. The Washington specimen cannot be considered as the lectotype either, following ICZN Article 74.7 “Lectotype designation after 1999”, which clearly states that “To be valid, a lectotype designation made after 1999 must, 74.7.1. employ the term “lectotype” or an exact translation (e.g., “lectotypus” but not “the type”), 74.7.2. contain information sufficient to ensure recognition of the specimen designated, and 74.7.3. contain an express statement of deliberate designation (merely citing a specimen as “lectotype” is insufficient)”. For the sake of clarity, here we designate a male specimen as the lectotype [NHMUK, type number 3c.2395, specimen number 010636228, ‘St’ Vincent, | W.I. | H.H. Smith’, ‘W. Indies | 99-331.’]. There are an additional four paralectotype males in NHMUK, three from Grenada and one from St. Vincent, that from St. Vincent labelled by Ashmead as ‘Type male’ and with a yellow ‘co-type’ label. The specimen designated lectotype here is in better condition, albeit lacking its antennae.

Alphomelon melanoscelis Deans, 2003

Alphomelon melanoscelis Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, ESUW (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Belize, Brazil (AL, MT), Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela.

Alphomelon nanosoma Deans, 2003

Alphomelon nanosoma Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MT), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago.

Notes. The specimens we studied were identified by the author of the species.

Alphomelon nigriceps (Ashmead, 1900), lectotype designation

Urogaster nigriceps Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (FL, NC, TX); NEO: Argentina, Belize, Brazil (RO), Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Netherlands Antilles, Peru, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Notes. Ashmead (1900c: 284) did not designate a type in the original description of the species, which was based on eight female specimens. Subsequent references to the species (e.g., Szépligeti 1904, Muesebeck 1921, Shenefelt 1972, Marsh et al. 1979) did not address that either. The most complete nomenclatural account of the species (Shenefelt 1972: 580) mentioned that the type series was in London (NHMUK), and a female specimen, with code 3c.1125 is referred to as the type. Much later, Deans et al. (2003) mentioned that they had examined the holotype of the species, which they wrote was a female and was deposited in the USNM (with USNM type #6443). Deans et al. (2003) probably overlooked Shenefelt’s account, but in any case, there cannot be a holotype when the original paper makes clear that it was a series of specimens. From the Introduction section of the original paper (Ashmead 1900c: 207) it is clear that the specimens studied were loaned to him from London (NHMUK). Thus, what likely happened was that, after studying the loaned material, Ashmead retained one specimen in Washington from the original type series and returned the rest to London. That means that the female specimen that Deans et al. (2003) saw in Washington is a syntype. We have seen in London the specimen referred to by Shenefelt (1972) with code 3c.1125. It is a female in good condition and, in addition to the standard type label from the NHMUK, it also has an additional, handwritten label that reads “Urogaster nigriceps, ♀ type, Ash.” For the sake of clarity, here we designate that female specimen as the lectotype; the female specimen examined by Deans et al. (2003) and deposited in the USNM, as well as the rest of the female specimens deposited in NHMUK are thus to be considered as paralectotypes.

Alphomelon paurogenum Deans, 2003

Alphomelon paurogenum Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, MCZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Chile.

Alphomelon pyrrhogluteum Deans, 2003

Alphomelon pyrrhogluteum Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, MCZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Alphomelon rhyssocercus Deans, 2003

Alphomelon rhyssocercus Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Alphomelon rugosum Shimabukuro & Penteado-Dias, 2003

Alphomelon rugosum Shimabukuro & Penteado-Dias, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, DCBU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (DF, SP).

Alphomelon simpsonorum Deans, 2003

Alphomelon simpsonorum Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (PR, SC), Costa Rica, Paraguay.

Alphomelon talidicida (Wilkinson, 1931)

Apanteles talidicida Wilkinson, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Guyana.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Alphomelon winniewertzae Deans, 2003

Alphomelon winniewertzae Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (AR, DC, FL, KS, MA, MI, NC, OH, TN, TX, VA); NEO: Costa Rica, Mexico.

Notes. The specimens we studied were identified by the author of the species.

Alphomelon xestopyga Deans, 2003

Alphomelon xestopyga Deans, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Genus Apanteles Foerster, 1863

Apanteles Foerster, 1863: 245. Gender: masculine. Type species: Microgaster obscurus Nees, 1834, by original designation and monotypy.

Urogaster Ashmead, 1898: 166. Type species: Urogaster vulgaris Ashmead, 1898, by subsequent designation (Viereck 1914).

Holcapanteles Cameron, 1905: 44. Type species: Holcapanteles sulciscutis Cameron, 1905, by monotypy. New synonymy.

Xestapanteles Cameron, 1910: 447. Type species: Xestapanteles latiannulatus Cameron, 1910, by monotypy.

Cecidobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910: 436. Type species: Cecidobracon asphondyliae Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910, by monotypy. New synonymy.

Allapanteles Brèthes, 1915: 404. Type species: Allapanteles cecidiptae Brèthes, 1915, by monotypy.

The year of publication of Foerster’s paper, with the original description of Apanteles, was until recently almost universally cited as 1862 (e.g., Dalla Torre 1898, Szépligeti 1904, Shenefelt 1972, Marsh 1979a, Yu et al. 2012); however, it has been shown that the actual year of publication was 1863 (Foley et al. 2003), which has been followed by Yu et al. (2016) and it is also accepted here.

The type species of Holcapanteles is H. sulciscutis Cameron, 1905, from Indonesia. The holotype is apparently lost (Shenefelt 1973, van Achterberg 1980, Mason 1981). The type species of Cecidobracon is C. asphondyliae Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910, from Argentina. Unfortunately, the type depository was never stated in the original description, and the specimen has not been located subsequently (Shenefelt 1973, Mason 1981). A second species, Cecidobracon braziliensis Kieffer & Tavares, 1925, was described from Brazil a few years later, but the type depository is also unknown. Without seeing the type specimens it may never be possible to establish with certainty the validity of Holcapanteles and Cecidobracon as Microgastrinae genera; however, based on the original descriptions, Mason (1981: 26, 27) considered that both genera were likely to be synonyms of Apanteles, although he did not formally synonymize the names. After reading the three original descriptions (Cameron 1905a: 44, Kieffer and Jörgensen 1910: 436–437, Kieffer and Tavares 1925: 48), including the associated illustrations of the wings of the two Cecidobracon species, we concur with Mason’s opinion and thus formally synonymize both genera under Apanteles for the sake of clarity and stability. The three species are also formally transferred below.

Currently Apanteles is the largest genus of Microgastrinae with 633 described species from all biogeographical regions (although, interestingly, there are no native species in New Zealand and the genus has not been recorded from the high Arctic). Several regional revisions are available, but some are very outdated and the taxonomic coverage of world species is far from complete. We have seen a large number of undescribed species in collections, mostly from tropical areas, and the actual species richness may well attain several thousand species. The name Apanteles was traditionally applied to all species with the fore wing areolet open: subsequently Apanteles auctt. has been split into numerous genera starting as early as 1880 and resulting in more than two dozen new genera being proposed since (see Mason 1981, Whitfield et al. 2002b, and Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e for summaries of the history of Apanteles and its different concepts). van Achterberg (2003) synonymised several of these genera under Apanteles, thus potentially increasing the number of described species to 1,290 (Fig. 2A; see also Yu et al. 2016); however, we do not follow that arrangement here (Fig. 2B; also, see above, under the section Brief diagnosis of all Microgastrinae genera as they are understood in this paper, a more detailed discussion on the generic limits of the subfamily). Even with the restricted generic concept that we use in this paper, Apanteles is still a huge and varied assemblage of species. Nixon (1965) proposed 44 species groups for the world fauna (although that was before Mason (1981) split the genus, meaning some of those groups are not currently in Apanteles); and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014e) proposed 30 new species groups just for Mesoamerica. Many of the Apanteles species groups represent monophyletic or at least morphologically cohesive groups, but others are poorly defined, and some are just containers for species that do not fit into any other group. Many families of Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts for Apanteles, but many records are likely to be incorrect and/or need further verification. In Costa Rica most of the known hosts belong to three families: Crambidae, Depresariidae, and Hesperiidae (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e; in that paper depressarids were treated as elachistids). There are 7,800+ DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Apanteles in BOLD representing almost 600 different BINs, mostly from Costa Rica and North America.

Apanteles abdera Nixon, 1965

Apanteles abdera Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde, South Africa.

Apanteles abditus Muesebeck, 1957

Apanteles abditus Muesebeck, 1957.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP), Uruguay, Venezuela.

Apanteles acoris Nixon, 1965

Apanteles acoris Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles acutissimus Granger, 1949

Apanteles acutissimus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. The original description mentions 15 female and 16 male specimens but does not explicitly designate a holotype, thus all are here considered to be syntypes.

Apanteles adelinamoralesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles adelinamoralesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles adoxophyesi Minamikawa, 1954

Apanteles adoxophyesi Minamikawa, 1954.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: China (AH, SD), Japan.

Notes. Our concept of Apanteles adoxophyesi is based on two female specimens we examined (EIHU), presumably identified by Watanabe. The digital collection of TARI also contains images of this species, although we could not confirm the accuracy of that identification (https://digiins.tari.gov.tw/tarie/treelist003E.php?id=Brac11122001&lev1=3&lev2=0/1/7/&lev3=01&page=5).

Apanteles adreus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles adreus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles adrianachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles adrianachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles adrianaguilarae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles adrianaguilarae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles adrianguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles adrianguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles afer Wilkinson, 1932

Apanteles afer Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Apanteles agatillus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles agatillus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles aglaope Nixon, 1965

Apanteles aglaope Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Apanteles aglaus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles aglaus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji.

Apanteles agrus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles agrus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles aichagirardae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles aichagirardae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles aidalopezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles aidalopezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles alaspharus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles alaspharus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles alastor de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles alastor de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles alazoni Lozan, 2008

Apanteles alazoni Lozan, 2008.

Type information. Holotype female, IECA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Canary Islands.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Canary Islands.

Apanteles albanjimenezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles albanjimenezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles albinervis (Cameron, 1904)

Urogaster albinervis Cameron, 1904.

Apanteles albinervicam Shenefelt, 1972.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Apanteles alejandromasisi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles alejandromasisi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles alejandromorai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles alejandromorai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles alexanderi Brèthes, 1922

Apanteles alexanderi Brèthes, 1922.

Type information. Lectotype female, MACN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Uruguay.

Notes. Our concept of Apanteles alexanderi is based on Martinez et al. (2012), who examined and designated the lectotype, and provided images and DNA barcodes of the species.

Apanteles allofulvigaster Long, 2007

Apanteles allofulvigaster Long, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, VNMN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. The holotype depository was not stated in the English version of the original description (Long 2007). That paper was written in two languages, the first part in Vietnamese, followed by a second part in English; based on the extent of both versions, we suspect that the English part is just a translation from the Vietnamese. However, we do not know if it is a literal translation or just a summarized (= shorter) version; thus, we do not know if the holotype depository is mentioned in the Vietnamese part of the paper. If the holotype was not stated in the Vietnamese version, then this species name would be unavailable (a subsequent paper (Long and Achterberg 2014) records the holotype depository; however, that alone does not comply with the ICZN requirements and would not make the name available). Although we have not been able to establish with certainty what is stated in the Vietnamese part of Long (2007), we provisionally consider here the species name as available.

Apanteles alvarougaldei Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles anabellecordobae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles anabellecordobae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles anamarencoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles anamarencoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles anamartinezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles anamartinezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Apanteles anamartinesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014 [incorrect original spelling].

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Notes. In the paper where this species was originally described, the name was spelled in two different ways: as anamartinezae (in the species list of Table 3, species description, references to ZooBank and caption of Figure 227) or as anamartinesae (in the Abstract, key to species, and caption to Figure 25). The correct spelling is obviously anamartinezae, as the species was named after Ana Martínez, and it is the one to be preserved, following Article 32 of the ICZN.

Apanteles anariasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles anariasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles anatole Nixon, 1965

Apanteles anatole Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. The holotype specimen has the vannal lobe with very few, very sparse setae across lobe length.

Apanteles andreacalvoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles andreacalvoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles angaleti Muesebeck, 1956

Apanteles angaleti Muesebeck, 1956.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Kenya; OTL: China (SN, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Vietnam; PAL: Iraq.

Notes. Introduced into Mexico and the USA (e.g., Mcgough and Noble 1957, Bartlett et al. 1978). In total more than 150,000 specimens were released but the species was never recovered in any of the USA states where it was released (Mcgough and Noble 1957), and a subsequent citation of the species from Mexico (Coronado-Blanco et al. 2004) is merely a repetition of the information cited in older references, not a confirmation of the species’ presence in the country. Thus, in this paper we do not consider A. angaleti as an established species in the Nearctic or Neotropical regions.

Apanteles angelsolisi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles angelsolisi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles angulatus Granger, 1949

Apanteles angulatus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles angustibasis Gahan, 1925

Apanteles angustibasis Gahan, 1925.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN), India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam.

Notes. This species was transferred to Cotesia by Gupta and Pawar (1992), a non-taxonomic paper, in which it could be argued that those authors did not study the holotype. We have studied the holotype as well as illustrations of specimens from Malaysia identified by C. Watanabe that are deposited in EIHU. Both the holotype and the Malaysian specimens are clearly not Cotesia but Apanteles, and thus we restore the combination of this species here.

Apanteles anodaphus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles anodaphus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Apanteles ansata Song & Chen, 2004

Apanteles ansata Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles anthozelae de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles anthozelae de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles anticlea Nixon, 1965

Apanteles anticlea Nixon, 1965

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Apanteles antilla Nixon, 1965

Apanteles antilla Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles arachidis Risbec, 1951

Apanteles arachidis Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. The original description is not clear enough to determine the correct generic placement of the species, thus is best kept in the genus it was originally described. Future study of the type specimen may change its current generic status.

Apanteles araeceri Wilkinson, 1928

Apanteles araeceri Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Indonesia, Malaysia.

Apanteles aragatzi Tobias, 1976

Apanteles aragatzi Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Armenia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Russia (KDA), Sweden, Turkey.

Notes. Our concept of the species is based on the descriptions provided by Papp (1984a) and Tobias (1986).

Apanteles arielopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles arielopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles arion Nixon, 1965

Apanteles arion Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles ariovistus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles ariovistus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Apanteles aristaeus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles aristaeus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW), India, Indonesia.

Apanteles aristoteliae Viereck, 1912

Apanteles aristoteliae Viereck, 1912.

Apanteles gelechiae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON, QC), USA (AZ, CA, CO, CT, KS, LA, MI, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, TX, UT, VT, WA).

Apanteles arsanes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles arsanes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Kenya.

Notes. Despite its relatively short ovipositor sheaths, we are retaining this species in Apanteles because of its pleated hypopygium, strongly concave vannal lobe lacking setae, and anteromesoscutum punctures which are fusing near scutoscutellar disc.

Apanteles articas Nixon, 1965

Apanteles articas Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Senegal; PAL: Israel, Tunisia, Turkey.

Apanteles artustigma Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles artustigma Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, ZJ).

Apanteles arundinariae de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles arundinariae de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Apanteles asphondyliae (Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910), new combination

Cecidobracon asphondyliae Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910.

Type information. Holotype male, lost (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. The type depository was not stated in the original description, and the specimen has never been located (Shenefelt 1973, Mason 1981). See comments at the beginning of Apanteles for details on the decision to transfer this species to Apanteles.

Apanteles assis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles assis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles atrocephalus Granger, 1949

Apanteles atrocephalus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Based on some morphological features described by Granger (1949), e.g., the areolated propodeum, shape and sculpture of T1–T3, acute hypopygium, ovipositor sheaths half the metatibia length, we think that this species could potentially be placed in one of the following genera: Apanteles, Parapanteles, or Cotesia. Because the original description (the only source available, apart from the single known specimen, which we could not examine), is not sufficient to determine the correct generic placement, we maintain atrocephalus within the genus in which it was originally described.

Apanteles attevae Yousuf, Hassan & Singh, 2008

Apanteles attevae Yousuf, Hassan & Singh, 2008.

Type information. Holotype female, TFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles audens Kotenko, 1986

Apanteles audens Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female?, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Georgia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Georgia, Russia (NC).

Notes. The paper in which the original description is included does not clarify the sex of the type material, nor is it specified if there is a holotype (or syntypes) on which the species description was based (Tobias 1986: 805). Without examining the actual specimen(s) is impossible to determine its sex or type status; however, in the Foreword section of the paper (Tobias 1986: page numbered as ix) it is stated that, to comply with nomenclature rules, the type material is specified for all species. The author then explicitly says that the paper includes lectotype and paralectotype designations for species described from the USSR in the past. Such a statement allows the assumption that all new species descriptions must have been based on holotypes – and not a type series (syntypes) as was presumably done in the past. Thus, we are assuming that there is a holotype for Apanteles audens Kotenko, 1986. Regarding the sex of the type, again only assumptions can be made until the specimen is examined, but the key is based on female specimens, including a brief original description that mentions the ovipositor sheaths. Thus, we consider here as very likely that the holotype is a female but add a question mark to clarify that it is only an educated guess.

Apanteles aurangabadensis Rao & Chalikwar, 1970

Apanteles aurangabadensis Rao & Chalikwar, 1970.

Type information. Holotype male, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles azollae Sumodan & Sevichan, 1989

Apanteles azollae Sumodan & Sevichan, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. See van Achterberg and Narendran (1997) for details about the type, and for the generic placement of the species. Apanteles azollae has been misspelled twice, as azolae and azolla, as previously noted by Yu et al. (2016).

Apanteles bajariae Papp, 1975

Apanteles bajariae Papp, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Greece, Hungary, Montenegro, Turkey.

Notes. Based on the position this species occupies in the key of Papp (1984a), it is possible that bajariae would actually belong to Dolichogenidea. However, the details in both the original description and Papp (1984a) are not definite to conclude with certainty, thus it is here kept in the genus it was originally described.

Apanteles baldufi Muesebeck, 1968

Apanteles baldufi Muesebeck, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (MI, MN).

Apanteles balteatae Lal, 1942

Apanteles balteatae Lal, 1942.

Type information. Holotype male, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles balthazari (Ashmead, 1900)

Urogaster balthazari Ashmead, 1900.

Urogaster meridionalis Ashmead, 1900.

Apanteles meridionalis Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (CE, PA, PB, PE, RN, SP), Cuba, Grenada, Saint Vincent.

Notes. The original description (Ashmead 1900c) does not match the holotype, as his description of the T1 shape, T2 sculpture and colouration of meso- and metafemora are completely different from the actual specimen examined (see Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e).

Apanteles bannaensis Song, Chen & Yang, 2001

Apanteles bannaensis Song, Chen & Yang, 2001.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles baoli Risbec, 1951

Apanteles baoli Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles basicavus Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles basicavus Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL, LN).

Apanteles bellatulus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles bellatulus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles bernardoespinozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles bernardoespinozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles bernyapui Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles bernyapui Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles bettymarchenae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles bettymarchenae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles bienvenidachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles bienvenidachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles biroicus Papp, 1973

Apanteles biroicus Papp, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Romania, Tunisia.

Notes. This species was transferred from Apanteles to Illidops by Papp (1988), but examination of two paratype specimens in the CNC revealed that those specimens do not have a median band of rugosity posteriorly on the scutellum, and the propodeum sculpture is also different from that found in Illidops (sensu Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e). Thus, here we transfer the species back to Apanteles.

Apanteles bitalensis de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles bitalensis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Syntypes female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Apanteles bordagei Giard, 1898

Apanteles bordagei Giard, 1898.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Réunion, Tanzania.

Notes. The year of description for this species has been incorrectly cited as 1902 by most authors (e.g., Granger 1949, Shenefelt 1972, Rousse and Gupta 2013, Yu et al. 2016), in all cases based on Giard (1902: 22). Having read that paper, it is clear that it only refers to the species as being described by the author in a previous work (Giard 1898: 202, which we have also read). This was correctly mentioned by de Saeger (1944: 316) and Wilkinson (1934: 150). Wilkinson comprehensively redescribed the species, based on specimens from Kenya and Tanzania, and he considered the type(s) to be lost based on his enquiry to a curator of the MNHN at the time, who could not find the specimen(s). Subsequent authors have provided shorter redescriptions, based on specimens from Democratic Republic of Congo (de Saeger 1944), Madagascar (Granger 1949), or Réunion (Rousse and Gupta 2013). Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1934). We accept the following comments from Madl and van Achterberg (2014): “Known from the Afrotropical region. The record from Madagascar mentioned in Risbec (1960: 629) is doubtful. Brénière (1965b: 347) mentions Apanteles bordagei from Madagascar, citing Granger (1949: 359) as reference, but Granger recorded this species only from Réunion and Africa. The record from Madagascar in Appert et al. (1969: 568) is based on Brénière (1965b)”. Consequently, here we do not consider Madagascar as a country where this species is found.

Apanteles brachmiae Bhatnagar, 1950

Apanteles brachmiae Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Apanteles braziliensis (Kieffer & Tavares, 1925), new combination

Cecidobracon braziliensis Kieffer & Tavares, 1925.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (BA).

Notes. The type depository was not given in the original description, and the specimen has never been located (Shenefelt 1973, Mason 1981). See comments at the beginning of Apanteles for details on the decision to transfer this species to Apanteles (p 74, 75).

Apanteles bredoi de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles bredoi de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal.

Apanteles brethesi Porter, 1917

Apanteles brethesi Porter, 1917.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: Chile.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Chile.

Apanteles brevicarinis Song, 2002

Apanteles brevicarinis Song, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HB).

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles brevimetacarpus Hedqvist, 1965

Apanteles brevimetacarpus Hedqvist, 1965.

Illidops metacarpus Hedqvist, 1965 [subsequent misspelling (Papp 2003)].

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde; PAL: Tunisia.

Notes. Papp (2003: 145) transferred this species to Illidops (although he misspelled the species name as metacarpus). A subsequent paper, also treating the species and reporting it for the first time from Tunisia, continued to place it within Illidops (Papp 2014). We examined the female holotype and a male paratype, and they clearly are not Illidops. The only feature that would suggest placement in that genus is the short vein R1 (metacarp), but that is known in several species of both Apanteles and Dolichogenidea. The posteromedian band of the scutellum is smooth. The propodeum, although without an areola, has a weak impression in its place, and its overall weak sculpture is not like that found in Illidops. Based on the hind wing, with a slightly concave vannal lobe lacking setae, the best generic placement for this species is Apanteles. This concurs with Forshage et al. (2016), although those authors were probably not aware of the two papers by Papp and were following the treatment of the original description. In any case, the statement by Forshage et al. (2016) that the holotype and paratype were missing is here updated, as in 2018 we found the specimens in the MZH.

Apanteles brevivena Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles brevivena Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (XJ, LN, JL, NM, SD).

Apanteles bruchi Blanchard, 1941

Apanteles bruchi Blanchard, 1941.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Peru.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Aquino et al. (2010), including details on the fate of the type material.

Apanteles brunnistigma Abdinbekova, 1969

Apanteles brunnistigma Abdinbekova, 1969.

Apanteles sotades Nixon, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (MB, NL, NT, ON, YT); PAL: Azerbaijan, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Russia (ZAB, PRI, TOM), Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014c). We have also examined the type of Apanteles sotades Nixon. New data from specimens with sequences in BOLD expand the species distribution within the Nearctic (northwestern Canada) as well as the Palearctic (Germany, Ukraine).

Apanteles brunnus Rao & Chalikwar, 1976

Apanteles brunnus Rao & Chalikwar, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, BAMU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles burunganus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles burunganus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. The original description does not provide enough detail to place this species in a genus unambiguously (it could be Apanteles but also Dolichogenidea). Until the type series is studied, we retain it in the genus in which it was originally described.

Apanteles caesar Wilkinson, 1938

Apanteles caesar Wilkinson, 1938.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Namibia.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Namibia, South Africa.

Notes. This species bears some resemblance to the two described species currently placed within Napamus. It shares with them the dark colour, infumate wings, elongate mouth parts (especially very long glossa and galea), and relatively short fore wing vein R1 (although not as short as in the two described Napamus). However, we retain caesar within Apanteles because it has some differences in propodeum sculpture (which is mostly smooth, having only small carinae near the nucha), metatibial spines (which are not as long as in Napamus) and the disparate geographic distribution of the known species.

Apanteles calixtomoragai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles calixtomoragai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles calycinae Wilkinson, 1928

Apanteles calycinae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Vietnam.

Apanteles camilla Nixon, 1965

Apanteles camilla Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles camirus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles camirus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles canarsiae Ashmead, 1898

Apanteles canarsiae Ashmead, 1898.

Apanteles housatannuckorum Viereck, 1917.

Apanteles maquinnai Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (AR, CT, DC, IL, IN, IA, KS, NY, VA).

Notes. We examined the holotype female of housatannuckorum and the holotype male of maquinnai, both currently considered as synonyms of A. canarsiae. All three holotypes are in the USNM and not in INHS as stated in Yu et al. (2016).

Apanteles carloscastilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles carloscastilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles carlosguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles carlosguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles carlosrodriguezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles carlosrodriguezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles carlosviquezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles carlosviquezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles carloszunigai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles carloszunigai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles carolinacanoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles carolinacanoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles carpatus (Say, 1836)

Microgaster carpata Say, 1836.

Urogaster solitarius Ashmead, 1900.

Protapanteles hawaiiensis Ashmead, 1901.

Urogaster fuscicornis Cameron, 1910.

Apanteles piceoventris Muesebeck, 1921.

Apanteles igae Watanabe, 1932.

Apanteles sarcitorius Telenga, 1955.

Apanteles ultericus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Holotype female, lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania; AUS: Australia (QLD), Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand; NEA: Canada (AB, BC, NB, NL, ON, PE, QC, SK), USA (CO, CT, DE, IL, IN, MD, MA, MI, MO, NH, NJ, NY, SC, TX, VA); NEO: Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil (SP), Cuba, Grenada, Peru, Puerto Rico; OTL: China (SN, TW, ZJ), Malaysia, Vietnam; PAL: Armenia, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (AMU, AST, KHA, PRI, SAK), Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. We examined the types of two of the seven currently accepted synonyms of carpatus: hawaiiensis (in USNM) and solitarius (in NHMUK). If Apanteles carpatus is ever going to be split into several species, the type of hawaiiensis would be a candidate to be considered as a different species, supported by morphological differences when compared to other Apanteles carpatus specimens and also through different host associations. We also examined one female (in EIHU, identified by Muesebeck) which also looks different to the traditional carpatus and could represent yet another species. Determining the limits of A. carpatus is beyond the scope of this paper and at present we leave all of the examined specimens as a single species.

Apanteles cassiae Chalikwar & Rao, 1982

Apanteles cassiae Chalikwar & Rao, 1982.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles cato de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles cato de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Apanteles cavatiptera Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles cavatiptera Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, YN).

Apanteles cavatithoracicus Chen, 2001

Apanteles cavatithoracica Chen, 2001.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB).

Notes. For the generic placement of this species we follow Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles cavifrons Nixon, 1965

Apanteles cavifrons Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles cebes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles cebes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles cecidiptae (Brèthes, 1916)

Allapanteles cecidiptae Brèthes, 1916.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles cerberus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles cerberus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles cestius Nixon, 1965

Apanteles cestius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles chalcomelas Nixon, 1965

Apanteles chalcomelas Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles changhingensis Chu, 1937

Apanteles changhingensis Chu, 1937.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, ZJ).

Notes. For the generic placement of this species we follow Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles characomae Risbec, 1951

Apanteles characomae Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ivory Coast.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Ivory Coast.

Apanteles chatterjeei Sharma & Chatterjee, 1970

Apanteles chatterjeei Sharma & Chatterjee, 1970.

Type information. Holotype female, IFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles chloris Nixon, 1965

Apanteles chloris Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles christianzunigai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles christianzunigai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles cingulicornis Granger, 1949

Apanteles cingulicornis Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles cinthiabarrantesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles cinthiabarrantesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ciriloumanai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ciriloumanai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles clita Nixon, 1965

Apanteles clita Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ), India, Vietnam.

Apanteles cockerelli Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles cockerelli Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, ID, IA, MI, MO, NE, NM, OR, SD, TX).

Apanteles cocotis Wilkinson, 1934

Apanteles cocotis Wilkinson, 1934.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia, Vietnam.

Apanteles coedicius Nixon, 1965

Apanteles coedicius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles coffeellae Muesebeck, 1958

Apanteles coffeellae Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Guadeloupe.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico.

Apanteles coilus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles coilus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles conanchetorum Viereck, 1917

Apanteles conanchetorum Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NS, ON), USA (AR, CT, DC, IL, IA, KS, MI, MO, NY, OH, PA, SC, SD, WV, WI).

Notes. Specimens of Apanteles conanchetorum that have rendered DNA barcodes comprise two BINS: BOLD:AAC5506 (eastern North America) and BOLD:AAC5507 (principally western Canada, but some records from ON, PE). Whether they represent two different species or not has been mentioned in the past (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014b), but for the time being all known specimens are kept as one species.

Apanteles concordalis Cameron, 1911

Apanteles concordalis Cameron, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Guyana.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guyana, Peru.

Notes. Based on the carination and sculpture pattern of propodeum and fore wing venation, this species belongs to the leucostigmus group (sensu Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e).

Apanteles conon Nixon, 1965

Apanteles conon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HB, TW), Indonesia, Philippines; PAL: Korea.

Notes. It is possible this is actually a Dolichogenidea species. The hind wing vannal lobes are not clearly visible (they are folded in both wings in the holotype) but what can be seen suggests they may be setose. Additionally, the anteromesoscutum punctures near the scutoscutellar sulcus do not fuse. However, because we cannot see the vannal lobe clearly, we refrain from transferring the species in this paper.

Apanteles conspicabilis de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles conspicabilis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Apanteles contactus Papp, 1977

Apanteles contactus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia, Russia (ZAB).

Apanteles contaminatus (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster contaminatus Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Neotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom.

Apanteles contemptus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles contemptus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Singapore.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Singapore.

Apanteles cordoi de Santis, 1980

Apanteles cordoi de Santis, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, MLP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Aquino et al. (2010).

Apanteles cornicula Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles cornicula Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles cosmopterygivorus Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles cosmopterygivorus Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Apanteles coxalis Szépligeti, 1911

Apanteles coxalis Szépligeti, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Senegal, Tanzania.

Notes. Our species concept is based on the redescription provided by Wilkinson (1932a), who was able to study the holotype.

Apanteles crassicornis (Provancher, 1886)

Microgaster crassicornis Provancher, 1886.

Microgaster crassicornis Provancher [primary junior homonym of Microgaster crassicornis Ruthe, 1860].

Type information. Lectotype female, ULQC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, ON, QC, SK), USA (AZ, IL, IN, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, MO, NJ, NY, OH, PA).

Apanteles crates Nixon, 1965

Apanteles crates Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles crispulae Blanchard, 1943

Apanteles crispulae Blanchard, 1943.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles cristianalemani Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles cristianalemani Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles crius Nixon, 1965

Apanteles crius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. The ovipositor sheaths are short, and the hypopygium has only one median fold (not pleated), similar to that of Pholetesor. However, the species otherwise resembles Apanteles and thus we have decided to maintain this species in the latter genus.

Apanteles croceicornis Muesebeck, 1958

Apanteles croceicornis Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Peru.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Peru.

Apanteles crocidolomiae Ahmad, 1945

Apanteles crocidolomiae Ahmad, 1945.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles crouzeli Blanchard, 1947

Apanteles crouzeli Blanchard, 1947.

Apanteles crouzelae de Santis, 1967 [unjustified emendation].

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles cuneiformis Song & Chen, 2004

Apanteles cuneiformis Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, YN).

Apanteles curvicaudatus Granger, 1949

Apanteles curvicaudatus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles cynthiacorderoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles cynthiacorderoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles cyprioides Nixon, 1965

Apanteles cyprioides Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: South Africa; OTL: China (FJ, HN), Philippines, Singapore.

Apanteles cypris Nixon, 1965

Apanteles cypris Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: Bangladesh, China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, HI, HK, HB, HN, JS, JX, SH, SN, TW, YN, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; PAL: China (AH, HA, SN, SD), Japan.

Apanteles daimenes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles daimenes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji.

Apanteles dakotae Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles dakotae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (ID, SD).

Apanteles decoloratus Granger, 1949

Apanteles decoloratus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles deifiliadavilae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles deifiliadavilae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles delhiensis Muesebeck & Subba Rao, 1958

Apanteles delhiensis Muesebeck & Subba Rao, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles dentatus Muesebeck, 1958

Apanteles dentatus Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP).

Apanteles deplanatus Muesebeck, 1957

Apanteles deplanatus Muesebeck, 1957.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1989) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014e).

Apanteles depressariae Muesebeck, 1931

Apanteles depressariae Muesebeck, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NS, ON, QC), USA (IA, ME, MA, VT).

Apanteles derivatus Long, 2010

Apanteles derivatus Long, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles desantisi Blanchard, 1947

Apanteles desantisi Blanchard, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles despectus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles despectus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Thailand.

Apanteles diatraeae Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles diatraeae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Cuba.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AZ, FL); NEO: Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1989) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014e). Yu et al. (2016) recorded France as a country for the species, based on one reference (Paddock 1933). However, we have read that paper, and there is no mention of A. diatraea there. Because we have not found any other source citing or supporting the presence of this species for France, we consider that record to be incorrect. Other country records (for introductions of diatraea) can be found in Bartlett et al. (1978).

Apanteles dickyui Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles dickyui Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles dictys Nixon, 1965

Apanteles dictys Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Apanteles didiguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles didiguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles dido Nixon, 1965

Apanteles dido Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles diegoalpizari Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles diegoalpizari Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles diegotorresi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles diegotorresi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles diniamartinezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles diniamartinezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles diocles Nixon, 1965

Apanteles diocles Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN), India, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles diourbeli Risbec, 1951

Apanteles diourbeli Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles dissimilis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles dissimile Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB), Philippines, Vietnam; PAL: China (JL).

Notes. Both versions of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) correctly spell the name of this species as Apanteles dissimilis. However, the original description of the species (Nixon 1965) and most of the subsequent, published references (e.g., Shenefelt 1972, Long et al. 2004, Chen and Song 2004) incorrectly refer to the species as Apanteles dissimile, which is the neuter rather than the masculine form of the adjective, and therefore violates ICZN Article 31.2. The Code-compliant spelling must be dissimilis, regardless of the original spelling (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.), and it is the one we follow here. The specimen is in poor condition, with detached metasoma and one pair of wings glued to a second card (underneath the point with the specimen). Because the wings were detached, the vannal lobe was torn and its shape and setation patterns can no longer be determined. But the punctures on the posterior margin of the anteromesoscutum are fused, thus we consider this species to belong to Apanteles.

Apanteles dores Nixon, 1965

Apanteles dores Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia, Vietnam.

Apanteles dotus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles dotus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.

Apanteles drupes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles drupes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles dumosus Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles dumosus Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL, LN).

Apanteles duniagarciae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles duniagarciae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles duplicatus Brèthes, 1922

Apanteles duplicatus Brèthes, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles duvalierbricenoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles duvalierbricenoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles edgarjimenezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles edgarjimenezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles edithlopezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles edithlopezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles eduardoramirezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles eduardoramirezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles edwardsii Riley, 1889

Apanteles edwardsii Riley, 1889.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (CT, IL, IA, ME, MA, MI, MN, NY, OH).

Apanteles edwinapuii Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles edwinapuii Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles elagabalus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles elagabalus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles eldarayae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles eldarayae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles eliethcantillanoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles eliethcantillanoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles epiblemae Muesebeck, 1935

Apanteles epiblemae Muesebeck, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, DE, FL, GA, KS).

Apanteles epijarbi Rao, 1953

Apanteles epijarbi Rao, 1953.

Type information. Holotype female, SJCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles epinotiae Viereck, 1912

Apanteles epinotiae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (CT, FL, IL, KS, KY, ME, MD, MA, MO, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TX, VA, WV).

Apanteles erickduartei Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles erickduartei Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles eriphyle Nixon, 1965

Apanteles eriphyle Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles erse Nixon, 1965

Apanteles erse Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia, Malaysia.

Apanteles esthercentenoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles esthercentenoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles eublemmae Nixon, 1965

Apanteles eublemmae Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania.

Apanteles eugeniaphilipsae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles eugeniaphilipsae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles eulogiosequeirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles eulogiosequeirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles eupolis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles eupolis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles eurynome Nixon, 1965

Apanteles eurynome Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji.

Apanteles eurytergis de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles eurytergis de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles evadnix Shenefelt, 1972

Apanteles evadnix Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles evadne Nixon, 1965 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles evadne Nixon, 1955].

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Apanteles evanidus Papp, 1975

Apanteles evanidus Papp, 1975.

Apanteles calpurnia Nixon, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Hungary, Moldova, Russia (S), Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine.

Apanteles evansi Nixon, 1971

Apanteles evansi Nixon, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde, Kenya.

Apanteles faustina Nixon, 1965

Apanteles faustina Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Mauritius.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Mauritius.

Apanteles federicomatarritai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles federicomatarritai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles felipechavarriai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles felipechavarriai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles felixcarmonai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles felixcarmonai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles feltiae Viereck, 1912

Apanteles feltiae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (SK), USA (AZ, CA, ID, IN, IA, MI, OH, SD, UT).

Apanteles fernandochavarriai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles fernandochavarriai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles firmus Telenga, 1949

Apanteles firmus Telenga, 1949.

Apanteles firmus rufipes Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Holotype and depository unknown not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (YAR), Tajikistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Notes. We have examined a female paratype, donated to the CNC. That specimen looks like Dolichogenidea (the vannal lobes in both hind wings are broken but they appear to be setose, although it is not entirely clear). The descriptions and comments by Nixon (1973) and Papp (1984a) also suggest this species could be placed in Dolichogenidea. However, without examining more specimens we refrain to transfer the species in this paper and prefer to maintain it in Apanteles for the time being.

Apanteles flavicapus Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles flavicapus Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD).

Apanteles flavicentrus Long, 2010

Apanteles flavicentrus Long, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. This species might not be Apanteles, but the original description does not provide enough details to determine its placement, so we retain it within Apanteles.

Apanteles flavigaster Long, 2010

Apanteles flavigaster Long, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. This species might not be Apanteles, but the original description does not provide enough details to determine its placement, so we retain it within Apanteles.

Apanteles floralis Tobias, 1966

Apanteles floralis Tobias, 1966.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1984a) and Tobias (1986).

Apanteles flormoralesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles flormoralesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles florus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles florus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, HN).

Apanteles fluitantis de Santis, 1980

Apanteles fluitantis de Santis, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, MLP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Aquino et al. (2010).

Apanteles fontinalis de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles fontinalis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Réunion, Rwanda.

Apanteles forbesi Viereck, 1910

Apanteles forbesi Viereck, 1910.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (MB, NS, ON), USA (AZ, CT, FL, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MO, NY, OR, SD).

Apanteles franciscopizarroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles franciscopizarroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles franciscoramirezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles franciscoramirezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles freddyquesadai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles freddyquesadai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles freddysalazari Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles freddysalazari Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles fredi Austin & Dangerfield, 1989

Apanteles fredi Austin & Dangerfield, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Guatemala.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guatemala.

Apanteles frersi (Brèthes, 1917)

Coelothorax frersi Brèthes, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck, 1912

Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB, NB, NL, NT, ON, QC), USA (AK, CO, ID, ME, MA, MI, MN, MT, NM, NY, OR, SC, SD, WA, WI); PAL: Poland.

Notes. We consider A. fumiferanae as a Nearctic species (Fernandez-Triana 2010, Fernandez-Triana and Huber 2010). The single record from the Palearctic is based on one publication compiling the Hymenoptera from Poland (Huflejt 1997), and it is very likely to be incorrect; however, we refrain to remove that record until more studies are done. The generic placement of this species is also somewhat controversial as the female holotype has the hind wings with a straight vannal lobe with small setae which are just slightly sparser than proximal and distal margins of lobe, and the (shallow and sparse) punctures on the anteromesoscutum are not fused near posterior margin. These two features are borderline with Dolichogenidea and more studies, combining morphology, biology, and molecular data, will be needed.

Apanteles fundulus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles fundulus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Australia (QLD); OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles gabrielagutierrezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles gabrielagutierrezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles galatea Nixon, 1965

Apanteles galatea Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson, 1932

Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. AFR, NEA, NEO, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand; AFR: Mauritius, Réunion; NEA: Canada (BC), USA (GA, NC, OH, SC); NEO: Argentina, Brazil (SP); OTL: China (GZ, HN, TW, ZJ), India, Pakistan; PAL: Armenia, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Malta, Romania, Russia (PRI), Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Distribution in Brazil based on de Santis (1964) and Shimbori (pers. comm.).

Apanteles gandoensis de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles gandoensis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Apanteles garygibsoni Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles garygibsoni Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles gaytotini Blanchard, 1959

Apanteles gaytotini Blanchard, 1959.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles gerardobandoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles gerardobandoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles gerardosandovali Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles gerardosandovali Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ghesquierei de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles ghesquierei de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal.

Apanteles gialamensis Long, 2007

Apanteles gialamensis Long, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles gitebe de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles gitebe de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles gladysrojasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles gladysrojasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles glenriverai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles glenriverai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles gloriasihezarae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles gloriasihezarae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles goron Nixon, 1965

Apanteles goron Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Apanteles gracilicorne Song & Chen, 2004

Apanteles gracilicorne Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles gracilipes Song & Chen, 2004

Apanteles gracilipes Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, HI, HB, YN).

Apanteles guadaluperodriguezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles guadaluperodriguezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles guamensis (Holmgren, 1868)

Microgaster guamensis Holmgren, 1868.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Guam.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Guam.

Notes. The last two versions of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) have this species listed as Microgaster. However, we examined a female homotype in the CNC, previously studied by William Mason, and the species clearly belongs in Apanteles, which agrees with Shenefelt (1972) who had also transferred the species to that genus. For clarity we revise the combination of this species here. The type(s) details and depository are presently unknown but Shenefelt (1972: 527) recorded the female sex as part of the original description, although without elaborating.

Apanteles guillermopereirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles guillermopereirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles hainanensis Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles hainanensis Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI).

Apanteles halfordi Ullyett, 1946

Apanteles halfordi Ullyett, 1946.

Apanteles eriophyes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, TMSA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles eriophyes Nixon, 1965.

Apanteles hapaliae de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles hapaliae de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles harryramirezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles harryramirezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles harti Viereck, 1910

Apanteles harti Viereck, 1910.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (CT, DC, IL, IA, KS, MD, MI, MO, NJ, OH, TN).

Apanteles hatinhensis Long, 2010

Apanteles hatinhensis Long, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles haywardi Blanchard, 1947

Apanteles haywardi Blanchard, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (SP).

Apanteles hazelcambroneroae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles hazelcambroneroae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles hebrus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles hebrus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles hectorsolisi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles hectorsolisi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles hedwigi Shenefelt, 1972

Apanteles hedwigi Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles areolaris Hedwig, 1961 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles areolaris Blanchard, 1947].

Type information. Holotype female, LNKD (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Afghanistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan.

Notes. The original description alone is not sufficient to unambiguously establish the generic placement for this species (it could be Apanteles, Dolichogenidea, Pholetesor, or perhaps even another genus). Until study of the only known specimen is done, we retain the species under Apanteles.

Apanteles heichinensis Sonan, 1942

Apanteles heichinensis Sonan, 1942.

Type information. Holotype male, TARI (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HN, TW, ZJ); PAL: China (AH).

Notes. For the generic placement of this species we follow Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles hellulae Risbec, 1951

Apanteles hellulae Risbec, 1951.

Apanteles hellulae crocidolomiae Risbec, 1951 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles crocidolomiae Ahmad, 1945].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles hemara Nixon, 1965

Apanteles hemara Nixon, 1965.

Apanteles caboverdensis Hedqvist, 1965.

Apanteles proalastor Hedqvist, 1965.

Apanteles bulgaricus Balevski & Tobias, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. AUS, AFR, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Australia (ACT); AFR: Cape Verde, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, South Africa, Yemen; OTL: China (HN), India, Pakistan, Vietnam; PAL: Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus, France, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Madeira Islands, Oman, Russia (PRI), Spain, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yugoslavia.

Notes. In Fernandez-Triana et al. (2017a: 3) this species is incorrectly listed as occurring in the Democratic Republic of Congo, when that record was actually from the Republic of Congo. Additional country distributions are also reported here, based on collections and DNA barcoding.

Apanteles hemiaurantius van Achterberg & Ng, 2009

Apanteles hemiaurantius van Achterberg & Ng, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, UKM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Apanteles hersilia Nixon, 1965

Apanteles hersilia Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles holmgreni Shenefelt, 1972

Apanteles holmgreni Shenefelt, 1972.

Microgaster carbonarius Holmgren, 1868 [primary junior homonym of Microgaster carbonarius Wesmael, 1837].

Type information. Holotype female, NHRS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Mauritius.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Mauritius.

Notes. Our species concept is based on the comments that Wilkinson (1932a: 323) made on this species. However, examination of the type will be needed in the future to corroborate its generic placement.

Apanteles horaeus Kotenko, 1986

Apanteles horaeus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (S), Ukraine.

Apanteles huberi Fernandez-Triana, 2010

Apanteles huberi Fernandez-Triana, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC).

Apanteles humbertolopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles humbertolopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles hyalinatus Granger, 1949

Apanteles hyalinatus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles hymeniae Wilkinson, 1935

Apanteles hymeniae Wilkinson, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji, Vietnam; OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles icarti Blanchard, 1960

Apanteles icarti Blanchard, 1960.

Apanteles icartae de Santis, 1967 [unjustified emendation].

Type information. Holotype female, DPBA (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles imitandus Muesebeck, 1954

Apanteles imitandus Muesebeck, 1954.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP).

Apanteles impiger Muesebeck, 1958

Apanteles impiger Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Puerto Rico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Cuba, Puerto Rico.

Apanteles importunus Wilkinson, 1928

Apanteles importunus Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GX), India.

Apanteles impunctatus Muesebeck, 1933

Apanteles impunctatus Muesebeck, 1933.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (LA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1989).

Apanteles inaron Nixon, 1965

Apanteles inaron Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles incurvus Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles incurvus Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (NX).

Apanteles inesolisae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles inesolisae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles inops Nixon, 1965

Apanteles inops Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles insignicaudatus Granger, 1949

Apanteles insignicaudatus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles insularis Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles insularis Muesebeck, 1921.

Urogaster grenadensis Ashmead, 1900 [secondary homonym of Cotesia grenadensis Ashmead, 1900].

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Grenada.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Grenada, Saint Vincent.

Notes. We also examined the type of Urogaster grenadensis in the NHMUK.

Apanteles inunctus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles inunctus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Apanteles ione Nixon, 1965

Apanteles ione Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles ippeus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles ippeus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD); OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles irenecarrilloae Fernandez-Triana, 2014, name amended

Apanteles irenecarrilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014 [incorrect original spelling].

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Notes. The original spelling of the species Apanteles irenecarrilloi is incorrect, as the species was named after Irene Carrillo, a woman, and thus its ending should be -ae instead of -i. The correct spelling is here amended to Apanteles irenecarrilloae.

Apanteles isaacbermudezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles isaacbermudezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles isander Nixon, 1965

Apanteles isander Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: South Africa; OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles isidrochaconi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles isidrochaconi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles isidrovillegasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles isidrovillegasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ivondroensis Granger, 1949

Apanteles ivondroensis Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles ivonnetranae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ivonnetranae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles jairomoyai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles jairomoyai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles javiercontrerasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles javiercontrerasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles javierobandoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles javierobandoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles javiersihezari Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles javiersihezari Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles jenniferae Fernandez-Triana, 2010

Apanteles jenniferae Fernandez-Triana, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON, QC).

Apanteles jesusbrenesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles jesusbrenesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles jesusugaldei Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles jesusugaldei Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles jimmychevezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles jimmychevezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles johanvargasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles johanvargasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles jorgecortesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles jorgecortesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles jorgehernandezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles jorgehernandezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles josecalvoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles josecalvoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles josecortezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles josecortezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles josediazi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles josediazi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles josejaramilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles josejaramilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles josemonteroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles josemonteroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles joseperezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles joseperezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles joserasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles joserasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juanapuii Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juanapuii Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juancarrilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juancarrilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juangazoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juangazoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juanhernandezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juanhernandezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juanlopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juanlopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juanmatai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juanmatai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juanvictori Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juanvictori Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles jubmeli Hedqvist, 1972

Apanteles jubmeli Hedqvist, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHRS (examined). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Sweden.

Apanteles juliodiazi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juliodiazi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles juniorlopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles juniorlopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles keineraragoni Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles keineraragoni Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles kivuensis de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles kivuensis de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles kubensis Abdinbekova, 1969

Apanteles kubensis Abdinbekova, 1969.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Hungary, Korea, Moldova, Mongolia, Russia (NC, S), Turkey.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980a) and Tobias (1986).

Apanteles lacteus (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster lacteus Nees, 1834.

Type information. Holotype female, lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (ORE, ROS, RYA, TAM), Slovakia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. This species was first transferred to Dolichogenidea (as D. lacteus) by Halperin (1986), following Papp’s identification of those specimens. Since then it has been variously treated as Apanteles or Dolichogenidea (e.g., Papp 1988, Shaw 2012b, Belokobylskij et al. 2003, Yu et al. 2012, 2016, Liu et al. 2015, Broad et al. 2016). For the sake of clarity, we revise the combination of this species here. The specimens we have examined all have a strongly concave hind wing vannal lobe, being clearly Apanteles.

Apanteles laevicoxis Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles laevicoxis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (MS).

Apanteles lanassa Nixon, 1965

Apanteles lanassa Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). County of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Apanteles langenburgensis Szépligeti, 1911

Apanteles langenburgensis Szépligeti, 1911.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania.

Notes. Information about type specimens taken from Shenefelt (1972). Our concept of this species is based on Wilkinson (1932a), de Saeger (1944) and Risbec (1951).

Apanteles laricellae Mason, 1959

Apanteles laricellae Mason, 1959.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON, QC), USA (WI).

Apanteles latericarinatus Song & Chen, 2001

Apanteles latericarinatus Song & Chen, 2001.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, YN).

Apanteles latisulca Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles latisulca Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles laurahuberae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles laurahuberae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles laurenmoralesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles laurenmoralesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles lavignei Blanchard, 1959

Apanteles lavignei Blanchard, 1959.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (BA).

Notes. The holotype was part of the Blanchard collection, which we assume is now deposited in the MACN.

Apanteles laxus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles laxus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles lectus Tobias, 1964

Apanteles lectus Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mongolia, Russia (C, S), Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1976).

Apanteles lenea Nixon, 1976

Apanteles lenea Nixon, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Romania, Russia (ZAB, PRI, SAK), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Apanteles leninguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles leninguadamuzi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles leonelgarayi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles leonelgarayi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles leptothecus (Cameron, 1907)

Pseudapanteles leptothecus Cameron, 1907.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The holotype is in very poor condition, missing the entire metasoma, the head badly smashed, and with the micropin (which was pinned through the mesosoma) corroding. However, the propodeum is clearly visible, as well as the vannal lobe of one hind wing. Based on that, it is still possible to corroborate the placement of this species within Apanteles, although probably the type would be mostly useless for a better characterization of the species.

Apanteles leptoura Cameron, 1909

Apanteles leptoura Cameron, 1909.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HB, HN), Malaysia, Sri Lanka.

Apanteles leucochiloneae Cameron, 1911

Apanteles leucochiloneae Cameron, 1911.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Guyana.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guyana.

Notes. Yu et al. (2016) recorded the type as being female; however, we examined one female and one male specimens, both glued on the same card that has a type label, and thus are to be considered as syntypes, as correctly implied by Shenefelt (1972: 553).

Apanteles leucopus (Ashmead, 1900)

Urogaster leucopus Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Grenada.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Grenada, Saint Vincent.

Apanteles leucostigmus (Ashmead, 1900)

Urogaster leucostigmus Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO, NEA.

NEA: USA (FL); NEO: Cuba, Grenada, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent.

Apanteles lilliammenae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles lilliammenae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles lineodos Cameron, 1911

Apanteles lineodos Cameron, 1911.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Guyana.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guyana.

Notes. Based on the carination and sculpture pattern of the propodeum and fore wing venation, this species belongs to the leucostigmus group (sensu Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e).

Apanteles linus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles linus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles liopleuris Szépligeti, 1914

Apanteles liopleuris Szépligeti, 1914.

Type information. Holotype male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Tanzania.

Notes. Only known from the male holotype (Wilkinson 1932a: 324). Without examining the type, it is not possible to conclude on the generic placement of this species.

Apanteles lisabearssae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles lisabearssae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles longiantenna Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles longiantenna Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles longicaudatus You & Zhou, 1991

Apanteles longicaudatus You & Zhou, 1991.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, JX, ZJ).

Notes. The depository acronym was chosen from the English website of the Hunan Agricultural College (now Hunan Agricultural University). Our species concept is based on Liu et al. (2014).

Apanteles longirostris Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles longirostris Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, YN).

Apanteles longistylus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles longistylus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the illustration of the ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths (de Saeger 1944), this could be either an Apanteles or Dolichogenidea. Until the vannal lobe of specimens are examined, it is not possible to conclude, thus we retain the species in the genus in which it was originally described.

Apanteles longitergiae Rao & Kurian, 1950

Apanteles longitergiae Rao & Kurian, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Rao and Kurian (1950), Rao (1961), and Rao and Chalikwar (1971). The original description mentions “ovipositor sheaths short, exserted” which may suggest this species belongs to Parapanteles; however, because no other details are clear to conclude, we prefer to retain the species in Apanteles until specimens can be examined.

Apanteles luciariosae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luciariosae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luisbrizuelai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luisbrizuelai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luiscanalesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luiscanalesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luiscantillanoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luiscantillanoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luisgarciai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luisgarciai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luisgaritai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luisgaritai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luishernandezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luishernandezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luislopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luislopezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles luisvargasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luisvargasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles lunata Song & Chen, 2004

Apanteles lunata Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB); PAL: China (JL).

Apanteles luteocinctus de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles luteocinctus de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Apanteles luzmariaromeroae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles luzmariaromeroae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles lycidas Nixon, 1965

Apanteles lycidas Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles lyridice Nixon, 1965

Apanteles lyridice Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles machaeralis Wilkinson, 1928

Apanteles machaeralis Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD), India, Myanmar, Vietnam.

Apanteles macromphaliae Silva Figueroa, 1917

Apanteles macromphaliae Silva Figueroa, 1917.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNNC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Chile.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Chile.

Notes. Shenefelt (1972: 563) stated that the original description of the species mentioned female and male specimens, which would mean that they were syntypes; however, Yu et al. (2016) recorded the type of this species as a female; neither publications specified the depository of the specimens. We have found a local reference in Spanish that clearly states that the species was described based on 13 female syntypes, deposited in the MNNC (Camousseight 1975: 5), and we are following this source here. The generic placement of this species is impossible to define until the original material is examined.

Apanteles magnioculus Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles magnioculus Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GZ).

Apanteles malleus Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles malleus Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (HE).

Apanteles mamitus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles mamitus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, JX, TW), India, Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles manuelarayai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles manuelarayai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles manuelpereirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles manuelpereirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles manuelriosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles manuelriosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles manuelzumbadoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles manuelzumbadoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marcobustosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marcobustosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marcogonzalezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marcogonzalezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marcovenicioi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marcovenicioi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles mariachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles mariachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles mariaguevarae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles mariaguevarae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marialuisariasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marialuisariasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles mariamendezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles mariamendezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marianopereirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marianopereirai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles mariatorrentesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles mariatorrentesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marisolarroyoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marisolarroyoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marisolnavarroae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marisolnavarroae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles marvinmendozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles marvinmendozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles masoni Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles masoni Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HI, YN).

Apanteles mauriciogurdiani Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles mauriciogurdiani Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles medioexcavatus Granger, 1949

Apanteles medioexcavatus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles medioimpressus Granger, 1949

Apanteles medioimpressus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles medon Nixon, 1965

Apanteles medon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia, Vietnam.

Apanteles megastidis Muesebeck, 1958

Apanteles megastidis Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Trinidad & Tobago.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Trinidad & Tobago.

Apanteles megathymi Riley, 1881

Apanteles megathymi Riley, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AZ, CA, NC, SC); NEO: Mexico.

Apanteles mehdialii Rao & Chalikwar, 1970

Apanteles mehdialii Rao & Chalikwar, 1970.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles melpomene Nixon, 1965

Apanteles melpomene Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. The propodeum sculpture is somewhat atypical for Apanteles, as noted by Nixon (1965); nevertheless, we think at present this is still the best generic placement for the species.

Apanteles menes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles menes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles meriones Nixon, 1965

Apanteles meriones Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles metacarpalis (Thomson, 1895)

Microgaster metacarpalis Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Lectotype female, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, China (SN), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (PRI), Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, Tunisia, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965, 1973) and Liu et al. (2014).

Apanteles metacarpellatus Blanchard, 1963

Apanteles metacarpellatus Blanchard, 1963.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles metagenes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles metagenes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles metellus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles metellus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles milenagutierrezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles milenagutierrezae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles milleri Mason, 1974

Apanteles milleri Mason, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, NB, NT, ON, QC), USA (MT).

Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck, 1922

Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL, TX).

Apanteles minatchy Rousse & Gupta, 2013

Apanteles minatchy Rousse & Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Apanteles minator Muesebeck, 1957

Apanteles minator Muesebeck, 1957.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (TX); NEO: Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.

Apanteles minor Fahringer, 1938

Apanteles minor Fahringer, 1938.

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JS).

Notes. Williams (1988: 562) considered Apanteles falcatus minor Fahringer, 1938, originally described as a subspecies of Sathon falcatus (Nees, 1834), to be a different species. Williams elevated it to species rank and placed it in Apanteles; however, he also wrote that the Apanteles minor type had “a sparsely setose vannal lobe of the hind wing”. While this might indicate that the species is better placed in Dolichogenidea instead of Apanteles, for the time being we prefer to follow Williams (1988), as we have not been able to study the type of minor.

Apanteles minorcarmonai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles minorcarmonai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles minornavarroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles minornavarroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles miramis Nixon, 1976

Apanteles miramis Nixon, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, United Kingdom.

Apanteles mohandasi Sumodan & Narendran, 1990

Apanteles mohandasi Sumodan & Narendran, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. van Achterberg and Narendran (1997) transferred the species to Dolichogenidea. Later, Gupta et al. (2011) transferred it back to Apanteles based on the hind wing vannal lobe being concave and without setae.

Apanteles monicachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles monicachavarriae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles montezumae Sánchez, Figueroa & Whitfield, 2015

Apanteles montezumae Sánchez, Figueroa & Whitfield, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, IIAF (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Notes. The last name of the first author of the paper is Sánchez-García, as spelled on the title page (Sánchez-García et al. 2015: 10). However, for the species description in the Systematics section, only Sánchez was used (Sánchez-García et al. 2015: 11); thus, the authors of the species must be considered to be Sánchez, Figueroa and Whitfield.

Apanteles morrisi Mason, 1974

Apanteles morrisi Mason, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB, NB, ON, QC), USA (MI, WI) PAL: Germany.

Apanteles morroensis Nixon, 1955

Apanteles morroensis Nixon, 1955.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Juan Fernández Islands.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Juan Fernández Islands.

Notes. Both the original description and references afterwards (e.g., Shenefelt 1972, Yu et al. 2016) refer to the type to be deposited in “the University of Santiago, Chile”. However, we have examined the type which is in NHMUK.

Apanteles mujtabai Bhatnagar, 1950

Apanteles mujtabai Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype male, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The original description suggests that this species may not belong to Apanteles, based on the relatively short ovipositor sheaths; however, there are not enough details in the rest of the description to come to a conclusion, so in this paper we retain mujtabai in the genus it was originally described until specimens can be studied. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the year of description for this species to 1950.

Apanteles munnarensis Sumodan & Narendran, 1990

Apanteles munnarensis Sumodan & Narendran, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg and Narendran (1997).

Apanteles murcia Nixon, 1965

Apanteles murcia Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Singapore.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Singapore.

Apanteles muticiculus Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles muticiculus Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles mutilia Nixon, 1965

Apanteles mutilia Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sudan.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Sudan.

Apanteles mycerinus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles mycerinus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: South Africa; OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. Before 2014, this species was only known from three specimens from South Africa (Nixon 1965: 57). A recent record of this species from Vietnam (Long and van Achterberg 2014) should be considered suspicious because that paper does not claim to be the first record of the species for Vietnam (but no other published reference can be found), the authors did not see the type material of the species, and the geographical distribution of the specimens is disparate.

Apanteles mycetophilus Wilkinson, 1931

Apanteles mycetophilus Wilkinson, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles myrsus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles myrsus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles namkumensis Gupta, 1957

Apanteles namkumensis Gupta, 1957.

Type information. Holotype female, FSCA? (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The original description refers to the Gupta collection, which we assume to be currently deposited in FSCA.

Apanteles natras Nixon, 1965

Apanteles natras Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles navius Nixon, 1965

Apanteles navius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles nemesis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles nemesis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles neotaeniaticornis Yousuf & Ray, 2010

Apanteles neotaeniaticornis Yousuf & Ray, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, IFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles nepe Nixon, 1965

Apanteles nepe Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. The holotype (only known specimen) has all the wings glued together, so it is not possible to see the vannal lobe in the hind wings with clarity.

Apanteles nephereus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles nephereus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles nephoptericis (Packard, 1864)

Microgaster nephoptericis Packard, 1864.

Apanteles ephestiae Baker, 1895.

Type information. Holotype sex unknown, MCZ (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (AR, CA, CO, FL, IL, IN, IA, KS, NV, NJ, NY, OH, OR).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Whitfield et al. (2001). Shenefelt (1972: 578) stated that the type consisted of only one fore wing. Thus, it is not possible to determine the sex of the type.

Apanteles nephus Papp, 1974

Apanteles nephus Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Russia (PRI), Ukraine.

Apanteles niceppe Nixon, 1965

Apanteles niceppe Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles nidophilus Whitfield & Cameron, 2001

Apanteles nidophilus Whitfield & Cameron, 2001.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (AM, SP), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Notes. The holotype is missing the head and part of one of the hind legs.

Apanteles nigrofemoratus Granger, 1949

Apanteles nigrofemoratus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar, Réunion.

Apanteles ninigretorum Viereck, 1917

Apanteles ninigretorum Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921).

Apanteles nitidus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles nitidus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Notes. Dolichogenidea cannot be discarded as a potential generic placement for this species; however, until the hind wing vannal lobe of the holotype can be examined, we prefer to retain it in Apanteles.

Apanteles nivellus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles nivellus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Ghana.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Ghana.

Apanteles nixoni Song, 2002

Apanteles nixoni Song, 2002.

Apanteles nixoni Song, 2002 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles nixoni Papp, 1971].

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB); PAL: China (JL).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles noronhai de Santis, 1975

Apanteles noronhai de Santis, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, MLP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (Fernando de Noronha Is, PE).

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Aquino et al. (2010).

Apanteles novatus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles novatus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles nycon Nixon, 1965

Apanteles nycon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles nymphis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles nymphis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Apanteles oatmani Marsh, 1979

Apanteles oatmani Marsh, 1979.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia.

Apanteles obscurus (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster obscura Nees, 1834.

Microgaster arenarius Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (KDA, KYA, PRI, SAK, SPE, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1976), Papp (1980a), and Kotenko (2007a).

Apanteles oculatus Tobias, 1967

Apanteles oculatus Tobias, 1967.

Type information. Holotype male, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1984a).

Apanteles odites Nixon, 1965

Apanteles odites Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ), Philippines.

Apanteles oenone Nixon, 1965

Apanteles oenone Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Australia (NT, QLD, WA); OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles olorus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles olorus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles opacus (Ashmead, 1905)

Urogaster opacus Ashmead, 1905.

Apanteles derogatae Watanabe, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Hawaiian Islands; OTL: China (FJ, GX, HN, JS, SH, SN, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam; PAL: China (SD), Japan.

Notes. The species was recorded from the Hawaiian Islands as an adventive species (Nishida 2002), but has been later found to be common (Howarth et al. 2012).

Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez & Berta, 2012

Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez & Berta, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles orientalis Szépligeti, 1913

Apanteles orientalis Szépligeti, 1913.

Type information. Holotype male, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: Tanzania; OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (2004).

Apanteles oritias Nixon, 1965

Apanteles oritias Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ), India.

Apanteles oroetes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles oroetes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles orphne Nixon, 1965

Apanteles orphne Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji.

Apanteles ortia Nixon, 1965

Apanteles ortia Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Solomon Islands.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Solomon Islands.

Apanteles orus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles orus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles oryzicola Watanabe, 1967

Apanteles oryzicola Watanabe, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, KUEC (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Apanteles oscarchavezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles oscarchavezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles oscus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles oscus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles osvaldoespinozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles osvaldoespinozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles pablotranai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles pablotranai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles pabloumanai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles pabloumanai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles pablovasquezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles pablovasquezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles pachycarinatus Song & Chen, 2002

Apanteles pachycarinatus Song & Chen, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles painei Nixon, 1965

Apanteles painei Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Apanteles paraglaope Long, 2010

Apanteles paraglaope Long, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles paraguayensis Brèthes, 1924

Apanteles paraguayensis Brèthes, 1924.

Type information. Type unknown, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Paraguay.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Paraguay.

Notes. The original description is insufficient to conclude on the generic placement of this species.

Apanteles paralus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles paralus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles paranthrenidis Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles paranthrenidis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (CA, DC, FL, MS, NY, OK, PA); NEO: Mexico.

Apanteles parapholetesor Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles parapholetesor Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (LN).

Apanteles parkeri Muesebeck, 1954

Apanteles parkeri Muesebeck, 1954.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MG).

Apanteles parsodes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles parsodes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles parvus Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles parvus Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, ZJ); PAL: China (HA, SN).

Apanteles pashmina Rousse, 2013

Apanteles pashmina Rousse, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Apanteles pastranai Blanchard, 1960

Apanteles pastranai Blanchard, 1960.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles patens Nixon, 1965

Apanteles patens Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles paulaixcamparijae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles paulaixcamparijae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles peisonis Fischer, 1965

Apanteles peisonis Fischer, 1965.

Apanteles subfirmus Abdinbekova, 1969.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMW (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Azerbaijan, Romania, Russia (NC).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1984a).

Apanteles pellucipterus Song & Chen, 2001

Apanteles pellucipterus Song & Chen, 2001.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Song et al. (2001) and Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles pentagonalis Blanchard, 1963

Apanteles pentagonalis Blanchard, 1963.

Type information. Holotype male, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles pentagonius de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles pentagonius de Saeger, 1944.

Apanteles wilkinsoni de Saeger, 1941 [homonym of Apanteles wilkinsoni Fahringer, 1936].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles peridoneus Papp, 1974

Apanteles peridoneus Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Apanteles persephone Nixon, 1965

Apanteles persephone Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (WA).

Apanteles pertiades Nixon, 1965

Apanteles pertiades Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Solomon Islands.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

Apanteles petilicaudium Chen, Song & Yang, 2002

Apanteles petilicaudium Chen, Song & Yang, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Apanteles petronariosae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles petronariosae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles phalis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles phalis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles phtorimoeae Risbec, 1951

Apanteles phtorimoeae Risbec, 1951.

Apanteles heliopae Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles phycodis Viereck, 1913

Apanteles phycodis Viereck, 1913.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Vietnam.

Apanteles piceotrichosus Blanchard, 1947

Apanteles piceotrichosus Blanchard, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (RS), Chile.

Apanteles pilosus Telenga, 1955

Apanteles pilosus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on the original description and Papp (1984a). We suspect that this species might belong to Dolichogenidea (or perhaps even Pholetesor), based on the description of the hypopygium, ovipositor sheaths, shapes of T1 and T2, and sculpture of anteromesoscutum; however, the hind wing vannal lobe is not described or illustrated in the sources we studied. Thus, we follow here Papp (1988) who kept the species in Apanteles.

Apanteles platyptiliophagus Shenefelt, 1972

Apanteles platyptiliophagus Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles platyptiliae Rao & Kurian, 1950 [homonym of Apanteles platyptiliae Cameron, 1909].

Type information. Holotype male, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles platyptiliovorus Blanchard, 1965

Apanteles platyptiliovorus Blanchard, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. The original description suggests this species may belong to Choeras (based on the host species as well as the comparison the author made with Choeras adjuntcus). However, the details of the propodeum, T1–T3, and ovipositor cannot be interpreted unambiguously as being similar to Choeras (other genera could also be considered, including Apanteles). Thus, until specimens can be studied, we think is better to retain the species in the genus in which it was originally described.

Apanteles plesius Viereck, 1912

Apanteles plesius Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (IL, MO, NJ, WI).

Notes. The holotype is currently missing the metasoma, three legs, and tips of antenna. We are following previous references to quote the holotype sex.

Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck, 1912

Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB, NB, ON, QC), USA (AK, DC, FL, IL, KS, MI, MN, MO, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, SD, WA, WI).

Apanteles pongamiae Sumodan & Narendran, 1990

Apanteles pongamiae Sumodan & Narendran, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg and Narendran (1997).

Apanteles prinoptus Papp, 1984

Apanteles prinoptus Papp, 1984.

Apanteles metaclypealis Tobias & Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Russia (S), Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on the original description and also comments from Kotenko (2006).

Apanteles procoxalis Hedqvist, 1965

Apanteles procoxalis Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. Forshage et al. (2016) considered the type material to be lost; however, in 2017 it was found by the senior author of this paper in another section of the MZH collection.

Apanteles prosopis Risbec, 1951

Apanteles prosopis Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles prusias Nixon, 1965

Apanteles prusias Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. The propodeum sculpture is somewhat atypical for Apanteles, as noted by Nixon (1965); nevertheless, we think at present this is still the best generic placement for the species.

Apanteles psenes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles psenes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia, Vietnam.

Apanteles pseudoglossae Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles pseudoglossae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (QC), USA (IL, MD, MI, MN).

Apanteles pseudomacromphaliae Havrylenko & Winterhalter, 1949

Apanteles pseudomacromphaliae Havrylenko & Winterhalter, 1949.

Apanteles macromphaliae Blanchard, 1942 [nomen nudum].

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Apanteles pusaensis Lal, 1942

Apanteles pusaensis Lal, 1942.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles pycnos Nixon, 1965

Apanteles pycnos Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles pyrodercetus de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles pyrodercetus de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles quadratus Anjum & Malik, 1978

Apanteles quadratus Anjum & Malik, 1978.

Type information. Holotype female, UKZMP (not examined). Country of type locality: Pakistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Pakistan.

Notes. The depository acronym (UKZMP) was selected based on the institution name: University of Karachi, Zoological Museum, Pakistan.

Apanteles quadrifacies Papp, 1984

Apanteles quadrifacies Papp, 1984.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1984a).

Apanteles quinquecarinis Song & Chen, 2003

Apanteles quinquecarinis Song & Chen, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (JX).

Apanteles racilla Nixon, 1965

Apanteles racilla Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles raesus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles raesus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles randallgarciai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles randallgarciai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles randallmartinezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles randallmartinezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles raulacevedoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles raulacevedoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles raulsolorsanoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles raulsolorsanoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles raviantenna Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles raviantenna Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB); PAL: China (JL).

Apanteles rhipheus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles rhipheus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles rhomboidalis (Ashmead, 1900)

Urogaster rhomboidalis Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Saint Vincent.

Apanteles ricardocaleroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ricardocaleroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ricini Bhatnagar, 1950

Apanteles ricini Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype male, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Apanteles riograndensis Brèthes, 1920

Apanteles riograndensis Brèthes, 1920.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RS).

Notes. The following information is based on Eduardo Shimbori (pers. comm.), and we use it as the most reliable source to conclude on the species distribution and type locality: a) there is no clear indication that Apanteles riograndensis Brèthes, 1920 is from Argentina, as far as we know, Taxapad (Yu et al. 2016) is the only source that states that, and it may be just an error based on the museum where the holotype is deposited; b) the title of the paper containing the original description is: “Insectos utiles y dañinos de Rio Grande do Sul y de la Plata” (Brèthes 1920), Rio Grande do Sul is certainly a Brazilian state (although there is a Rio Grande in Argentina, it is located in the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, a place very far removed from La Plata); c) another paper (Ronna 1924) about insects of that same Brazilian state also mentions A. riograndensis; d) the catalogue on Hymenoptera Brasilenos (de Santis 1980) also cite A. riograndensis as from Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the information above we here consider Apanteles riograndensis Brèthes, 1920 as a Brazilian species, and not present in Argentina.

Apanteles risbeci de Saeger, 1942

Apanteles risbeci de Saeger, 1942.

Type information. Holotype female?, RMCA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. We could not read the original description, but subsequent treatments of the species (de Saeger 1944, Risbec 1951) stated that the species was described based on the female sex (although it is not clear if one or more female specimens were studied). Thus, we have added a question mark after the holotype to denote the uncertainty.

Apanteles robertmontanoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles robertmontanoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles robertoespinozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles robertoespinozai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles robertovargasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles robertovargasi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles robustus Hedqvist, 1965

Apanteles robustus Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. Forshage et al. (2016) considered the type material to be lost; however, in 2017 it was found by the senior author of this paper in another section of the MZH collection.

Apanteles rodrigogamezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles rodrigogamezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles rogerblancoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles rogerblancoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles rolandoramosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles rolandoramosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles rolandovegai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles rolandovegai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles romei Rousse, 2013

Apanteles romei Rousse, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Apanteles ronaldcastroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ronaldcastroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ronaldgutierrezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ronaldgutierrezi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ronaldmurilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ronaldmurilloi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ronaldnavarroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ronaldnavarroi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ronaldquirosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ronaldquirosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles ronaldzunigai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ronaldzunigai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles rosaces Nixon, 1965

Apanteles rosaces Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles rosibelelizondoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles rosibelelizondoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles rostermoragai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles rostermoragai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles roughleyi Fernandez-Triana, 2010

Apanteles roughleyi Fernandez-Triana, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC).

Apanteles rufithorax Hedqvist, 1965

Apanteles rufithorax Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. Forshage et al. (2016) considered the type material to be lost; however, in 2017 it was found by the senior author in the MZH.

Apanteles rugiceps Wilkinson, 1934

Apanteles rugiceps Wilkinson, 1934.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles ruthfrancoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles ruthfrancoae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles rutilans Nixon, 1965

Apanteles rutilans Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: Kenya; OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles saegeri Risbec, 1951

Apanteles saegeri Risbec, 1951.

Apanteles saegeri bambeyi Risbec, 1951.

Apanteles saegeri duplosenegalensis Shenefelt, 1972 [new name for Apanteles saegeri senegalensis Risbec, 1951, a homonym of Apanteles senegalensis Risbec, 1951].

Type information. Syntypes female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles sagax Wilkinson, 1929

Apanteles sagax Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda.

Apanteles salutifer Wilkinson, 1931

Apanteles salutifer Wilkinson, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB, YN), India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; PAL: Japan, Korea.

Apanteles samedovi Abdinbekova, 1969

Apanteles samedovi Abdinbekova, 1969.

Apanteles lencoranicus Abdinbekova, 1969.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980a) and Tobias (1986).

Apanteles samoanus Fullaway, 1940

Apanteles samoanus Fullaway, 1940.

Type information. Holotype female, BPBM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: American Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: American Samoa, Fiji.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992).

Apanteles saravus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles saravus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles sauros Nixon, 1965

Apanteles sauros Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles schneideri Nixon, 1965

Apanteles schneideri Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Apanteles schoutedeni de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles schoutedeni de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal.

Apanteles sergiocascantei Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles sergiocascantei Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles sergioriosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles sergioriosi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles seyrigi Wilkinson, 1936

Apanteles seyrigi Wilkinson, 1936.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles sigifredomarini Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles sigifredomarini Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles significans (Walker, 1860)

Microgaster significans Walker, 1860.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ), India, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.

Apanteles singaporensis Szépligeti, 1905

Apanteles singaporensis Szépligeti, 1905.

Type information. Lectotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Singapore.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Singapore.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1928b).

Apanteles smerdis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles smerdis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles sodalis (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster sodalis Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster carbonarius Ratzeburg, 1848 [homonym of Microgaster carbonarius Wesmael, 1837].

Microgaster ater Ratzeburg, 1852.

Microgaster lugens Ratzeburg, 1852.

Apanteles lindbergi Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. AFR, NEA, PAL, OTL.

AFR: Cape Verde; NEA: Canada (BC, NB, NL); PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (SN), Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (KHA, KDA, MOS, PRI, SAK, SAM, SAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom; OTL: China (GD, ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Fernandez-Triana and Huber (2010). The specimens of Apanteles sodalis that have yielded DNA barcodes comprise two BINs, BOLD:AAM7223 (from Canada: BC, NL) and BOLD:AAN1859 (Canada: BC). Whether they represent two different species or not was mentioned by Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014b) but no further study has been conducted so in this paper all known specimens are kept as one species.

Apanteles solox Nixon, 1965

Apanteles solox Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Singapore.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Singapore.

Apanteles sosis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles sosis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: South Africa; OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles sparsus Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles sparsus Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD).

Apanteles spicicula Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles spicicula Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles stagmatophorae Gahan, 1919

Apanteles stagmatophorae Gahan, 1919.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (MD).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921) and Nixon (1972).

Apanteles starki Mason, 1960

Apanteles starki Mason, 1960.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA, OTL, PAL.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC), USA (ID, UT); OTL: China (HB); PAL: China (NX).

Apanteles stegenodactylae Cameron, 1909

Apanteles stegenodactylae Cameron, 1909.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. Wilkinson (1928b: 137) considered that this species should probably be synonymized under Apanteles subductus Walker, 1860. The two species were described from a single male each, which were collected in the same island (Sri Lanka), and both are in relatively poor condition. However, after examining both specimens we do not think that is advisable to do what Wilkinson suggested. Although both specimens indeed share some resemblance morphologically, subductus lacks any biological information, the type locality is only stated as Ceylon (currently Sri Lanka), and the wings are partially shredded and glued together on the card, making it impossible to see any details on the hind wing. In contrast, stegenodactylae is slightly better preserved, has information about the type locality, and it also has preserved the wasp cocoon (and associated host information). Until more material from Sri Lanka is more comprehensively studied, we prefer to maintain both species as separate.

Apanteles stennos Nixon, 1965

Apanteles stennos Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles stenomae Muesebeck, 1958

Apanteles stenomae Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Venezuela.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP), Venezuela.

Notes. Distribution in Brazil from de Santis (1967b).

Apanteles stictipes Chen & Song, 2004

Apanteles stictipes Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles striatopleurus Hedqvist, 1965

Apanteles striatopleurus Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Apanteles subaltus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles subaltus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Apanteles subandinus Blanchard, 1947, restored combination

Apanteles subandinus Blanchard, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, NEO.

AFR: Réunion, South Africa; AUS: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD, SA, TAS, VIC, WA), New Zealand; NEO: Argentina, Brazil (PR), Peru, Uruguay.

Notes. Under this species name there is likely a complex of species, some of them not even related. We have seen in the CNC two different species, one of them (from the USA, CA, and reared from the Gelechiidae moth Phthorimaea operculella) clearly belongs to Apanteles, and perhaps represents the true Apanteles subandinus. Another species (from Venezuela, reared from the same host) clearly belongs to Dolichogenidea, as it differs in the shape and fully setose vannal lobe of the hind wing, as well as the shape and sculpture of T1. Additionally, in BOLD, there are two BINs with the same name Apanteles subandinus but they are far apart from each other. BIN BOLD:AAM4042 contains the Venezuelan specimens (as well as other specimens from Chile, also deposited in the CNC but with no associated host records); that BIN is close to species of Dolichogenidea and not Apanteles. The second BIN BOLD:AAV2170 contains specimens from Colombia and New Zealand (with no host record available); that BIN is close to species of Apanteles and not Dolichogenidea. To complicate things further, Rousse and Gupta (2013: 534) considered the species as “unambiguously belonging to the genus Glyptapanteles” and thus transferred it to that genus; however, from their own figures in that paper (Rousse and Gupta 2013: fig. 15g-i) it is evident that the single female specimen they saw is not Glyptapanteles (e.g., see length and shape of the ovipositor sheaths and the hypopygium shown there in their fig. 15g). Solving the complexities of this species is beyond the scope of the present paper, but for now we transfer the species back to Apanteles, the best placement that it can be currently assigned to.

Apanteles subcamilla Long, 2007

Apanteles subcamilla Long, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Apanteles subcristatus Blanchard, 1936

Apanteles subcristatus Blanchard, 1936.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay.

Apanteles subductus (Walker, 1860)

Microgaster subductus Walker, 1860.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. See comments above (under the species Apanteles stegenodactylae Cameron, 1909) for more comments on both species.

Apanteles subrugosus Granger, 1949

Apanteles subrugosus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles sulciscutis (Cameron, 1905), new combination

Holcapanteles sulciscutis Cameron, 1905.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Notes. See comments at the beginning of Apanteles for more details on the decision to transfer this species to Apanteles.

Apanteles syleptae Ferrière, 1925

Apanteles syleptae Ferrière, 1925.

Type information. Holotype female, MHNG (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sudan.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965). The species was recorded from India by Abraham et al. (1973); however, we consider that source as questionable (based on the previously known distribution of the species and different host species), pending further corroboration we prefer to exclude that record for the time being.

Apanteles sylvaticus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles sylvaticus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Apanteles symithae Bhatnagar, 1950

Apanteles symithae Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Apanteles tachardiae Cameron, 1913

Apanteles tachardiae Cameron, 1913.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN), India.

Apanteles taeniaticornis Wilkinson, 1928

Apanteles taeniaticornis Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Apanteles taiticus (Holmgren, 1868)

Microgaster taiticus Holmgren, 1868.

Type information. Holotype female, NHRS (not examined). Country of type locality: Society Islands.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Society Islands.

Apanteles talinum Risbec, 1951

Apanteles talinum Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles tapatapaoanus Fullaway, 1946

Apanteles tapatapaoanus Fullaway, 1946.

Apanteles bedelliae Fullaway, 1941 [homonym of Apanteles bedelliae Viereck, 1911].

Type information. Holotype female, BPBM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: American Samoa, Western Samoa.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992).

Apanteles taragamae Viereck, 1912

Apanteles taragamae Viereck, 1912.

Apanteles plusiae Viereck, 1913.

Apanteles homonae Rohwer, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Papua New Guinea; OTL: China (FJ, GX, GZ, HB, HN, TW, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; PAL: Japan, Korea.

Notes. We examined the types of Apanteles plusiae plusiae Viereck, 1913, and Apanteles homonae Rohwer, 1922, both synonyms of Apanteles taragamae.

Apanteles telon Nixon, 1965

Apanteles telon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Pakistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Pakistan.

Apanteles thoracartus Liu & Chen, 2015

Apanteles thoracartus Liu & Chen, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD).

Apanteles thurberiae Muesebeck, 1921

Apanteles thurberiae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AZ, TX); NEO: Colombia, Nicaragua, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Apanteles tiapi Risbec, 1952

Apanteles tiapi Risbec, 1952.

Apanteles longicornis Risbec, 1951 [homonym of Apanteles longicornis Provancher, 1886].

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. Yu et al. (2016) listed the date of Risbec publication as 1951, but in fact that was for Apanteles longicornis; the replacement name, tiapi, was proposed a year later (Risbec 1952: 701).

Apanteles tiboshartae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles tiboshartae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles tigasis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles tigasis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Apanteles tirathabae Wilkinson, 1928

Apanteles tirathabae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji, Solomon Islands; OTL: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam.

Apanteles townesi Nixon, 1965

Apanteles townesi Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles transtergum Liu & Chen, 2014

Apanteles transtergum Liu & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (HE).

Apanteles triareus Nixon, 1965

Apanteles triareus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Apanteles tricoloripes Granger, 1949

Apanteles tricoloripes Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Apanteles trifasciatus Muesebeck, 1946

Apanteles trifasciatus Muesebeck, 1946.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Hawaiian Islands.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji, Hawaiian Islands.

Apanteles trochanteratus Szépligeti, 1911

Apanteles trochanteratus Szépligeti, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal, Tanzania.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1932a).

Apanteles tulis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles tulis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. The holotype (only known specimen) is missing the metasoma, hind legs, and wings (one fore wing is glued to the card, and a pair of wings is loose in the unit tray). The species was described as “not very distinctive” (Nixon 1965: 78), and no illustration is available. The only remnants of this species are thus the holotype head (antenna missing apical flagellomeres) and the mesosoma.

Apanteles uchidai Watanabe, 1934

Apanteles uchidai Watanabe, 1934.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. In EIHU there is a specimen with a label that reads “?Type Apanteles uchida Watanabe”. However, that label is white, unlike all other labels of primary types in EIHU which are red, and the writing on it is not from Watanabe; thus, it was presumably added later by someone else, and perhaps indicates that the actual type is lost (or at least not clearly marked). In any case, the specimen is in very poor condition, as the only remains are the mesosoma (with a micropin through it, so some characters are not visible), two metacoxae, one metafemur, one fore wing, and the two hind wings.

Apanteles unguifortis Song & Chen, 2004

Apanteles unguifortis Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HB).

Apanteles upis Nixon, 1965

Apanteles upis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles uroxys de Saeger, 1941

Apanteles uroxys de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal.

Apanteles usipetes Nixon, 1965

Apanteles usipetes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. The holotype is missing the metasoma, the fore wings and the hind legs. The hind wing vannal lobe is more or less straight with some setae visible, especially on the left hind wing where they seem to occupy most of the central part of the lobe, although the poor condition of the specimen makes it difficult to conclude. The presence of setae in the vannal lobe (also mentioned in the key to the species group in the original description (Nixon 1965: 39), although that paper only referred to few, sparse setae), would suggest that the species is better placed in Dolichogenidea. However, due to the poor condition of the type (only known specimen), we prefer to retain the species in the genus it was originally described.

Apanteles ussuriensis Telenga, 1955

Apanteles ussuriensis Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Apanteles vacillans Nixon, 1965

Apanteles vacillans Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Apanteles vala Nixon, 1965

Apanteles vala Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Apanteles valvatus de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles valvatus de Saeger, 1944.

Apanteles valvatus rwindicus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. This species could also be considered to belong to Dolichogenidea, but the original description does not detail the vannal lobe of the hind wing. Thus, until the specimens are examined, it is not possible to conclude, and we prefer to retain the species in Apanteles for the time being.

Apanteles valvulae Rao & Kurian, 1951

Apanteles valvulae Rao & Kurian, 1951.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Apanteles vannesabrenesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles vannesabrenesae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles verticalis Song & Chen, 2004

Apanteles verticalis Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB).

Apanteles victorbarrantesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles victorbarrantesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles vivax de Saeger, 1944

Apanteles vivax de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apanteles vulgaris (Ashmead, 1900)

Urogaster vulgaris Ashmead, 1900.

Urogaster xanthopus Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (SP), Grenada, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent, Uruguay.

Apanteles wadyobandoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles wadyobandoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles waldymedinai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles waldymedinai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles wanei Risbec, 1951

Apanteles wanei Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles weitenweberi (Amerling, 1862)

Microgaster weitenweberi Amerling, 1862.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Czech Republic.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Italy.

Notes. The original description, which is very brief and does not detail much, states that the species is close to Sathon falcatus (Nees, 1834). Thus, it is likely that weitenweberi does not belong to Apanteles; however, without examining specimens we cannot conclude and prefer to retain it in the genus it was described.

Apanteles wilbertharayai Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles wilbertharayai Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles williamcamposi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles williamcamposi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles wuyiensis Song & Chen, 2002

Apanteles wuyiensis Song & Chen, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Apanteles xanthostigma (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster xanthostigma Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster ochrostigma Wesmael, 1837.

Apanteles xanthocarpus Szépligeti, 1901.

Type information. Neotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. AFR, NEA, PAL.

AFR: Uganda; NEA: Canada (BC, MB, NL, SK); PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Madeira Islands, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (ALT, ZAB, IRK, KAM, KHA, KIR, KDA, MOS, NGR, OMS, PRI, ROS, SAK, SPE, STA, YAR), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. See Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014c) for a recent discussion of this species and its rather broad range of hosts.

Apanteles xerophila Risbec, 1951

Apanteles xerophila Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Apanteles yeissonchavesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles yeissonchavesi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles yilbertalvaradoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles yilbertalvaradoi Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles yolandarojasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles yolandarojasae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles zeneidabolanosae Fernandez-Triana, 2014

Apanteles zeneidabolanosae Fernandez-Triana, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Apanteles zhangi Song & Chen, 2003

Apanteles zhangi Song & Chen, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Apanteles zizaniae Muesebeck, 1957

Apanteles zizaniae Muesebeck, 1957.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (DE, DC).

Apanteles znoikoi Tobias, 1976

Apanteles znoikoi Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1984a).

Genus Austinicotesia Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Austinicotesia Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 43. Gender: neuter. Type species: Austinicotesia indonesiensis Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018, by original designation.

Two species were recently described from the Australasian region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018), and in that same paper it was mentioned that one or two additional species had been seen in collections (but not described because the material was not sufficient). No host data are currently available for this genus. There are seven DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Austinicotesia in BOLD, representing one BIN.

Austinicotesia indonesiensis Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Austinicotesia indonesiensis Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Austinicotesia papuanus Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Austinicotesia papuanus Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Genus Austrocotesia Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Austrocotesia Austin & Dangerfield, 1992: 11. Gender: feminine. Type species: Austrocotesia exigua Austin & Dangerfield, 1992, by original designation.

Five species are currently described from the Australasian and Neotropical regions, which can be separated using the key by Valerio and Whitfield (2005). However, it is possible that the Australasian and South American specimens actually represent different genera. In the original description of the genus, Austin and Dangerfield (1992: 11–12 and their figures 19 & 20) considered the lack of vein 2r-m in the hind wing as one of the main characters defining Austrocotesia (and indeed that is an important feature, as it is present in very few genera of Microgastrinae). However, the two Neotropical species defined by Valerio and Whitfield (2005, see their figures 1F & 2F) actually have such a vein. Further study of specimens from both regions will be needed to draw firm conclusions. In any case, it does not seem that Austrocotesia is very species rich, although a few additional species remain in collections. No host data are currently available. There are no DNA-barcode compliant sequences of the genus in BOLD, but there are two shorter sequences (minibarcodes) from paratypes of A. croizati.

Austrocotesia croizati Valerio & Whitfield, 2005

Austrocotesia croizati Valerio & Whitfield, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, IAVH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia, Ecuador.

Notes. This species is likely to represent a different genus (see a detailed explanation above, on comments about Austrocotesia). However, pending further study of the Neotropical fauna, we prefer to maintain it here for the time being.

Austrocotesia delicata Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Austrocotesia delicata Austin & Dangerfield, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea.

Austrocotesia exigua Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Austrocotesia exigua Austin & Dangerfield, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Austrocotesia paradoxa Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Austrocotesia paradoxa Austin & Dangerfield, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Austrocotesia renei Valerio & Whitfield, 2005

Austrocotesia renei Valerio & Whitfield, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Notes. This species is likely to represent a different genus (see a detailed explanation above, on comments about Austrocotesia). However, pending further study of the Neotropical fauna, we prefer to maintain it here for the time being.

Genus Beyarslania Koçak & Kemal, 2009

Beyarslania Koçak & Kemal, 2009: 14. Gender: feminine. Type species: Apanteles insolens Wilkinson, 1930 by original designation (Mason 1981: 71).

Xenogaster Mason, 1981, preoccupied by Xenogaster Wasmann, 1891.

Only known from one species in the Afrotropical region (but see comments under that species about the possibility of a second, potentially new species). The genus was originally described by Mason (1981) as Xenogaster, but the name was later found to be a junior homonym of Xenogaster Wasmann, 1891 (Coleoptera) and thus subsequently changed to its current name (Koçak and Kemal 2009). No host data are currently available for this genus. There is one DNA-barcode compliant sequence in BOLD, its corresponding BIN characterizing the genus and species.

Beyarslania insolens (Wilkinson, 1930)

Apanteles insolens Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Neotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda, South Africa, Yemen.

Notes. Fernandez-Triana and van Achterberg (2017) recorded B. insolens from Yemen, based on a single female specimen. In spite of the relatively large geographical separation (the record from Fernandez-Triana and van Achterberg (2017) expanded 2,000 km northwards the distribution of Beyarslania in Africa), those authors still considered it to belong to the same species previously recorded from South Africa (Wilkinson 1930b) and Rwanda (de Saeger 1944). After that 2017 paper was published, we have been able to study the holotype of insolens in the NHMUK, and two female and two male specimens deposited in the USNM (three from the type locality in South Africa, Cape Province, Mossel Bay; and one specimen from another, close locality, George, also in Cape Province). The five South African specimens seem different (although mostly in colouration) to the female from Yemen (deposited in the RMNH), which in turn is similar to another female specimen from Rwanda (deposited in the CNC). After comparing those seven specimens, we now think that the most northernly records in Africa (Rwanda and Yemen) may represent a different species, distinct from the South African one. However, until that is studied further (and the potential new species is properly described) we consider here only one species for Africa.

Genus Billmasonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Billmasonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 28. Gender: neuter. Type species: Billmasonius cienci Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018, by original designation.

The only known species was recently described from the Oriental region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). No host data are currently available for this genus. There is one DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Billmasonius in BOLD, representing one BIN (although that sequence has not been identified in BOLD as belonging to Billmasonius, see Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018 for that).

Billmasonius cienci Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Billmasonius cienci Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, QSBG (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Thailand.

Genus Buluka de Saeger, 1948

Buluka de Saeger, 1948: 64. Gender: neuter (see below). Type species: Buluka straeleni de Saeger, 1948, by original designation.

Known from eleven described species, mostly from the Oriental region, with a couple of taxa reaching the Afrotropical and Australasian regions. The revision by Austin (1989) is outdated. We have seen a few undescribed species in collections (CNC, RMNH) but the genus does not seem to be very diverse. Two Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts, Imma thyriditis Meyrick, 1906 (Immidae) and Psimada quadripennis Walker, 1858 (Noctuidae) (Austin 1989, Gupta & Fernandez-Triana 2014). There is one DNA-barcode compliant sequence of Buluka in BOLD, from one undescribed species from Thailand.

Neither the etymology nor the gender of this genus was stated in the original description (de Saeger 1948) and, as far as we know, has never been discussed. Buluka was described based on a single species from the Belgian Congo, currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in central Africa. There is a word “Buluka” in the Xitsonga or Tsonga (a Bantu language spoken by the Tsonga people in central Africa), meaning “Explode. Burst. Blast” in Xitsonga (https://www.xitsonga.org/grammar/past?_=buluka); although it is not clear to us if that was the source de Saeger used for the genus name. Because of that, we here propose to consider the gender of this Microgastrinae genus to be neuter.

Buluka achterbergi Austin, 1989

Buluka achterbergi Austin, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Buluka collessi Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Buluka collessi Austin & Dangerfield, 1992.

Type information. Holotype male, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Buluka horni Gupta, 2013

Buluka horni Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Buluka huddlestoni Austin, 1989

Buluka huddlestoni Austin, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Solomon Islands.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Solomon Islands.

Buluka noyesi Austin, 1989

Buluka noyesi Austin, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Buluka orientalis Chou, 1985

Buluka orientalis Chou, 1985.

Type information. Holotype female, TARI (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin (1989).

Buluka quickei Ranjith, 2015

Buluka quickei Ranjith, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, DZCU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Buluka straeleni de Saeger, 1948

Buluka straeleni de Saeger, 1948.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin (1989).

Buluka taiwanensis Austin, 1989

Buluka taiwanensis Austin, 1989.

Type information. Holotype male, TARI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW).

Buluka townesi Austin, 1989

Buluka townesi Austin, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Malaysia.

Buluka vuquangensis Long, 2015

Buluka vuquangensis Long, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, VNMN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Genus Carlmuesebeckius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Carlmuesebeckius Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 28. Gender: neuter. Type species: Carlmuesebeckius smithsonian Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018, by original designation.

The only known species was recently described from the Afrotropical region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). No host data are currently available for this genus. There are no DNA barcodes of Carlmuesebeckius in BOLD.

Carlmuesebeckius smithsonian Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Carlmuesebeckius smithsonian Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. In the original description the holotype depository was stated to be the CAS (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018: 54); however, that is a mistake as the specimen belongs to and is deposited in the CNC.

Genus Chaoa Luo & You, 2004

Chaoa Luo & You, 2004: 339. Gender: neuter. Type species: Chaoa flavipes Luo, You & Xiao, 2004, by original designation.

One known species from the Oriental region, described from a single female from China. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are no DNA barcodes of Chaoa in BOLD. The only reference available is the original description, which included three line drawings showing the species habitus dorsally, and some details of the metasoma. We suspect the validity of this genus, as it seems to us to be just a species of Glyptapanteles. The appearance of mediotergite II (divided into three sections by a pair of longitudinal grooves delimiting a smooth, medial are) was considered by Luo et al. (2004) to be unique to Chaoa but in fact it is quite similar to that found in all or some species of several Microgastrinae genera (e.g., Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles, Nyereria, Rasivalva). However, pending a reassessment of Glyptapanteles (which, as currently understood, seems to be polyphyletic), and without having examined the single known specimen of Chaoa, we refrain from changing its generic status for the time being.

Chaoa flavipes Luo, You & Xiao, 2004

Chaoa flavipes Luo, You & Xiao, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Notes. The information on the type depository was confirmed to us by Kees van Achterberg (pers. comm.), who examined the specimen.

Genus Choeras Mason, 1981

Choeras Mason, 1981. Gender: masculine. Type species: Apanteles consimilis Viereck, 1911, by original designation (Mason 1981: 76).

Currently with 80 described species, the genus is known from all biogeographical regions. No revision of Choeras has ever been produced, but most of the European/Palearctic species can be separated using the keys from van Achterberg (2002), Kotenko (2007a), Song et al. (2014), and Abdoli et al. (2019b). This is one of the most variable genera of Microgastrinae and, as currently understood, is probably polyphyletic. Even in the original description of the genus it was acknowledged that its limits might be changed in the future (Mason 1981: 77). The Holarctic species are relatively distinctive and uniform, but even in that region the species richness is much larger than documented at present. In tropical areas Choeras includes a mix of several unrelated groups, some of which might better be placed within separate genera. Depending on the generic concept that is adopted following future phylogenetic studies of Microgastrinae, Choeras may end up having several hundred species or just a few dozen. The host data are also very variable, with approximately 15 different families of Lepidoptera recorded so far, but records must be suspected in many cases. There are 820+ DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 113 BINs, most of them from Canada and Thailand.

Choeras achterbergi Narendran, 1998

Choeras achterbergi Narendran, 1998.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Choeras adjunctus (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster adjunctus Nees, 1834.

Type information. Neotype female ZMHB (examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (SN); PAL: Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom.

Notes. Transferred from Microgaster to Apanteles by Reinhard (1881), then from Apanteles to Dolichogenidea by Papp (1988), and then from Dolichogenidea to Choeras by Shaw (2012b). The type from the original description was from Germany, we have not been able to determine the country of the neotype locality.

Choeras afrotropicalis Fernandez-Triana & van Achterberg, 2017

Choeras afrotropicalis Fernandez-Triana & van Achterberg, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Yemen.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Yemen.

Choeras almus (Tobias & Kotenko, 1984)

Apanteles almus Tobias & Kotenko, 1984.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2007a).

Choeras angustus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras angustus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HI, HN, ZJ).

Choeras aper (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles aper Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Notes. Even in the original description it was recognized that this species was not at all typical of Apanteles (Nixon 1965: 62). The holotype (only known specimen of the species) has a propodeum with a coarse and irregular pattern of carinae and sculpture. A median, longitudinal carina is visible for most of the propodeum length; two shorter carinae near the nucha are also distinguished (suggesting the posterior half of an areola, although there are more carinae across the propodeum). The metanotum is strongly retracted from the scutellum, exposing the phragma. The ovipositor and sheaths are withdrawn into the hypopygium, but it is evident that the hypopygium is flexible (and supposedly pleated). The above characters strongly suggest the species does not belong in Apanteles. The best generic placement we can propose at present would be in Choeras (another candidate genus, Sathon, has an inflexible hypopygium), but study of additional specimens (if more are ever found) may change that in the future. The specimen was collected in an important area of wet subtropical rainforest habitats, with many endemic and/or significant species found there.

Choeras apo (Wilkinson, 1929)

Microgaster apo Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, ZMHB (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Choeras apollion (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Hypomicrogaster apollion Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Hypomicrogaster, the most obvious characters to exclude it from that genus would be the large areolet in the fore wing, and the shapes of T1 and T2. The best generic placement at present is in Choeras.

Choeras arene (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles arene Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Russia (ZAB, SAK), Spain, United Kingdom.

Choeras avus (Tobias & Kotenko, 1984)

Apanteles avus Tobias & Kotenko, 1984.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB, IRK, MAG, PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2007a).

Choeras batrachedrae (Kotenko, 1992)

Apanteles batrachedrae Kotenko, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB, PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2007a).

Choeras botydis (Wilkinson, 1930)

Microgster botydis Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: Indonesia; PAL: Japan, Russia (SAK).

Choeras brevinervus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras brevinervus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: China (GS, XJ).

Choeras bushblitz Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Choeras bushblitz Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMAG (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (TAS).

Choeras calacte (Nixon, 1965)

Promicrogaster calacte Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT, VIC).

Notes. This species is morphologically different from the typical Choeras that are usually found in temperate areas, specially the shape of the fore wing areolet. However, pending further study on “Choeras sensu lato”, it is best kept as Choeras for the time being.

Choeras ceto (Nixon, 1965)

Hypomicrogaster ceto Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT).

Notes. The ending of the species name has been variously treated as cetus (e.g., Austin and Dangerfield 1992, Fagan-Jeffries and Austin 2018), or ceto (e.g., Yu et al. 2016). Because the name is to be considered as a noun under ICZN Article 31.2.1, it must retain its original spelling and remain as ceto.

Choeras ciscaucasicus (Tobias, 1971)

Apanteles ciscaucasicus Tobias, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Lithuania, Russia (AD, PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2007a).

Choeras compressifemur Chen & Song, 2004

Choeras compressifemur Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB).

Choeras consimilis (Viereck, 1911)

Apanteles consimilis Viereck, 1911.

Microgaster lateralis Provancher, 1886 [homonym of Microgaster lateralis Haliday, 1834].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, OTL.

NEA: Canada (MB, NB, ON, QC), USA (AR, MI, NY, OH, PA, VA); OTL: China (HB).

Notes. This species was treated as Dolichogenidea consimilis by Yu et al. (2012, 2016), following the decision by Chen and Song (2004) of transferring the species to that genus. However, after examining the holotype, numerous specimens deposited in the CNC, DNA barcodes, and other references (e.g., Fernandez-Triana 2010), all available evidence clearly indicates that this species belongs to Choeras.

Choeras daphne (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles daphne Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. The holotype is missing the head but is otherwise in good condition. We place this species within Choeras based on the complete median carina on the propodeum and the shapes and sculpture of T1 and T2, although the fore wing venation is not that of a typical Choeras. It might be that this species represents a different genus, but with only one specimen available we prefer to maintain it in Choeras, the best placement at present.

Choeras dissors (Nixon, 1965)

Promicrogaster dissors Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT).

Choeras dorsalis (Spinola, 1808)

Microgaster dorsalis Spinola, 1808.

Microgaster cruciatus Ratzeburg, 1844.

Microgaster suffolciensis Morley, 1902.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lithuania, Madeira Islands, Malta, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (DA), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Shenefelt (1973: 703) summarized very well the status of the species when he wrote: “Much confusion exists regarding the species to which literature refers. Conflicting statements occur and some authors have simply chosen to ignore certain of the older names. It appears best for the present merely to list the references as found and hope that intensive study and corrections may be made later to rectify erroneous citations”. Unfortunately, not much progress has been achieved since, and here we restrict ourselves to citing the information as recorded in Yu et al. (2016). We examined the type of Microgaster suffolciensis Morley (which is missing the metasoma and the hind legs except for the metacoxae); we found that the pterostigma is notably wide (i.e., pterostigma height ca. two thirds its length), a character that may be unique among other Holarctic described species of Choeras.

Choeras epaphus (Nixon, 1965)

Hypomicrogaster epaphus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT, QLD).

Choeras flavicorpus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras flavicorpus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI, YN).

Choeras fomes (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Hypomicrogaster fomes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Hypomicrogaster, the most obvious characters to exclude it from that genus would be the large areolet in the fore wing, and the shapes of T1 and T2. The best generic placement at present is in Choeras.

Choeras formosus Abdoli & Fernandez-Triana, 2019

Choeras formosus Abdoli & Fernandez-Triana, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMUC (examined). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Choeras fujianensis Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras fujianensis Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Choeras fulviventris Fernandez-Triana & Abdoli, 2019

Choeras fulviventris Fernandez-Triana & Abdoli, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMUC (examined). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Choeras gerontius (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Hypomicrogaster gerontius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Hypomicrogaster, the most obvious characters to exclude it from that genus would be the large areolet in the fore wing, and the shapes of T1 and T2. The best generic placement at present is in Choeras.

Choeras gielisi van Achterberg, 2002

Choeras gielisi van Achterberg, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Netherlands.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: France, Netherlands.

Choeras gnarus (Tobias & Kotenko, 1984)

Apanteles gnarus Tobias & Kotenko, 1984.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belarus, Russia (C, NC), Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (2002).

Choeras grammatitergitus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras grammatitergitus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (SN); PAL: China (NX).

Choeras helespas Walker, 1996

Choeras helespas Walker, 1996.

Type information. Holotype female, LUNZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: New Zealand.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: New Zealand.

Choeras helle (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Hypomicrogaster helle Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sierra Leone.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Nigeria, Sierra Leone.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Hypomicrogaster, the most obvious characters to exclude it from that genus would be the large areolet in the fore wing, and the shapes of T1 and T2. The best generic placement at present is in Choeras.

Choeras infirmicarinatus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras infirmicarinatus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, ZJ).

Choeras insignis (Muesebeck, 1938)

Apanteles insignis Muesebeck, 1938.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC), USA (CA).

Choeras irates (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Hypomicrogaster irates Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Hypomicrogaster, the most obvious characters to exclude it from that genus would be the large areolet in the fore wing, and the shapes of T1 and T2. The best generic placement at the time is in Choeras but it must be noted that this is one of the Oriental species of Choeras that probably will need a different, perhaps new, genus. Because that is beyond the scope of this paper, for the time being the species is transferred to Choeras.

Choeras koalascatocola Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2017

Choeras koalascatocola Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, QM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Choeras libanius (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Hypomicrogaster libanius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. This species was synonymized under Microgaster psarae Wilkinson, 1927 (now in Choeras) by Valerio and Whitfield (2015). Here we raise libanius from synonymy and consider it to be a valid species, different from psarae (see below under psarae for more details on morphological differences between them). Also, we transfer libanius to Choeras, based on its pleated hypopygium, relatively long ovipositor sheaths, and T1 without a longitudinal sulcus. This species clearly belongs to a group of Oriental Choeras such as apo, nephta, psarae and many undescribed species we have seen in collections, with very large body size; they may be transferred to a different genus in the future (see discussion below, under C. nephta).

Choeras longiterebrus (Rao & Chalikwar, 1976), new combination

Protomicroplitis longiterebrus Rao & Chalikwar, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, BAMU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species was transferred to Diolcogaster by Zeng et al. (2009). Based on the original description and extensive illustrations there, this species is clearly not Diolcogaster, based on the following: T1 excavate anteriorly but without median, longitudinal sulcus; ovipositor longer than metatibia; ovipositor sheaths long and moderately setose, but without thick setae apically; scutellar disc lacking a posteromedian band of rugosity; other characters (size of fore wing areolet, mostly smooth propodeum, T1 and T2) are not commonly present in Diolcogaster. The best generic placement at present would be in Choeras, although future study of the Oriental species currently placed in that genus may change its status. Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is to be considered as a noun phrase in apposition, and the original spelling longiterebrus must be retained.

Choeras longitergitus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras longitergitus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GZ, HI, HN, GD, ZJ).

Choeras longus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras longus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, ZJ).

Choeras loretta (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Hypomicrogaster loretta Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Hypomicrogaster, the most obvious characters to exclude it from that genus would be the large areolet in the fore wing, and the shapes of T1 and T2. The best generic placement at present is in Choeras.

Choeras morialta Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2017

Choeras morialta Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, SAMA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia.

Choeras nephta (Nixon, 1965)

Hypomicrogaster nephta Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. A very large species (body length 5.6 mm, fore wing length 6.2 mm). It belongs to a group of large Choeras from the Oriental region (e.g., apo, libanius, psarae, and many undescribed species we have seen in collection) which in the future may be better placed in a different genus. For the time being they are all kept in Choeras, until a better phylogenetic understanding of this group is gained.

Choeras papua (Wilkinson, 1936)

Microgaster papua Wilkinson, 1936.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea.

Choeras parabolus Kotenko, 2007

Choeras parabolus Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Choeras parasitellae (Bouché, 1834)

Microgaster parasitellae Bouché, 1834.

Microgaster flavilabris Ratzeburg, 1844.

Microgaster rufilabris Ratzeburg, 1844.

Apanteles lictorius Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles polypori Gautier & Bonnamour, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (Ontario); PAL: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Korea, Latvia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (DA, PRI, SAK, SPE, TOM, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (2002) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2016a).

Choeras parasonium Kotenko, 2007

Choeras parasonium Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (KAM).

Choeras parviocellus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras parviocellus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, HI, SN, TW, YN); PAL: China (NM, NX).

Choeras parvoculus Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Choeras parvoculus Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMAG (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (TAS).

Choeras psarae (Wilkinson, 1927)

Microgaster psarae Wilkinson, 1927.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (TW), India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand; PAL: Korea.

Notes. We consider the record of psarae from Korea (Papp 1987: 439), which is also reported in Yu et al. (2012, 2016), as very suspicious, although we do not remove it from the present checklist. The short description of the single Korean specimen (as provided by Papp 1987) is different from the psarae type we have examined, and the known distribution in Korea (near Pyongyang) is fully Palearctic, whereas all other known records of this species are in the Oriental region. Also, a literature record from Taiwan (Papp 1987: 439) had been overlooked by recent authors but it is accepted here. Mason (1981) transferred Microgaster psarae to Choeras, a decision followed by several other authors (see Yu et al. 2016 for list of references). Then Valerio and Whitfield (2015) transferred the species to Diolcogaster and synonymized Hypomicrogaster libanius Nixon, 1965 under psarae. After examining the types and original description, we consider both decisions from Valerio and Whitfield (2015) incorrect. Here we transfer psarae back to Choeras based on its pleated hypopygium, relatively long ovipositor sheaths (around two thirds metatibia length), T1 smooth and without longitudinal sulcus, T2 smooth, transversely subtriangular and without median field, and propodeum mostly smooth, with a strong, median longitudinal carina with several small carinae radiating from it. This species clearly belongs to a group of Oriental Choeras such as apo, libanius, nephta, and many undescribed species we have seen in collections, with very large body size; they may be transferred to a different genus in the future (see discussion above, under C. nephta). We also remove H. libanius from synonym with psarae and consider it as a valid species, as the differences between them are significant: psarae has a yellow metasoma (except for T2 brown on posterior half and T3 with small brown), all coxae yellow (except for brown spot on posterior third ventrally), T1 comparatively narrower at posterior margin (as compared to anterior margin), and smaller body size (ca. 4.5 mm); whereas libanius has the metasoma mostly dark brown, all coxae dark brown to black, T1 comparatively wider at the posterior margin, and much larger body size (ca. 6.2 mm) (see Nixon 1965 for more differences).

Choeras qazviniensis Fernandez-Triana & Talebi, 2019

Choeras qazviniensis Fernandez-Triana & Talebi, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMUC (examined). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Choeras recusans (Walker, 1860), new combination

Microgaster recusans Walker, 1860.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Sri Lanka.

Notes. This species was transferred to Apanteles by Wilkinson (1927: 178) and treated under that genus by most authors (but see Yu et al. 2016 for a different treatment). We have examined the holotype and it has a strong median, longitudinal carina, which precludes the species from belonging in Apanteles or related genera. Based on the mesosoma sculpture, T1 wide and with a shallow excavation anteriorly and relatively long ovipositor sheaths (as long as the metatibia), this species is better placed in Choeras.

Choeras ruficornis (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster ruficornis Nees, 1834.

Apanteles hedymeles Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Neotype female, RBINS (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (AMU, PRI, SAK), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles hedymeles Nixon.

Choeras rugulosus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras rugulosus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, YN, ZJ); PAL: China (HA).

Choeras semele (Nixon, 1965)

Hypomicrogaster semele Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Morocco.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Canary Islands, Greece, Israel, Italy, Malta, Morocco, Spain.

Choeras semilunatus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras semilunatus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD).

Choeras semirugosus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras semirugosus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HI, HN, YN, ZJ); PAL: China (HE).

Choeras sordidus (Ashmead, 1900), new combination

Apanteles sordidus Ashmead, 1900.

Microplitis carinata Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Saint Vincent.

Notes. Muesebeck (1958b: 427) transferred this species from Apanteles to Microplitis, a decision accepted by other authors (Shenefelt 1972, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2015b). However, after we examined the male holotype it became clear that is not Microplitis, as it has an enlarged metacoxa (at least two thirds as long as entire metasoma), T1 does not have a median sulcus (the anterior half is broadly hollowed whereas the posterior half is rugose), the scutellar disc does not have a posteromedian band of rugosity, and the head and mesosoma are almost totally unsculptured (including completely smooth propodeum which has only a median longitudinal carina). We examined one female and two males of the type series of Microplitis carinata Ashmead, 1900 which are also in the NHMUK; those specimens are very similar and clearly conspecific with the sordidus holotype. The female has a relatively long ovipositor and a pleated hypopygium. Based on the morphological characters discussed above, we consider this species to belong to the genus Choeras.

Choeras stenoterga (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster stenoterga de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement at present would be in Choeras. However, study of the type specimen will be needed in the future.

Choeras superbus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster superba de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement at present would be in Choeras, based on the propodeum with median carina, pleated hypopygium, length of ovipositor sheaths, and shapes of T1 and T2 (as described and illustrated in de Saeger 1944: 103–105).

Choeras sylleptae (de Saeger, 1942), new combination

Microgaster sylleptae de Saeger, 1942.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description and illustrations provided there (de Saeger 1942), the best generic placement at present would be in Choeras, based on the propodeum with median carina, pleated hypopygium, and length of the ovipositor sheaths.

Choeras taftanensis Ghafouri Moghaddam & van Achterberg, 2018

Choeras taftanensis Ghafouri Moghaddam & van Achterberg, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, DPPZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Choeras takeuchii (Watanabe, 1937)

Microgaster takeuchii Watanabe, 1937.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan, Russia (PRI).

Choeras tarasi Kotenko, 2007

Choeras tarasi Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (SAK).

Choeras tedellae (Nixon, 1961)

Apanteles tedellae Nixon, 1961.

Apanteles epinotiae Fischer, 1962 [homonym of Apanteles epinotiae Viereck, 1912].

Apanteles epinoticida Fischer, 1966.

Type information. Holotype female, MMBC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Czech Republic.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Korea, Madeira Islands, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, PRI, YAR), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (2002).

Choeras tegularis (Szépligeti, 1905)

Microgaster tegularis Szépligeti, 1905.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, WA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992), Papp (2004) and Fernandez-Triana (2015). The later author commented on what we know about the status of this species: “Because the male holotype is lost (Austin and Dangerfield 1993, Papp 2004) the correct identity of this species may never be established unambiguously. However, it is clear that this species is not Protomicroplitis, based on the illustrations of the fore wing in Nixon (1965: fig. 304), and propodeum and mediotergites 1–3 in Austin and Dangerfield (1992: fig. 27). We agree with Austin and Dangerfield (1992) that it is most likely to be Choeras”.

Choeras tenuialatus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras tenuialatus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Choeras tiro (Reinhard, 1880)

Microgaster tiro Reinhard, 1880.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (NL, NS, PE); PAL: Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Poland, Romania, Russia (SAK, SAR), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Location of type doubtful (see Nixon 1965). Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (2002) and Abdoli et al. (2019b).

Choeras tumidus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras tumidus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, HB, SN); PAL: China (NX).

Choeras vacillatrix (Wilkinson, 1930), new combination

Microgaster vacillatrix Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda.

Notes. Transferred to Choeras based on the fore wing having an areolet (vein r-m transparent but clearly visible), propodeum with median, longitudinal carina, hypopygium flexible and with several pleats, ovipositor sheaths relatively long and entirely setose, and the shapes of T1 and T2 in agreement with many other species in this genus.

Choeras vacillatropsis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster vacillatropsis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement at present would be Choeras. This species was considered by de Saeger (1944: 97) as morphologically similar to Microgaster vacillatrix Wilkinson, 1930, which is also being transferred to Choeras in the present paper (see notes under that species above).

Choeras validicarinatus Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras validicarinatus Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (NX).

Choeras validus (Thomson, 1895)

Microgaster validus Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Neotype female, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: France, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Russia (SAK), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (2002).

Choeras varicolor Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras varicolor Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, HI, SN, YN, ZJ).

Choeras venilia (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles venilia Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. We place this species within Choeras based on the complete median carina on the propodeum, and the fact it was keyed out by Nixon (1965) in the same couplet as Apanteles daphne Nixon (a species for which we were able to examine the holotype and are transferring in this paper to Choeras, see above under that species for more details). Both venilia and daphne may be part of a different genus related to Choeras but, pending a comprehensive study of this genus, we consider the best placement at present is the one we propose here.

Choeras yunnanensis Song & Chen, 2014

Choeras yunnanensis Song & Chen, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Choeras zerovae Kotenko, 2007

Choeras zerovae Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Choeras zygon Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Choeras zygon Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Genus Clarkinella Mason, 1981

Clarkinella Mason, 1981: 66. Gender: feminine. Type species: Clarkinella canadensis Mason, 1981, by original designation.

This is a New World genus, with two species currently described from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. We have seen a few additional species in collections (CNC) but Clarkinella does not seem to be very species rich. No host data are currently available. There are eight DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing five BINs.

Clarkinella canadensis Mason, 1981

Clarkinella canadensis Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON).

Clarkinella edithae Mason, 1981

Clarkinella edithae Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Trinidad & Tobago.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MG. RJ), Trinidad & Tobago.

Genus Cotesia Cameron, 1891

Cotesia Cameron, 1891: 185. Gender: feminine. Type species: Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891, by monotypy.

Cryptapanteles Viereck, 1909: 209. Type species: Cryptapanteles rileyanus Viereck, 1909 (= Apanteles emarginatus Riley, not Nees), by original designation and monotypy.

A cosmopolitan genus, with 328 described species known from all biogeographical regions of the planet, and perhaps 1,500–2,000 species (Mason 1981). Many European species were revised by Nixon and Papp in several papers from the 1970s and 1980s, as well as more recently by Shaw (2007, 2009, 2012a, 2012b, 2017b, Shaw et al. 2009, 2015). The Chinese species are keyed out in Chen and Song (2004). Other revisions include the species from Greenland (van Achterberg 2006), Réunion (Rousse and Gupta 2013), stem-borer parasitoids in Africa (van Achterberg and Polaszek 1996, van Achterberg and Walker 1998), the flavipes species group worldwide (Fujie et al. 2018) but overall the taxonomic coverage of the world species is far from complete. We have seen hundreds of undescribed species in collections, from both temperate and tropical areas. This is also one of the most morphologically distinctive genera of Microgastrinae, with perhaps only a few species of Protapanteles that might be confused with part of the genus. More than 30 families of Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts for Cotesia, but many records are likely to be incorrect and/or need further verification. From a biological control perspective this is probably the most significant and well-studied genus of Microgastrinae in the world. In Costa Rica (ACG) most of the known hosts belong to three families: Nymphalidae, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae (unpublished information extracted from BOLD and ACG databases). There are almost 5,000 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 320 BINs, mostly from Canada and Costa Rica.

Cotesia abdinbekovae Papp, 2009

Cotesia abdinbekovae Papp, 2009.

Apanteles rufiventris Abdinbekova, 1969 [secondary homonym of Apanteles rufiventris Bingham, 1906].

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Croatia, Russia (S), Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1987a, 2009).

Cotesia abjecta (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles abjectus Marshall, 1885.

Apanteles complanatus Lyle, 1916.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (N), Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Shenefelt (1972: 431) did not provide details for the type location and was even doubtful of the type being in London (NHMUK). However, Nixon (1974: 484 and especially 485) referred to the type specimen both in the species description and in additional comments added at the end of the species treatment. We have examined the type of abjectus (a female with number 3c.29, which is exactly the same code mentioned by Shenefelt) and also the type series of Apanteles complanatus (Lyle, 1916), which was synonymized by Nixon (1974: 484), a decision we agree with. The species distribution in Iran and Russia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia acaudus (Provancher, 1886)

Microgaster acaudus Provancher, 1886.

Apanteles hydriae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Lectotype female, ULQC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NS, ON, QC), USA (CT, MA, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VA, WV, WI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Mason (1981), Papp (1987a) and Fernandez-Triana (2010). The ending of the species name has been variously treated; following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun in apposition and the original spelling acaudus must be retained.

Cotesia acerbiae Shaw & Vikberg, 2015

Cotesia acerbiae Shaw & Vikberg, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (YAN).

Cotesia acronyctae (Riley, 1870)

Microgaster acronyctae Riley, 1870.

Apanteles orgyiae Ashmead, 1893.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, ON, SK), USA (CA, CO, CT, IL, IN, IA, MD, MA, MO, NH, NJ, OH).

Notes. The male specimen (USNM type number 2770) has one fore wing and the head detached (but glued to a piece of wood on the pin). The sex of the holotype had not been detailed before (e.g., Shenefelt 1972: 433 listed it as “?”) so it is here recorded for the first time. This species was first mentioned in Riley (1870: 120) as Microgaster acronyctae. From a footnote in that same page it appears that Riley intended to describe the species in a different manuscript; however, the 1870 publication provides details of the wasp larvae and cocoons, as well as comments on its Lepidoptera host, thus making that paper the de facto original description of acronyctae. This has been accepted by subsequent authors when recording the author and year of the species (e.g., Shenefelt 1972, Marsh 1979, Whitfield 1995, Fernandez-Triana 2010; also by Yu et al. 2016, although those authors considered 1871 (not 1870) as the year of publication). The wasp species was described in a more comprehensive way, including details of the adult wasp, differences with other Microgastrinae species, and a repetition of the biological information presented in 1870, in Riley (1881: 312–313), this time with the name Apanteles acronyctae.

Cotesia acuminata (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles acuminatus Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles cultrator Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, ZMHB (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ); PAL: Armenia, Austria, China (BJ), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Romania, Russia (BU, PRI), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles cultrator (Marshall, 1885). The species distribution in Uzbekistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia acutula (Tobias, 1973)

Apanteles acutulus Tobias, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (examined). Country of type locality: Lithuania.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Lithuania, Russia (NW).

Cotesia adippevora Shaw, 2009

Cotesia adippevora Shaw, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Italy.

Cotesia affinis (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster affinis Nees, 1834.

Microgaster euphorbiae Bouché, 1834.

Microgaster vinulae Bouché, 1834.

Apanteles harpyiae Niezabitowski, 1910.

Apanteles planus Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Neotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde; OTL: China (GZ, HN, ZJ); PAL: Armenia, Austria, China (HL, LN, NM, NX, SN), France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Russia (PRI, ROS, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974), Papp (1987a), Chen and Song (2004), and Kotenko (2007a).

Cotesia agricola (Viereck, 1917)

Apanteles agricola Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT).

Cotesia algonquinorum (Viereck, 1917)

Apanteles algonquinorum Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT).

Cotesia alia (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles alius Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Venezuela.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP), Peru, Venezuela.

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Cotesia alternicolor (You & Zhou, 1988)

Apanteles alternicolor You & Zhou, 1988.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (SD).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Cotesia alypiae (Muesebeck, 1922)

Apanteles alypiae Muesebeck, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT).

Cotesia americana (Lepeletier, 1825)

Microgaster americanus Lepeletier, 1825.

Microgaster flaviventris Cresson, 1865.

Apanteles mexicanus Ashmead, 1895.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Martinique.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AZ, FL, OK, TX); NEO: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Puerto Rico.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921) and Wilkinson (1930c).

Cotesia amesis (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles amesis Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Switzerland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland.

Cotesia ammalonis (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles ammalonis Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (NJ, NY).

Cotesia amphipyrae (Watanabe, 1934)

Apanteles amphipyrae Watanabe, 1934.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Cotesia analis (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster analis Nees, 1834.

Microgaster praetextata Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster mediana Ratzeburg, 1852.

Apanteles leucaniae Wilkinson, 1937.

Type information. Neotype female, ZMHB (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Russia (IRK), Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. We examined the type of A. leucaniae (Wilkinson).

Cotesia ancilla (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles ancilla Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Mongolia, Netherlands, Russia (PRI), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia.

Notes. The holotype (with code 3c.1790) is deposited in the NHMUK and not in Berlin (ZHMB), as stated in Yu et al. (2016). The species distribution in Armenia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia anisotae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles anisotae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON), USA (AR, CT, FL, MD, MA, NJ, NY, RI, TX, VA).

Cotesia anomidis (Watanabe, 1942)

Apanteles anomidis Watanabe, 1942.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HN, JS, ZJ), Vietnam; PAL: China (LN, SN).

Cotesia anthelae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles anthelae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, VIC).

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992).

Cotesia aphae (Watanabe, 1934)

Apanteles aphae Watanabe, 1934.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Cotesia arctica (Thomson, 1895), status revised

Microgaster arcticus Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Holotype female, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Norway.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Norway.

Notes. Because of the confusion surrounding the application of this name and despite its possible synonymy (summarised by Shaw 2007, see also Broad et al. 2016) it seems best to regard arcticus as a valid species for the time being, especially because Marshall (1899) redescribed it without reference to any similarity with his own species astrarches.

Cotesia argynnidis (Riley, 1889)

Apanteles argynnidis Riley, 1889.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, CT, DC, IL, KY, MA, NJ, NY, TX, WV).

Cotesia asavari (Sathe, 1989), new combination

Apanteles asavari Sathe, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, SUKI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The original description is the only reference available for this species. Even though is not clear or consistent (e.g., compare the drawing of the propodeum with its description) it is evident that the species is not an Apanteles. Based on the short ovipositor, the drawing of the propodeum, and the recorded host, the best placement at present will be in Cotesia.

Cotesia astrarches (Marshall, 1889)

Apanteles astrarches Marshall, 1889.

Apanteles genalis Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Lectotype female, PCMAG (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Cyprus, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Russia (C, NC, S), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Note. In this paper we are removing Microgaster arcticus Thomson, 1895 (currently in Cotesia) from synonymy with astrarches and considering it as a distinct, valid species (see more details under Cotesia arctica above).

Cotesia atalantae (Packard, 1881)

Microgaster atalantae Packard, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, MB, ON, QC, SK), USA (CO, CT, MA, MI, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, WV, WY).

Notes. Shenefelt (1972: 448) mentioned the need to designate a lectotype but, as far as we know, none has been designated yet. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921) and Papp (1987a).

Cotesia aururus (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles aururus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Georgia, Russia (ORE).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1987a). The ending of the species name has been variously treated; following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun in apposition and the original spelling aururus must be retained.

Cotesia australiensis (Ashmead, 1900)

Apanteles australiensis Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (VIC).

Notes. The holotype has a rather smooth propodeum, with only a trace of a median carina on the posterior 0.3, T1 is parallel-sided and T2 looks more like Protapanteles. Overall, the specimen looks more like a Protapanteles species than Cotesia, but we refrain from transferring it here until future studies better resolve the relationships between the two genera (see above under the section Brief diagnosis of all Microgastrinae genera as they are understood in this paper, for a discussion of Protapanteles as just a potential species group of Cotesia).

Cotesia autographae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles autographae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (MB, NL, QC), USA (FL, GA, LA, MD, MI, OR, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA).

Cotesia autumnatae Shaw, 2013

Cotesia autumnatae Shaw, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland.

Cotesia ayerzai (Brèthes, 1920), name amended

Apanteles ayerzai Brèthes, 1920.

Apanteles williamsoni Blanchard, 1935.

Apanteles ayerza Blanchard, 1920 [incorrect subsequent spelling].

Type information. Lectotype female, MACN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. The original name of the species Apanteles ayerzai was meant to honor Dr. Abel Ayerza, a man, as clearly mentioned in the original description, and also mentioned in a subsequent treatment of the species (Blanchard 1947: 8). Thus, the correct specific epithet must end with an i. That spelling of the species name was followed by most of the Spanish-speaking authors and is the one used in the catalogue of parasitic Hymenoptera from Argentina (de Santis 1967a: 135). However, the name was incorrectly spelled subsequently as ayerza by English-speaking authors, e.g., the catalogue of world Braconidae (Shenefelt 1972: 450) and the lectotype designation (Sharkey et al. 2000). Because the scientific literature about the species contains examples of both uses of the name within the past 50 years, it cannot be considered that the incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing use (cf. Article 33.3.1 of the ICZN) and thus there is no need to preserve that subsequent spelling. For that reason, we amend here the species name to its original spelling ayerzai.

Cotesia bactriana (Telenga, 1955), new combination

Apanteles bactrianus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Uzbekistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Uzbekistan.

Notes. The original description as well as subsequent papers (Tobias 1986, Papp 1987a) clearly indicate this species belongs to Cotesia.

Cotesia balli Oltra & Michelena, 1989

Cotesia balli Oltra & Michelena, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, UVS (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Spain.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Spain.

Notes. The type material is probably in the Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversitat y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, Spain. But we have not been able to verify that information yet.

Cotesia bambeytripla (Shenefelt, 1972), new combination

Apanteles bambeytriplus Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles diacrisiae Risbec, 1951 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles diacrisiae Gahan, 1917].

Apanteles bambeyi Risbec, 1952 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles bambeyi Risbec, 1951].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. From the original description, as well as a drawing of propodeum and T1–T2 included there, it is clear that this species belongs in Cotesia. From a nomenclatural point of view, this species has had a rather complicated story, including having different names throughout the years. For the sake of clarity we briefly outline it here. It was originally described as Apanteles diacrisiae by Risbec (1951). One year later, to avoid homonymy with Apanteles diacrisiae (Gahan, 1917), it was changed to Apanteles bambeyi by Risbec (1952). Surprisingly, Risbec overlooked his own Apanteles bambeyi Risbec, 1951 (described in the same paper in which he had originally described Apanteles diacrisiae!). Thus his 1952 paper created another junior homonym. To correct that, Shenefelt (1972) proposed a replacement name, Apanteles bambeytriplus.

Cotesia berberidis (Rudow, 1910), new combination

Microgaster berberidis Rudow, 1910.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria.

Notes. The original description provides only a brief description of the cocoon mass shape and colour, and the number of wasps emerged (Rudow 1910: 230). We here transfer berberidis to Cotesia based on the statement that the species is similar to glomeratus, which has long been placed in Cotesia. In the original description it is stated that the host is a sawfly, Arge berberidis Schrank, 1802 (Argidae), but we deem that record likely to be incorrect, as the author reared many lepidopteran larvae alongside (as stated in that paper and others authored by him). In fact, the cocoons of berberidis are described as a sulfur yellow mass, which matches the shape and colour of cocoons of Cotesia species on Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pieridae) (e.g., see http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Aporia_Crataegi), a lepidopteran treated by Rudow in the previous paragraph of his paper (we suspect that is the actual host of berberidis). Examination of the specimens will be needed in the future.

Cotesia berberis (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles berberis Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Switzerland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Netherlands, Switzerland.

Cotesia bhairavi (Sathe & Inamdar, 1991), new combination

Parenion bhairavi Sathe & Inamdar, 1991.

Type information. Holotype female, SUKI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Based on the original description and drawings included there, it is very clear that this species does not belong to Parenion. Without examining the type material is difficult to conclude, but the best generic placement at present would be Cotesia, based on the sculpture of propodeum, T1-T3 shape, and hypopygium and ovipositor (as described and illustrated by the authors).

Cotesia biezankoi (Blanchard, 1960), new combination

Apanteles biezankoi Blanchard, 1960.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RS).

Notes. The original reference to this species appears to be in Biezanko (1960), where the wasp is mentioned as described by Everard E. Blanchard (in a letter he sent to Biezanko after examining the specimens he had sent to Blanchard). The paper from Biezanko (1960: 9) transcribed part of the information received, where the species name and species author (Blanchard) are clearly stated, the specimens collecting place and date, and Lepidoptera host are provided, and a brief comparison of metasoma color to differentiate adults of the new species from three other previously described Apanteles (all of those species currently placed in Cotesia) is also presented. Although the details in Biezanko (1960) are relatively scarce, they nevertheless satisfy the provisions of Articles 11 and 13 of the ICZN for a species name (published after 1930 but before 1961) to be available, and thus we include this species in our checklist. The new combination here proposed is based on the host information (the only known Microgastrinae wasps parasitizing Opsiphanes are two other Cotesia species), as well as the comparisons made with three other species that have long been placed in Cotesia (see previous sentences).

Cotesia bifida (Sharma, 1973), new combination

Apanteles bifida Sharma, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, IFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Based on the drawings that are part of the original description, this species does not belong to Deuterixys (as had been proposed by Zeng et al. 2009). At present we consider the best generic placement to be Cotesia, based on the drawing of the propodeum as well as associated host record. Future study of the type material will be needed to conclude (as there is also a possibility that it could be Parapanteles).

Cotesia bignellii (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles bignellii Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Romania, Russia (ROS), Spain, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Wilkinson (1945: 91) designated a lectotype (at the time referred to only as "the type") among four specimens and a cocoon mass, all glued to the same card, which is numbered as 1603. He marked the lectotype with a cross, which corresponds to the specimens to the top right on that card.

Cotesia bonariensis (Brèthes, 1916)

Protapanteles bonariensis Brèthes, 1916.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MACN (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Cotesia bosei (Bhatnagar, 1950)

Apanteles bosei Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HN, SN), India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004). The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Cotesia brachycera (Thomson, 1895)

Microgaster (Microplitis) brachycera Thomson, 1895.

Microgaster (Apanteles) brachycerus Thomson, 1895 [primary junior homonym of Microgaster (Microplitis) brachycera Thomson, 1895].

Type information. Lectotype female, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Sweden.

Notes. Thomson (1895: 2237–2238) considered a single genus Microgaster with four subgenera (Microgaster, Hygroplitis Microplitis, and Apanteles), and described six new species within that framework. He described Microgaster (Microplitis) brachycera (page 2252 of his paper) and and a different species Microgaster (Apanteles) brachycerus (page 2259); as first revisers we designate the latter as a primary junior homonym as it appears later in the publication. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (1997: 68), who stated that the species Apanteles/Cotesia praepotens (sensu Wilkinson 1940, Nixon 1974, Papp 1988) was a misidentification and actually corresponded to Cotesia brachycera (Thomson, 1895), a decision we agree with and follow here. The names of several species of Cotesia (brachycera, juniperatae, praepotens, sericea, sessilis, tetrica) have a complicated and somewhat interrelated history, which we attempt to detail below. While van Achterberg (1997: 68) deemed C. brachycera (Thomson, 1895) to be a valid species, some authors (e.g., Papp 1988: 153–156, Kotenko 2007: 186) considered brachycera to be a synonym of C. praepotens (Haliday, 1834), whereas others (e.g., Belokobylskij et al. 2003: 387, Broad et al. 2016: 243) considered brachycera to be a synonym of C. sericea (Nees, 1834). The name praepotens itself has been interpreted in two different ways: a) as the Haliday species (e.g., Papp 1988, Belokobylskij et al. 2003, Kotenko 2007, Broad et al. 2016); b) as a misidentification of brachycera (Thomson, 1895) (e.g., Wilkinson 1940, Nixon 1974, Papp 1988). The name sericea also has been interpreted in different ways: Lyle (1916: 186, 206–208) stated that Nees, subsequent to describing sericea, said later that it was the same species as C. juniperatae (Bouché, 1834), but then Reinhard (1881: 34) and Marshall (1885: 184) subsequently misinterpreted that. Thus, there has also been confusion regarding the status of juniperatae:

a) Yu et al. (2016) listed juniperatae as a synonym of Cotesia sessilis (Geoffroy, 1785) and cited Papp (1988) as the author of that synonymy, when in fact the opposite occurred, as Papp (1988: 154, also see 155) actually placed sessilis as a synonym of juniperatae, albeit with a question mark;

b) Belokobylskij et al. (2003: 387) considered juniperatae as a valid species and sessilis as its synonym;

c) Broad et al. (2016) also regarded juniperatae as valid but did not refer to sessilis as its synonym. Similarly, the name sessilis has been interpreted in different ways: Yu et al. (2016) considered it a valid species, with both juniperatae and C. tetrica (Reinhard, 1880) as synonyms; Papp (1988) and Kotenko (2007) considered tetrica a valid species with sessilis as a synonym (with a question mark); and Belokobylskij et al. (2003) and Broad et al (2016) deemed tetrica to be a valid species, but not with sessilis as a synonym of tetrica. Lastly, ongoing studies involving DNA barcoding, biology and morphology (Shaw, Quicke and Fernandez-Triana, unpublished data) indicate that there is the potential for other species/names to be involved, e.g., some of the current synonyms of praepotens (as accepted in this paper, see below under that species) may represent additional species, related to the ones we have mentioned in this paragraph and/or even other Palearctic Cotesia species. Because that is beyond the scope of the present paper, we do not expand on that here, but the reader must be aware that the situation with all these species is far from being resolved. For the sake of clarity, we detail here the arrangement that we are following in this paper, where we consider valid species brachycera, juniperatae, praepotens, sericea, and tetrica, whereas sessilis is listed as a nomen dubium.

Cotesia brevicornis (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster brevicornis Wesmael, 1837.

Apanteles cleoceridis Marshall, 1889.

Type information. Holotype female, RBINS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (AB); PAL: Azerbaijan, Belgium, Croatia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Korea, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia (YAR), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974) and Papp (1986).

Cotesia cajae (Bouché, 1834)

Microgaster cajae Bouché, 1834.

Microgaster difficilis Nees, 1834.

? Microgaster perspicuus Nees, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, China (XJ), Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (AD, AST, IRK, KGD, KDA, ORL, PRI, ROS, SAK, SAM, SPE, TA, VOR, YAR), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia.

Notes. The name perspicuus (Nees, 1834) has sometimes been regarded as a senior synonym of both cajae (Bouché, 1834) and ofella (Nixon, 1974) (e.g., Yu et al. 2012, 2016). However, Marshall (1885: 183) had listed cajae as the senior name, and Papp (1988: 153) also considered cajae as a valid species. There has been little consensus on the correct application of the Nees name, the type of which is lost (see also comments under Cotesia ofella below). The arrangement proposed by Papp (1988), i.e., maintaining both cajae and ofella as valid species (and not as synonyms of perspicuus) has been subsequently followed by Papp (2005) and Broad et al. (2016), and it is also followed here. The species distribution in Japan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia caligophagus (Blanchard, 1964), new combination

Apanteles caligophagus Blanchard, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. The generic placement of the species within Cotesia is clear from the original description and the accompanying drawings. Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun in apposition and the original spelling caligophagus must be retained.

Cotesia callimone (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles callimone Nixon, 1974.

Apanteles scelerata Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Mongolia, Russia (KIR), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species’ distribution in Iran is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia calodetta (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles calodetta Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ALT), Sweden, Turkey.

Cotesia capucinae (Fischer, 1961)

Apanteles capucinae Fischer, 1961.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMW (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Macedonia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Macedonia, Netherlands, Serbia.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Papp (1988) and Aquino et al. (2010).

Cotesia carduicola (Packard, 1881)

Microgaster carduicola Packard, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (CT, IL, MA, NJ, TX).

Notes. Shenefelt (1972: 464) mentioned the need to designate a lectotype but, as far as we know, none has been designated yet. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Mason (1981) and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Cotesia cerurae (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles cerurae Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (CT, MD, NJ).

Cotesia charadrae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles charadrae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, DC, MA).

Cotesia chares (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles chares Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Mongolia, Slovakia, United Kingdom.

Cotesia cheesmanae (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles cheesmanae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Society Islands.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Society Islands.

Notes. This species belongs to Cotesia, based on the strong, median longitudinal carinae of propodeum, shape and sculpture of T1 and T2, inflexible hypopygium, and short length of the ovipositor sheaths.

Cotesia chiloluteelli (You, Xiong & Wang, 1985)

Apanteles chiloluteelli You, Xiong & Wang, 1985.

Apanteles chilo luteelli You, Xiong & Wang, 1985 [incorrect original spelling].

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Zeng (2012). The emendation of the incorrect original spelling was done by You (1986).

Cotesia chiloniponellae (You & Wang, 1990)

Apanteles chiloniponellae You & Wang, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HB, HN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Cotesia chilonis (Munakata, 1912)

Apanteles chilonis Munakata, 1912.

Apanteles chilocida Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Neotype female, EIHU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OLT: China (FJ, GZ, HB, HN, JS, JX, SN, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Myanmar; PAL: China (AH), Iran, Japan, Korea.

Notes. An account of the rather complicated history of the species name and its year of publication was provided by Fernandez-Triana et al. (2015a). We also examined the type specimen, a female, of Apanteles chilocida (Viereck, 1912).

Cotesia chinensis (Wilkinson, 1930)

Apanteles chinensis Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB, HN, ZJ).

Cotesia chrysippi (Viereck, 1911)

Apanteles chrysippi Viereck, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Mozambique.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa.

Cotesia cingiliae (Muesebeck, 1931)

Apanteles cingiliae Muesebeck, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, NB, NS, ON, QC), USA (MA).

Cotesia cirphicola (Bhatnagar, 1950)

Apanteles cirphicola Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN), India, Vietnam.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Chen and Song (2004). The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Cotesia cleora (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles cleora Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Hungary, United Kingdom.

Cotesia clepta (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles clepta Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Moldova.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, Sweden.

Cotesia clethrogynae Long, 2014

Cotesia clethrogynae Long, 2014.

Type information. Holotype female, IEBR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Cotesia clisiocampae (Ashmead, 1903)

Apanteles clisiocampae Ashmead, 1903.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (CT, NH, NJ, NY).

Cotesia compressithorax (Hedqvist, 1965), new combination

Apanteles compressithorax Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. This species was considered a junior synonym of Cotesia pistrinariae (Wilkinson, 1929) by Koponen (1989) and Forshage et al. (2016). However, we have examined the types (and other specimens) from both species and they are different species. Cotesia compresithorax has a shorter malar space (as long as pedicel in the wording of the original description); thorax compressed and flattened; propodeum nearly smooth all over (only posteriorly with punctures); T1 not narrowing medially; T2 much more transverse (its width at posterior margin more than twice its median length); and darker colouration (most of legs and sternites brown). Cotesia pistrinariae has a longer malar space (at least twice the length of pedicel and slightly longer than mandible base width); thorax of normal appearance; propodeum mostly sculptured, with transverse striation centrally and a partial median carina (defined on posterior half of propodeum); T1 strongly narrowing medially; T2 much less transverse (its width at posterior margin around 1.5 × its median length); and lighter coloration (most of legs and sternites are yellow to light yellow-brown). Thus, here we remove compressithorax from synonymy with pistrinariae and transfer it from Apanteles to Cotesia.

Cotesia congestiformis (Viereck, 1923)

Apanteles congestiformis Viereck, 1923.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (AK).

Cotesia congregata (Say, 1836)

Microgaster congregata Say, 1836.

Microgaster utilis French, 1880.

Apanteles augustus Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Neotype female, USNM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (MB, NB, ON, PE), USA (AL, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, IL, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MI, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, PA, RI, SC, TN, VT, VA, WV); NEO: Brazil (SP), Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico.

Notes. We examined the female type and a paratype male of Apanteles augustus (Viereck, 1917), currently a synonym of C. congregata.

Cotesia corylicolus (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles corylicolus Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Hungary, Netherlands, Russia (NC), Serbia.

Notes. Following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN, in the absence of an original statement that the epithet is adjectival, the name is to be treated as a noun in apposition and the original spelling corylicolus must be retained.

Cotesia coryphe (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles coryphe Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Notes. Papp (1987a) synonymized C. coryphe under C. rubripes (Haliday, 1834), which was refuted by Broad et al. (2016), in part based on the host data given by Nixon (1974), a decision we accept and follow here.

Cotesia crambi (Weed, 1887)

Apanteles crambi Weed, 1887.

Type information. Lectotype female, INHS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (CT, IL, KS, KY, MD, MO, NJ, OH, SD, TN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Papp (1986) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014c).

Cotesia crassifemorata van Achterberg, 2006

Cotesia crassifemorata van Achterberg, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMUC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Greenland.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Greenland.

Cotesia cultellata (Tobias, 1966)

Apanteles cultellatus Tobias, 1966.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Uzbekistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Uzbekistan.

Cotesia cuprea (Lyle, 1925)

Apanteles cupreus Lyle, 1925.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Lithuania, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (NW), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species distribution in Iran is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia cyaniridis (Riley, 1889)

Apanteles cyaniridis Riley, 1889.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (AZ, CO, CT, IL, IA, NJ, NY, WV).

Cotesia cynthiae (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles cynthiae Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Iran, Switzerland, Turkey.

Cotesia danaisae (Hedqvist, 1965)

Apanteles danaisae Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. Forshage et al. (2016) considered the type material to be lost; however, in 2017 it was found by the senior author of this paper in another section of the MZH collection.

Cotesia decaryi (Granger, 1949)

Apanteles decaryi Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. According to a recent catalogue on Braconidae from Madagascar (Madl and van Achterberg 2014), this species was transferred to Cotesia back in 2002 (Kuklinski and Borgemeister 2002). While Kuklinski and Borgemeister mentioned the species as Cotesia in their paper, there is no formal transfer there, nor an explanation as to why. After reading the original description, we concur that the species indeed belongs in Cotesia, and for the sake of clarity we revise its combination here.

Cotesia deliadis (Bingham, 1906)

Apanteles deliadis Bingham, 1906.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, OUMNH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1928a).

Cotesia delicata (Howard, 1897)

Apanteles delicatus Howard, 1897.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, DC, MD, NJ, NY).

Notes. Apart from the original description, our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921).

Cotesia delphinensis (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles delphinensis Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Apanteles; although the original description is not clear or detailed enough to conclude, we consider that the best generic placement at present would be in Cotesia. Further examination of the type series will be needed in the future.

Cotesia depressa (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles depressus Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (QC), USA (IN).

Notes. Most of the holotype specimen is missing (the point has remnants of one leg glued, and the pin has all associated labels, but the rest of the specimen is missing from the unit tray).

Cotesia depressithorax (Tobias, 1964)

Apanteles depressithorax Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan.

Notes. Apart from the original description, our species concept is also based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1987a).

Cotesia diacrisiae (Gahan, 1917)

Apanteles diacrisiae Gahan, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (CO, DE, DC, IL, KS, LA, MD, MS, MO, NJ, OK, SC, VA, WV).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Papp (1987a), Whitfield (1995a), Fernandez-Triana (2010), and images of the holotype available at http://www.usnmhymtypes.com/.

Cotesia dictyoplocae (Watanabe, 1940)

Apanteles dictyoplocae Watanabe, 1940.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, HN, YN, ZJ), India; PAL: China (LN), Japan, Korea.

Cotesia disparis (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles disparis Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Hungary.

Notes. We examined one female paratype from the same cocoon mass than the (not examined by us) holotype.

Cotesia diurnii Rao & Nikam, 1984

Cotesia diurnii Rao & Nikam, 1984.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia diversa (Muesebeck & Walkely, 1951)

Apanteles diversa Muesebeck & Walkely, 1951.

Apanteles coxalis Muesebeck, 1926 [homonym of Apanteles coxalis Szépligeti, 1911].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (MB), USA (CT).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck and Walkley (1951), Mason (1981), Whitfield (1995a) and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Cotesia effrena (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles effrenus Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Examination of the holotype reveals that this species belongs in Cotesia, based on the propodeum with complete median, longitudinal carina, partial transverse carina, shape and sculpture of T1 and T2, inflexible hypopygium and short ovipositor sheaths.

Cotesia elaeodes (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles elaeodes de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description and drawings (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement is in Cotesia.

Cotesia electrae (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles electrae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (BC), USA (AZ, CA, CO, NM, TX, UT); NEO: Mexico.

Notes. According to Papp (1987a) this species looks similar to C. euchaetis. But, after examining the holotypes of both species we found that there are many differences to clearly separate them.

Cotesia eliniae Papp, 1989

Cotesia eliniae Papp, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Greenland.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NT, NU), Greenland.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (2006) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2017b).

Cotesia elongata Zargar & Gupta, 2019

Cotesia elongata Zargar & Gupta, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Cotesia empretiae (Viereck, 1913)

Apanteles empretiae Viereck, 1913.

Apanteles sibinidis Rohwer, 1915.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AL, DE, DC, FL, IL, LA, MD, MA, MO, NJ, VA); NEO: Ecuador.

Notes. We also examined the type of Apanteles sibinidis (Rohwer, 1915), a female specimen.

Cotesia endii (Sathe & Ingawale, 1995), new combination

Apanteles endii Sathe & Ingawale, 1995.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The original description of the species is problematic, and drawings are clearly wrong (e.g., the depiction of the fore wing) or are in contradiction with the written description (e.g., is not clear in fig. 1h of Sathe and Ingawale (1995) what are the anterior and posterior margins of T1, as the sculpture described in the text does not match the drawing, and neither does the drawn shape match the text description of T1 as barrel-shaped). What is very clear is that the species is not an Apanteles (based on the propodeum sculpture, unpleated hypopygium, and setose vannal lobe in hind wings). Based on the overall description and recorded host, the best generic placement that can be proposed for this species at present is within Cotesia (coincidentally, the authors stated that the species is similar to Apanteles cirphicola, which has long been considered as belonging in Cotesia). Further study of the specimens will be needed to unambiguously confirm the generic identity of the species.

Cotesia enypiae (Mason, 1959)

Apanteles enypiae Mason, 1959.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC).

Cotesia erionotae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles erionotae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, OTL.

AFR: Mauritius; AUS: Guam, Hawaiian Islands, Papua New Guinea; OTL: China (TW), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992). The only Afrotropical record so far is from an introduction for biological control purposes (from Malaysia (Sabah) to Mauritius, see Madl and van Achterberg 2014); as far as we know there is no published information confirming if the species was established or not. Additional comments on distribution and biology of the species can be found in Cock (2015).

Cotesia errator (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles errator Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Switzerland, Russia (NW), United Kingdom.

Cotesia euchaetis (Ashmead, 1898)

Apanteles euchaetis Ashmead, 1898.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, IL, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, TX, VA, WV).

Notes. By all accounts this species seems to better be placed in Protapanteles than Cotesia, but we refrain from transferring it here until future studies resolve better the relationships between those two genera (see above under the section Brief diagnosis of all Microgastrinae genera as they are understood in this paper, for a discussion of Protapanteles as just a potential species group of Cotesia; p 35, 36. The whole body of euchaetis is unusually smooth (although the female syntype has many body parts covered in glue, artificially increasing the shiny and smooth appearance); T1 is parallel-sided, and especially T2 is subtriangular (trapezoidal) and rather small and narrow (very much unlike Cotesia and more like Protapanteles); the propodeum has only a short, apically defined, median carina (discernible in the female only) without any other carinae visible on the propodeum (although perhaps the glue obscures the sculpture, if there is any carination, it would still be very faint). Interestingly, Michel-Salzat and Whitfield (2004) in a phylogenetic analysis of 25 species of Cotesia clearly recovered euchaetis as part of Cotesia, with strong support (those results might indirectly support the opinion that Protapanteles species represent just a species group within Cotesia). It must also be noted that Papp (1987a) provided a rather poor diagnosis of the species in his key, not likely to work properly as a diagnostic tool (and best avoided when studying that group of species).

Cotesia eulipis (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles eulipis Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, United Kingdom.

Cotesia eunomiae Shaw, 2009

Cotesia eunomiae Shaw, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium.

Cotesia euphobetri (Blanchard, 1935), new combination

Apanteles euphobetri Blanchard, 1935.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. This species was described based on specimens from the Blanchard collection, which we believe is currently deposited in the MACN. The original description and illustrations there (scutellar disc, propodeum, T1–T2, part of fore wing, tip of antenna), strongly suggest that this species belongs in Cotesia. The species has the propodeum with a median, longitudinal carina, in addition to a more or less complete transverse carina forking around the spiracles, T1 slightly widening posteriorly, T2 is sub-rectangular, and the ovipositor sheaths barely protrude.

Cotesia euphydryidis (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles euphydryidis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (MD, NJ, NY, VA).

Cotesia euprocti Sathe, 2005

Cotesia euprocti Sathe, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, SUKI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia euryale (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles euryale Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Macedonia, Mongolia, Netherlands, Russia (C, IR, NW, S), Switzerland, Yugoslavia.

Notes. The presence of this species in the United Kingdom was questioned by Broad et al. (2016), a decision we accept and follow here. The presence of the species in Iran is based in Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia euthaliae (Bhatnagar, 1950), new combination

Apanteles euthaliae Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the propodeum having a strong, median longitudinal carina, T1 parallel-sided, T2 more or less rectangular and as long as T3, and ovipositor sheaths very short. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Cotesia evagata (Papp, 1973)

Apanteles evagatus Papp, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Jordan, Turkmenistan.

Cotesia exelastisae (Bhatnagar, 1950), new combination

Apanteles exelastisae Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype male, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Because the only known specimen is male, it is difficult to conclude with certainty, but the original description makes clear this species is not Apanteles. Here we transfer it to Cotesia based on the propodeum having a strong, median longitudinal carina, metatibial spurs of equal size and relatively short, and T1 mostly parallel-sided (although posterior 0.2 narrows towards posterior margin). Additional support to consider exelastisae in Cotesia comes from the original description, which considered it morphologically close to Apanteles erionotae Wilkinson (currently placed in Cotesia) and also the host species being Pterophoridae (Bhatnagar 1950). The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Cotesia fascifemorata van Achterberg, 2006

Cotesia fascifemorata van Achterberg, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMUC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Greenland.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Greenland.

Cotesia ferruginea (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles ferrugineus Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Netherlands, Romania, Russia (PRI), Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Wilkinson (1945) stated that the specimen was in the Essex Museum of Natural History, but it is currently in the NHMUK.

Cotesia fiskei (Viereck, 1910)

Apanteles fiskei Viereck, 1910.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, MB, NB, NL, NS, ON, SK), USA (CT, KS, MA, MT, OR, WI).

Cotesia flagellator (Wilkinson, 1930)

Apanteles flagellator Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Cotesia flagitata (Papp, 1971)

Apanteles flagitatus Papp, 1971.

Apanteles jaicus Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Mongolia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1987a).

Cotesia flaviconchae (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles flaviconchae Riley, 1881.

Type information. Lectotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (AR, CA, CT, DC, IL, IA, LA, MD, MA, MN, MO, OK, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Mason (1981), Whitfield (1995a) and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Cotesia flavicornis (Riley, 1889)

Apanteles flavicornis Riley, 1889.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (MB, ON), USA (CT, MO, NJ, TX).

Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891

Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891.

Apanteles (Stenopleura) nonagriae Viereck, 1913.

Apanteles simplicis Viereck, 1913.

Apanteles flavatus Ishida, 1915.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, Tanzania, Uganda; AUS: Australia (NSW, QLD), Papua New Guinea; NEA: USA (FL, TX); NEO: Barbados, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela; OTL: Bangladesh, China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, HI, HK, HB, HN, JS, JX, SN, TW, YN, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam); PAL: China (AH), Japan.

Notes. We examined the type of A. simplicis (Viereck, 1913), a female specimen from Taiwan considered to be a synonym of C. flavipes since at least Wilkinson (1928a). The female type of A. simplicis looks slightly different to other specimens of C. flavipes we have examined, and we caution that it might represent another species within the flavipes species-complex (see Fujie et al. 2018). We also examined the type of Apanteles (Stenopleura) nonagriae Viereck, 1913, another female specimen from Taiwan, which looks similar to A. simplicis (but is not related to Apanteles nongriae Olliff, 1893).

Cotesia fluvialis (Balevski, 1980)

Apanteles fluvialis Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Bulgaria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria.

Notes. We follow Papp (1986: 232), who based his species concept on the original description only, as he could not see any specimen.

Cotesia gabera Papp, 1990

Cotesia gabera Papp, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Cotesia gades (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles gades Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Macedonia, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Cotesia gastropachae (Bouché, 1834)

Microgaster gastropachae Bouché, 1834.

Type information. Holotype male, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (SD, SN), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, KHA, KIR, KYA, ORE, PRI, SAK, SPE, VOR), Slovakia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974) and Papp (1990a).

Cotesia geometricae Austin, 2000

Cotesia geometricae Austin, 2000.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT, VIC).

Cotesia geryonis (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles geryonis Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (PRI), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. The presence of the species in Iran is based in Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia gillettei (Baker, 1895)

Apanteles gillettei Baker, 1895.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (AZ, CO, NJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Mason (1981) and Whitfield (1995a).

Cotesia glabrata (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles glabratus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZIN (examined). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Russia (DA, KDA, RYA, SPE, YAR), Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009). The species distribution in Turkmenistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ichneumon glomeratus Linnaeus, 1758.

Ichneumon glomerator Thunberg, 1822.

Microgaster nigriventris Nees, 1834.

Microgaster recondita Nees, 1834.

Microgaster stellatarum Bouché, 1834.

Microgaster crataegi Ratzeburg, 1844.

Microgaster oleracea Taylor, 1860.

Microgaster pieridis Packard, 1881 [homonym of Microgaster pieridis Bouché, 1834].

Microgaster pieridivora Riley, 1882.

Apanteles aporiae Ivanov, 1899.

Glyptapanteles nawaii Ashmead, 1906.

Apanteles aporiae Matsumura, 1908).

Apanteles heterotergis Fahringer, 1936.

Type information. Type unknown, NHRS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unclear.

Geographical distribution. AUS, NEA, NEO, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD), Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand; NEA: Canada (BC, NB, ON, QC), USA (CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, IL, IA, LA, MD, MA, MI, MN, NH, NJ, NY, OR, PA, SC, VT, VA, WA, WI); NEO: Barbados, Brazil (SP), Chile, Uruguay; OTL: China (GZ, HN, JS, SH, SN, TW, ZJ), India, Pakistan, Vietnam; PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Azores, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China (BJ, HE, HA, JL, LN, NM, NX, SN, XJ), Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (AD, AST, BU, KGD, KAM, KHA, KIR, KDA, KRS, MOS, PRI, ROS, SAK, SPE, SAR, TAM, VGG, VLG, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009). Information about type(s) status for this species was discussed by Shenefelt (1972) and Fitton (1978). The species distribution in Armenia, Georgia, Jordan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia gonopterygis (Marshall, 1898)

Apanteles gonopterygis Marshall, 1898.

Type information. Holotype female, PCMAG (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Japan, Romania, Russia (C, S), Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009).

Cotesia gordii (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles gordii Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT).

Cotesia gramini Sathe & Rokade, 2005

Cotesia gramini Sathe & Rokade, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species may not be valid as we suspect that no type depository was specified. However, because we could not read the original description to confirm that, we retain it as valid species for the time being.

Cotesia gregalis Yang & Wei, 2002

Cotesia gregalis Yang & Wei, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, CFRB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (HE, LN, SD, TJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Zeng (2012).

Cotesia griffini (Viereck, 1911)

Apanteles griffini Viereck, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, NB, QC), USA (AR, KS, MA, NY, OK, SC, SD, TX, WA).

Cotesia hadenae (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles hadenae Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (MI, NJ).

Cotesia halisidotae (Muesebeck, 1931)

Apanteles halisidotae Muesebeck, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB, ON, QC), USA (MA, NH, NY, VT).

Cotesia hallii (Packard, 1877)

Microgaster hallii Packard, 1877.

Type information. Holotype male, ANSP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Greenland.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NT, NU), Greenland.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (2006) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2017b). Shenefelt (1972: 528) recorded the type as male but with a question mark.

Cotesia hanshouensis (You & Xiong, 1983)

Apanteles hanshouensis You & Xiong, 1983.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HB, HN, JS, JX).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Cotesia harteni Papp, 2003

Cotesia harteni Papp, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Cotesia hemileucae (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles hemileucae Riley, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON), USA (CT, FL, KS, MA, MN, MO, NY, OR).

Cotesia hesperidivora (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles hesperidivorus Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (AZ, CA, CT, FL, MA).

Cotesia hiberniae (Kurdjumov, 1912), new combination

Apanteles hiberniae Kurdjumov, 1912.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Ukraine.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Fahringer (1936) and Telenga (1955). We are placing this species in Cotesia based on the shape of T1-T3, short ovipositor, and the placement those authors gave to this species in their respective papers (Fahringer placed it in the Wilkinson group F, which comprises mostly species of what is currently Cotesia; Telenga’s key had hiberniae within a large group of Cotesia as well).

Cotesia hispanica (Oltra & Falco, 1996)

Protapanteles hispanica Oltra & Falco, 1996.

Type information. Holotype female, UVS (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Spain.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Spain.

Notes. The type material is probably in the Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversitat y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, Spain, but we have not been able to verify that information yet. Although the species was originally described in Protapanteles, Yu et al. (2016) treated it as Cotesia, a generic placement with agree with.

Cotesia honora Papp, 1990

Cotesia honora Papp, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Cotesia hyperion (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles hyperion de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the details from the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement would be in Cotesia.

Cotesia hyphantriae (Riley, 1887)

Apanteles hyphantriae Riley, 1887.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO, PAL.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, QC), USA (AR, CO, CT, DE, DC, LA, MD, MA, MI, MO, NJ, NM, NY, SC, TZ, VA, WV); NEO: Mexico; PAL: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Korea, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (KDA), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Cotesia hypopygialis (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles hypopygialis Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. The details provided in the original description clearly show this species belongs in Cotesia.

Cotesia hypsipylae (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles hypsipylae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Examination of the holotype reveals the species belongs in Cotesia, based on the propodeum with a complete median, longitudinal carina, partial transverse carina, shapes and sculptures of T1 and T2, inflexible hypopygium, and short ovipositor sheaths.

Cotesia icipe Fernandez-Triana & Fiaboe, 2017

Cotesia icipe Fernandez-Triana & Fiaboe, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, NMK (examined). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, Yemen. PAL: Saudi Arabia.

Notes. In the original description of the species, its distribution was recorded as only present in the Afrotropical region. However, in this paper we follow O’Hara et al. (2009) for boundaries of regions, and Saudi Arabia is considered to belong to the Palearctic, so the distribution above reflects that.

Cotesia indica Sathe & Rokade, 2005

Cotesia indica Sathe & Rokade, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species may not be valid as we suspect that no type depository was specified. However, because we could not read original description to confirm that, we consider it as valid species for the time being.

Cotesia inducta (Papp, 1973)

Apanteles inductus Papp, 1973.

Apanteles tenuivalvis Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Korea, Moldova, Russia (KDA, PRI), Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2007).

Cotesia intermixta (Balevski, 1980)

Apanteles intermixtus Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Bulgaria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria.

Notes. We follow Papp (1986: 227) who based his species concept on the original description only, as he could not examine any specimens.

Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto & Whitfield, 2019

Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto & Whitfield, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, UFSM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RS).

Cotesia ishizawai (Watanabe, 1939)

Apanteles ishizawai Watanabe, 1939.

Type information. Syntypes female and male?, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. In the EIHU collection there are two specimens, one female and one male, both with red labels marked as Type. That suggests they are actually syntypes, but we could not read the original description from Watanabe to corroborate if indeed several specimens were part of the original description with none being designated as a holotype (i.e., they are indeed syntypes) or if a holotype was designated. For the time being, and based on the specimens and labels we examined, we consider the specimens to be syntypes.

Cotesia isolde (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles isolde Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Cotesia itororensis Sousa-Lopes & Whitfield, 2019

Cotesia itororensis Sousa-Lopes & Whitfield, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, MZUSP (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MG).

Cotesia jayanagarensis (Bhatnagar, 1950)

Apanteles jayanagarensis Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN, SN, ZJ), India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004). The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Cotesia jucunda (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles jucundus Marshall, 1885.

Microgaster nigrinervis Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (PRI), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species distribution in Azerbaijan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia judaica (Papp, 1970)

Apanteles judaica Papp, 1970.

Apanteles dzhanybeki Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, BGM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Israel.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Russia (S), Tunisia, Ukraine.

Notes. The depository of the holotype was stated to be the “Beth Gordon Agriculture and Nature Study Institute, Deganya, Israel”. The depository acronym we provide here (BGM) is based on the way the museum is referred to in its Hebrew website as Beit Gordon Museum.

Cotesia jujubae (Wilkinson, 1929), new combination

Apanteles jujubae Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The holotype has very short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 coarsely sculptured and widening posteriorly, and T2 more or less rectangular in shape and with similar sculpture to T1. All those features clearly indicate that this species belongs in Cotesia. The carination pattern on the propodeum is rather unusual for the genus, with a median longitudinal carina that is weakly defined anteriorly, transverse carina present and an areola that is partially defined by carinae. However, that pattern is present in other Cotesia species (see Gupta et al. 2016b for a discussion of examples and illustrations of other species with similar carination patterns).

Cotesia juniperatae (Bouché, 1834)

Microgaster juniperatae Bouché, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype male, ZSM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Notes. In this paper we follow Broad et al. (2016) decision to consider juniperatae as a valid species, but see notes under Cotesia brachycera for more details on the history and use of related names and species.

Cotesia junoniae (Riley, 1889)

Apanteles junoniae Riley, 1889.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, KS, MO, NJ).

Cotesia kamiyai (Watanabe, 1934)

Apanteles kamiyai Watanabe, 1934.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, ZJ); PAL: Japan.

Notes. Despite previous references (e.g., Shenefelt 1972, Yu et al. 2016), the original description did not designate a holotype, and instead is based on a series of six female and two male specimens (Watanabe 1934: 134–135). We examined a male from the syntype series, in the Hokkaido collection.

Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe, 1937)

Apanteles kariyai Watanabe, 1937.

Apanteles purgata (Telenga, 1955).

Type information. Syntypes female and male, EIHU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL, OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GX, GZ, HB, HN, JS, JX, SN, TW, YN, ZJ), Vietnam; PAL: China (AH, BJ, HL, HA, JL, LN, NX, SD, SN), Japan, Korea, Russia (PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1986) and Chen and Song (2004). We also examined specimens from the EIHU collection.

Cotesia karviri Sathe & Rokade, 2005

Cotesia karviri Sathe & Rokade, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species may not be valid as we suspect that no type depository was specified. However, because we could not read the original description to confirm that, we retain it as valid species for the time being.

Cotesia kasparyani (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles kasparyani Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (KHA, PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1987a) and Kotenko (2007a).

Cotesia kazak (Telenga, 1949)

Apanteles kazak Telenga, 1949.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZIN (examined). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Australia (VIC, WA), New Zealand; OTL: India; PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Morocco, Portugal, Russia (ROS), Spain, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Telenga (1955) and Papp (1986, 1987).

Cotesia khuzestanensis Zargar & Gupta, 2019

Cotesia khuzestanensis Zargar & Gupta, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Cotesia koebelei (Riley, 1889)

Apanteles koebelei Riley, 1889.

Type information. Syntypes female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC), USA (CA, NE).

Notes. One of the syntypes is missing the head and metasoma, thus is impossible to know its sex with certainty. All other syntypes are female specimens.

Cotesia kraussi (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles kraussi Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Cotesia kurdjumovi (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles kurdjumovi Telenga, 1955.

Apanteles laverna Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZIN (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Russia (C, S), Spain, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles laverna Nixon.

Cotesia laeviceps (Ashmead, 1890)

Apanteles laeviceps Ashmead, 1890.

Apanteles leviceps Dalla Torre, 1898 [unjustified emendation].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, MB, NB, ON, QC, SK), USA (CA, CO, CT, GA, IL, IA, MO, NM, NY, UT).

Notes. The holotype is in poor condition, the only wing remaining is the right hind wing, antennae are missing, and the hind legs are embedded in glue.

Cotesia langei (Muesebeck, 1938)

Apanteles langei Muesebeck, 1938.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA).

Cotesia lepidopteri Sathe & Rokade, 2005

Cotesia lepidopteri Sathe & Rokade, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species may not be valid as we suspect that no type depository was specified. However, because we could not read the original description to confirm that, we retain it as valid species for the time being.

Cotesia lesbiae (Blanchard, 1947), new combination

Apanteles lesbiae Blanchard, 1947.

Apanteles grioti Blanchard, 1943 [nomen nudum].

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. The generic placement of the species within Cotesia is clear from the original description and the accompanying drawings.

Cotesia levigaster (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles levigaster Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. The original description (which includes a drawing of T1 and T2) strongly suggests that this species does not belong to Apanteles. Based on the described shape of T1-T2, hypopygium, length of ovipositor sheaths, recorded hosts, and (to a lesser extent) propodeum sculpture, the best generic placement at present would be Cotesia.

Cotesia limbata (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles limbatus Marshall, 1885.

Apanteles kawadai Watanabe, 1934.

Type information. Syntypes females, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (AD, MOS), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Shenefelt (1972: 554) recorded the syntype specimens as female only.

Cotesia limenitidis (Riley, 1871)

Microgaster limenitidis Riley, 1871.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NS, ON), USA (CT, IL, IA, MD, MA, MO, NJ, NY, OH, PA, UT).

Cotesia lineola (Curtis, 1830)

Microgaster lineola Curtis, 1830.

Microgaster lineola Curtis, 1829. [nomen nudum].

Apanteles gabrielis Gautier & Riel, 1919.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MVMMA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Moldova, Romania, Russia (SPE), Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1974), and Papp (1987a).

Cotesia lizeri (Blanchard, 1947), new combination

Apanteles lizeri Blanchard, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. From the original description and accompanying drawings, it is clear that this species is not an Apanteles. There is a small chance it could be placed within Parapanteles (examination of the specimens will be needed in the future to conclude); however, we consider that it is much more likely the species belongs in Cotesia, based on the short ovipositor sheaths, the propodeum carination and the available host data. An indirect support (but far from conclusive) for this species being placed in Cotesia is that all of its reported hosts are moths of the family Lasiocampidae (see Yu et al. 2016 for references). There is only one Parapanteles species recorded as a parasitoid of Lasiocampidae (Valerio et al. 2009) whereas there are numerous records of Cotesia parasitizing that family (Yu et al. 2016).

Cotesia luminata Chen & Song, 2004

Cotesia luminata Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (XZ).

Cotesia lunata (Packard, 1881)

Microgaster lunatus Packard, 1881.

Type information. Neotype male, EIHU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (QC), USA (CA, CT, FL, GA, IL, IA, KS, MA, MO, NJ, NY, NC, TX, WA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Mason (1981), Whitfield (1995a) and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Cotesia lyciae (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles lyciae Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (QC), USA.

Cotesia lycophron (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles lycophron Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: France, Hungary, Israel, Netherlands.

Cotesia mahoniae (Mason, 1975)

Apanteles mahoniae Mason, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC), USA (ID).

Cotesia malevola (Wilkinson, 1929), new combination

Apanteles malevolus Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Myanmar.

Notes. This species belongs in Cotesia. It has very short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, strongly sculptured T1 and T2, and propodeum with both longitudinal and transverse carinae.

Cotesia malshri (Sathe & Inamdar, 1991), new combination

Glyptapanteles malshri Sathe & Inamdar, 1991.

Type information. Holotype female, SUKI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Based on the original description and drawings included there, it is very clear that this species does not belong to Glyptapanteles. Without examining the type material it is difficult to conclude, but the best generic placement at present would be Cotesia, based on the sculpture of the propodeum, T1–T3 shape and hypopygium and ovipositor.

Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865)

Microgaster marginiventris Cresson, 1865.

Apanteles grenadensis Ashmead, 1900.

Apanteles laphygmae Ashmead, 1901 [nomen nudum].

Apanteles harnedi Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype male, ANSP (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Cuba.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde; AUS: Fiji, Hawaiian Islands; NEA: USA (AL, AZ, AR, CA, DE, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MS, MO, NC, OH, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WI); NEO: Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil (PR, RS, SC), Chile, Cuba, Grenada, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela; OTL: India; PAL: Spain.

Notes. We have examined the types of Apanteles grenadensis (Ashmead, 1900) (in the NHMUK), and Apanteles harnedi (Viereck, 1912) (in the USNM), as well as numerous specimens from several collections. There is considerable morphological variation, as well as wide host data; we suspect that Cotesia marginiventris is likely to be a complex of cryptic species.

Cotesia mayaguezensis (Viereck, 1913)

Apanteles mayaguezensis Viereck, 1913.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Puerto Rico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Puerto Rico.

Cotesia medicaginis (Muesebeck, 1947)

Apanteles medicaginis Muesebeck, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (AZ, CA, ID, KS, MO, NV, NM, OK).

Cotesia meghrangini Dawale, Bhosale & Sathe, 1993

Cotesia meghrangini Dawale, Bhosale & Sathe, 1993.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia melanoscelus (Ratzeburg, 1844)

Microgaster melanoscelus Ratzeburg, 1844.

Microgaster solitarius Ratzeburg, 1844.

Apanteles creata Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. NEA, OTL, PAL.

NEA: Canada (BC, NB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC), USA (CT, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, OR, PA, RI, VT, VA, WA, WV); OTL: China (FJ, HB, HN), India; PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (BJ, HL, JL, LN), Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (ALT, AMU, ZAB, KGD, KHA, KIR, KDA, PRI, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Nixon (1974), Papp (1987a), and Chen and Song (2004). Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun in apposition and the original spelling melanoscelus must be retained. The species distribution in Armenia and Azerbaijan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia melitaearum (Wilkinson, 1937)

Apanteles melitaearum Wilkinson, 1937.

Apanteles melittaearum Wilkinson, 1937 [subsequent misspelling (Nixon 1974)].

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (BJ), Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (BU, ZAB, PRI), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. The species distribution in Armenia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia mendicae (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles mendicae Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Russia (VOR).

Notes. We examined one female paratype from the same cocoon mass than the (unexamined by us) holotype.

Cotesia menezesi (de Santis & Redolfi, 1976), new combination

Apanteles menezesi de Santis & Redolfi, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, MLP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO:Brazil (SP).

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the following details, all mentioned in the original description: propodeum with median longitudinal carina; T1 barrel-shaped (described as wide but slightly narrowing at anterior and posterior margins); T2 twice as wide as long; short ovipositor sheaths; and species being considered as close to Apanteles schini Muesebeck, 1958 (currently placed in Cotesia). Yu et al. (2016) referred to the second author of the species as del Carmen Redolfi but the last name should be just Redolfi, as correctly stated by Aquino et al. (2010).

Cotesia microsomus (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles microsomus Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belarus.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belarus.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1988, 1990). Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun phrase in apposition and the original spelling microsomus is retained.

Cotesia miyoshii (Watanabe, 1932)

Apanteles miyoshii Watanabe, 1932.

Apanteles smerinthii Matsumura, 1925 [primary homonym of Apanteles smerinthii Riley, 1881].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HB, JS, SN, ZJ); PAL: China (BJ, LN, SD), Japan, Korea.

Cotesia murtfeldtae (Ashmead, 1898)

Apanteles murtfeldtae Ashmead, 1898.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (MB, ON, QC), USA (CT, MD, MA, MO, NH, NY, NC, VT, VA, WV).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921) and Papp (1987a).

Cotesia muzaffarensis (Lal, 1939), new combination

Apanteles muzaffarensis Lal, 1939.

Type information. Holotype male, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The original description, although very brief, provides enough information to unequivocally place this species in Cotesia. The propodeum has a complete median longitudinal carina, the ovipositor sheaths are short, and the shape and sculpture of T1–T2 (as illustrated in a dorsal habitus provided in the original description) are all typical of this genus. Additionally, Lal (1939: 53) mentioned that muzaffarensis is morphologically close to Cotesia salebrosa.

Cotesia nemoriae (Ashmead, 1898)

Apanteles nemoriae Ashmead, 1898.

Apanteles winkleyi Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (MB, NL, NS, ON, QC, SK), USA (CA, CT, DC, KS, MA, MO, NH, NY, TN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921) and Fernandez-Triana (2010). We also examined the female type of Apanteles winkleyi (Viereck, 1917).

Cotesia neptisis (Watanabe, 1934), new combination

Apanteles neptisis Watanabe, 1934.

Type information. Lectotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. From Shenefelt (1972: 579), it could be implied that a lectotype for this species was designated by him; however, no details were provided as to which specimen should be considered as the lectotype. After we examined the available specimens, we believe that the lectotype specimen is a female missing its head and two legs (one fore and one mid leg). We also examined one female and one male specimen from the same locality (Sapporo), as well as a cocoon mass with the same label as those specimens (which presumably belongs to this species). Kotenko (2007a) had transferred this species from Apanteles to Protapanteles, but we found that the propodeum sculpture rather clearly indicates that this species is better placed in Cotesia than Protapanteles (although T1 and the central part of T2 are rather smooth, they are in line with other Cotesia with relatively smooth sculpture). Also, Kotenko (2007a) mentioned the species from Russia but that seems to be a mistake; thus, here we consider the species to be restricted to Japan only.

Cotesia neustriae (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles neustriae Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Moldova.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia (KDA, RYA, SAR, VGG, VOR), Turkey, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on examined female paratypes, with the same host and locality data than the holotype – except for the collecting date being the following year compared to the holotype.

Cotesia nigritibialis (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles nigritibialis Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Korea, Russia (KDA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1988, 1990).

Cotesia nikami Kurhade & Nikam, 1998

Cotesia nikami Kurhade & Nikam, 1998.

Type information. Holotype female, BAMU (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia nitens (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles nitens Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, CO, OR, UT, WY).

Cotesia noctuidiphagus (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles noctuidiphagus Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT).

Notes. Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun in apposition and the original spelling noctuidiphagus must be retained.

Cotesia nonagriae (Olliff, 1893)

Apanteles nonagriae Olliff, 1893.

Apanteles (Stenopleura) nonagriae Viereck, 1913 [primary homonym of Apanteles nonagriae Olliff, 1893].

Cotesia parthenayae Kittel, 2016 [unnecessary replacement name for Cotesia nonagriae (Viereck, 1913)].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, QLD).

Notes. Wilkinson (1928b: 136) mentioned that this species was described based on female and male specimens, which was also corroborated by Muirhead et al. (2008: 38–43). However, recent efforts by Muirhead et al. (2008) could not locate those specimens in Australian collections and it is likely that the syntypes are lost (or the depository remains unknown at present). In the literature there are two species named as Apanteles nonagriae, the oldest one (Olliff 1893) applies to this species, whereas the youngest one (Viereck 1913) has long being considered as a synonym of Cotesia flavipes Cameron 1891. Because Viereck’s name is not related to Olliff’s the replacement name proposed by Kittel (2016) is unnecessary.

Cotesia nothus (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles nothus Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Korea, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (SPE), Slovakia, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN, in the absence of an original statement that the epithet is adjectival, the name is to be treated as a noun in apposition and the original spelling nothus must be retained (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.). The species distribution in Iran is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia nuellorum Whitfield, 2018

Cotesia nuellorum Whitfield, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: TX.

Cotesia numen (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles numen Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Slovakia, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Cotesia nycteus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles nycteus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement would be in Cotesia. Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN, the name is a noun in apposition and the original spelling nycteus must be retained.

Cotesia obscuricornis (Viereck, 1917)

Apanteles obscuricornis Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, MD).

Notes. This species is rather similar to C. marginiventris (and other partially yellowish Cotesia) and may be part of a species complex.

Cotesia ocneriae (Ivanov, 1899)

Apanteles ocneriae Ivanov, 1899.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (S), Serbia, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Telenga (1955), Tobias (1986) and Papp (1987a, 1990). The information about the type is taken from Shenefelt (1972: 585).

Cotesia oeceticola (Blanchard, 1935), new combination

Apanteles oeceticola Blanchard, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. This species was described based on specimens from the Blanchard collection, which we believe is currently deposited in the MACN. The original description and illustrations (scutellar disc, propodeum, T1–T2, part of fore wing, tip of antenna), strongly suggest that this species belongs in Cotesia. The species has the propodeum with a median, longitudinal carina in addition to a more or less complete transverse carina, T1 and T2 are sculptured, T1 slightly widens towards the posterior margin, T2 is sub-rectangular, and the ovipositor sheaths barely protrude.

Cotesia ofella (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles ofella Nixon, 1974.

? Microgaster perspicuus Nees, 1834.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. The name perspicuus (Nees, 1834) has sometimes been regarded as a senior synonym of both cajae (Bouché, 1834) and ofella (Nixon, 1974) (e.g., Yu et al. 2012, 2016). However, Marshall (1885: 183) had listed cajae as the senior name; and Papp (1988: 155) had tentatively suggested that perspicuus might be a synonym of ofella (Nixon, 1974), though without elaborating further. There has been little consensus on the correct application of the Nees name, the type of which is lost (see also comments under Cotesia cajae above). The arrangement proposed by Papp (1988), i.e., maintaining both cajae and ofella as valid species (and not as synonyms of perspicuus) has been subsequently followed by Papp (2005) and Broad et al. (2016), and it is also followed here.

Cotesia ogara Papp, 1990

Cotesia ogara Papp, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Cotesia okamotoi (Watanabe, 1921), status revised

Apanteles okamotoi Watanabe, 1921.

Type information. Holotype male, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. This species was synonymized under Cotesia affinis (Nees, 1834) by Papp (1987a), who wrote that synonymy was based on examination and comparison of authenticated specimens as well as original descriptions. However, one female of okamotoi (from the EIHU collection) that we have examined (which is placed together with the male holotype and another male, the three specimens collected in the same locality and with same label data) is clearly not affinis, and differs in practically all characters mentioned in Papp’s work, e.g., the length/width of T1 and T2 is different (T1 width at posterior margin is actually larger than T1 length, and T2 is 3.0 x as wide at posterior margin as long), T3 is not longer than T2 but both are of the same length (although in males T3 is longer), and vein r arises from the pterostigma closer to the end. The Japanese specimens have yellow T2–T6. Based on all of the above, we resurrect this species from synonymy with C. affinis and consider okamotoi to be a valid species. Cotesia okamotoi looks similar to C. miyoshii, as stated in the comments for both species by Watanabe (1932); however, the differences in T1–T3 shape and sculpture are diagnostic, as well as different tegula colour, and in addition they parasitize different hosts and are found in different habitats.

Cotesia olenidis (Muesebeck, 1922)

Apanteles olenidis Muesebeck, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC).

Cotesia onaspis (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles onaspis Nixon, 1974.

Apanteles avetyanae Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, United Kingdom.

Cotesia oppidicola (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles oppidicola Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description, we consider that the best generic placement at present would be in Cotesia, but further examination of the type series will be needed in the future.

Cotesia opsiphanis (Schrottky, 1909), new combination

Apanteles opsiphanis Schrottky, 1909.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Paraguay.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador, Paraguay.

Notes. Here we transfer the species to Cotesia based on the original description, which mentions a coarsely rugose propodeum, T1 and T2, as well as short ovipositor sheaths (Schrottky 1909: 211). Those morphological details, as well as images and details of the wasp cocoon mass (Waterston 1923) and the record of two Nymphalidae as hosts (Schrottky 1909, Waterston 1923, Malo and Willis 1961), strongly indicate that the best generic placement of the species at present is in Cotesia. However, examination of specimens will be needed in the future.

Cotesia ordinaria (Ratzeburg, 1844)

Microgaster ordinarius Ratzeburg, 1844.

Apanteles dendrolimi Matsumura, 1926.

Apanteles dendrolimusi Matsumura, 1926.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GX, HN, JS, ZJ); PAL: China (HL, JL, LN, SN), Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (AMU, IRK, KYA, PRI, SAK, TOM, TY, YAR), Turkey, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1974) and Papp (1987a). Wilkinson (1945: 71-72) wrote about the type series, which he examined, at the time deposited in the Forestry College of Eberswalde (Forstlichen Hochschule Eberswalde). Unfortunately, that collection was mostly destroyed during the Second World War; however, five drawers with Hymenoptera specimens, among them type species of Ratzeburg were spared and are now safe at the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI) in Müncheberg, Germany (Schulz et al. 2018: 285-286). We do not know if the syntype specimens of Microgaster ordinarius Ratzeburg are at present in Müncheberg. The species distribution in Iran is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia orestes (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles orestes Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Germany, Hungary, Korea, Netherlands, Russia (TVE), Turkey, United Kingdom.

Cotesia orientalis Chalikwar & Nikam, 1984

Cotesia orientalis Chalikwar & Nikam, 1984.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia ornatricis (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles ornatricis Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP), Colombia.

Cotesia orobenae (Forbes, 1883)

Apanteles orobenae Forbes, 1883.

Type information. Lectotype female, INHS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (AZ, CA, DC, FL, IL, LA, SC, VA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921) and Papp (1987a).

Cotesia pachkuriae (Bhatnagar, 1950), new combination

Apanteles pachkuriae Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the propodeum with strong, median longitudinal carina and a transverse carina (near anterior), T1 sculptured and widening towards posterior margin, T2 slightly sculptured and around same length as T3 (Bhatnagar 1950). The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Cotesia paludicolae (Cameron, 1909), new combination

Apanteles paludicolae Cameron, 1909.

Apanteles platyptiliae Cameron, 1909.

Type information. Syntypes female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: Sudan, Uganda; OTL: India, Sri Lanka.

Notes. This species belongs in Cotesia based on sculpture and carination of the propodeum, shapes of T1 and T2, inflexible hypopygium and relatively short ovipositor sheaths. Wilkinson (1928a, 1932a) correctly associated this species with the glomeratus group.

Cotesia paphi (Schrottky, 1902)

Apanteles paphi Schrottky, 1902.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (SP), Peru, Uruguay.

Notes. The depository is presumed to be the MACN, but we have not been able to corroborate that.

Cotesia pappi Inanç, 2002

Cotesia pappi Inanç, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMTU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Turkey.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Turkey.

Cotesia parastichtidis (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles parastichtidis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, YT), USA (AK, MI, NY, TN).

Cotesia parbhanii (Rao, 1969), new combination

Apanteles parbhanii Rao, 1969.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. From the original description it is clear that this species belongs to Cotesia, based on propodeum with median longitudinal carina, shapes of T1 and T2, and length of ovipositor sheaths. Rao (1969: 222) mentioned that although the specimens were in his personal collection, they would be deposited in the NZSI, information that we tentatively follow here when recording the type depository.

Cotesia parijati Sathe, 2003

Cotesia parijati Sathe, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, SUKI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia parvicornis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles parvicornis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal.

Notes. Based on the details of the original description (de Saeger 1944), as well as the known host record, the best generic placement at present would be in Cotesia; however, future examination of the holotype will be needed (as there is a small chance that the species might belong to Glyptapanteles).

Cotesia peltoneni (Papp, 1987)

Apanteles peltoneni Papp, 1987.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland.

Cotesia philoeampus (Cameron, 1911)

Apanteles philoeampus Cameron, 1911.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992). There is some confusion with this species name and for the sake of clarity we provide more details here. Cameron (1911a: 342) described an Australian species as Apanteles philoeampus. In another paper published that same year, Cameron (1911b: 327) also described a different species from Guyana as Apanteles philocampus. Wilkinson (1928a: 96) correctly pointed that out; however, the two names being so similar (and being published by the same author in the same year, albeit in two different publications) have brought unintentional confusion over the years when dealing with them. For example, Austin and Dangerfield (1992: 22), when transferring the Australian species from Apanteles to Cotesia mentioned that Apanteles philocampus was being transferred when they really meant Apanteles philoeampus. The species from Guyana is also transferred from Apanteles in the present paper (see below under Glyptapanteles philocampus).

Cotesia phobetri (Rohwer, 1915)

Apanteles phobetri Rohwer, 1915.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, NL, ON), USA (IL, IN, KS, KY, MD, MA, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, RI, VT, VA, WV).

Cotesia pholisorae (Riley, 1889)

Apanteles pholisorae Riley, 1889.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, DC, IL, KS, MD, MO, SC, WV).

Cotesia pieridis (Bouché, 1834)

Microgaster pieridis Bouché, 1834.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (SD), Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (PRI, SAK, VLA, VOR), Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974), Papp (1987a), and Chen and Song (2004). Nixon (1974: 493) considered the type to be lost, based on unpublished notes from Wilkinson, who had examined the Bouché collection. The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia pilicornis (Thomson, 1895)

Microgaster pilicornis Thomson, 1895.

Apanteles piliflagellaris Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Romania, Russia (C, E, NC, S), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974) and Papp (1987a). Broad et al. (2016) commented on the morphological variation of specimens they had examined, which they considered as conspecific anyway.

Cotesia pistrinariae (Wilkinson, 1929)

Apanteles pistrinariae Wilkinson, 1929.

Apanteles pistrinariae nyasaensis Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Nigeria.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa.

Notes. The record of this species from Cape Verde (e.g., Koponen 1989, Forshage et al. 2016, Gupta et al. 2016b) is based on specimens of Cotesia compressithorax (which was considered a synonym of pistrinariae until this paper, where we consider both as valid species, see more comments about differences between these two species under the Notes for compressithorax; p 292, 293). Thus, here we remove that country from the geographical distribution of pistrinariae.

Cotesia planula Song & Chen, 2004

Cotesia planula Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (NX).

Cotesia plathypenae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles plathypenae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB), USA (ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MO, NY, OH, SD, WA).

Cotesia podunkorum (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles podunkorum Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, OH, VA, WV).

Cotesia praepotens (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster praepotens Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster placidus Haliday, 1834.

Apanteles memnon Nixon, 1974.

Apanteles acutivalvis Balevski, 1980.

Apanteles beshtaui Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, KDA, PRI, SAR, STA, VOR), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles memnon Nixon. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (1997), but see notes under Cotesia brachycera for more details on the history and use of related names and species.

Cotesia pratapae (Ashmead, 1896), new combination

Apanteles pratapae Ashmead, 1896.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the following: inflexible hypopygium, ovipositor sheaths short, propodeum reticulated (although without clear median carina), T1 mostly parallel-sided, but slightly narrowing medially, and T2 rectangular and rugulose. The shape of T1 in this species is similar to that of C. trabalae Gupta, 2016, a very rare feature in Cotesia (see Gupta et al. 2016b for more details).

Cotesia prenidis (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles prenidis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Puerto Rico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Puerto Rico.

Cotesia progahinga (Hedqvist, 1965)

Apanteles progahinga Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. Forshage et al. (2016) considered the type material to be lost; however, in 2017 the holotype was found by the senior author in another section of the MZH collection.

Cotesia prozorovi (Telenga, 1955), new combination

Apanteles prozorovi Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, ZIN? (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (IRK, PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on the original description and Papp (1987a). It is not clear that the type specimens are deposited in the ZIN, but it is an educated guess based on Tobias (1986).

Cotesia pterophoriphagus (Shenefelt, 1972), new combination

Apanteles pterophoriphagus Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles pterophori Risbec, 1951 [homonym of Apanteles pterophori Muesebeck, 1926].

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the propodeum with a strong median carina (in addition to lateral and transverse carinae), shape and sculpture of T1–T2, acute hypopygium and short ovipositor sheaths (Risbec 1951: 435–437, see also figure 13 in that paper). The original description also compares this species with sphenarchi (Risbec, 1951), also currently placed in Cotesia. Because the name is to be considered as a noun under ICZN Article 31.2.1, it must retain its original spelling and remain as pterophoriphagus.

Cotesia pyralidis (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles pyralidis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (AR, DC, IL, MD, MO, NC, OH, WI).

Cotesia pyraustae (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles pyraustae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (CT, MO, NJ).

Notes. The holotype is missing the metasoma, two legs, one pair of wings and the apical half of the antennae.

Cotesia pyrophilae (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles pyrophilae Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (CT, MA, RI).

Cotesia radiantis (Wilkinson, 1929)

Apanteles radiantis Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Australia (QLD); OTL: China (HN).

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992).

Cotesia radiarytensis (Shenefelt, 1972), new combination

Apanteles radiarytensis Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles radiatus Niezabitowski, 1910 [homonym of Apanteles radiatus Ashmead, 1898].

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Poland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Poland.

Notes. Our species concept is based on the original description, as well as the key and comments provided by Telenga (1955). From those two sources, it is clear that this species is not Apanteles, based on the very short ovipositor, and the position in Telenga’s key (near many species of Cotesia and far from all true Apanteles keyed out in that paper). Without examining an actual specimen (and we note that there is no information about the whereabouts of the holotype), this species cannot be unambiguously assigned to genus. However, Cotesia seems the most reasonable choice, and is the one we propose here (other alternatives based on elements from the original description, such as Protapanteles, Glyptapanteles and even Nyereria, are much less plausible).

Cotesia rangii (Bhatnagar, 1950), new combination

Apanteles rangii Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype male, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the followings details provided in the original description (Bhatnagar 1950: 165–166, also figs 40, 84 in that paper): propodeum rugulose and with transverse and median longitudinal carinae (both strongly marked), as well as other carinae (around the median one) running upwards; T1 relatively broad (length less than 2.0 x its width) but mostly parallel-sided; T2 as long as T3 and with curved margins laterally. The median, longitudinal carina in the propodeum excludes this species from Apanteles, whereas the strong transverse carina and the shapes of T1 and T2 exclude it from Glyptapanteles. Bhatnagar (1950) considered rangii to come close to Apanteles sundanus (Wilkinson, 1930) [which in this paper is placed within the genus Neoclarkinella, see notes under that species in its treatment below], probably due to the presence of both longitudinal and transverse carinae in both taxa. However, rangii cannot be placed in Neoclarkinella as that genus has T1 strongly narrowing towards the posterior margin (T1 width at anterior margin being several times that of width at posterior margin), and T2 is much smaller than T3; also, the veins r and 2RS in Neoclarkinella are curved in a very characteristic way (e.g., see Figs 161165 in present paper) whereas the shape of those veins in rangii are very different (see fig. 40 in Bhatnagar 1950). Thus, we consider that the available evidence strongly indicates Cotesia as the best generic placement at present. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Cotesia risilis (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles risilis Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Cotesia riverai (Porter, 1916), name amended and new combination

Apanteles riverae Porter, 1916 [incorrect original spelling].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Chile.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Chile.

Notes. The original spelling of the species Apanteles riverae is incorrect, as the species was named after M.J. Rivera, a man (Porter 1916: 96), and thus its ending should be i instead of ae. The correct spelling is here amended to riverai. After reading the original description, we consider that the evidence there strongly supports this species as belonging to Cotesia. Porter (1916: 96–98) mentioned a median longitudinal carina on the propodeum, a quadrate T1, a T2 with a median field (smoother than the rest of the tergite), and very short ovipositor sheaths that barely project beyond the metasoma. He also provided illustrations of the fore wing and hind leg. Additionally, the host of the type series (Erebidae) and the gregarious wasp cocoons are common, although not exclusive, features of Cotesia.

Cotesia rubecula (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles rubecula Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. AUS, NEA, OTL, PAL.

AUS: New Zealand; NEA: Canada (BC, ON, QC), USA (MA, MI, MN, OR, VT, VA, WA); OTL: China (FJ, HB, ZJ); PAL: Austria, Bulgaria, China (BJ, HE, JL, LN, SN), France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (IRK, KHA, KDA, MOS, PRI, ROS, RYA, SAK), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Cotesia rubripes (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster rubripes Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, MVMMA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, Mongolia, Morocco, Poland, Romania, Russia (KDA, KYA, MOS, PRI, TOM, VOR, YAR), Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1974), Papp (1987a), Kotenko (2007a), and Broad et al. (2016). The species distribution in Japan and Turkey is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia ruficoxis (Hedwig, 1962), new combination

Apanteles ruficoxis Hedwig, 1962.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Greece.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Greece.

Notes. Based on the original description, this species is clearly not Apanteles, due to a median longitudinal carina on the propodeum and the short ovipositor. Those characters, coupled with the shape and sculpture of T1 and T2 (also taken from the original description), strongly suggest the best generic placement at present to be in Cotesia. However, until the holotype (only known specimen) is found and studied, this decision must be considered as provisional.

Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster ruficrus Haliday, 1834.

Apanteles antipoda Ashmead, 1900.

Apanteles manilae Ashmead, 1904.

Apanteles sydneyensis Cameron, 1911.

Apanteles narangae Viereck, 1913.

Microgaster contextus Imhof & Labram, 1836.

Apanteles sesamiae Risbec, 1956 [nomen nudum].

Type information. Lectotype female, MVMMA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, NEO, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Réunion, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zimbabwe; AUS: Australia (NSW, QLD), Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand; NEO: Trinidad & Tobago; OTL: Bangladesh, China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, HI, HK, HB, HN, JS, JX, SH, SN, TW, YN, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; PAL: Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (AH, BJ, HE, HL, HA, JL, LN, SN, SD), Cyprus, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Libya, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (AD, AST, ZAB, KAM, KDA, NIZ, PNZ, PRI, ROS, SAK, YAR), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. The country of the lectotype was not specified by van Achterberg (1997: 74), it could be either Ireland or the United Kingdom. We examined the female holotype of Apanteles antipoda (Ashmead, 1900), and indeed it looks like C. ruficrus. We also examined the type, a female specimen, of Apanteles narangae (Viereck, 1913), another synonym of ruficrus. van Achterberg (2014) synonymized Microgaster contextus (Imhof & Labram, 1836) under C. rufricus based on the figure and biology detailed in the original description of contextus. The species distribution in Afghanistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia rufiventris (Bingham, 1906)

Apanteles rufiventris Bingham, 1906.

Type information. Lectotype female, OUMNH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1928a, 1930a), Austin and Dangerfield (1992) and van Achterberg & O’Toole (1993).

Cotesia rufocoxalis (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles rufocoxalis Riley, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NS), USA (AL, CT, DC, FL, LA, MO, NJ, NY, TN, TX, VA).

Notes. The type series is on a single pin, which has a piece of card containing 32+ specimens and the cocoon mass.

Cotesia rugosa (Szépligeti, 1914)

Apanteles rugosus Szépligeti, 1914.

Type information. Holotype male, MNHN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Kenya.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1932a) and Papp (2008).

Cotesia ruidus (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles ruidus Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia salebrosa (Marshall, 1885), lectotype designation

Apanteles salebrosus Marshall, 1885.

Apanteles callunae Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Lectoype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Russia (YAR), Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. We have examined what by all indications seem to be the type series from Marshall, which is in the NHMUK with number 3c.25. It contains two female and two male specimens and the code agrees with that reported for this species by Shenefelt (1972: 621), although Shenefelt reported the specimens to be all female. However, there is another label attached to those specimens from Nixon (with date of 1952) and that label states that those specimens are not the type of salebrosus Marshall but rather A. solitarus Ratz (a reference to Microgaster solitarius Ratzeburg, 1844, which is currently considered to be a synonym of Cotesia melanoscela Ratzeburg, 1844). However, having examined other specimens of both Cotesia melanoscela and C. salebrosa (e.g., see Ruohomäki et al. 2013), we think that the specimens from Marshall that are deposited in the NHMUK belong to the latter species, in that sense disagreeing with Nixon’s label from 1952. As far as we know no specimen from that card has ever been designated as the lectotype, thus we designate one here. The card has the two male specimens towards the left side, close to a single cocoon which is glued near them. The right side of the card contains the female specimens, with the bottom one having the metasoma and one hind leg detached (but glued nearby). The female at the top right of the card is the only specimen in the series that is in very good condition, and thus is the one we select as the lectotype. We also examined the type of Apanteles callunae Nixon. The species distribution in Iran is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia saltator (Thunberg, 1822)

Ichneumon saltator Thunberg, 1822.

Ichneumon salsator Thunberg, 1822 [incorrect original spelling].

Ichneumon saltator Thunberg, 1824 [justified emendation and homonym of Ichneumon saltator Müller, 1776].

Type information. Syntypes male, UUZM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Mongolia, Poland, Russia (SPE), Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009).

Cotesia saltatoria (Balevski, 1980)

Apanteles saltatorius Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Bulgaria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Macedonia, Mongolia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2007).

Cotesia sasakii (Watanabe, 1932)

Apanteles sasakii Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan, Korea.

Notes. The female holotype is missing the metasoma, but we have examined six other female specimens from the same date and locality which are in better condition. The species is rather characteristic in having ovipositor sheaths with long setae, much longer than the sheath width.

Cotesia satunini (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles satunini Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1988, 1990).

Cotesia scabricula (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles scabriculus Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles eguchii Watanabe, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HB, HN, SN, ZJ); PAL: Armenia, Austria, China (HE, SD, SN), Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Korea, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (KDA), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974) and Papp (1987a). The species distribution in Iran is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia schaeferi (Marsh, 1979)

Apanteles schaeferi Marsh, 1979.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (BJ), Japan, Korea.

Cotesia schaffneri (Muesebeck, 1931)

Apanteles schaffneri Muesebeck, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (DE, NJ, PA, TX, VA).

Cotesia schini (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles schini Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP).

Cotesia schizurae (Ashmead, 1898)

Apanteles schizurae Ashmead, 1898.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (AZ, AR, CA, CT, FL, IL, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NY, VA, WI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Papp (1987a), Mason (1981), and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Cotesia scitula (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles scitulus Riley, 1881.

Apanteles emarginata Riley, 1889.

Apanteles parorgyiae Ashmead, 1898.

Cryptapanteles rileyana Viereck, 1910.

Type information. Syntypes female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NS, ON), USA (CT, DC, FL, IL, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO, NE, NH, NJ, TN, TX, WI).

Notes. We have also examined the type of A. rileyanus (Viereck, 1910).

Cotesia scotti (Valerio & Whitfield, 2009)

Parapanteles scotti Valerio & Whitfield, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, INBio (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Freitas et al. (2019).

Cotesia selenevora Shaw, 2009

Cotesia selenevora Shaw, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium, Finland, Sweden.

Cotesia senegalensis (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Apanteles senegalensis Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. From the details provided in the original description it is clear that this species belongs to Cotesia.

Cotesia sericea (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster sericeus Nees, 1834.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Mongolia, Russia (KDA, NGR, SPE, SAR, YAR), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2003), which was followed by Broad et al. (2016), but see Notes under Cotesia brachycera for more details on the history and use of related names and species.

Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron, 1906)

Apanteles sesamiae Cameron, 1906.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kaiser et al. (2017). According to Madl & van Achterberg (2014), this species was successfully introduced to Comoros as a biological control agent.

Cotesia setebis (Nixon, 1974)

Apanteles setebis Nixon, 1974.

Apanteles khibinica Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, Russia (MUR, SVE), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey.

Cotesia seyali (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Apanteles seyali Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the propodeum with a median carina (in addition to lateral and transverse carinae), shape and sculpture of T1–T2. In the original description seyali is presented as very similar (morphologically) with sphenarchi (Risbec, 1951), also described in that same paper and currently placed in Cotesia.

Cotesia shemachaensis (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles shemachaensis Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Hungary, Kazakhstan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1987a).

Cotesia shrii Sathe, Ingawale & Bhosale, 1994

Cotesia shrii Sathe, Ingawale & Bhosale, 1994.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia sibyllarum (Wilkinson, 1936)

Apanteles sibyllarum Wilkinson, 1936.

Apanteles sibyllarum nipponensis Watanabe, 1942.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: USA (MA); PAL: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Slovakia, United Kingdom.

Cotesia simurae (You & Zhou, 1989)

Apanteles simurae You & Zhou, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Cotesia smerinthi (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles smerinthi Riley, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, ON, QC), USA (CA, CO, DC, IN, MD, MA, MO, NH, NJ, TX).

Cotesia sorghiellae (Muesebeck, 1933)

Apanteles sorghiellae Muesebeck, 1933.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (AR, MO, TX).

Notes. The female holotype has the head detached.

Cotesia specularis (Szépligeti, 1896)

Apanteles specularis Szépligeti, 1896.

Apanteles balcanica Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Lectotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Romania, Russia (PRI), Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009). The species distribution in Israel and Tajikistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia sphenarchi (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Apanteles sphenarchi Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the propodeum with a median carina (in addition to lateral and transverse carinae), shape and sculpture of T1–T2 and short ovipositor sheaths (Risbec 1951: 433–435, fig. 11). The original description also compares this species with ruficrus (Haliday, 1834) and nycteus (de Saeger, 1944), both currently placed in Cotesia.

Cotesia sphingivora (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles sphingivorus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Cotesia based on the original description mentioning the propodeum rugose with more or less defined areola and costulae, ovipositor sheaths short (0.7 × metatarsus length), and T1–T3 shape and sculpture, as illustrated and described in Granger (1949: 270–271, fig. 281). The host is reported to be Sphingidae, and the wasp cocoons form a dense, white mass, both features also common in (although not exclusive from) Cotesia. A record of this species from Réunion was later considered as doubtful (Madl and van Achterberg 2014), a decision we also follow here and thus we consider the species to be present only in Madagascar.

Cotesia spuria (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster spurius Wesmael, 1837.

Microgaster insidens Ratzeburg, 1844.

Type information. Lectotype female, RBINS (examined). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (JL), Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (AD, KDA, NVS, PRI, ROS, RYA, SAM, VOR), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia subancilla (Balevski, 1980)

Apanteles subancilla Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Bulgaria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Slovakia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1987a).

Cotesia subordinaria (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles subordinarius Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Georgia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Netherlands, Russia (NC), United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2012a, 2012b).

Cotesia suvernii Sathe, Ingawale & Bhosale, 1994

Cotesia suvernii Sathe, Ingawale & Bhosale, 1994.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia suzumei (Watanabe, 1932)

Apanteles suzumei Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Holotype male, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. We examined the holotype and it is a male specimen, not a female as it had been considered until now (e.g., Shenefelt, 1972). We also examined another six specimens and the remnants of a parasitized lepidopteran larva with rather loose wasp cocoons.

Cotesia taprobanae (Cameron, 1897)

Apanteles taprobanae Cameron, 1897.

Apanteles stauropi Viereck, 1912.

Apanteles formosae Viereck, 1913.

Type information. Lectotype female, OUMNH (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, HI, TW, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.

Notes. We examined the types of Apanteles stauropi, A. formosae, and the two female paralectotypes of taprobanae deposited in the NHMUK.

Cotesia tatehae (Watanabe, 1932)

Apanteles tatehae Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Cotesia tegera (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles tegerus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1986, 1990, 2009).

Cotesia teleae (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles teleae Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC), USA (CT, MD, PA).

Notes. The holotype has a mostly smooth T1 (only the apical 0.3 with shallow punctures) and an almost entirely smooth T2. The propodeum is also mostly smooth, with a few short carinae near the nucha, but without a median longitudinal carina, although there are traces (laterally) of the transverse carina, which forks around the spiracles. Overall this is a relatively very smooth species of Cotesia which could be considered to be a Protapanteles. However, because Protapanteles may represent just a species group of Cotesia (see above under the section Brief diagnosis of all Microgastrinae genera as they are understood in this paper for a discussion) we retain teleae within Cotesia for the time being.

Cotesia telengai (Tobias, 1972)

Apanteles telengai Tobias, 1972.

Apanteles amabilis Nixon, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Armenia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Russia (VLA), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles amabilis Nixon. The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019), that paper also recorded India and New Zealand as country records for the wasp species; however, we have not been able to find any published source supporting that and thus those records are excluded from our checklist until further evidence is available.

Cotesia tenebrosa (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster tenebrosus Wesmael, 1837.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Andorra, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Croatia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Korea, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Russia (PRI), Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2007). Additional comments on this species are in Broad et al. (2016). The species distribution in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia testacea Fujie, Shimizu & Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Cotesia testacea Fujie, Shimizu & Fernandez-Triana, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, NIAES (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan, Korea.

Notes. The original description discussed the possibility that a previous record of Cotesia ferruginea from Russia Far East in Primorsky Krai (Kotenko 2007a) might actually represent a specimen of C. testacea, as C. ferruginea is restricted to the Western Palaearctic.

Cotesia tetrica (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles tetricus Reinhard, 1880.

Microgaster opaculus Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Montenegro, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974), Belokobylskij et al. (2003), and Broad et al. (2016), but see notes under Cotesia brachycera for more details on the history and use of related names and species.

Cotesia thapinthotha Papp, 1990

Cotesia thapinthotha Papp, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Cotesia theae (Sonan, 1942)

Apanteles theae Sonan, 1942.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, TARI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW).

Cotesia theclae (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles theclae Riley, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AL, CA, CO, CT, DC, GA, ID, KS, MO, NJ, OK, TX); NEO: Mexico.

Cotesia tibialis (Curtis, 1830)

Microgaster tibialis Curtis, 1830.

Microgaster atrator Curtis, 1829 [nomen nudum].

Microgaster gracilis Curtis, 1829 [nomen nudum].

Microgaster tibialis Curtis, 1829 [nomen nudum].

Microgaster congesta Nees, 1834.

Microgaster intricata Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster gracilipes Thomson, 1895.

Apanteles similis Szépligeti, 1901.

Microgaster atratrix Schulz, 1906.

Apanteles aranearum Goureau, 1908 [nomen nudum].

Apanteles mamestrae Matsumura, 1908.

Apantele simulans (Lyle, 1917).

Apanteles claustrata (Gautier & Bonnamour, 1923).

Type information. Holotype male, MVMMA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China (SN, XJ), Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (AD, ZAB, IRK, KGD, KDA, KYA, MOS, PRI, SPE, TA, VLA, VGG, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1974), Papp (1986) and Tobias (1986). The information about the type is taken from Nixon (1974: 496). The species distribution in Tajikistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia tiracolae (Ashmead, 1896)

Apanteles tivacolae Ashmead, 1896.

Apanteles tivacholae Ashmead, 1896 [original misspelling].

Apanteles tiracholae Wilkinson, 1928 [unjustified emendation].

Apanteles tiracolae Thompson, 1953 [justified emendation].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Gupta & Fernandez-Triana (2014).

Cotesia tmetocerae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles tmetocerae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NS).

Cotesia trabalae Gupta, 2016

Cotesia trabalae Gupta, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Cotesia transuta (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles transutus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description, the best generic placement would be in Cotesia.

Cotesia tuita Papp, 2009

Cotesia tuita Papp, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Cotesia turkestanica (Telenga, 1955), new combination

Apanteles turkestanicus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Uzbekistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Uzbekistan.

Notes. The original description and the key to species there, as well as the works of Tobias (1986) and Papp (1987a), make clear that this species belongs in Cotesia. We transfer it here based on the propodeum with a distinct, median longitudinal carina, shape and sculpture of T1 and T2, small hypopygium and very short ovipositor sheaths.

Cotesia typhae Fernandez-Triana, 2017

Cotesia typhae Fernandez-Triana, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, CBGP (examined). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania.

Cotesia ukrainica (Tobias, 1986), status revised

Apanteles ukrainicus Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (examined). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Ukraine.

Notes. Papp (1988, his footnote 24 on page 154) synonymized ukrainicus under Cotesia melitaearum (Wilkinson, 1937). However, after examining the holotype we consider it not conspecific with melitaearum but actually more related to the Cotesia vestalis and C. ruficrus species complex. Thus, here we resurrect ukrainicus from synonymy with melitaearum and consider it a valid species.

Cotesia unicolor (Curtis, 1835)

Microgaster unicolor Curtis, 1835.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK? (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NU).

Notes. The information about this species is sparse and probably in need of further revision. The holotype (and only known specimen) was considered by Muesebeck (1922: 43) to be probably deposited in the NHMUK. Muesebeck transferred that species from Microgaster to Apanteles and he even commented that the species could be related to Cotesia yakutatensis (at that time the generic concept of Apanteles included Cotesia). Later, Mason (1981) transferred the species to Cotesia. Over the years several authors have cited the species (e.g., Shenefelt 1972, Marsh 1979, Whitfield 1995a) for North America, but without providing details on where it was found, the only information available so far is Arctic North America. The species was described by Curtis (1835: 62, with Roman numeral lxii) in an Appendix on Natural History that was part of the book about J. C. Ross’s second voyage in search of a North-west Arctic passage. We have carefully read the original description and agree that the species very likely belongs to Cotesia. Not considered before now, the original description actually mentions some information about the actual host: “A male was bred from a cluster of cocoons, enveloped in a silky ball, resembling those containing the eggs of some spiders”. That very likely refers to the hibernacula built by the larvae of the arctic woolly bear moth (Gynaephora groenlandica, Lepidoptera: Erebidae), which looks like a silky ball from a spider egg sac. Two Cotesia species have already been recorded (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2017b) parasitizing larvae of Gynaephora spp. in the High Arctic: Cotesia halli and an undetermined species with provisional name of Cotesia sp. 1; it may well be that Cotesia unicolor is actually one of those species, but study of the holotype will be needed to form a firm conclusion. As for the actual collecting locality of the type, no details are provided in the original description. However, the second voyage of Ross was spent in areas of what is today considered to be Canadian territory of Nunavut, thus we provide all that information for the sake of the checklist completion.

Cotesia urabae Austin & Allen, 1989

Cotesia urabae Austin & Allen, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA, TAS), New Zealand.

Cotesia vanessae (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles vanessae Reinhard, 1880.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. AFR, NEA, PAL.

AFR: Ethiopia; NEA: Canada (AB, ON); PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China (XJ), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (BEL, BU, IRK, OMS, PRI, SAK, TOM), Serbia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009). The species distribution in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Japan, and Korea is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Cotesia vestalis (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster vestalis Haliday, 1834.

Apanteles plutellae Kurdjumov, 1912.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (examined). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Benin, Cape Verde, Kenya, Mauritius, Réunion, Saint Helena, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe; AUS: Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Western Samoa; NEA: USA (TX); NEO: Argentina, Brazil (PE); OTL: Bangladesh, China (GD, HN, SN, TW, ZJ), India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (BJ), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (AMU, ZAB, KDA, MOS, PRI, ROS, SAK, SPE, STA, VGG, YAR), Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Besides of examining the lectotype, our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009). New country data from Kant (2019), Ngowi et al. (2019), and Sithole et al. (2019).

Cotesia villana (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles villanus Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles fasciatae Gautier & du Dresnay, 1926.

Apanteles rubroides Papp, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, PRI), Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1974), and Papp (1986).

Cotesia viridanae (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles viridanae Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (VOR).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1990a).

Cotesia xavieri Rousse, 2013

Cotesia xavieri Rousse, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Cotesia xylina (Say, 1836)

Microgaster xylina Say, 1836.

Apanteles cushmani Viereck, 1912.

Apanteles oxyacanthoidis Viereck, 1912.

Apanteles lanifica Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, MB, NS, ON, QC), USA (CO, CT, DC, FL, IL, IN, KS, MA, NH, NJ, UT, VA, WV).

Notes. We have also examined the types of Apanteles cushmani (Viereck, 1912), a male specimen, Apanteles lanifica (Viereck, 1917), a male specimen, and Apanteles oxyacanthoidis (Viereck, 1912), a female specimen, all currently synonyms of C. xylina.

Cotesia yakutatensis (Ashmead, 1902)

Apanteles yakutatensis Ashmead, 1902.

Apanteles hyslopi Viereck, 1910.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB, QC, NU), Greenland, USA (AK, CA, ID, OR, UT, WA).

Notes. We have examined the type of Apanteles hyslopi (Viereck, 1910), a female specimen.

Cotesia zagrosensis Zargar & Gupta, 2019

Cotesia zagrosensis Zargar & Gupta, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Cotesia zygaenarum (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles zygaenarum Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HB); PAL: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (DA, KDA, OMS, PRI, RYA, VOR), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Tunisia, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species distribution in Israel and Kazakhstan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Genus Cuneogaster Choi & Whitfield, 2006

Cuneogaster Choi & Whitfield, 2006: 120. Gender: feminine. Type species: Cuneogaster inae Choi & Whitfield, 2006, by original designation.

Only known from a single species from the Neotropical region (Choi and Whitfield 2006). We have seen in collections (CNC) a few additional species from South America, but the genus does not seem to be species rich. Cuneogaster is part of a group of genera (some described and some as yet undescribed) related to Diolcogaster; future phylogenetic studies of Microgastrinae may change the status of, and relationships between, some of those taxa. No host data are currently available for Cuneogaster. There are no DNA barcodes of this genus in BOLD.

Cuneogaster inae Choi & Whitfield, 2006

Cuneogaster inae Choi & Whitfield, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, IAVH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia, Panama, Venezuela.

Genus Dasylagon Muesebeck, 1958

Dasylagon Muesebeck, 1958: 424. Gender: feminine. Type species: Dasylagon aegeriae Muesebeck, 1958, by original designation.

Only known from two described species from the Neotropical region. We have seen in collections (CNC) a few specimens that might represent additional species from South America, but the genus does not seem to be very speciose. Two families of Lepidoptera, Sesiidae, and Thyrididae, have been recorded as hosts of Dasylagon. There are no DNA barcodes of this genus in BOLD.

Dasylagon aegeriae Muesebeck, 1958

Dasylagon aegeriae Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia.

Dasylagon simulans Muesebeck, 1958

Dasylagon simulans Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Honduras.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (BA), Honduras.

Genus Deuterixys Mason, 1981

Deuterixys Mason, 1981: 123. Gender: feminine. Type species: Microgaster carbonarius Wesmael, 1837, by original designation (Mason 1981: 123).

Known from 18 described species from all biogeographical regions except for Africa (the lack of species recorded from the Afrotropical region is probably due to insufficient collecting and study there). Several revisions of the genus are available for the Nearctic (Whitfield 1985), Neotropics (Whitfield et al. 2004), Russia (Kotenko 2007a), and China (Zeng et al. 2011a). We have seen a few additional species in collections but the genus does not seem to be very large. The vast majority of the known host records belong to the family Bucculatricidae, the few other families cited in older literature must be considered as likely to be wrong. There are 30 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing seven BINs.

Deuterixys anica Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Deuterixys anica Austin & Dangerfield, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, QLD, VIC).

Deuterixys bennetti Whitfield, 1985

Deuterixys bennetti Whitfield, 1985.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (FL); NEO: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica.

Deuterixys bifossalis Zeng & Chen, 2011

Deuterixys bifossalis Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI, ZJ).

Deuterixys carbonaria (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster carbonarius Wesmael, 1837.

Apanteles anomalus Lyle, 1925.

Type information. Lectotype female, RBINS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (MOS, PRI, SAK, YAR), Slovenia, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965), Papp (1983a), and Zeng et al. (2011a). The species distribution in Japan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Deuterixys colombiana Whitfield & Oltra, 2005

Deuterixys colombiana Whitfield & Oltra, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Deuterixys condarensis (Tobias, 1960)

Apanteles condarensis Tobias, 1960.

Apanteles nixoni Papp, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (PRI), Tajikistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1983a), Kotenko (2007a), and Zeng et al. (2011a). The species distribution in Japan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Deuterixys curticalcar Zeng & Chen, 2011

Deuterixys curticalcar Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GD, GZ, HN, JX, YN); PAL: China (HA, NX).

Deuterixys erythrocephala Whitfield & Oltra, 2005

Deuterixys erythrocephala Whitfield & Oltra, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Trinidad & Tobago.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Dominican Republic, Trinidad & Tobago.

Deuterixys hansoni Whitfield & Oltra, 2005

Deuterixys hansoni Whitfield & Oltra, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, ESUW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Bolivia, Costa Rica.

Deuterixys pacifica Whitfield, 1985

Deuterixys pacifica Whitfield, 1985.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (BC), USA (CA, NM, WY); NEO: Mexico.

Deuterixys patro (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles patro Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. This species represents one of the smallest Microgastrinae so far described (body and fore wing lengths 1.6–1.7 mm).

Deuterixys plugarui (Tobias, 1975)

Apanteles plugarui Tobias, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Moldova.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Moldova, Russia (S), Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1983a), Kotenko (2007a), Zeng et al. (2011a), and Shaw (2012b).

Deuterixys quercicola Whitfield, 1985

Deuterixys quercicola Whitfield, 1985.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (CA); NEO: Mexico.

Deuterixys rimulosa (Niezabitowski, 1910)

Apanteles rimulosus Niezabitowski, 1910.

Apanteles comes Wilkinson, 1940.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Poland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Poland, Russia (VOR), Slovakia, Spain, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles comes Wilkinson, 1940. The species distribution in Turkmenistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Deuterixys svetlanae Kotenko, 2007

Deuterixys svetlanae Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Deuterixys tehuantepeca Whitfield & Oltra, 2005

Deuterixys tehuantepeca Whitfield & Oltra, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Guatemala.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guatemala, Mexico.

Deuterixys tenuiconvergens Zargar & Gupta, 2019

Deuterixys tenuiconvergens Zargar & Gupta, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Deuterixys x-formis Papp, 2012

Deuterixys x-formis Papp, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Genus Diolcogaster Ashmead, 1900

Diolcogaster Ashmead, 1900: 132. Gender: feminine. Type species: Microgaster brevicaudus Provancher, 1886, by subsequent designation and monotypy (Viereck 1914: 46).

Zadiolcogaster Viereck, 1913: 366. Type species: Zadiolcogaster anomus Viereck, 1913, by original designation.

A cosmopolitan genus, with 141 described species known from all biogeographical regions of the planet. Relatively recent revisions of the genus are available for the Australasian region (Saeed et al. 1999), Russia (Kotenko 2007a), China (Zeng et al. 2011b), and India (Gupta & Fernandez-Triana 2015), but overall the taxonomic coverage of the world species is far from complete. We have seen hundreds of undescribed species in collections, mostly from tropical areas. This is one of the most variable genera of Microgastrinae and, as currently defined, it is certainly polyphyletic. Depending on the generic concept adopted following future phylogenetic studies of Microgastrinae, Diolcogaster may end up having several hundred species or even more than one thousand. Around 15 families of Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts, but many records are likely to be incorrect and/or need further verification. There are almost 4,000 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 270 BINs, most of them from Costa Rica and Canada.

Diolcogaster abdominalis (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster abdominalis Nees, 1834.

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia (BU, ZAB, PRI), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965), Kotenko (2007), Shaw et al. (2009), and Shaw (2012b). The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Diolcogaster abengouroui (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Microgaster abengouroui Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Syntypes male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ivory Coast.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Ivory Coast.

Notes. The original description includes a drawing of propodeum, T1, and T2, which clearly shows that this species belongs to Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster adiastola Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster adiastola Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD, TAS).

Diolcogaster agama (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster agama de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. The original description and key place this species in the basimacula group, defined by T1–T3 forming a carapace (e.g., Mason 1981, Saeed et al. 1999, Fernandez-Triana 2015).

Diolcogaster alce (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis alce Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Diolcogaster alkingara Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster alkingara Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea.

Diolcogaster alvearia (Fabricius, 1798)

Ichneumon alvearius Fabricius, 1798.

Ichneumon aleuarius Fabricius, 1798 [incorrect original spelling].

Anomalon aphidum Panzer, 1804.

Ichneumon alveator Thunberg, 1822.

Microgaster bicolor Curtis, 1830.

Apanteles areolata Szépligeti, 1896.

Type information. Syntypes sex undetermined, ZMUK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Bulgaria, China (GS), Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Romania, Russia (KDA, MOS), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. The original description mentions two specimens, but no details of their sex is provided. The original species name (alvearius, currently alvearia), was misspelled in the original description as aleuarius, and it was also subsequently misspelled in a variety of ways, e.g., aluearius, alevarius, and even alveolaris (see Yu et al. 2016 for a compilation of references on those misspellings). The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Diolcogaster ambositrensis (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster ambositrensis Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on the illustrations of the fore wing and T1–T3 provided in the original description.

Diolcogaster anandra (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster anandra de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster andamanensis Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015

Diolcogaster andamanensis Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Diolcogaster annulata (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster annulata Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on the illustrations of the fore wing and T1–T3 provided in the original description.

Diolcogaster anoma (Viereck, 1913)

Zadiolcogaster anomus Viereck, 1913.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Paraguay.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Paraguay.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Mason (1981). The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Diolcogaster ashmeadi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster ashmeadi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, QLD, TAS, VIC).

Diolcogaster aurangabadensis Fernandez-Triana, 2019, new replacement name

Protomicroplitis indicus Rao & Chalikwar, 1970.

Diolcogaster indica (Rao & Chalikwar, 1970) [secondary homonym of Diolcogaster indica (Wilkinson, 1927)].

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Diolcogaster indica (Rao & Chalikwar, 1970) is a secondary homonym of Diolcogaster indica (Wilkinson, 1927). The replacement name refers to the city where the holotype was collected.

Diolcogaster auripes (Provancher, 1886)

Microgaster auripes Provancher, 1886.

Type information. Lectotype female, ULQC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON, QC), USA (IL, IA, KS, KY, MD, MI, MO, NE, NJ, NY, OH, VA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1922), Nixon (1965), and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Diolcogaster austrina (Wilkinson, 1929)

Microgaster austrina Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Réunion, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda.

Notes. Madl & van Achterberg (2014) noted of this species: “Known from the Afrotropical Region. As the record from Réunion is probably a misidentification (Rousse and Gupta 2013: 519), the material should be checked”. However, the species has been found in other countries from the region (e.g., Wilkinson 1927, 1929, de Saeger 1944), information we accept and follow here.

Diolcogaster bakeri (Muesebeck, 1922)

Microgaster bakeri Muesebeck, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC, SK), USA (AR, FL, GA, IL, IA, KS, LA, TX); NEO: Peru.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1922), Mason (1981), Whitfield (1995a), and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Diolcogaster bambeyi (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Microgaster bambeyi Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. From the original description (and drawings there of propodeum, T1 and part of the fore wing) it is clear this species belongs to Diolocogaster.

Diolcogaster basimacula (Cameron, 1905)

Apanteles basimacula Cameron, 1905.

Type information. Syntypes male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, South Africa.

Notes. We have examined the two male specimens (mentioned by Wilkinson 1929a: 103) that were both labelled as Type in Cameron's writing. Those specimens are mounted on separate cards but share the same code in the NHMUK: 3c.988, and are from the type locality (Grahamstown) which was also mentioned by Wilkinson. We consider those two specimens to be syntypes. Additionally, we examined a third male specimen, also in the type collection of the NHMUK, and with code 3c.986; that specimen is mentioned by Wilkinson to have an additional label (Stellenbosch) not written by Cameron, and most likely was not part of the type series in the original description.

Diolcogaster belokobylskiji Kotenko, 2007

Diolcogaster belokobylskiji Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Diolcogaster bicolorina (Shenefelt, 1973), new combination

Microgaster bicolorinus Shenefelt, 1973.

Microgaster bicolor Szépligeti, 1911 [primary homonym of Microgaster bicolor Nees, 1834].

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Kenya, Tanzania.

Notes. Based on the sculpture pattern of T1 and T2, as well as the setae on the ovipositor sheaths, which are clearly depicted in the redescription of the species (Wilkinson 1929a), the species belongs in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster bifurcifossa Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster bifurcifossa Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, HI, ZJ), Japan, Vietnam.

Diolcogaster brevicaudus (Provancher, 1886)

Microgaster brevicaudus Provancher, 1886.

Type information. Lectotype female, ULQC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (QC), USA (IL, NJ, NY, PA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1922), Mason (1981), Whitfield (1995a), and Fernandez-Triana (2010). Because the name is to be considered as a noun under ICZN Article 31.2.1, it must retain its original spelling and remain as brevicaudus.

Diolcogaster breviterebrus (Rao & Chalikwar, 1970)

Protomicroplitis breviterebrus Rao & Chalikwar, 1970.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Fernandez-Triana (2015).

Diolcogaster brevivena Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster brevivena Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Diolcogaster cariniger (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster cariniger Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on the illustrations of the fore wing and T1–T3 provided in the original description.

Diolcogaster chaoi (Luo & You, 2003)

Caracallatus chaoi Luo & You, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GZ, HI YN), Vietnam.

Diolcogaster cincticornis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster cincticornis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster cingulata (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster cingulata Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on the illustrations of the fore wing and T1–T3 provided in the original description.

Diolcogaster claritibia (Papp, 1959)

Microgaster claritibia Papp, 1959.

Protomicroplitis orontes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (examined). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (AB, MB, ON); PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Russia (ZAB, KDA), Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Notes. We have also examined the type of Protomicroplitis orontes Nixon, 1965. The species distribution in Iran and Turkmenistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Diolcogaster coenonymphae (Watanabe, 1937)

Microgaster coenonymphae Watanabe, 1937.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. Nixon (1965) transferred Microgaster coenonymphae to Protomicroplitis, then Fernandez-Triana (2015) transferred it to Diolcogaster. Although Watanabe (1937a: 102) mentioned in the original description that there was a holotype and seven paratypes (all females, reared from the same caterpillar), we have examined the material and found four females from the type series, all with a small, thin label that reads Co-type; thus is not clear which specimens is the actual holotype.

Diolcogaster connexa (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster connexus Nees, 1834.

Microgaster consularis Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster diluta Ratzeburg, 1852.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (PRI, TY), Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965) and Kotenko (2007a). The type is presumed lost (Nixon 1965: 248). The country of the type locality is presumed by us to be Germany.

Diolcogaster coronata (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster coronata de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description (de Saeger 1944), this species belongs to Diolcogaster and the basimacula species group within that genus. In the original description no details were provided on the etymology of the species name; as first revisers we consider it as a noun in apposition and thus its gender to be neuter, following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN.

Diolcogaster coxalis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster coxalis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. We transfer here coxalis to Diolcogaster based on the details from original description and an illustration of the fore wing (partially) also provided there. This species was regarded by de Saeger (1944) as morphologically similar to palpicolor, another species described in the same paper and also transferred here to Diolcogaster, see more details under Notes for that species below.

Diolcogaster curticornis (Granger, 1949)

Microgaster curticornis Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Rousse and Gupta (2013).

Diolcogaster dichromus Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster dichromus Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Diolcogaster dipika (Bhatnagar, 1950) , new combination

Apanteles dipika Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype male, lost (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species was transferred to Microplitis (Rao 1953, Shenefelt 1973) but a recent paper (Gupta 2013a: 451) considered it as incertae sedis. However, the original description is detailed enough to prove that this species actually belongs to Diolcogaster. The illustrations of T1–T3 and the fore wing in Bhatnagar (1950: 136, 156) clearly belong to Diolcogaster, also the metatibia spurs are described as relatively long (inner spur three quarters and outer spur half the length of the first metatarsus segment), which would exclude the species from Microplitis. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Diolcogaster duocolor Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015

Diolcogaster duocolor Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Diolcogaster duris (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis duris Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Diolcogaster earina (Wilkinson, 1929), new combination

Microgaster earina Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Nigeria.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria.

Notes. We transfer this species to Diolcogaster based on the inflexible hypopygium, short ovipositor sheaths, T1 with a strong longitudinal sulcus, large metacoxae and metatibial spurs.

Diolcogaster eclectes (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis eclectes Nixon, 1965.

Protomicroplitis eclectes extentus Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea; OTL: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore; PAL: Korea.

Notes. Belongs to the basimacula species group.

Diolcogaster epectina (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster epectina de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster and, within that genus, in the basimacula species group.

Diolcogaster epectinopsis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster epectinopsis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster and, within that genus, in the basimacula species group.

Diolcogaster erro (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis erro Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Notes. This species belongs to the Diolcogaster basimacula species group (Fernandez-Triana 2015).

Diolcogaster euterpe (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis euterpe Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea.

Notes. Saeed et al. (1999) pointed out some of the unique features of this species, which may be transferred to a different genus following future studies of Diolcogaster sensu lato.

Diolcogaster facetosa (Weed, 1888)

Microgaster facetosus Weed, 1888.

Microgaster solidaginis Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, ANSP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, OTL.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, ON, QC), USA (AR, CO, CT, DE, GA, IL, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MI, MO, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, VT, VA, WA, WV); OTL: China (FJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965), Chen and Song (2004) and Fernandez-Triana (2010). The latest version of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2016) lists the type material as deposited in the USNM. However, those specimens should be in the ANSP (e.g., Shenefelt 1972: 777). The online database on Hymenoptera Holotypes of the Smithsonian Institution (http://www.usnmhymtypes.com/default.asp) also confirms that the type material for this species is not in the USNM. We have also examined the type of Microgaster solidaginis (Viereck, 1917), a synonym of D. facetosa.

Diolcogaster fasciipennis (Gahan, 1918)

Microgaster fasciipennis Gahan, 1918.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Uganda.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1929a), de Saeger (1944), and Nixon (1965).

Diolcogaster flammea Salgado-Neto & Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Diolcogaster flammeus Salgado-Neto & Fernandez-Triana, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, UFVB (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MG).

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Diolcogaster flavipes (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster flavipes Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Russia (AMU, BU, ZAB, PRI, SAK, TY), United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg (1997) and Kotenko (2007a). The species distribution in Armenia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Diolcogaster galazia Kotenko, 2007

Diolcogaster galazia Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype male, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB).

Diolcogaster garmani (Ashmead, 1900)

Protomicroplitis garmani Ashmead, 1900.

Protomicroplitis germani Ashmead, 1900 [incorrect original spelling].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (DC, IL, KS, KY, LA, MD, NY, TX, VA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1922), Mason (1981), Whitfield (1995a), and Fernandez-Triana (2010, 2015).

Diolcogaster gefidra Kotenko, 2007

Diolcogaster gefidra Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype male, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Diolcogaster glaphyra (de Saeger, 1944)

Microgaster glaphyra de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia.

Notes. Nixon (1965) transferred Microgaster glaphyra to Protomicroplitis, then Fernandez-Triana (2015) transferred it to Diolcogaster. It belongs to the Diolcogaster basimacula species group (Fernandez-Triana 2015).

Diolcogaster grammata Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster grammata Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, HI, HN), Vietnam.

Diolcogaster grangeri (Shenefelt, 1973), new combination

Microgaster grangeri Shenefelt, 1973.

Microgaster crenulatus Granger, 1949 [primary homonym of Microgaster crenulatus Provancher, 1888].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. The best generic placement of this species at this time is within Diolcogaster, based on the original description of the scutoscutellar sulcus, propodeum sculpture, fore wing venation, shape and sculpture of T1, and length of the ovipositor. However, the description does not closely match that of a typical Diolcogaster, which is a very variable genus; thus, further study of the type series will be required.

Diolcogaster hadrommata Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster hadrommatus Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, NT, QLD, SA, WA).

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Diolcogaster harrisi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster harrisi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, TAS, VIC).

Diolcogaster heterocera (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster heterocera de Saeger, 1944.

Microgaster heterocera de Saeger, 1944 [primary homonym of Microgaster heterocerus Ruthe, 1860].

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster hinzi (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis hinzi Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Russia (KAM, SAK), United Kingdom.

Notes. Yu et al. (2016) recorded the holotype to be in Munich (ZSM); however, we have examined a specimen in the NHMUK that clearly is the type, including a handwritten label by Nixon stating so (type number: 3c.2114).

Diolcogaster homocera (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster homocera de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster ichiroi Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Diolcogaster ichiroi Fernandez-Triana, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL).

Diolcogaster indica (Wilkinson, 1927), new combination

Microgaster indica Wilkinson, 1927.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Indonesia, Myanmar.

Notes. We transfer this species to Diolcogaster based on the inflexible hypopygium, very short ovipositor sheaths with a few thickened setae at the apex, T1 with a strong longitudinal sulcus, and T2 with the median field clearly defined.

Diolcogaster ineminens Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster ineminens Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, ZJ), Vietnam.

Diolcogaster insularis (Hedqvist, 1965), new combination

Microgaster insularis Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. A recent treatment of the species (Forshage et al. 2016) reported that the female holotype and male paratype were apparently deposited in the Lindberg collection (not MZH) and were apparently missing. However, we found those two specimens in the MZH collection and were able to study them. The species belongs to the genus Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster integra (Wilkinson, 1929)

Microgaster integra Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Notes. Nixon (1965) transferred Microgaster integra to Protomicroplitis, then Fernandez-Triana (2015) transferred it to the basimacula species group in the genus Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster ippis (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis ippis Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Diolcogaster iqbali Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster iqbali Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, NT, QLD, SA, WA).

Diolcogaster iridescens (Cresson, 1865)

Microgaster iridescens Cresson, 1865.

Type information. Holotype female, ANSP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Cuba.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (FL); NEO: Cuba.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1922) and Mason (1981). Shenefelt (1973: 715) considered the holotype to be female; however, the last version of Taxapad (Yu et al. 2016) records the type as a male specimen.

Diolcogaster kasachstanica (Tobias, 1964)

Hygroplitis kasachstanica Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Russia (ZAB).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (2007a).

Diolcogaster kasparyani Kotenko, 2007

Diolcogaster kasparyani Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (YEV).

Diolcogaster kivuana (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster kivuana de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster laetimedia Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster laetimedia Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, HI, ZJ), Vietnam.

Diolcogaster lelaps (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis lelaps Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Diolcogaster longistria Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015

Diolcogaster longistria Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Diolcogaster lucindae Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster lucindae Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD, TAS).

Diolcogaster malabarensis Narendran & Sheeba, 2003

Diolcogaster malabarensis Narendran & Sheeba, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Gupta & Fernandez-Triana (2015) mentioned the publication date of the original description as 2005, and other references online also consider 2005 as the publication year. However, the original paper, which we have examined, is dated 2003; and the online contents of the Journal of Bio-Sciences (https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JBS) also indicate 2003 as the date for Volume 11, where the species was originally described.

Diolcogaster masoni Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster masoni Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, QLD).

Diolcogaster mayae (Shestakov, 1932)

Microgaster mayae Shestakov, 1932.

Microgaster iranensis Hedwig, 1957.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Yemen; PAL: Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (NC, S), Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (2007a). Shenefelt (1973: 716) considered the type to be a female specimen; he also recorded the type locality as Chiva: Ravatt. We believe that probably refers to the Ravat village, near the city of Khiva, in the Xorazm region of Uzbekistan. However, at present there is no certainty about the type locality. The published record of this species from Russia (Ghafouri Moghaddam et al. 2019) did not specify the subdivisions from that country where the specimens were collected.

Diolcogaster mediosulcata (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster mediosulcatus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntype female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on the illustrations of the fore wing and T1–T3 provided in the original description.

Diolcogaster medon (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis medon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. This species belongs to the Diolcogaster xanthaspis species group (Fernandez-Triana 2015).

Diolcogaster megaulax (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster megaulax de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster mellea (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis melleus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. This species belongs to the Diolcogaster xanthaspis species group (Fernandez-Triana 2015). The fore wing areolet is not visible, as veins are thickened in the area that the areolet should be (see original description for more details and drawing of fore wing). A mostly honey-yellow coloured species. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Diolcogaster merata Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster merata Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Diolcogaster miamensis Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Diolcogaster miamensis Fernandez-Triana, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL).

Diolcogaster minuta (Reinhard, 1880)

Microgaster minutus Reinhard, 1880.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, IRK, TY, YAR), Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1968) and Tobias (1986). The species distribution in Turkey is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Diolcogaster muzaffari Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster muzaffari Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Diolcogaster narendrani Rema & Sheeba, 2004

Diolcogaster narendrani Rema & Sheeba, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Gupta & Fernandez-Triana (2015).

Diolcogaster naumanni Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster naumanni Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (WA).

Diolcogaster neglecta (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster neglecta de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the details provided in the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster and, within that genus, in the basimacula species group. In the original description, no details were provided on the etymology of the species name; as first revisers we consider it as a noun in apposition and thus its gender to be neuter, following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN.

Diolcogaster nephele (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis nephele Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Notes. It belongs to the Diolcogaster basimacula species group (Fernandez-Triana 2015).

Diolcogaster newguineaensis Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster newguineaensis Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Diolcogaster nigromacula (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster nigromacula de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, this species belongs to the Diolcogaster basimacula species group. In the original description, no details were provided on the etymology of the species name; as first revisers we consider it as a noun in apposition and thus its gender to be neuter, following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN.

Diolcogaster nixoni Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster nixoni Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea.

Diolcogaster notopecktos Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster notopecktos Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea.

Diolcogaster orientalis (Rao & Chalikwar, 1970)

Protomicroplitis orientalis Rao & Chalikwar, 1970.

Type information. Holotype female, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Diolcogaster palpicolor (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster palpicolor de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description and illustrations provided there of T1–T3, fore wing (partially), apical half of metasoma and details of the ovipositor sheaths, this species clearly belongs in Diolcogaster. The hypopygium is inflexible, the ovipositor is short and strongly curved downwards, the ovipositor sheaths have strong setae apically, the T1 has a strong median sulcus, and the shape of the areolet in the fore wing is typical of the genus.

Diolcogaster periander (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis periander Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Diolcogaster perniciosa (Wilkinson, 1929)

Microgaster perniciosa Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD, SA, TAS, VIC, WA), New Zealand; OTL: China (FJ, GZ, YN, ZJ).

Diolcogaster persimilis (Wilkinson, 1929), new combination

Microgaster persimilis Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Notes. We transfer this species to Diolcogaster based on the inflexible hypopygium, short ovipositor sheaths, T1 with a strong longitudinal sulcus, and large metacoxae and metatibial spurs. The metasoma and one hind leg of the holotype are in a gelatin capsule adjacent to the pinned specimen.

Diolcogaster plecopterae (Wilkinson, 1929), new combination

Microgaster plecopterae Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster here based on its inflexible hypopygium, short ovipositor sheaths with some thickened setae on apex, T1 with a strong longitudinal sulcus, T2 with median field (although weakly defined), very large metacoxae, and large metatibial spurs.

Diolcogaster pluriminitida Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster pluriminitida Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, GZ, HN, ZJ), Vietnam.

Diolcogaster plutocongoensis (Shenefelt, 1973), new combination

Microgaster plutocongoensis Shenefelt, 1973.

Microgaster pluto de Saeger, 1944 [primary homonym of Microgaster pluto Morley, 1936].

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on the original description and illustrations provided there. T1 has a strong median sulcus, T2 has a median field defined by sulci that narrow towards posterior margin of tergite, the hypopygium is inflexible, the ovipositor sheaths are short and at least with one thick seta apically, and the ovipositor is strongly curved downwards.

Diolcogaster praritas Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster praritas Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN, ZJ).

Diolcogaster procris (Fischer, 1964)

Microgaster procris Fischer, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, MHNG (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1991b) and Shaw (2012b).

Diolcogaster psilocnema (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster psilocnema de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster, based on the shapes of T1 and T2. However, the description is based on a male specimen only and it is not clear enough to conclude with certainty.

Diolcogaster punctata (Rao & Chalikwar, 1976)

Protomicroplitis punctata Rao & Chalikwar, 1976.

Type information. Holotype male, BAMU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Gupta & Fernandez-Triana (2015).

Diolcogaster punctatiscutum Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster punctatiscutum Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD).

Diolcogaster pyrene (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis pyrene Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. This species belongs to the Diolcogaster xanthaspis species group (Fernandez-Triana 2015).

Diolcogaster reales (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis reales Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Diolcogaster rixosa (Wilkinson, 1929)

Microgaster rixosa Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD, SA, VIC, WA).

Diolcogaster robertsi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster robertsi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Diolcogaster rufithorax (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster rufithorax Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNHN (not examined but illustrations of the holotype examined). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. The generic placement of this species has been determined based on information from the original description and low-resolution images of the holotype (taken with a cell phone) which we have examined. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on fore wing areolet, propodeum with median carina, large metacoxa and metatibial spurs, T1 with median sulcus, ovipositor sheaths short, and hypopygium inflexible.

Diolcogaster rufula Papp, 1991

Diolcogaster rufula Papp, 1991.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Diolcogaster rugosicoxa (Papp, 1959)

Microgaster rugosicoxa Papp, 1959.

Protomicroplitis meges Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (examined). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Switzerland.

Notes. We also examined the type of Protomicroplitis meges Nixon.

Diolcogaster rugulosa (Rao & Chalikwar, 1970)

Protomicroplitis rugulosus Rao & Chalikwar, 1970.

Type information. Holotype male, NZSI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Diolcogaster schizurae (Muesebeck, 1922)

Microgaster schizurae Muesebeck, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, ON), USA (AR, DC, KS, MD, MA, MI, NJ, OH, VA, WV).

Diolcogaster scotica (Marshall, 1885)

Microgaster scoticus Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (BC, QC), USA (MI); PAL: Finland, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, IRK), Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Diolcogaster semirufa (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster semirufa de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description and illustrations provided there of the fore wing (partially) and posterior half of metasoma (de Saeger 1944: 79–80), the species is transferred to Diolcogaster, due to its propodeum with strong, median longitudinal carina, inflexible hypopygium and ovipositor sheaths with at least one thick seta on apex.

Diolcogaster seriphus (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis seriphus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. Kotenko (2007a: 163) transferred Protomicroplitis seriphus to Diolcogaster, although it was done within a key to species, without explicitly stating the new combination, and without placing the author’s name between parentheses. Yu et al. (2012: Taxapad) revised that combination, transferring the species back to Protomicroplitis. Fernandez-Triana (2015) then transferred seriphus back to Diolcogaster, as a member of the xanthaspis species group.

Diolcogaster seyrigi (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster seyrigi Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on T1 with median longitudinal carina, T2 with delimited median field, fore wing with areolet, and short ovipositor sheaths (as detailed in the original description and illustrations there of T1–T3 and part of the fore wing).

Diolcogaster solitaria Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015

Diolcogaster solitarium Gupta & Fernandez-Triana, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Diolcogaster sons (Wilkinson, 1932)

Microgaster sons Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Australia (ACT, QLD, TAS, WA), New Caledonia; OTL: Indonesia.

Notes. This species belongs to the Diolcogaster basimacula species group.

Diolcogaster spreta (Marshall, 1885)

Microgaster spreta Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, China (SN), Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Moldova, Romania, Russia (NC, S), Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965), Zeng et al. (2011b), and Ghafouri Moghaddam et al. (2019).

Diolcogaster stepposa (Tobias, 1964)

Hygroplitis stepposa Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1968) and Tobias (1986).

Diolcogaster subtorquata (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster subtorquata Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntype female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster based on T2 with delimited median field, fore wing with areolet, and short ovipositor sheaths (as detailed in the original description and illustrations there of T1–T3 and part of the fore wing).

Diolcogaster sulcata (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster sulcata de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, this species belongs to the Diolcogaster basimacula species group. In the original description no details were provided on the etymology of the species name; as first revisers we consider it as a noun in apposition and thus its gender to be neuter, following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN.

Diolcogaster tearae (Wilkinson, 1929)

Microgaster tearae Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, SA, VIC, WA).

Notes. Shenefelt (1973: 732) designated a female specimen as lectotype, from a type series that included three female specimens (Wilkinson 1929a: 107-108). However, Saeed et al. (1999: 167 and especially 169) wrongly mentioned a holotype, which they even considered to be the only known specimen of the species, until their revision added more specimens and localities. The host is also recorded as two potentially different species by Saeed et al. (1999); it is not clear if there is a reason for that, as their paper does not mention any extra host record. Thus, the host species associated with D. tearae need further verification.

Diolcogaster tegularia (Papp, 1959)

Microgaster tegularius Papp, 1959.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Diolcogaster tomentosae (Wilkinson, 1930)

Microgaster tomentosae Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Watanabe (1937a: 101) recorded Diolcogaster tomentosae from Taiwan, although he also noticed that the specimens from that area were slightly different from the original description of the species (which was based on Indian specimens). We have examined the material from Watanabe (deposited in Hokkaido) and it is clear that they represent a different species (to be eventually described). Therefore, we consider D. tomentosae to be present only in India.

Diolcogaster torquatiger (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster torquatiger Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but illustrations of the holotype examined). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. The generic placement of this species has been determined based on information from the original description and low-resolution images of the holotype (taken with a cell phone) which we have examined. Transferred to Diolcogaster here based on fore wing areolet, propodeum with median longitudinal carina, metacoxa large, metatibial spurs relatively long, T1 with median sulcus, T2 with partially defined median field, hypopygium inflexible and ovipositor sheaths short.

Diolcogaster translucida Zeng & Chen, 2011

Diolcogaster translucida Zeng & Chen, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, HN, ZJ), Vietnam; PAL: China (HA).

Diolcogaster tristiculus (Granger, 1949), new combination

Microgaster tristiculus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Based on the original description and illustrations provided there of the fore wing (partially) and T1–T3 (Granger 1949: 222, 225–227), the species is transferred to Diolcogaster, due to its fore wing with areolet, inflexible hypopygium and ovipositor sheaths with at least one thick seta on apex.

Diolcogaster tropicalus Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster tropicalus Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea.

Diolcogaster turneri (Wilkinson, 1929), new combination

Microgaster turneri Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. Transferred to Diolcogaster here based on its inflexible hypopygium, short ovipositor sheaths with some thickened setae at the apex, T1 with a strong longitudinal sulcus, large metacoxae, and large metatibial spurs.

Diolcogaster urios (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis urios Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. This species belongs to the Diolcogaster xanthaspis species group (Fernandez-Triana 2015).

Diolcogaster vulcana (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster vulcana de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster.

Diolcogaster vulpina (Wilkinson, 1929)

Microgaster vulpina Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, NT, QLD, SA, VIC, WA).

Diolcogaster walkerae Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster walkerae Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, MCZC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, WA).

Diolcogaster wittei (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Microgaster wittei de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Diolcogaster. However, the description mentions that the ovipositor sheaths lack “appendix” (from the original description: “dépourvues d'appendice”) which could be interpreted as lacking setae, at least on the apex of the sheaths. The genus Rasivalva looks like Diolcogaster except for the ovipositor sheaths lacking visible setae, thus there is a small chance that this species could actually belong to Rasivalva. Without examining specimens, it is impossible to conclude, but because at present there is only one Rasivalva species recorded from the Afrotropical region (versus dozens of Diolcogaster), the probability of the species belonging to Rasivalva is much smaller.

Diolcogaster xanthaspis (Ashmead, 1900), lectotype designation

Apanteles xanthaspis Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Grenada, Saint Vincent.

Notes. The original description (Ashmead 1900c: 280) was based on a series of two female and four male specimens. Later, Shenefelt (1973: 782) referred to the type as a female, with BMNH code 3c.992; however, he did not designate it as the lectotype (although Shenefelt did that for many other species dealt with in his catalogue of world Braconidae). For the sake of completion, it is here formally designated. We have examined that female specimen, which is currently missing the head but otherwise is in reasonably good condition.

Diolcogaster yousufi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999

Diolcogaster yousufi Saeed, Austin & Dangerfield, 1999.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD, SA, TAS, WA).

Genus Distatrix Mason, 1981

Distatrix Mason, 1981: 93. Gender: feminine. Type species: Apanteles papilionis Viereck, 1912, by original designation.

A total of 32 described species from all biogeographical regions except for Australasia. The New World species were revised recently (Grinter et al. 2009), but the taxonomic coverage of the world species is far from complete. Based on additional specimens we have seen in collections, the genus may well exceed 50 species. Nine families of Lepidoptera, mainly Geometridae and Papilionidae, have been recorded as hosts of Distatrix; some of those families may prove to be wrong. There are 50 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 22 BINs.

Distatrix anthedon (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles anthedon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. Transferred to Distatrix based on the pronotum laterally with a single furrow, T2 lateral sulcus only marked on the anterior half of the tergite, fore wing venation, and ovipositor sheaths with only very minute setae near the very apex. In the original description, Nixon (1965) did not provide any details on the etymology of the species name; as first revisers we consider it as a noun in apposition and thus its gender to be neuter, following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN.

Distatrix antirrheae Whitfield & Grinter, 2009

Distatrix antirrheae Whitfield & Grinter, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Distatrix belliger (Wilkinson, 1929)

Apanteles belliger Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Mauritius.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

Distatrix carolinae Fernandez-Triana, 2010

Distatrix carolinae Fernandez-Triana, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (QC).

Distatrix cerales (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles cerales Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Notes. Transferred to Distatrix based on the pronotum laterally with a single furrow, T2 lateral sulcus only marked on the anterior half of the tergite, fore wing venation, and ovipositor sheaths with only very minute setae near the very apex.

Distatrix cuspidalis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles cuspidalis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description and drawings, the best generic placement is Distatrix. However, it could also be Glyptapanteles and examination of the specimens would be needed to conclude.

Distatrix euproctidis (Ullyett, 1946), new combination

Apanteles euproctidis Ullyett, 1946.

Type information. Holotype female, SAMC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. The original description strongly suggest that this species belongs to Distatrix, based on the entirely smooth propodeum, shape and sculpture of T1 and T2, and shape of the hypopygium. Ullyett (1946) also placed euproctidis close to another Distatrix species (in a modified couplet of a key from Wilkinson (1932a) that Ullyett discussed in his paper). Another plausible alternative could be Glyptapanteles; however, the distinguishing characters between these two genera (number of sulci on the pronotum laterally and setation pattern on ovipositor sheaths) were not detailed by Ullyett (1946). Although only a study of the type series can establish this unambiguously, we still consider Distatrix to be the best generic placement, based on T2 having lateral margins (diverging sulci) not extending to the apex of the tergite, a strong character of Distatrix.

Distatrix flava (Fernandez-Triana & van Achterberg, 2017), new combination

Venanides flavus Fernandez-Triana & van Achterberg, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Yemen.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Yemen.

Notes. This species clearly belongs to Distatrix, but it was wrongly placed within Venanides in the original description. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Distatrix formosa (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster formosus Wesmael, 1837.

Apanteles marshallii Bignell, 1901.

Type information. Holotype female, RBINS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (KEM, PRI), Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965, 1974), Papp (1983a), and Kotenko (2007a). Recent references treat this species as Distatrix (e.g., Mason 1981, Kotenko 2007a, Broad et al. 2016). But Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) and references following Taxapad treat it as Protapanteles. For the sake of clarity we revise its combination here. The species distribution in is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Distatrix geometrivora (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles geometrivora de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1941a) and that of Nixon (1965), the best generic placement would be in Distatrix. The original name of the species was spelled as geometrivora (de Saeger 1941a) although in a following paper, the same author spelled it as geometrivorus (de Saeger 1944).

Distatrix gratiosa (Wilkinson, 1930)

Apanteles gratiosus Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda.

Distatrix iglesiasi (Viereck, 1913)

Apanteles iglesiasi Viereck, 1913.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP).

Distatrix iraklii (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles iraklii Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Georgia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Georgia.

Notes. Papp (1988) had placed this species in the genus Distatrix, a decision we agree with after reading the original description and key provided in Kotenko (1986: 658) where several characters that define this genus (especially the pronotum laterally with a single, ventral furrow) are clearly stated.

Distatrix loretta Grinter, 2009

Distatrix loretta Grinter, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Distatrix maia (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles maia Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. Transferred to Distatrix based on the pronotum laterally with a single furrow, T2 lateral sulcus marked only on the anterior half of the tergite, fore wing venation, and ovipositor sheaths with only very minute setae near the very apex.

Distatrix malloi (Blanchard, 1942)

Apanteles malloi Blanchard, 1942.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MACN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Mason (1981).

Distatrix pallidocinctus (Gahan, 1918)

Apanteles pallidocinctus Gahan, 1918.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965) and Mason (1981). Under ICZN Article 31.2.2, this species name must be treated as a noun and thus retain its original spelling (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.).

Distatrix pandora Grinter, 2019

Distatrix pandora Grinter, 2019.

Distatrix pandora Grinter, 2009 [unavailable name].

Type information. Holotype female, MIUP (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Panama.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama.

Notes. The original description (Grinter et al. 2009: 14) did not detail where the holotype was deposited. As such, under ICZN Article 16.4.2, the name Distratrix pandora Grinter, 2009 must be considered unavailable. However, the species name was validated in a subsequent paper (Grinter and Whitfield 2019).

Distatrix papilionis (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles papilionis Viereck, 1912.

Apanteles agamemnonis Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar.

Distatrix pitillaensis Grinter, 2009

Distatrix pitillaensis Grinter, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Distatrix pompelon (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles pompelon Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan, Korea, Slovakia, Switzerland.

Notes. This species is considered by most authors to belong to Distatrix (e.g., Papp 1988, 1990, Capek and Lukas 1989, van Achterberg and Rezbanyai-Reser 2001, Kotenko 2007a), a decision we agree with, based on our study of the holotype. However, Yu et al. (2016) list it in Protapanteles, following van Achterberg (2003). For the sake of clarity, we revise the species combination here.

Distatrix sancus (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles sancus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Russia (NC, S), Spain, Ukraine.

Notes. This species is considered by most authors to belong to Distatrix (e.g., Papp 1988, 2005, Schurian et al. 1993, Jiménez et al. 1996), a decision we agree with, based on our study of the holotype. However, Yu et al. (2016) list it in Protapanteles, following van Achterberg (2003). For the sake of clarity, we revise the species combination here.

Distatrix simulissima (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles simulissimus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast.

Notes. Based on the original description and that of Nixon (1965), the best generic placement would be in Distatrix. However, it could also be Glyptapanteles but examination of specimens would be needed to conclude. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Distatrix solanae Whitfield, 1996

Distatrix solanae Whitfield, 1996.

Type information. Holotype female, UCDC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, OR).

Distatrix teapae (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles teapae Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Distatrix tookei (Shenefelt, 1972), new combination

Apanteles tookei Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles flaviventris Ullyett, 1946 [secondary homonym of Apanteles flaviventris Cresson, 1865].

Type information. Holotype female, SAMC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. The original description strongly suggest that this species belongs to Distatrix, based on the entirely smooth propodeum, shape and sculpture of T1–T2, and shape of the hypopygium. Ullyett (1946) also mentioned two previously described species of Distatrix as the closest to the new taxon, and placed the new species in a key by Wilkinson (1932a) with other species of the genus. Another plausible alternative could be Glyptapanteles; however, the distinguishing characters between these two genera (number of sulci on the pronotum laterally and setation pattern on the ovipositor sheaths) were not detailed by Ullyett (1946). Although only study of the type series can establish this unambiguously, we still consider Distatrix to be the best generic placement, based on T2 having lateral margins (diverging sulci) not extending to the apex of the tergite, a strong character of Distatrix.

Distatrix tormina (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles tormina Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Transferred to Distatrix based on the pronotum laterally with a single furrow, T2 lateral sulcus only marked on the anterior half of the tergite, fore wing venation, and ovipositor sheaths with only very minute setae near the very apex.

Distatrix ugandaensis (Gahan, 1918)

Apanteles ugandaensis Gahan, 1918.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda.

Notes. The type series, from Uganda, was reared from a pyralid on Hibiscus (Wilkinson 1934a: 146); however, that same paper cites a few dozen specimens from three collecting events, reared from the tortricid host Choristoneura occidentalis. That is the only reference to a tortricid as host for the entire genus Distatrix and should be considered as a record needing further verification.

Distatrix vigilis Grinter, 2009

Distatrix vigilis Grinter, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Distatrix xanadon Grinter, 2009

Distatrix xanadon Grinter, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Distatrix yemenitica van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017

Distatrix yemeniticus van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Yemen.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Yemen.

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Distatrix yunae Rousse & Gupta, 2013

Distatrix yunae Rousse & Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Genus Dodogaster Rousse, 2013

Dodogaster Rousse, 2013: 522. Gender: feminine. Type species: Dodogaster grangeri Rousse, 2013, by original designation.

Only known from a single species from the Afrotropical region, described from two females from Réunion (Rousse and Gupta 2013). Its relationship within Microgastrinae is unclear. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are no DNA barcodes of Dodogaster in BOLD.

Dodogaster grangeri Rousse, 2013

Dodogaster grangeri Rousse, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Notes. In addition to the original description, we also examined the female paratype (in the CNC).

Genus Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911

Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911: 173. Gender: feminine. Type species: Apanteles (Dolichogenidea) banksi Viereck, 1911, by monotypy.

Originally described as a subgenus of Apanteles, but elevated to generic rank by Mason (1981). This is a cosmopolitan genus, with 366 described species known from all biogeographical regions. Many European species were revised by Wilkinson, Nixon and Papp in several papers from the middle part of the 20th century, and a few more recent papers treat the fauna of China (Chen and Song 2004), the Russian Far East (Kotenko 2007a), and a species group in Costa Rica (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2019). Overall, the taxonomic coverage of the world species is far from complete; we have seen at least the same number of undescribed species in collections, from both tropical and temperate areas, and it is likely that the genus will approach one thousand species. The concept of Dolichogenidea and its separation from Apanteles has been controversial (e.g., Mason 1981, van Achterberg 2003, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e), but we consider it as a valid genus. More than 30 families of Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts for Dolichogenidea, but many records are likely to be incorrect and/or need further verification. In Costa Rica (ACG) most of the known hosts belong to four families: Depressariidae, Thyrididae, Tortricidae, and Mimallonidae (unpublished information extracted from BOLD and ACG databases). There are almost 3.500 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Dolichogenidea in BOLD representing 372 different BINs, mostly from Costa Rica and North America.

Dolichogenidea aberrantenna Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea aberrantenna Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (SC).

Dolichogenidea absona (Muesebeck, 1965)

Apanteles absonus Muesebeck, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, MB, NB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC), USA (CO, MT, NM, OR, WA, WI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1965), Nixon (1972), Mason (1974) and Fernandez-Triana and Huber (2010).

Dolichogenidea acratos (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles acratos Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Papua New Guinea; OTL: Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea acrobasidis (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles acrobasidis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL, MD, MS).

Dolichogenidea acron (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles acron Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ), Thailand.

Notes. After examining the holotype we had decided to transfer this species to Dolichogenidea based on the entirely setose hind wing vannal lobe, and the anteromesoscutum with punctures that do not fuse near the posterior margin. However, the species was transferred right before our paper by Liu et al. (2019), who also recorded the species from China based on one female specimen, an information we incorporate here.

Dolichogenidea aegeriphagous Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea aegeriphagous Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (HL, HA, JL, LN, SD, XJ).

Dolichogenidea agamedes (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles agamedes Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Mauritius.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: Mauritius; OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. After examining the holotype, we believe the best generic placement for this species is in Dolichogenidea, based on the relatively coarse punctures on the anteromesoscutum (which do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus), and the entirely setose vannal lobe in the hind wing. Yu et al. (2016) listed this species’ distribution as Oceanic and Oriental. However, Mauritius is better considered as part of the Afrotropical region, and thus here we record the species distribution as only AFR and OTL.

Dolichogenidea agilis (Ashmead, 1905)

Pseudapanteles agilis Ashmead, 1905.

Apanteles hidaridis Rohwer, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD), India, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam.

Notes. We also examined the type of Apanteles hidaridis Rohwer, 1922, a female specimen. The species distribution in China is based in Liu et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea agilla (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles agilla Nixon, 1972.

Apanteles piraticus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, Russia (ZAB, PRI), United Kingdom.

Notes. Both the holotype and paratype are from Finland. Nixon (1972) points out that the difference between the two specimens may be significant. The English specimen recorded by Shaw (2012b) agrees closely with the paratype.

Dolichogenidea agonoxenae (Fullaway, 1941)

Apanteles agonoxenae Fullaway, 1941.

Apanteles orelia Nixon,1967.

Type information. Holotype female, BPBM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji, Tonga, Western Samoa; OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. We studied the female type of Apanteles orelia Nixon, which was synonymized under agonoxenae by Walker (1989), a reference we also read.

Dolichogenidea alaria (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles alarius Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan.

Dolichogenidea albipennis (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster albipennis Nees, 1834.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Denmark, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (DA, KDA, MOS, PRI, ROS, SPE, TA, VOR, YAR), Sweden, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a, 1988), Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (2007a).

Dolichogenidea alejandromasisi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea alejandromasisi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea alophogaster Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea alophogaster Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea altithoracica Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea altithoracica Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea aluella (Nixon, 1967), new combination

Apanteles aluella Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines.

Notes. It is clear, from the original description (also, from Austin 1987) that this species belongs to Dolichogenidea based on its uniformly setose hind wing vannal lobe and the anteromesoscutum punctures that do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus. However, it was never transferred to that genus – Austin (1987) mentioned that it belonged to Dolichogenidea sensu Mason (1981) but he preferred to retain it under an Apanteles sensu lato at the time. Thus, here we formally transfer the species.

Dolichogenidea alutacea (Balevski, 1980)

Apanteles alutaceus Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Bulgaria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria.

Dolichogenidea amaris (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles amaris Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN), Thailand.

Dolichogenidea anarsiae (Faure & Alabouvette, 1924)

Apanteles anarsiae Faure & Alabouvette, 1924.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, France, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Romania, Russia (KDA, PRI), Switzerland, Turkey.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1976), Papp (1981) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea ancylotergita Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea ancylotergita Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (SC); PAL: China (NX).

Dolichogenidea angelagonzalezae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea angelagonzalezae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea angularis Song, Chen & Yang, 2006

Dolichogenidea angularis Song, Chen & Yang, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea annularis (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster annularis Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Russia (AMU, BU, SPE), Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1972), Papp (1980a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea anterocava Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea anterocava Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, HI).

Dolichogenidea anteruga Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea anteruga Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (SC, ZJ); PAL: China (HA).

Dolichogenidea apicurvus Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea apicurvus Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea appellator (Telenga, 1949), status revised

Apanteles appellator Telenga, 1949.

Apanteles salverdensis Hedqvist, 1965.

Apanteles litae Nixon, 1972.

Apanteles litae var. operculellae Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde, Ghana, Senegal; PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China (NM, XJ), Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (KDA, MOS, PRI, ROS, VGG, YAR), Selvagens Islands, Spain, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Shaw (2012b) synonymized Dolichogenidea litae within D. appellator, and provided comments on the rationale for that. Additional comments were also provided in Broad et al. (2016). Papp (2015) brought Dolichogenidea litae back from synonymy and considered it to be a valid species, based on subtle morphological differences as well as ecological traits, including the distribution (of litae) mainly in marine environments. However, we have obtained DNA barcodes of specimens attributed to both species and they do not differ. We have also examined the holotype and many paratypes of D. litae, and a rather long series of specimens in the NHMUK identified as D. appellator and we cannot find enough differences to justify separation as two species. Thus, here we revise the species status and sink D. litae back into synonymy with D. appellator. An additional problem that remains to be solved is the status of what Nixon (1972) referred to as Apanteles litae var. operculellae; we have examined those specimens and they might represent a different species. However, resolving that is beyond the scope of the present paper.

Dolichogenidea argiope (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles argiope Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR, AUS, OTL, PAL.

AFR: South Africa; AUS: Australia (QLD) Fiji, Vanuatu; OTL: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore; PAL: Korea.

Notes. The holotype has a uniformly setose vannal lobe (clearly visible on the right hind wing, less clear on the left hind wing) and the anteromesoscutum has coarse punctures that do not fuse to each other near the scutoscutellar sulcus. Both characters indicate this species is better placed in Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea artissima (Papp, 1971)

Apanteles artissimus Papp, 1971.

Apanteles abila Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (examined). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Russia (PRI), Sweden, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2012b). In addition to the type of artissima, we have examined the female type of its synonym, A. abila (Nixon 1972), deposited in the NHMUK, which resembles Pholetesor, based on its inflexible hypopygium, relatively short ovipositor sheaths, and the shape and coarse sculpture of T2. Other species currently placed in Dolichogenidea (e.g., bres, coniferoides, and mycale, see notes under those species as well) also resemble Pholetesor because of their relatively short ovipositor and inflexible hypopygium. The available host records for those microgastrines often include species whose early instars are leaf miners; thus, there might be some convergence in species that oviposit into leaf miners on important functional things, e.g., short length of ovipositor and the associated relative robustness (lack of multiple creases) in the hypopygium. Until more evidence is available, especially based on molecular studies, we refrain to transfer those species in this paper and retain them in Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea artusicarina Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea artusicarina Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea ashoka Rousse, 2013

Dolichogenidea ashoka Rousse, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Dolichogenidea atarsi Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea atarsi Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GZ).

Dolichogenidea ate (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles ate Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea atreus (Nixon, 1973), new combination

Apanteles atreus Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Russia (NC), Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the entirely setose hind wing vannal lobe, and the anteromesoscutum with punctures not fusing near the scutoscutellar sulcus. The holotype has a mostly inflexible hypopygium and relatively short ovipositor sheaths (ca. half the length of the metatibia), which might indicate that Pholetesor would be a better generic placement. However, we have decided to transfer this species to Dolichogenidea as it belongs to a group of species which are all currently placed in that genus. Furthermore, all known hosts of this wasp belong to Momphidae, a Lepidoptera family which has only been recorded as a host for a few other Dolichogenidea species (e.g., see Yu et al. 2016), and one species in the unrelated genus Microgaster (Shaw 2012b).

Dolichogenidea azovica (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles azovicus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Poland, Russia (PRI), Ukraine.

Dolichogenidea bakeri (Wilkinson, 1932), new combination

Apanteles bakeri Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW), Philippines.

Notes. After examining the holotype, it is clear this species belongs to Dolichogenidea based on its slighly convex and uniformly setose vannal lobe.

Dolichogenidea bambusae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles bambusae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI), India, Vietnam.

Notes. The holotype has one hind wing left, but its vannal lobe is entirely setose, which indicates this species belongs in Dolichogenidea. The species was transferred to this genus right before our paper by Liu et al. (2019), who also recorded the species from China based several female specimens, an information we incorporate here.

Dolichogenidea banksi (Viereck, 1911)

Apanteles banksi Viereck, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (DC, MD, MI, NY, PA, VA).

Dolichogenidea baoris (Wilkinson, 1930)

Apanteles baoris Wilkinson, 1930.

Apanteles parnarae Watanabe, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: Bangladesh, China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, HI, HK, HN, JX, SC, SH, SN, TW, YN, ZJ), India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; PAL: China (AH, HA, HB, JL, JS, LN, SN, SD), Japan, Nepal.

Notes. The species distribution in China is based in Liu et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea basiflava (Papp, 1974), new combination

Apanteles basiflavus Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Notes. Both the original description and a subsequence treatment of the species (Papp 1978a) considered Apanteles basiflavus within a group of species now placed in Dolichogenidea; the original description also provides enough detail to transfer this species to that genus.

Dolichogenidea benevolens (Papp, 1973)

Apanteles benevolens Papp, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Italy.

Dolichogenidea benkevitshi (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles benkevitshi Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (NC), Ukraine.

Notes. The original description (Kotenko 1986: 785) referred to the hind wing vannal lobe as straight and without a clear fringe of setae, which suggests this species might not belong in Dolichogenidea. However, all other characters mentioned in the original description agree with that genus, as does the position of the species in the key provided by Kotenko (where D. benkevitshi is keyed out in a section with several couplets that include many other Dolichogenidea species). It could well be that the setae are present but are small and difficult to see, as it is the case with other borderline species of Dolichogenidea such as D. murinanae and D. petrovae (see below for more comments on those species). Without seeing the type it is impossible to conclude, thus we prefer to maintain the species in Dolichogenidea for the time being, which is also where Papp (1988) placed it when he re-assigned all European Apanteles sensu lato to the generic framework proposed by Mason (1981).

Dolichogenidea bersa (Papp, 1976), new combination

Apanteles bersus Papp, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia, Russia (ZAB).

Notes. From the original description and Papp (1978a) it is clear this species belongs to Dolichogenidea. The spelling of the species name follows Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea betheli (Viereck, 1911)

Apanteles betheli Viereck, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CO).

Notes. Muesebeck (1921) mentioned that the type series had three specimens, all deposited in the USNM; however, we could only find the female holotype, and no other specimen was found in the regular collection. Also, in Muesebeck's key (1921) this species is described as having a strongly compressed metasoma, but the holotype does not have such a strongly compressed metasoma. The holotype has the ovipositor sinuous, not at the tip as in Promicrogaster species, but sinuous throughout its entire length.

Dolichogenidea bicolor Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea bicolor Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea biconcava Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea biconcava Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD).

Dolichogenidea bilecikensis Inanç & Cetin Erdogan, 2004

Dolichogenidea bilecikensis Inanç & Cetin Erdogan, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMTU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Turkey.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Turkey.

Dolichogenidea bimacula Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea bimacula Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea biplagae (Fischer, 1968), new combination

Apanteles biplagae Fischer, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, MHNG (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ivory Coast.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Ivory Coast.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the original description mentioning the hind wing with vannal lobe convex and setose.

Dolichogenidea biroi (Szépligeti, 1905)

Apanteles biroi Szépligeti, 1905.

Type information. Lectotype female, HNHM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW).

Notes. We studied a female and a male paralectotype deposited in the NHMUK, incorrectly labelled with the primary type code 3c.1055.

Dolichogenidea bisulcata (Cameron, 1909), new combination

Apanteles bisulcatus Cameron, 1909.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW), India, Sri Lanka.

Notes. The hind wing vannal lobe of this species is fully setose. Although the lobe in the right wing is partially and slightly folded behind in the holotype, giving the impression of not having setae, careful examination at higher magnification and study of the left hind wing corroborates the setosity of the vannal lobe. Also, the anteromesoscutum punctures do not fuse.

Dolichogenidea bonbonensis Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Dolichogenidea bonbonensis Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, SAMA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA).

Dolichogenidea borysthenica (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles borysthenicus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (S), Ukraine.

Dolichogenidea brabyi Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Dolichogenidea brabyi Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT).

Dolichogenidea bres (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles bres Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Notes. The setae on the hind wing vannal lobe are very small and not easily visible, but otherwise this species mostly agrees with the Dolichogenidea concept we follow in this paper. Although the hypopygium is evenly sclerotized, which would suggest Pholetesor as a better generic placement than Dolichogenidea, we refrain to transfer those species in this paper until more evidence is available, especially based on molecular studies (see also additional comments under D. artisima above).

Dolichogenidea breviattenuata Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea breviattenuata Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, YN).

Dolichogenidea brevicarinata Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea brevicarinata Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GZ, ZJ); PAL: China (HE, JL, LN, SD).

Notes. The species distribution in China is based in Liu et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea brevifacialis Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea brevifacialis Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea breviventris (Ratzeburg, 1848)

Microgaster breviventris Ratzeburg, 1848.

Apanteles mesoxanthus Ruschka, 1917.

Apanteles nilae Telenga, 1961.

Type information. Neotype female, EBW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. NEA, OTL, PAL.

NEA: Canada (NL); OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (VOR), Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea britannica (Wilkinson, 1941)

Apanteles britannicus Wilkinson, 1941.

Apanteles masmithi Fernandez-Triana, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (MB, NS, ON); PAL: Armenia, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Malta, Russia (PRI), Slovakia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. In the holotype the hind wing vannal lobe is more or less straight (at most very slightly convex) and the fringe of setae is not very visible (as setae are minute). The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea broadi Rousse, 2013

Dolichogenidea broadi Rousse, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Dolichogenidea bushnelli (Muesebeck, 1933)

Apanteles bushnelli Muesebeck, 1933.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, FL, IA, NE).

Dolichogenidea cacoeciae (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles cacoeciae Riley, 1881.

Pseudapanteles gallaediploppi Ashmead, 1899 [Nomen nudum].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (CO, IL, KY, MD, MI, MO, NJ, NY, PA, SC, SD).

Notes. The type series is on a single pin, which has a piece of card cut into eight points. Three of the eight syntypes are missing, and another syntype is missing the head and metasoma.

Dolichogenidea californica (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles californicus Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, ON, QC), USA (CA, ID, OR).

Dolichogenidea cameroonensis Walker, 1994

Dolichogenidea cameroonensis Walker, 1994.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Cameroon.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cameroon.

Dolichogenidea candidata (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster candidatus Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster terebrator Ratzeburg, 1852.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde; PAL: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Macedonia, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (KHA, KDA, PRI, SAK), Serbia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (2005, 2009a, 2009b), Kotenko (2007) and Shaw (2012b). Here we consider Dolichogenidea longicauda (Wesmael, 1837) as a separate, different species, following Fernandez-Triana and Huber (2010) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014b), although that decision has not been followed by most authors (see further notes under our treatment of longicauda below).

Dolichogenidea caniae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles caniae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, YN, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand.

Notes. The species distribution in China is based in Liu et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea carborugosa Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea carborugosa Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: China (HB).

Dolichogenidea carlosmanuelrodriguezi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea carlosmanuelrodriguezi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea carposinae (Wilkinson, 1938)

Apanteles carposinae Wilkinson, 1938.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: New Zealand.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: New Zealand.

Dolichogenidea catonix (Shenefelt, 1972), new combination

Apanteles catonix Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles cato Nixon, 1967 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles cato de Saeger, 1944].

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. We transfer the species to Dolichogenidea based on the anteromesoscutum having punctures that do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus, and the entirely setose hind wing vannal lobe.

Dolichogenidea cauda Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea cauda Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea celsa (Papp, 1975)

Apanteles celsus Papp, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Montenegro, Tunisia.

Dolichogenidea cerialis (Nixon, 1976)

Apanteles cerialis Nixon, 1976.

Apanteles areolaris Balevski & Tobias, 1980 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles areolaris Blanchard, 1947].

Type information. Holotype female, ZSM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Russia (S), Spain.

Notes. The species distribution in Kazakhstan and Russia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea changbaiensis Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea changbaiensis Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea cheles (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles cheles Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Hungary, Poland, Russia (NW), Sweden, Turkey.

Notes. We could not find the holotype in the NHMUK collection (its assigned number is 3c.1760). In the place where it is supposed to be, there is a note from Annette K. Walker, dated August 1998, stating that the type was not present in the collection at that time either.

Dolichogenidea chrysis (Nixon, 1973), new combination

Apanteles chrysis Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the vannal lobe entirely setose, and the anteromesoscutum with punctures not fusing near the scutoscutellar sulcus.

Dolichogenidea cinerosa (Papp, 1971)

Apanteles cinerosus Papp, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium, Hungary, Mongolia, Russia (PRI), Serbia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea cinnarae Gupta, Lokhande & Soman, 2013

Dolichogenidea cinnarae Gupta, Lokhande & Soman, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Dolichogenidea claniae (You & Zhou, 1990)

Apanteles claniae You & Zhou, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, JX); PAL: China (JL).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Dolichogenidea clausa Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea clausa Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI).

Dolichogenidea clavata (Provancher, 1881)

Microgaster clavatus Provancher, 1881.

Type information. Lectotype female, ULQC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (AR, CA, CT, GA, KY, MO, NJ, OH, OR, SC, TN, WI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1972) and Papp (1978a).

Dolichogenidea coequata (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles coequatus Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Tonga.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Tonga; OTL: Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea coffea (Wilkinson, 1930), new combination

Apanteles coffea Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Uganda.

Note. This species has the hind wing with an entirely setose vannal lobe, indicating it belongs to Dolichogenidea and not Apanteles. The ovipositor is apically sinuate, something very rarely present in Microgastrinae (very few species outside of the unrelated genus Promicrogaster). Other notable features of this species are T1 and T2 almost entirely smooth and shiny, and yellow metasoma and legs (except for metacoxa).

Dolichogenidea colchica (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles colchicus Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Georgia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Georgia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea coleophorae (Wilkinson, 1938)

Apanteles coleophorae Wilkinson, 1938.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (NL); PAL: Azerbaijan, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia (KHA, VOR, YAR), Slovakia, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Dolichogenidea concentrica Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea concentricus Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Dolichogenidea coniferae (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster coniferae Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde; PAL: Azerbaijan, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (KDA), Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2012b) and Broad et al. (2016).

Dolichogenidea coniferoides (Papp, 1972)

Apanteles coniferoides Papp, 1972.

Apanteles trogos Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL

PAL: Hungary, Sweden, Turkey.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles trogos Nixon. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2012b), but see also additional comments under D. artisima above.

Dolichogenidea conpuncta Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea conpuncta Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, HI).

Dolichogenidea contergita Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea contergita Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea cordiae Ahmad, 2019

Dolichogenidea contergita Ahmad & Pandey, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, AMUZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The authorship of the species names was not made clear in the original description paper, thus here we follow Ahmad (pers. comm.) for that information.

Dolichogenidea coretas (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles coretas Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Vanuatu.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Vanuatu.

Notes. We transfer the species to Dolichogenidea based on the anteromesoscutum having punctures that do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus, and the hind wing vannal lobe entirely setose.

Dolichogenidea corvina (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles corvinus Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles lucidus Szépligeti, 1896.

Apanteles rasteratus Fahringer, 1936.

Apanteles aptus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZMHB (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (NL); PAL: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (NX), Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (KDA, ROS), Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. This species has been almost always been treated as Apanteles corvinus in the literature, even by authors recognizing Dolichogenidea as a valid genus (e.g., Broad et al. 2016). The only reference we have found that consider this species to belong to Dolichogenidea is Evenhuis and Vlug (1983). We have examined numerous specimens of this species and found that the vannal lobe indeed corresponds to Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea crassa Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea crassa Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (SD).

Dolichogenidea credne (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles credne Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Poland, Russia (NW), Slovakia, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea cucurbita Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea cucurbita Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea cultriformis Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea cultriformis Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ); PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea cyamon (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles cyamon Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Vanuatu.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Vanuatu.

Dolichogenidea cyane (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles cyane Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji.

Notes. We transfer this species to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing with the vannal lobe being convex and entirely setose, and the anteromesoscutum mostly smooth, with punctures that do not fuse near scutoscutellar sulcus.

Dolichogenidea cytherea (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles cytherea Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Greece, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Russia (S), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea decora (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster decorus Haliday, 1834.

Apanteles lineatus Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles sibiricus Fahringer, 1938.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (JS); PAL: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia (DA, IRK, KHA, KDA, NGR), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1979a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea diaphantus (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles diaphantus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. We transfer the species to Dolichogenidea based on the anteromesoscutum having punctures that do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus, and the hind wing vannal lobe setose (although the setae are relatively smaller and sparser than in typical members of the genus, the vannal lobe is still uniformly setose).

Dolichogenidea dilecta (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster dilectus Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster femoralis Bouché, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ); PAL: Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (PRI, SAK), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1972), Papp (1978a), Tobias (1986), and Chen and Song (2004).

Dolichogenidea dioryctriphagous Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea dioryctriphagous Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HN, ZJ); PAL: China (AH, HA, JL).

Dolichogenidea diparopsidis (Lyle, 1927), new combination

Apanteles diparopsidis Lyle, 1927.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing with the vannal lobe entirely setose, and the anteromesoscutum with punctures not fusing near the scutoscutellar sulcus.

Dolichogenidea discreta (Szépligeti, 1914)

Apanteles discretus Szépligeti, 1914.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Kenya, Madagascar.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1932a), Granger (1949), and Madl & van Achterberg (2014).

Dolichogenidea dolichocephalus (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles dolichocephalus Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (IL, MI, VA).

Notes. Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun phrase in apposition and the original spelling dolichocephalus must be retained.

Dolichogenidea drusilla (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles drusilla Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Mongolia, Russia (PRI), Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea dryas (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles dryas Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (BJ).

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing with the vannal lobe being more or less straight but setose, and the anteromesoscutum with coarse punctures that do not fuse.

Dolichogenidea earterus (Wilkinson, 1930), new combination

Apanteles earterus Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sudan.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Sudan.

Notes. The holotype has the hind wing vannal lobe entirely setose, indicating the species belongs to Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea eleagnellae (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles eleagnellae Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Armenia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Russia (NC).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1979a) and Tobias (1986). The holotype is presumed to be in the ZIN based on Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea emarginata (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster emarginatus Nees, 1834.

Microgaster scapularis Bouché, 1834.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (ALT, KHA, PRI, ROS, SPE, YAR), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1972), Papp (1978a), and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea ensiformis (Ratzeburg, 1844)

Microgaster ensiformis Ratzeburg, 1844.

Type information. Neotype female, SMF (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (NW), Slovakia, Spain, Tunisia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1979a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea ensiger (Say, 1836), new combination

Microgaster ensiger Say, 1836.

Microgaster femurnigrum Provancher, 1886.

Apanteles trachynotus Viereck, 1912.

Apanteles nipmuckorum Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Neotype female, USNM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, MB, NB, NL, NS, NT, ON, PE, QC, SK), USA (AK, AL, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, LA, MA, MD, MO, MT, NH, NJ, NY, NC, TN).

Notes. We could not find the neotype of ensiger in the USNM collection; however, we have studied many authoritatively named specimens of this species available in the CNC and USNM collections: a) One male paratype of ensiger (with a red USNM Paratype label no. 14707), which has a hind wing vannal lobe typical of Dolichogenidea; b) The types of two other species currently considered as synonyms of ensiger, both in the USNM: A. trachynotus Viereck, 1912, a male specimen; and A. nipmuckorum Viereck, 1917, a female specimen; c) Non-type material from another synonym, Microgaster femurnigrum Provancher, 1886 (in the USNM); d) Many specimens of ensiger (in the CNC and USNM), determined by Viereck, Muesebeck or Mason. All of those specimens clearly belong to Dolichogenidea. Apart from the morphological evidence (hind wing vannal lobe setose) of the specimens we examined, DNA barcoding also supports the same generic placement. More than 500 sequences of Apanteles ensiger are currently available in BOLD, they comprise two BINS: BOLD:ACE6783 (Canada: ON, MB) and BOLD:AAA3764 (Canada: AB, ON, SK and some localities of southern USA), and both BINs cluster near many other species of Dolichogenidea and far apart from Apanteles sequences. Whether those BINs represent two different species or not has been mentioned in the past (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014b) but no further study has been conducted so far, thus all known specimens are kept as one species for the time being.

Dolichogenidea erasmi (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles erasmi Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, ZSM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Italy, Slovakia.

Dolichogenidea erdoesi (Papp, 1973)

Apanteles erdoesi Papp, 1973.

Apanteles negativus Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Hungary, Russia (NC), Ukraine.

Notes. Dolichogenidea erdoesi is related to several species of Dolichogenidea, and it was transferred to that genus by Papp (1988). However, Kotenko (2007a) placed it within Iconella. After carefully reading the original description and subsequent treatment of the species, it is clear to us that it does not belong to Iconella, as it does not have a median, longitudinal carina on the propodeum. Thus, here we are revising the species combination back to Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea erevanica (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles erevanicus Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Armenia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Bulgaria, Serbia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1981) and Tobias (1986). The holotype is presumed to be in the ZIN based on Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea eros (Wilkinson, 1932), new combination

Apanteles eros Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. The holotype has the hind wing vannal lobe entirely setose, indicating the species belongs to Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea eucalypti Austin & Allen, 1989

Dolichogenidea eucalypti Austin & Allen, 1989.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA).

Dolichogenidea evadne (Nixon, 1955), new combination

Apanteles evadne Nixon, 1955.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Juan Fernández Islands.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Juan Fernández Islands.

Notes. The holotype has the hind wing vannal lobe entirely setose, indicating the species belongs to Dolichogenidea. Yu et al. (2016) stated that the holotype is deposited in Chile, but we examined a female specimen with code 3c.1465 in the NHMUK, which has a label with Nixon’s handwriting stating that is the female holotype. We have based our assessment of this species based on that specimen.

Dolichogenidea evonymellae (Bouché, 1834)

Microgaster evonymellae Bouché, 1834.

Apanteles iarbas Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lebanon, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia (C, NC, NW, S), Serbia, United Kingdom.

Notes. We studied the type of Apanteles iarbas Nixon (in the NHMUK). The species’ presence in UK and Russia is based on Žiki et al. (2013) and Belokobylskij et al. (2019) respectively.

Dolichogenidea excellentis Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea excellentis Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GD, GZ, HI, SC, YN); PAL: China (HA, HE).

Dolichogenidea exilis (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster exilis Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (examined). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden, United Kingdom.

Notes. This species was transferred from Apanteles to Dolichogenidea by Shaw (2012b).

Dolichogenidea fakhrulhajiae (Mahdihassan, 1925)

Apanteles fakhrulhajiae Mahdihassan, 1925.

Apanteles rufulus Wilkinson, 1930.

Apanteles fakhrulhajiae nagoliensis Mahdihassan, 1955.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Vietnam.

Note. We have examined the type of A. rufulus Wilkinson, deposited in the NHMUK.

Dolichogenidea falcator (Ratzeburg, 1852), new combination

Microgaster falcator Ratzeburg, 1852.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Telenga (1955) and van Achterberg (1976). The species is transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the entirely setose hind wing vannal lobe (van Achterberg 1976: fig. 54).

Dolichogenidea faucula (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles faucula Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Finland, Poland, Russia (C, PR), United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea fernandeztrianai Abdoli & Talebi, 2019

Dolichogenidea fernandeztrianai Abdoli & Talebi, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMUC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Dolichogenidea ficicola Donaldson, 1991

Dolichogenidea ficicola Donaldson, 1991.

Type information. Holotype female, TMSA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Dolichogenidea finchi Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2018

Dolichogenidea finchi Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, WAM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, QLD, VIC, WA).

Dolichogenidea flavigastrula Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea flavigastrula Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea flavostriata (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles flavostriatus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Greece, Hungary.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1977b, 1980), and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea flexisulcus Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea flexisulcus Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GD, ZJ); PAL: China (JS).

Dolichogenidea flexitergita Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea flexitergita Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Dolichogenidea fluctisulcus Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea fluctisulcus Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Dolichogenidea forrestae Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Dolichogenidea forrestae Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, SAMA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA).

Dolichogenidea frustrata (Papp, 1975)

Apanteles frustratus Papp, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Dolichogenidea fumea Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea fumeus Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GZ, HB, SC, ZJ); PAL: China (AH, HE, HA, SD).

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Dolichogenidea funalicauda Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea funalicauda Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GZ, YN).

Dolichogenidea furtim (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles furtim Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Greece, Hungary, Russia (S).

Dolichogenidea fuscivora Walker, 1994

Dolichogenidea fuscivora Walker, 1994.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Ethiopia.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya.

Dolichogenidea gagates (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster gagates Nees, 1834.

Type information. Neotype female, RBINS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia (MOS, YAR), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1972), Papp (1979a), and Shaw (2012b).

Dolichogenidea gallicola (Giraud, 1869)

Microgaster gallicolus Giraud, 1869.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Algeria, Tunisia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a).

Dolichogenidea gansuensis Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea gansuensis Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (GS).

Dolichogenidea garytaylori Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Dolichogenidea garytaylori Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, SAMA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA).

Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris (Marsh, 1975), new combination

Apanteles gelechiidivoris Marsh, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

OTL: Chile, Colombia, Peru.

Notes. Examination of the holotype and paratypes show that they have the hind wing vannal lobe entirely setose, clearly indicating they are best placed within Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea gentilis (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles gentilis Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands; OTL: Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea genuarnunezi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea genuarnunezi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea glabra (Papp, 1978)

Apanteles glaber Papp, 1978.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1981), Tobias (1986) and Shaw (2012b).

Dolichogenidea gleditsia Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea gleditsia Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HN, ZJ); PAL: China (LN).

Dolichogenidea gobica (Papp, 1976), new combination

Apanteles gobicus Papp, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Notes. Although neither the original description nor a subsequent treatment of the species (Papp 1976b, 1984a) described the vannal lobe in the hind wing, both papers placed gobicus as very similar morphologically and very close to Apanteles pelopea Nixon (which has been transferred in this paper to Dolichogenidea after we examined its holotype, see below under that species). Furthermore, other species considered by Papp to be relatively close morphologically to gobicus (based on how they were keyed out in both papers from Papp) have all been transferred to Dolichogenidea as well. The rest of the gobicus description fits well with it being Dolichogenidea (although no character is as conclusive as describing the setation pattern on the hind wing vannal lobe). Based on all available information and secondary evidence, we here formally transfer the species to Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea gobustanica (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles gobustanicus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan.

Dolichogenidea golovushkini (Kotenko, 1992)

Apanteles golovushkini Kotenko, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2006).

Dolichogenidea gracilariae (Wilkinson, 1940)

Apanteles gracilariae Wilkinson, 1940.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (KDA), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. The species distribution in Iran and Uzbekistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea gracilituba Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea gracilituba Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea grata (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles gratus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (NC), Ukraine.

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Dolichogenidea halidayi (Marshall, 1872)

Apanteles halidayi Marshall, 1872.

Apanteles halidaii Marshall, 1872 [incorrect original spelling].

Microgaster albipennis Haliday, 1834 [primary junior homonym of Microgaster albipennis Nees, 1834].

Type information. Neotype female, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Croatia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Macedonia, Madeira Islands, Romania, Russia (MOS, NGR), Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Wilkinson (1941b: 73) considered the original type series to be lost, and thus designated a neotype from Ringsjön, Sweden, which is deposited in the MZLU, and he provided ample explanation on the rationale to do so. However, van Achterberg (1997: 13) designated a lectotype from the Haliday material, presumably from Ireland, which is deposited in the NMID.

Dolichogenidea hamakii (Watanabe, 1932)

Apanteles hamakii Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. A transfer of this species to the genus Dolichogenidea was proposed by Liu et al. (2018), but it was only stated in the abstract of that paper. We have examined the female holotype and concur with them as the hind wing vannal lobe is fully setose.

Dolichogenidea hanoii (Tobias & Long, 1990)

Apanteles hanoii Tobias & Long, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias and Long (1990) and Long and Belokobylskij (2004).

Dolichogenidea hasorae Wilkinson, 1928

Apanteles hasorae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Indonesia.

Dolichogenidea hedyleptae (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles hedyleptae Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Puerto Rico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago.

Dolichogenidea helleni (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles helleni Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Russia (KR), Ukraine.

Dolichogenidea hemerobiellicida (Fischer, 1966)

Apanteles hemerobiellicida Fischer, 1966.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMW (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea hemituba Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea hemituba Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea heterusiae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles heterusiae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL, PAL.

AUS: Fiji; OTL: China (FJ, GX, HN, TW, ZJ), India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; PAL: China (AH, BJ, CQ, GS, HB, JL, JS, SD, SN).

Dolichogenidea hexagona Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea hexagona Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (YN, ZJ); PAL: China (SD).

Dolichogenidea hilaris (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster hilaris Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Ireland.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea by Broad et al. (2016), although the revised combination was not clearly stated.

Dolichogenidea homoeosomae (Muesebeck, 1933)

Apanteles homoeosomae Muesebeck, 1933.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Cuba.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (SK), USA (CA, MS, MO, SD, TX, WA); NEO: Cuba.

Dolichogenidea hyalinis (Hedqvist, 1965), new combination

Apanteles hyalinis Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype male, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Notes. Forshage et al. (2016) considered that the type was missing and not found in Helsinki (MZH), as they wrote for a number of other Hedqvist types of Microgastrinae. Although Forshage et al. (2016) were unable to find those types, they are all present in the MZH collection, but were placed in a separate section of the collection and only recently found by the senior author of the present paper in 2017. The male holotype of hyalinis is missing one fore and one hind wing, one antenna and flagellomeres 15–16 of the other, but it is otherwise in reasonably good condition. The hind wing vannal lobe is clearly that of Dolichogenidea, slightly concave and entirely setose and thus the species is transferred to this genus here.

Dolichogenidea hyblaeae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles hyblaeae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji, Western Samoa; OTL: China (GD), India, Indonesia, Vietnam.

Notes. The holotype is missing the metasoma.

Dolichogenidea ilione (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles ilione Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji.

Dolichogenidea immissa (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles immissus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Turkey.

Dolichogenidea imperator (Wilkinson, 1939)

Apanteles imperator Wilkinson, 1939.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Romania, Russia (C, E, NC, NW, S), Switzerland, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. The species distribution in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea impura (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster impurus Nees, 1834.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Poland, Russia (KGD, YAR), Sweden, Switzerland.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a) and Tobias (1986). Broad et al. (2016) stated that this species is not present in the United Kingdom or Ireland. Additionally, they considered the name as uncertainly interpreted, although they did not elaborate more on that, and thus the species is here retained as valid for the time being. The species distribution in Azerbaijan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea incompleta (Szépligeti, 1914)

Apanteles incompletus Szépligeti, 1914.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kenya.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Kenya, Tanzania.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (2008).

Dolichogenidea incystatae Fernandez-Triana, 2019, new replacement name

Dolichogenidea lobesia Liu & Chen, 2019 [junior primary homonym of Dolichogenidea lobesia Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019].

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Notes. Dolichogenidea lobesia Liu & Chen, 2019 is a junior primary homonym of Dolichogenidea lobesia Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019. Both names represent different wasp species, named after two different host caterpillars in the genus Lobesia (Tortricidae). The replacement name was selected after the specific epithet of the host, Lobesia incystata Liu & Yang, 1987, as mentioned in the original description of the Chinese wasp (Liu et al. 2019).

Dolichogenidea indicaphagous Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea indicaphagous Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, HI, JX, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea infima (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster infimus Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, KDA, PRI, YAR), Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia.

Dolichogenidea infirmus Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea infirmus Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GZ, HN, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea inquisitor (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles inquisitor Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji; OTL: China (TW), Malaysia, Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea interpolata (Papp, 1975)

Apanteles interpolatus Papp, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Dolichogenidea iranica (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles iranicus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea iriarte (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles iriarte Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing vannal lobe being more or less straight and setose, and the posterior margin of anteromesoscutum with punctures that do not fuse with each other. The label of the type spells the name as iriate; however, the proper name, as spelled in the original description and accounts of this species after that, is iriarte.

Dolichogenidea iulis (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles iulis Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Papua New Guinea; OTL: Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea jaroshevskyi (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles jaroshevskyi Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Russia (S), Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1981) and Tobias (1986). The holotype is presumed to be in the ZIN based on Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea jilinensis Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea jilinensis Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea josealfredohernandezi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea josealfredohernandezi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea kelleri Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Dolichogenidea kelleri Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, SAMA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA).

Dolichogenidea kunhi Gupta & Kalesh, 2012

Dolichogenidea kunhi Gupta & Kalesh, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Dolichogenidea kurosawai (Watanabe, 1940)

Apanteles kurosawai Watanabe, 1940.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, ZJ); PAL: China (NM), Japan.

Notes. After examining the holotype and other specimens (in the Hokkaido collection) we had decided to transfer this species to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing vannal lobe being entirely setose. However, the species was transferred right before our paper by Liu et al. (2019), who also provided additional distribution records from China, an information we incorporate here.

Dolichogenidea labaris (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles labaris Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Fiji.

Dolichogenidea lacteicolor (Viereck, 1911)

Apanteles lacteicolor Viereck, 1911.

Apanteles conspersae Fiske, 1911.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, OTL, PAL.

NEA: Canada (NB, NS, QC), USA (CO, CT, MA, NH); OTL: China (FJ, GX, GZ, HN, TW, YN, ZJ); PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (HA, SX), Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (KIR, KDA, PRI, SAK, VOR, YAR), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia.

Dolichogenidea lacteipennis (Curtis, 1830)

Microgaster lacteipennis Curtis, 1830.

Apanteles lissonotus Tobias, 1964.

Microgaster lacteipennis Curtis, 1829 [nomen nudum].

Type information. Holotype male, MVMMA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Mongolia, Poland, Russia (C, NW), Slovakia, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a, 1988).

Dolichogenidea laevigata (Ratzeburg, 1848)

Microgaster laevigatus Ratzeburg, 1848.

Microgaster hoplites Ratzeburg, 1848.

Apanteles calcaratus Ivanov, 1899.

Type information. Holotype male, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ); PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (SN), Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (ALT, MOS, PRI, ROS, SPE, VOR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1972), Papp (1978a) and Chen and Song (2004).

Dolichogenidea laevigatoides (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles laevigatoides Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia (C, S), Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea laevissima (Ratzeburg, 1848)

Microgaster laevissimus Ratzeburg, 1848.

Apanteles levissimus Dalla Torre, 1898 [unjustified emendation].

Apanteles tersus Papp, 1973.

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1973), Papp (1984a) and Tobias (1986). The holotype specimen was deposited in the Forestry College of Eberswalde (Forstlichen Hochschule Eberswalde). Unfortunately, that collection was mostly destroyed during the Second World War; however, five drawers with Hymenoptera specimens, among them type species of Ratzeburg were spared and are now safe at the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI) in Müncheberg, Germany [see a detailed story in Schulz et al. (2018: 285-286)]. We do not know if the holotype of this species is at present in Müncheberg.

Dolichogenidea lakhaensis (Ray & Yousuf, 2009), new combination

Apanteles lakhaensis Ray & Yousuf, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, IFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Based on the original description and drawings (which clearly show a setose vannal lobe in the hind wing), this species is better placed within Dolichogenidea. Additional characters and details provided in the original description, e.g., anteromesoscutum and scutellar disc sculpture, and its similarity with another species of Dolichogenidea (D. hyblaea), also support the generic placement that we propose here.

Dolichogenidea lampe (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles lampe Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing vannal lobe being more or less straight but uniformly setose, and the posterior margin of the anteromesoscutum with few punctures that do not fuse with each other.

Dolichogenidea laspeyresiae (Viereck, 1913)

Apanteles laspeyresiae Viereck, 1913.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC), USA (CA, ID, OR).

Dolichogenidea laspeyresiella (Papp, 1972), new combination

Apanteles laspeyresiella Papp, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but paratype examined). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China (NX), Hungary, Iran, Romania, Russia (PRI), Turkey.

Notes. We have examined one female and one male paratypes deposited in the CNC, and we think that the best generic placement is in Dolichogenidea. The propodeum lacks the strongly defined median carina that characterizes Iconella (instead it has several rugae near the nucha, defining a partial areola posteriorly); and the hind wing vein cu-a is not sinuous but straight. The original description and subsequent treatment of the species (Papp 1972, Nixon 1976) also suggest this species belongs to Dolichogenidea. The species distribution in Azerbaijan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea laticauda Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea laticauda Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea latistigma (Papp, 1977), new combination

Apanteles latistigma Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Notes. The original description and illustrations, as well as comparison with similar European species in the key by Papp (1978a), strongly support latistigma to be a species of Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea latitergita Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea latitergita Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: China (HL, JL, LN, SC, SD).

Dolichogenidea lebene (Nixon, 1967), new combination

Apanteles lebene Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing vannal lobe being entirely setose.

Dolichogenidea lemariei (Nixon, 1961)

Apanteles lemariei Nixon, 1961.

Type information. Holotype female, MMBC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Czech Republic.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia (SPE), United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea levifida (Kotenko, 1992)

Apanteles levifidus Kotenko, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2006).

Dolichogenidea lincostulata Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea lincostulata Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Notes. Based on the short ovipositor sheaths and hypopygium, as well as the similarities that Liu et al. (2019) stated lincostulata had with Apanteles hyposidrae Wilkinson, 1928 (transferred to Parapanteles by us, see below under that species), it is likely that lincostulata ends placed in a different genus in the future. However, until more study is done, we prefer here to retain it in Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea lineipes (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster lineipes Wesmael, 1837.

Type information. Holotype female, RBINS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (SPE), Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1972), Papp (1980a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea lipsis (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles lipsis Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (WA).

Dolichogenidea lissos (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles lissos Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, HI, SC).

Notes. After examining the holotype we had decided to transfer this species to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing vannal lobe being entirely setose and the punctures on the anteromesoscutum not fusing near scutoscutellar sulcus. However, the species was transferred right before our paper by Liu et al. (2019), who also provided additional distribution records from China, an information we incorporate here. Because the name is to be considered as a noun under ICZN Article 31.2.1, it must retain its original spelling and remain as lissos.

Dolichogenidea lobesiae Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019

Dolichogenidea lobesiae Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (QLD).

Dolichogenidea locastrae (You & Tong, 1987)

Apanteles locastrae You & Tong, 1987.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN, ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Dolichogenidea longialba Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea longialba Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (XJ).

Dolichogenidea longicalcar (Thomson, 1895)

Microgaster longicalcar Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Lectotype female, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Korea, Russia (KR, PRI), Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1973), Papp (1980a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea longicauda (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster longicauda Wesmael, 1837.

Apanteles longicaudis Marshall, 1885 [unjustified emendation].

Apanteles longicauderra Shenefelt, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, RBINS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (BC), USA (WA); PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (BU, KDA, SPE), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. This species was synonymized under D. candidata by van Achterberg (1997), a decision that has been subsequently followed by most authors (e.g., Belokobylskij et al. 2003, Kotenko 2007, Papp 2009a, Broad et al. (2016). However, Fernandez-Triana and Huber (2010) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014b) considered it a valid species, based on Mason (1981) and Whitfield (1995a). Here we are considering them as separate species until further study allow us to conclude on this.

Dolichogenidea longimagna Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea longimagna Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (SC).

Dolichogenidea longipalpis (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles longipalpis Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles tadzhicus Telenga, 1949.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (JS); PAL: Armenia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Poland, Romania, Russia (S, NC), Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965), Papp (1981) and Shaw (2012b). Papp (1981) reported that the type series of Apanteles tadzhicus includes two species (lacteus and longipalpis) but he did not select a lectotype; Belokobylskij et al. (2003) treated the name as a synonym of longipalpis. The species distribution in Greece and Iran are based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019) and Kavallieratos et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea longituba Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea longituba Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea longivena Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea longivena Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, HI, SC, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea lucidinervis (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles lucidinervis Wilkinson, 1928.

Urogaster albinervis Ashmead, 1905 [primary junior homonym of Urogaster albinervis Cameron, 1904].

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. We examined the holotype and it clearly belongs to Dolichogenidea, based on its convex, uniformly setose vannal lobe in the hind wing, and the anteromesoscutum with punctures that do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus.

Dolichogenidea luctifica (Papp, 1971)

Apanteles luctificus Papp, 1971.

Apanteles anfitrion Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Hungary, Mongolia, Russia (PRI, SPE), Yugoslavia.

Notes. This species was described from Mongolia by Papp (1971) as Apanteles luctificus. A year later, Nixon (1972) described the species Apanteles anfitrion from Finland and Yugoslavia, the Finnish specimen being the holotype. Papp (1978a: 278) was able to examine the type material of those two species and synonymized anfitrion under luctificus. However, the specimen from Finland was collected on the island of Tytärsaari (currently Bolshoi Tyuters), which became part of Russia after 1940. Thus, the record of this species as part of the Finnish fauna is questionable at present.

Dolichogenidea lumba Rousse & Gupta, 2013

Dolichogenidea lumba Rousse & Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Dolichogenidea lunata Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea lunatus Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Dolichogenidea maetoi Fernandez-Triana & Shimizu, 2018

Dolichogenidea maetoi Fernandez-Triana & Shimizu, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, NIAES (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. The paper describing this species incorrectly stated the holotype as deposited in the CNC (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2018), when it is in fact deposited in the NIAES. This is corrected here.

Dolichogenidea malacosomae (Pandey, Ahmad, Haider & Shujauddin, 2004), new combination

Apanteles malacosomae Pandey, Ahmad, Haider & Shujauddin, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, AMUZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the original description mentioning and illustrating an entirely setose hind wing vannal lobe (fig. 2 in Pandey et al. 2004).

Dolichogenidea marica (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles marica Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea maro (Nixon, 1967), new combination

Apanteles maro Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing with the vannal lobe entirely setose, and the anteromesoscutum with punctures that do not fuse near the posterior margin. In the original description, no details on the etymology of the species name were provided; as first revisers we consider it as a noun in apposition and thus its gender to be neuter, following Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN.

Dolichogenidea marokkana (Fahringer, 1936)

Apanteles marokkanus Fahringer, 1936.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Morocco.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Morocco.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1981) and Liu et al. (2015).

Dolichogenidea masoni Pandey, Ahmad, Haider & Shujauddin, 2005

Dolichogenidea masoni Pandey, Ahmad, Haider & Shujauddin, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, AMUZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Dolichogenidea medicava Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea medicava Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea mediocaudata Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2018

Dolichogenidea mediocaudata Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW).

Dolichogenidea melaniamunozae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea melaniamunozae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea melanopus (Viereck, 1917)

Apanteles melanopus Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, MB, NL, PE, QC, SK, YT), USA (AK, CT).

Notes. The holotype is in relatively poor condition, missing the left pair of wings and most of the antennae. Following Article 31.2.1 of the ICZN the name is a noun phrase in apposition and the original spelling melanopus must be retained.

Dolichogenidea mendosae (Wilkinson, 1929), new combination

Apanteles mendosae Wilkinson, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. The holotype has the hind wing vannal lobe entirely setose, indicating the species belongs in Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea mesocanalis Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea mesocanalis Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Dolichogenidea metesae (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles metesae Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GX, HI, ZJ), Malaysia, Vietnam; PAL: China (SH).

Dolichogenidea miantonomoi (Viereck, 1917)

Apanteles miantonomoi Viereck, 1917.

Apanteles pequodorum Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CT, MI).

Notes. We also examined the type of A. pequodorum (synonym of A. miantonomoi).

Dolichogenidea midas (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles midas Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Hungary, Mongolia, Russia (BA, PRI).

Dolichogenidea mimi (Papp, 1974)

Apanteles mimi Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Moldova, Ukraine.

Dolichogenidea minuscula Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea minuscula Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea mira (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles mirus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Dolichogenidea miris (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles miris Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT).

Dolichogenidea molestae (Muesebeck, 1933)

Apanteles molestae Muesebeck, 1933.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (TW), Ryukyu Islands; PAL: Japan, Korea.

Notes. After examining the holotype we had decided to transfer this species to Dolichogenidea based on the entirely setose hind wing vannal lobe (the specimen also has a very distinctive T1 with strong longitudinal striation). However, the species was transferred just before our paper by Liu et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea monticola (Ashmead, 1890), new combination

Apanteles monticola Ashmead, 1890.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CO, CT, ID, NM).

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea because of the convex and fully setose hind wing vannal lobe. The specimen is missing both antenna, one pair of wings and some legs.

Dolichogenidea multicolor Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea multicolor Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD).

Dolichogenidea murinanae (Capek & Zwölfer, 1957), status revised

Apanteles murinanae Capek & Zwölfer, 1957.

? Apanteles dioryctriae Wilkinson, 1938.

? Apanteles magnus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Holotype female, MMBC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Slovakia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Mongolia, Morocco, Poland, Romania, Russia (SA), Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Apanteles murinanae Capek & Zwölfer, altogether with A. dioryctriae Wilkinson and A. magnus Telenga, were all synonymized under Apanteles petrovae Walley, 1937 by Papp (1980a: 253), who based his decision on the study of one female and one male specimens of petrovae sent to him by Mason (CNC). However, Capek (1989) reexamined the situation in more detail, by studying host relations, geographical distribution, and larval taxonomy of the species involved, and he concluded that the synonyms were not warranted. After that, some authors (e.g., Shaw 2012b, Broad et al. 2016) have considered all involved species as junior synonyms of petrovae, while others have considered murinanae as a valid species (e.g., Mills and Kenis 1991, van Achterberg 2014, Yu et al. 2016). However, those references did not assess the species involved, but just followed either Papp (1980a) or Capek (1989). We have examined the holotype, paratypes and additional specimens of Apanteles petrovae (all deposited in the CNC), and have compared them versus Apanteles murinanae specimens (also deposited in the CNC, some of that material collected by Zwölfer and apparently identified by Capek; the rest of the material coming from France and apparently part of the specimens studied by Mills and Kenis 1991). There are slight morphological differences among those two groups of specimens, but most importantly, there are also substantial differences in DNA barcodes. There are more than 15 petrovae specimens with sequences available, representing BIN BOLD:AAA6374; whereas the only barcode compliant sequence of murinanae (there are two other specimens with sequences available for this species, they are just minibarcodes, with only 144 bp) represents BIN BOLD:AAZ7315. Both BINs are the closest between each other in BOLD, but still have 6% bp difference, which suggest they represent two different species. It may even be possible that they are part of a complex of morphologically cryptic species, but study of more specimens from the range of petrovae sensu lato would be needed, including obtaining more DNA barcodes. In this paper we restrict the name petrovae to American specimens, while considering the Palearctic specimens to represent a different species, murinanae. If all European specimens would actually end up belonging to just one species, then the proper name should actually be Apanteles dioryctriae Wilkinson, 1938 (the oldest, senior synonym). However, because we have not been able to study more specimens, we prefer to use Apanteles murinanae Capek & Zwölfer, 1957 for the time being, as it has been more widely used than dioryctriae or magnus (these last two names have been considered as junior synonyms since 1980). Because it is impossible to conclude on the status of dioryctriae and magnus with the evidence available at present (they could be synonyms of murinanae or petrovae, or even valid species on their own); here we provisionally include them as synonyms of both murinanae and petrovae, with question marks to indicate this matter will require further investigation. In addition to the nomenclatural changes discussed above, we have also assessed the best generic placement for both murinanae and petrovae, and have decided to maintain them within Dolichogenidea. In the specimens we have studied (which include the type of dioryctriae in the NHMUK, non-type material from murinanae in the CNC, type and non-type material of petrovae in the CNC) the vannal lobe is more or less straight and with very minute setae that are sparse but still look like a fringe. Both species could be considered borderline between Apanteles and Dolichogenidea, but we have based our decision not only on morphology but also on DNA barcodes, which cluster with dozens of other Dolichogenidea species in BOLD, far apart from Apanteles.

Dolichogenidea mycale (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles mycale Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, SC); PAL: Bulgaria, China (JL, LN), Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2012b).

Dolichogenidea myron (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles myron Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Notes. Broad et al. (2016: 227-228) wrote that this species was being “Transferred from Apanteles in anticipation of publication by Jose Fernandez-Triana”, although the new combination was not made explicit in that paper. The holotype has the hind wing vannal lobe setose.

Dolichogenidea nigra (Muesebeck, 1921), new combination

Apanteles niger Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (DC, ID, KS, MI, MN, NY, SD, VA).

Notes. After examining the type and several other specimens (in the USNM and CNC) determined by Muesebeck, we consider this species to belong to Dolichogenidea. The vannal lobe on the hind wing is fully setose, and the anteromesoscutum has very few and shallow puncture which do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus.

Dolichogenidea nixosiris (Papp, 1976)

Apanteles nixosiris Papp, 1976.

Apanteles osiris Nixon 1972 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles osiris de Saeger, 1944].

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (HE, HL, NM, XJ), Finland, Hungary, Mongolia, Russia (ZAB, KR, NVS, PRI), Turkmenistan.

Dolichogenidea novoguineensis (Szépligeti, 1905)

Apanteles novo-guineensis Szépligeti, 1905.

Type information. Lectotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Papua New Guinea.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Papua New Guinea.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992) and Papp (2004).

Dolichogenidea numenes (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles numenes Nixon, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI), Indonesia, Vietnam.

Notes. The species distribution in China is based on Liu et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea oblicarina Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea oblicarina Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea obscurugosa Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea obscurugosus Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: China (NM).

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Dolichogenidea obsoleta Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea obsoleta Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Dolichogenidea obstans (Papp, 1971)

Apanteles obstans Papp, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Slovakia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea oehlkei (Papp, 1982)

Apanteles oehlkei Papp, 1982.

Type information. Holotype female, EBW (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1982, 1988) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea oidaematophori (Muesebeck, 1929)

Apanteles oidaematophori Muesebeck, 1929.

Apanteles oidematophori Muesebeck, 1929 [incorrect original spelling].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (ID, WI).

Dolichogenidea olivierellae (Wilkinson, 1936), new combination

Apanteles olivierellae Wilkinson, 1936.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Algeria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Algeria, Morocco, Israel.

Notes. Since its original description, this species has been recognized to be a “remarkable species of Apanteles, since it possesses more than one character not previously described in the genus” (Wilkinson 1936b: 85). After examining the holotype we agree that there are some unique features, some not or very rarely present in Apanteles: strongly emarginate clypeus; mandible base separated from the head by a desclerotized area that looks like an opening; anteromesoscutum mostly smooth and shiny, the few punctures that are discernible (mostly on the anterior half of the anteromesoscutum) are shallow and sparse, never fusing with each other; scutoscutellar sulcus very narrow and shallow, almost imperceptible; propodeum almost entirely smooth and shiny, only with very short carinae near the nucha; ovipositor sheaths relatively short (ca. half the metatibia length), and fully setose; hind wing vannal lobe slightly convex to straight, with small setae that do not form a full fringe, but nevertheless cover more or less the entire area of the vannal lobe; hypopygium with narrow translucent area (more evident on the posterior third of the hypopygium, but very narrowly present on the anterior two thirds as well), the translucent area with one or two pleats barely visible. Wilkinson (1936b) mentioned other important features such as spines at the base of the ovipositor sheaths (which we could not see in the holotype), as well as the short antennae, overall smooth and shiny body, head shape, and uniqueness of the host caterpillar. It is clear that this species does not belong to Apanteles and, after studying the holotype, we think the best generic placement for the species is in Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea ononidis (Marshall, 1889), lectotype designation

Apanteles ononidis Marshall, 1889.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, United Kingdom.

Notes. The original description was based on female and male specimens. We have examined a female in the NHMUK with a type label and a code 3c.45, which we here designate as the lectotype. Marshall (1889) described the species from Gracillaria ononidis (now Parechtopa ononidis (Zeller, 1839) (Gracillariidae)), and Coleophora salinella Stainton, 1859 (Coleophoridae). The lectotype lacks host data but agrees with specimens we examined in the RSME which were reared in UK from P. ononidis.

Dolichogenidea opacifinis Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea opacifinis Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HB, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea ovata Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea ovata Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea pallidalata (Tobias, 1964)

Apanteles pallidalatus Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Russia (S), Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1981) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea palpator (Tobias, 1960)

Apanteles palpator Tobias, 1960.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Tajikistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea paracostulae Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea paracostulae Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Dolichogenidea paralechiae (Muesebeck, 1932)

Apanteles paralechiae Muesebeck, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON, QC), USA (CA, MA, MI, NH, NY, OH, PA, TN, WI).

Dolichogenidea parallelis (Ashmead, 1900), new combination

Protapanteles parallelis Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Saint Vincent.

Notes. The information about this species has been very limited. For his revision of Nearctic Apanteles, Muesebeck could not examine the only known specimen (the holotype being in London) and instead had to key it out based just on the original description (Muesebeck 1921: 491 and especially 523, see also Ashmead 1900c: 281). The only other source of information for the species is Shenefelt (1972: 595), who just lists the previous two references. Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) refers to this species as Cotesia parallelis, probably because most of the Apanteles in the part of the Muesebeck key where parallelis is placed are currently considered to belong to Cotesia. We have examined the female holotype (NHMUK) and conclude that it belongs to Dolichogenidea, as it has a fully setose hind wing vannal lobe. The species has a propodeum that is relatively smooth, but with a short carina near the nucha which partially defines an areola posteriorly. T1 and T2 are relatively smooth but T1 has some shallow longitudinal striations near the lateral margins. The anteromesoscutum and scutellar disc are mostly shiny and smooth (sparse, very shallow punctures on the anteromesoscutum). The ovipositor sheaths are slightly longer than the metatibia length. The antennae (except for scapes) are missing in the holotype. The overall colouration is about as described by Ahsmead (1900).

Dolichogenidea parallodorsum Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea parallodorsum Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea parametacarp Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea parametacarp Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, HI, HN, YN, ZJ); PAL: China (HL, JL, LN).

Dolichogenidea paranthrenea (You & Dang, 1987)

Apanteles paranthreneus You & Dang, 1987.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ), PAL: China (SN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Dolichogenidea parasae (Rohwer, 1922)

Apanteles parasae Rohwer, 1922.

Urogaster philippinensis Ashmead, 1904 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles philippinensis Ashmead, 1904].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, HI, HN, JX, TW, ZJ), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.

Dolichogenidea partergita Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea partergita Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GD, GZ, HI, TW, YN, ZJ); PAL: China (JL, LN, SD).

Dolichogenidea pelopea (Nixon, 1973), new combination

Apanteles pelopea Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (NM), Italy, Mongolia.

Notes. Transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the hind wing vannal lobe being entirely setose, and the anteromesoscutum with punctures not fusing near the scutoscutellar sulcus. Liu et al. (2014) had already recognized the entirely setose vannal lobe, but the species had never been transferred to Dolichogenidea until now.

Dolichogenidea pelops (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles pelops de Saeger, 1944.

Apanteles pelops bambeyduplus Shenefelt, 1972 [new name for Apanteles pelops bambeyi Risbec, 1951, a homonym of Apanteles bambeyi Risbec, 1951].

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal.

Notes. Here transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the anteromesoscutum punctures not fusing near the scutoscutellar sulcus, as well as the shape of the hypopygium and the length and shape of the ovipositor sheaths. Also, the original description compares this species as close to Apanteles caniae Wilkinson (placed in Dolichogenidea by Chen and Song 2004), and Apanteles wittei de Saeger (similarly placed in Dolichogenidea by us, see below under that species).

Dolichogenidea pentgona Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea pentgona Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI).

Dolichogenidea petrovae (Walley, 1937)

Apanteles petrovae Walley, 1937.

? Apanteles dioryctriae Wilkinson, 1938.

? Apanteles magnus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, MB, NB, NL, ON, QC, SK), USA (CA, CO, MI, MN, SC, WI)

Notes. This species has been variously treated as Apanteles or Dolichogenidea (Mason 1974 & 1981, Papp 1988, Whitfield 1995a, van Achterberg 2003, Fernandez-Triana 2010, Shaw 2012b). Fernandez-Triana (2010) mentioned that the morphological and molecular evidence was controversial (mostly pointing towards the species belonging to Dolichogenidea); however, he decided to maintain the species within Apanteles based on the examination of the holotype vannal lobe. After re-examination of the available evidence, including holotype, paratypes and other specimens, as well as DNA barcodes, we now consider that the best generic placement would be in Dolichogenidea (see more details and comments under D. murinanae above; both species could be considered borderline between Apanteles and Dolichogenidea).

Dolichogenidea phaenna (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles phaenna Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but paratype checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. In the CNC there is a female paratype and two male specimens identified as this species. They are all from the same locality as the holotype and were all collected on the same date (May 11, 1954). All three CNC specimens have the vannal lobe slightly convex and uniformly setose, which indicates the species belongs to Dolichogenidea. The paratype has a blue label indicating its status and another label with the species identification (made by Nixon himself). The two male specimens were identified by Mason and indeed seem to be the same species as the paratype female (although there are slight differences in colour of legs and apical sculpture of T1, but those differences are rather normal between male and female specimens in Microgastrinae). The three specimens differ from the original description of A. phaenna as the wings are not that dark; rather, they look very slightly infumate.

Dolichogenidea phaloniae (Wilkinson, 1940)

Apanteles phaloniae Wilkinson, 1940.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Madeira Islands, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia (KDA, MOS), Slovakia, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species distribution in Azerbaijan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea phaola (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles phaola Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB); PAL: Hungary, Russia (PR), Sweden, United Kingdom.

Notes. The holotype is missing the metasoma, one antenna and one hind leg.

Dolichogenidea phthorimaeae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles phthorimaeae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (FL, LA); NEO: Honduras.

Notes. This species was transferred from Apanteles to Dolichogenidea by Mason (1981), also followed by other authors (e.g., Whitfield 1995a). However, You et al. (2002b) referred to it as Alphomelon in a phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily. Fernandez-Triana (2010) transferred the species back to Dolichogenidea, but he did not state that would represent a revised combination. For the sake of clarity, here we revise the combination of phthorimaeae and retain it within Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea piliventris (Tobias, 1966)

Apanteles piliventris Tobias, 1966.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1988).

Dolichogenidea pisenor (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles pisenor Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Vanuatu.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Vanuatu; OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. Based on the hind wing vannal lobe entirely setose, and anteromesoscutum with relatively coarse and deep punctures that do not fuse near the scutoscutellar disc, this species clearly belongs to Dolichogenidea.

Dolichogenidea platyedrae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles platyedrae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Fiji.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji; OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. The holotype is missing its antennae, but otherwise is in good condition.

Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker, 1994

Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker, 1994.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Nigeria.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Benin, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.

Dolichogenidea poliobrevis Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea poliobrevis Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, ZJ); PAL: China (HL, LN, XJ, XZ).

Dolichogenidea politiventris (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles politiventris Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Puerto Rico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Puerto Rico.

Dolichogenidea polystinelliphagous Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea polystinelliphagous Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL, LN, SN, SX).

Dolichogenidea praetor (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles praetor Marshall, 1885.

Type information. Lectotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Finland, France, Hungary, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (YAR), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea praetoria (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles praetorius Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (KDA).

Notes. Papp (1978a, 1988; also followed by Yu et al. 2016) considered Apanteles praetorius Tobias, 1976 to be a junior synonym of Apanteles propinquus Papp, 1975. However, Tobias (1986: 769) stated that both species were clearly different, based on examination of the praetorius holotype – whereas Papp (1978: 293) had only examined a paratype of that species. Tobias species concepts were followed by Belokobylskij et al. (2019) and are also accepted by us here, thus we treat both species as distinct in our checklist.

Dolichogenidea princeps (Wilkinson, 1941)

Apanteles princeps Wilkinson, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Malta, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (PRI), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species distribution in Azerbaijan and Mongolia are based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea prisca (Nixon, 1967)

Apanteles priscus Nixon, 1967.

Dolichogenidea acutituba Song, Chen & Yang, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, HN, SC, YN, ZJ), India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; PAL: China (HA, SH).

Notes. We follow Liu et al. (2019) for the synonymy of acutituba under prisca, and also for additional distribution of the species in China.

Dolichogenidea probata (Papp, 1973)

Apanteles probatus Papp, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Notes. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Dolichogenidea prodeniae (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles prodeniae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GX), India, Thailand, Vietnam.

Notes. The USNM collection contains nine female and five male specimens. One of the male specimens is labeled as the type, whereas the other 13 specimens each have labels stating that they all are paratypes. All of those 14 specimens have the same USNM code (14310), and they seem to come from the same collecting event (as all have the same labels, reared from Spodoptera littoralis). Shenefelt’s (1972) catalogue also confirms that there is a male holotype. It is unfortunate that a male was chosen as the species name bearer. In the future it would be advisable to photograph and provide details of the female specimens, which should better characterize the species as compared to the chosen male.

Dolichogenidea propinqua (Papp, 1975)

Apanteles propinquus Papp, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Greece, Hungary, Madeira Islands, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.

Notes. See notes under Dolichogenidea praetoria (Tobias, 1976) for an explanation on why we consider these two species to be different.

Dolichogenidea pterophori (Muesebeck, 1926)

Apanteles pterophori Muesebeck, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (MA).

Dolichogenidea pulchra (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles pulcher Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Type unknown, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan.

Notes. Details on a type specimen or specimens are not provided in the original description (Tobias 1986). However female and male characters are used in two couplets of the key (where the species is described), and thus it is reasonable to assume that the author studied both sexes for the species description. Additionally, in the introductory sections of that book (Tobias 1986: foreword) the intention to detail holotypes for all new species (and to designate lectotypes/paralectotypes from species previously described from the former USSR) is clearly stated, so we can also assume that a holotype for D. pulchra was designated, even if not clearly stated in the actual description. It is likely that the holotype is a female specimen, but until the specimens are examined is not possible to confirm.

Dolichogenidea punctiger (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster punctiger Wesmael, 1837.

Apanteles itea Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, RBINS (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia (BEL, RYA), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles itea Nixon.

Dolichogenidea punctipila Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea punctipila Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GZ, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea purdus (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles purdus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HB); PAL: China (JL, SN), Hungary, Turkey.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1979a, 1988). Yu et al. (2016) treated this species as Dolichogenidea purda. However, the original description did not give an etymology and it is neither Latin nor Greek, so following ICZN Article 31.2.3, it must be treated as a noun in apposition and the original spelling purdus is retained.

Dolichogenidea rectivena Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea rectivena Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Dolichogenidea reicharti (Papp, 1974)

Apanteles reicharti Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Dolichogenidea renata (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles renatus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia, Tajikistan.

Dolichogenidea renaulti (Mason, 1974)

Apanteles renaulti Mason, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, NS, ON, QC).

Dolichogenidea roepkei (Shenefelt, 1972), new combination

Apanteles roepkei Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles thoseae Roepke, 1935 [homonym of Apanteles thoseae Wilkinson, 1934].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin (1987), who recognized the species belonged to Dolichogenidea (sensu Mason 1981) but stopped short of transferring the species. For the sake of clarity, we do that here.

Dolichogenidea rogerblancoi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea rogerblancoi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea rufescentis Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea rufescentis Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea sagus (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles sagus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Turkmenistan.

Dolichogenidea sandwico Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea sandwico Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, HN, SC, ZJ); PAL: China (NX).

Dolichogenidea scabra (Tobias, 1977), new combination

Apanteles scaber Tobias, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a). Based on his description of the sculpture and shape of T2–T3, this species is unique among Holarctic species of Dolichogenidea. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Dolichogenidea scabipuncta Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea scabipuncta Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, JX, TW); PAL: China (JL).

Dolichogenidea seriphia (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles seriphia Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, ZSM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Russia (S), Slovakia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey.

Notes. The species distribution in Iran and Russia are based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea sicaria (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles sicarius Marshall, 1885.

Apanteles chrysostictus Marshall, 1889.

Apanteles crudelis Papp, 1971.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. AUS, NEA, OTL, PAL.

AUS: New Zealand; NEA: Canada (NU), Greenland; OTL: China (SC, ZJ); PAL: Azerbaijan, Belarus, China (HE, LN, NM, SN, XJ, XZ, ZJ), Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (AMU, ZAB, KAM, KHA, MOS, OMS, PRI, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species distribution in Iran and Kyrgyzstan are based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea simulata (Papp, 1974)

Apanteles simulatus Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea, Russia (PRI).

Dolichogenidea singularis Yang & You, 2002

Dolichogenidea singularis Yang & You, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, CFRB (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: China (HE, SD, SN, TJ).

Dolichogenidea sisenna (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles sisenna Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea soikai (Nixon, 1972)

Apanteles soikai Nixon, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Russia (S), Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea solenobiae (Walley, 1935)

Apanteles solenobiae Walley, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC), USA (PA).

Dolichogenidea sonani (Watanabe, 1932)

Apanteles sonani Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, GX, GZ, SC, TW, ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Watanabe (1937a), Song and Chen (2004) and Liu et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea sophiae (Papp, 1972)

Apanteles sophiae Papp, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: Armenia, Georgia, Hungary, Moldova, Russia (ZAB), Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1972, 1978).

Dolichogenidea spanis Chen & Song, 2004

Dolichogenidea spanis Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HB).

Dolichogenidea spinulicula Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea spinulicula Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, ZJ); PAL: China (LN, NX).

Dolichogenidea stantoni (Ashmead, 1904)

Urogaster stantoni Ashmead, 1904.

Apanteles fistulae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji, Papua New Guinea; OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, TW, ZJ), India, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam.

Notes. We examined the type of A. fistulae Wilkinson, which is missing the head and metasoma.

Dolichogenidea statius (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles statius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. We transfer this species to Dolichogenidea based on its uniformly setose vannal lobe and anteromesoscutum with punctures that do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus.

Dolichogenidea stenosis Song & Chen, 2004

Dolichogenidea stenosis Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Dolichogenidea stenotelas (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles stenotelas Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Vanuatu.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Vanuatu, OTL: Vietnam.

Notes. After examining the holotype, we believe the best generic placement for this species is in Dolichogenidea, based on the relatively coarse punctures on the anteromesoscutum (which do not fuse near the scutoscutellar sulcus), and the entirely setose vannal lobe in the hind wing (although setae are rather small and a magnification more than 100 × is recommended to see the setation pattern).

Dolichogenidea stictoscutella Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea stictoscutella Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GD, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea striata (van Achterberg & Ng, 2009), new combination

Apanteles striatus van Achterberg & Ng, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, UKM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. A drawing from the original description clearly shows a setose vannal lobe in the hind wing, and thus the species is here transferred to Dolichogenidea. The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Dolichogenidea subemarginata (Abdinbekova, 1969)

Apanteles subemarginatus Abdinbekova, 1969.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Hungary, Turkey.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea subgentilis (Tobias & Long, 1990)

Apanteles subgentilis Tobias & Long, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea sublabene (Tobias & Long, 1990)

Apanteles sublabene Tobias & Long, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea sugae (Watanabe, 1932)

Apanteles sugae Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan, Korea.

Notes. The sex of the holotype had never been detailed before (e.g., Shenefelt 1972), and thus it is clarified here. The female holotype is missing the metasoma, head and three legs. But other female and one male specimens (plus a pin with a lepidopteran larva and wasp cocoon mass) are associated with the holotype and help to recognize the species. The entirely setose and slightly convex vannal lobe indicates this species belongs to Dolichogenidea. The transfer of the species to Dolichogenidea was proposed by Liu et al. (2018) in the abstract but those authors did not provide further details nor explanation in their paper. For the sake of clarity, the species combination is revised here.

Dolichogenidea syngramma Ahmad, 2019

Dolichogenidea syngramma Ahmad & Pandey, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, AMUZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The authorship of the species names was not made clear in the original description paper, thus here we follow Ahmad (pers. comm.) for that information.

Dolichogenidea szalayi (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles szalayi Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Dolichogenidea szelenyii (Papp, 1972)

Apanteles szelenyii Papp, 1972.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary.

Dolichogenidea taiwanensis (Sonan, 1942)

Apanteles taiwanensis Sonan, 1942.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, TARI (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HI, TW).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004). Type information from Shenefelt (1972), depository information from Yu et al. (2016).

Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron, 1912)

Apanteles tasmanica Cameron, 1912.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT, QLD, SA, TAS, VIC), New Zealand.

Notes. Yu et al. (2016) recorded the type as being female; however, we have examined one female and one male specimens, which both have a type label, and are thus to be considered as syntypes, as correctly stated by Shenefelt (1972: 648).

Dolichogenidea testacea Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea testacea Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Dolichogenidea thujae (Muesebeck, 1935)

Apanteles thujae Muesebeck, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC).

Notes. The holotype is missing the head but it is otherwise in good condition.

Dolichogenidea tischeriae Viereck, 1912

Dolichogenidea tischeriae Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (QC), USA (CA, CT, DE, DC, KS, MO, NY, OH, WI).

Dolichogenidea tobiasi (Balevski, 1980)

Apanteles tobiasi Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (examined). Country of type locality: Bulgaria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Russia (S), Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1988).

Dolichogenidea trachalus (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles trachalus Nixon, 1965.

Apanteles sevocatus Papp, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Ireland, Syria, United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea transcarinata Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea transcarinata Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Dolichogenidea tuliemensis (Tobias & Long, 1990)

Apanteles tuliemensis Tobias & Long, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea turcmenica (Tobias, 1967)

Apanteles turcmenicus Tobias, 1967.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Papp (1978a, 1988).

Dolichogenidea turionellae (Nixon, 1971)

Apanteles turionellae Nixon, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Ukraine.

Dolichogenidea turkmenus (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles turkmenus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, China (XJ), Jordan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Telenga (1955), Tobias (1986) and Papp (1978a, 1988). Type information from Shenefelt (1972), depository information from Tobias (1986). Following Article 31.2.3 of the ICZN the name is neither Latin nor Greek and must be treated as a noun in apposition, so the original spelling turkmenus is retained (the suffix -us is not definitively adjectival, unlike -icus).

Dolichogenidea ultima (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles ultimus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL), Russia (S), Ukraine.

Dolichogenidea ultor (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles ultor Reinhard, 1880.

Microgaster lactipennis Ratzeburg, 1852 [primary homonym of Microgaster lacteipennis Curtis, 1830].

Type information. Lectotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia (IN, DA, KDA, STA), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1976), and Papp (1981). The type series was deposited in the Forestry College of Eberswalde (Forstlichen Hochschule Eberswalde). Unfortunately, that collection was mostly destroyed during the Second World War; however, five drawers with Hymenoptera specimens, among them type species of Ratzeburg were spared and are now safe at the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI) in Müncheberg, Germany [See a detailed story of that in Schulz et al. (2018: 285-286)]. We do not know whether the lectotype of this species is at present in Müncheberg. The species distribution in Azerbaijan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Dolichogenidea unicarina Liu & Chen, 2018

Dolichogenidea unicarina Liu & Chen, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, ZJ); PAL: China (NX, SN, SD).

Dolichogenidea upoluensis (Fullaway, 1941)

Apanteles upoluensis Fullaway, 1941.

Type information. Holotype male, BPBM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Western Samoa.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992).

Dolichogenidea uru Rousse & Gupta, 2013

Dolichogenidea uru Rousse & Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Dolichogenidea vadosulcus Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea vadosulcus Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, HI, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea varifemur (Abdinbekova, 1969)

Apanteles varifemur Abdinbekova, 1969.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Russia (NC).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1978a) and Tobias (1986).

Dolichogenidea vernaliter (Wilkinson, 1932)

Apanteles vernaliter Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

AUS: Vanuatu; OTL: Indonesia, Vietnam.

Dolichogenidea victor (Wilkinson, 1941)

Apanteles victor Wilkinson, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Dolichogenidea victoria Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea victoria Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, GX, ZJ).

Dolichogenidea victoriae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles victoriae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC).

Notes. The only know specimen is the holotype, which is in good condition, except for one fore wing being detached from the body but glued to the same point.

Dolichogenidea victoriata (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles victoriatus Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia, Russia (S), Ukraine.

Dolichogenidea villemantae Rousse, 2013

Dolichogenidea villemantae Rousse, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Dolichogenidea wangi Liu & Chen, 2019

Dolichogenidea wangi Liu & Chen, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Dolichogenidea wittei (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles wittei de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Here transferred to Dolichogenidea based on the anteromesoscutum punctures not fusing near scutoscutellar sulcus, as well as the shape of the hypopygium and the length and shape of the ovipositor sheaths. Additionally, the original description compares this species as close to Apanteles baoris Wilkinson (placed in Dolichogenidea by Chen and Song 2004, among other authors), as well as Apanteles earterus Wilkinson and Apanteles pelops de Saeger (both species similarly placed in Dolichogenidea by us, see more details under those two species above).

Dolichogenidea xenomorph Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2018

Dolichogenidea xenomorph Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (NSW, WA).

Dolichogenidea yamini Sathe & Rokade, 2005

Dolichogenidea yamini Sathe & Rokade, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species name may not be valid as we suspect that no type depository was specified. However, because we could not check original description to confirm that, we retain it as valid species for the time being.

Dolichogenidea yeimycedenoae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019

Dolichogenidea yeimycedenoae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Dolichogenidea zerafai Papp, 2015

Dolichogenidea zerafai Papp, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: Malta.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Malta.

Dolichogenidea zeris Papp, 2012

Dolichogenidea zeris Papp, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Genus Eripnopelta Xiong, van Achterberg & Chen, 2017

Eripnopelta Xiong, van Achterberg & Chen, 2017: 392. Gender: feminine. Type species: Eripnopelta ithyvena Xiong, van Achterberg and Chen 2017, by original designation.

The only known species was recently described from the Oriental region (Xiong et al. 2017). No host data are currently available for this genus. There are no DNA barcodes of Eripnopelta in BOLD.

Eripnopelta ithyvena Xiong, van Achterberg & Chen, 2017

Eripnopelta ithyvena Xiong, van Achterberg & Chen, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ, NX, GZ).

Genus Exix Mason, 1981

Exix Mason, 1981: 116. Gender: feminine. Type species: Exix mexicana Mason, 1981, by original designation.

This is a New World genus, with seven species currently described from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions and revised by Mason (1981). A few species may remain undescribed, but the genus does not seem very speciose. No host data are currently available. There are no DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, but four specimens have mini-barcodes of 110–120 bp.

Exix bahia Mason, 1981

Exix bahia Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (BA).

Exix colorados Mason, 1981

Exix colorados Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Exix columbica Mason, 1981

Exix columbica Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC).

Exix itatiaia Souza-Gessner, Bortoni & Penteado-Dias, 2016

Exix itatiaia Souza-Gessner, Bortoni & Penteado-Dias, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, DCBU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MG, RJ).

Exix mexicana Mason, 1981

Exix mexicana Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Exix schunkei (Nixon, 1965)

Protomicroplitis schunkei Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Peru.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Peru.

Exix tinalandica Mason, 1981

Exix tinalandica Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Genus Exoryza Mason, 1981

Exoryza Mason, 1981: 40. Gender: feminine. Type species: Apanteles schoenobii Wilkinson, 1932, by original designation.

Known from 15 described species from all biogeographical regions except for Australasian (the lack of species recorded from Australasian is likely an artefact due to insufficient collecting there). All known species were dealt with in a recent revision (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2016c). The status of Exoryza as a valid genus separate from Dolichogenidea has been questioned by many authors (e.g., Valerio et al. 2004, Rousse and Gupta 2013, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e, 2016c), but until a comprehensive phylogenetic study of Microgastrinae is available we have decided to maintain its present status. Host data include four families of Lepidoptera: Choreutidae, Crambidae, Depressariidae and Gelechiidae; and at least one species is an important biocontrol agent of stem-boring Lepidoptera in rice fields in Asia (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2016c). There are 46 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Exoryza in BOLD representing three different BINs, although one of those BINs actually contains three nominal species (see Fernandez-Triana et al. 2016c for more details).

Exoryza asotae (Watanabe, 1932), new combination

Apanteles asotae Watanabe, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GD, TW, ZJ); PAL: China (HL, SC), Japan.

Notes. After examining the holotype and two paratypes (female and male) we transfer asotae to Exoryza based on the entirely setose vannal lobe and T2 with strong longitudinal striae. The species distribution in China is based in Liu et al. (2019).

Exoryza belippicola (Liu & You, 1988), new combination

Apanteles belippicola Liu & You, 1988.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (SN, ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004) and Liu et al. (2019). The species is transferred to Exoryza based on T1–T2 strongly rugose (cf. figure 11e in Liu et al. 2019).

Exoryza hylas (Wilkinson, 1932), new combination

Apanteles hylas Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. Transferred to Exoryza based on the entirely setose vannal lobe and T2 with strong longitudinal striae.

Exoryza mariabustosae Fernandez-Triana, 2016

Exoryza mariabustosae Fernandez-Triana, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Exoryza megagaster (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles megagaster de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Exoryza, based on the shape and sculpture of T2.

Exoryza minnesota Mason, 1981

Exoryza minnesota Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (MN).

Exoryza monocavus Valerio & Whitfield, 2004

Exoryza monocavus Valerio & Whitfield, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, INBio (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Exoryza oryzae (Walker, 1994), new combination

Dolichogenidea oryzae Walker, 1994.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Gambia, Ivory Coast, Niger, Senegal.

Notes. Fernandez-Triana et al. (2016c) considered this species to belong to Exoryza, based on the available evidence (shape and sculpture of T2, as well as host data). However, they stopped short of transferring the species to that genus due to the possibility that future phylogenetic studies would find that Exoryza is just a synonym of Dolichogenidea. While that possibility still exists, in this paper we are considering Exoryza as a valid genus, and for the sake of consistency we are placing here all species which currently fit that genus concept.

Exoryza reticarina Song & Chen, 2003

Exoryza reticarina Song & Chen, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (YN).

Exoryza richardashleyi Fernandez-Triana, 2016

Exoryza richardashleyi Fernandez-Triana, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Exoryza ritaashleyae Fernandez-Triana, 2016

Exoryza ritaashleyae Fernandez-Triana, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Exoryza rosamatarritae Fernandez-Triana, 2016

Exoryza rosamatarritae Fernandez-Triana, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Exoryza safranum Rousse & Gupta, 2013

Exoryza safranum Rousse & Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Exoryza schoenobii (Wilkinson, 1932)

Apanteles schoenobii Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Bangladesh, China (FJ, GD, GX, GZ, HI, HB, HN, JS, JX, SN, TW, YN, ZJ), India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.

Exoryza yeimycedenoae Fernandez-Triana, 2016

Exoryza yeimycedenoae Fernandez-Triana, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Genus Exulonyx Mason, 1981

Exulonyx Mason, 1981: 33. Gender: masculine. Type species: Apanteles camma Nixon, 1965, by original designation.

Only known from a single, very divergent species from the Afrotropical region (Nixon 1965, Mason 1981). No host data are currently available for this genus. There are no DNA barcodes of Exulonyx in BOLD.

Exulonyx camma (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles camma Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Genus Fornicia Brullé, 1846

Fornicia Brullé, 1846: 511. Gender: feminine. Type species: Fornicia clathrata Brullé, 1846, by monotypy.

Odontofornicia Enderlein, 1912: 260. Type species: Odontofornicia arata Enderlein, 1912, by monotypy and original designation.

This is a pantropical genus with 32 species recorded from all regions except for the Holarctic. It` is one of the most distinctive genera of Microgastrinae from a morphological perspective. We have seen in collections many more undescribed species. All known host records are from Limacodidae. There are 67 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Fornicia in BOLD representing 19 different BINs.

Fornicia achterbergi Yang & Chen, 2006

Fornicia achterbergi Yang & Chen, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Fornicia africana Wilkinson, 1930

Fornicia africana Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Zimbabwe.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Nigeria, Zimbabwe.

Fornicia afrorum de Saeger, 1942

Fornicia afrorum de Saeger, 1942.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Our species concept is based on de Saeger (1948).

Fornicia albalata Ma & Chen, 1994

Fornicia albalata Ma & Chen, 1994.

Type information. Holotype male, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (SN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Fornicia andamanensis Sharma, 1984

Fornicia andamanensis Sharma, 1984.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Fornicia annulipes Ashmead, 1905

Fornicia annulipes Ashmead, 1905.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. Specimen with legs and one antenna broken but within the tray that contains the holotype.

Fornicia arata (Enderlein, 1912)

Odontofornicia arata Enderlein, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, SN, TW, ZJ); PAL: China (AH).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Watanabe (1937a) and Mason (1981).

Fornicia balloui Muesebeck, 1958

Fornicia balloui Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Venezuela.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela.

Fornicia borneana (Cushman, 1929)

Odontofornicia borneanus Cushman, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but illustrations of the holotype examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Fornicia brachymetacarpa Luo & You, 2006

Fornicia brachymetacarpa Luo & You, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN).

Fornicia ceylonica Wilkinson, 1928

Fornicia ceylonica Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW), India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.

Fornicia chalcoscelidis Wilkinson, 1936

Fornicia chalcoscelidis Wilkinson, 1936.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia, Malaysia.

Fornicia clathrata Brullé, 1846

Fornicia clathrata Brullé, 1846.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO, OTL.

NEO: Brazil (BA, MG), Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; OTL: Indonesia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1958b) and Mason (1981).

Fornicia ghesquierei de Saeger, 1942

Fornicia ghesquierei de Saeger, 1942.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Our species concept is based on de Saeger (1948).

Fornicia imbecilla Chen & He, 1994

Fornicia imbecilla Chen & He, 1994.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Fornicia jarmilae Mason, 1981

Fornicia jarmilae Mason, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Fornicia longiantenna Luo & You, 2008

Fornicia longiantenna Luo & You, 2008.

Type information. Holotype female, GUGC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GZ).

Fornicia macistigma Luo & You, 2006

Fornicia macistigma Luo & You, 2006.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN).

Fornicia microcephala Granger, 1949

Fornicia microcephala Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Fornicia minis He & Chen, 1994

Fornicia minis He & Chen, 1994.

Type information. Holotype male, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Fornicia moronis (Cushman, 1929)

Odontofornicia moronis Cushman, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980c).

Fornicia muluensis Austin, 1987

Fornicia muluensis Austin, 1987.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Brunei, Malaysia.

Fornicia obscuripennis Fahringer, 1934

Fornicia obscuripennis Fahringer, 1934.

Type information. Holotype male, NHRS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, GX, GZ, HN, JS, SN, TW, ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980c).

Fornicia penang (Cushman, 1929)

Odontofornicia penang Cushman, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW), Indonesia, Malaysia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980c). Type information from Shenefelt (1973).

Fornicia pilosa Cushman, 1931

Fornicia pilosa Cushman, 1931.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (PA), Costa Rica.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980c).

Fornicia prominentis Chen & He, 1994

Fornicia prominentis Chen & He, 1994.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GX).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Fornicia rixata Papp, 1980

Fornicia rixata Papp, 1980.

Type information. Holotype male, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW).

Fornicia seyrigi Granger, 1949

Fornicia seyrigi Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Fornicia surinamensis Muesebeck, 1958

Fornicia surinamensis Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Suriname.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Suriname.

Fornicia tagalog (Cushman, 1929)

Odontofornicia tagalog Cushman, 1929.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1980c).

Fornicia tergiversata Papp, 1980

Fornicia tergiversata Papp, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (TW).

Fornicia thoseae Wilkinson, 1930

Fornicia thoseae Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Genus Gilbertnixonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Gilbertnixonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 56. Gender: neuter. Type species: Gilbertnixonius biem Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018, by original designation.

The only known species was recently described from the Oriental region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). No host data are currently available for this genus. There is one DNA-barcode compliant sequence of Gilbertnixonius in BOLD.

Gilbertnixonius biem Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Gilbertnixonius biem Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, QSBG (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Thailand.

Genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead, 1904

Glyptapanteles Ashmead, 1904: 147. Gender: masculine. Type species: (Glyptapanteles manilae Ashmead, 1904) = Apanteles ashmeadi Wilkinson, 1928, by monotypy.

Viereck (1914: 62) correctly noted that Ashmead (1900a: 131) was intending to refer to this genus in his 1900 key in the second half of couplet 10, where Protapanteles is separated from another genus, the name of which is (accidentally ?) omitted, but it is clear that it would have been Glyptapanteles. Thus, technically Ashmead’s (1900a) would be the first intention to mention the name Glyptapanteles in a published paper, but because the actual name never appeared there due to an omission, the first official reference to the genus must be considered Ashmead (1904b). In any case the 1900 paper did not designate any type species, so the 1904 paper is the one that matters for that purpose (as Viereck also correctly noted). Glyptapanteles is a cosmopolitan genus, with 307 described species known from all biogeographical regions. Many European species were revised by Nixon and Papp in several papers from the 1970s and 1980s, following earlier work by Wilkinson (1945); and a recent paper dealt with 136 Neotropical species (Arias-Penna et al. 2019), which represents almost half of all described species in the genus. Overall, the taxonomic coverage of the world species is far from complete; we have seen hundreds of undescribed species in collections, mostly from tropical areas, and it is likely that the actual richness will reach several thousand species. The concept of Glyptapanteles and its separation from Protapanteles has been controversial (e.g., Mason 1981, van Achterberg 2003, Broad et al. 2016), but we consider it as a valid genus, although future studies on Microgastrinae phylogeny may split the genus into several. More than 25 families of Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts for Glyptapanteles, but many records are likely to be incorrect and/or need further verification. There are almost 5,000 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 504 BINs.

Glyptapanteles acasta (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles acasta Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Russia (ALT, ZAB), Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles acherontiae (Cameron, 1907)

Apanteles acherontiae Cameron, 1907.

Apanteles acherontiae Muesebeck, 1927 [homonym of Apanteles acherontiae Cameron, 1907].

Type information. Syntypes female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ, HN), India, Sri Lanka.

Glyptapanteles acraeae (Wilkinson, 1932), lectotype designation

Apanteles acraeae Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa, Uganda.

Notes. The species was described from female and male specimens. We have examined a female specimen with a type label and code 3c.1027 in the NHMUK and are designating it here as the lectotype.

Glyptapanteles afiamaluanus (Fullaway, 1941)

Apanteles afiamaluana Fullaway, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, BPBM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Western Samoa.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992).

Glyptapanteles africanus (Cameron, 1911)

Apanteles africanus Cameron, 1911.

Apanteles beneficus Viereck, 1911.

Apanteles cameroni Brues, 1924.

Type information. Holotype female, TMSA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe; OTL: India, Pakistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1932a), van Achterberg and Polaszek (1996), and van Achterberg and Walker (1998). We examined the type, a female specimen, of Apanteles beneficus (Viereck, 1911), currently a synonym of G. africanus.

Glyptapanteles aggestus (Granger, 1949), new combination

Glytapanteles aggestus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. This species clearly is not an Apanteles. Based on the original description it is provisionally transferred to Glyptapanteles until examination of the syntype series allows a more definitive identification.

Glyptapanteles agrotivorus Whitfield, 2002

Glyptapanteles agrotivorus Whitfield, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Notes. The holotype is dirty and not in good condition.

Glyptapanteles agynus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles agynus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, which is the only reference available for this species, the best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles. However, the only known specimen is a male and the description is not clear enough to rule out the genus Distatrix. Examination of the specimen will be needed to conclude.

Glyptapanteles aithos (Sharma, 1973), new combination

Apanteles aithos Sharma, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, IFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Apanteles. The original description does not provide enough information to determine the generic identity in a conclusive way but Glyptapanteles seems to be the best match (although Distatrix might be another possibility). Examination of the type series will be needed to conclude on its generic status.

Glyptapanteles alejandrovalerioi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles alejandrovalerioi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles aletta (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles aletta Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belarus, Finland, Hungary, Korea, Slovakia, Switzerland.

Glyptapanteles alexborisenkoi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles alexborisenkoi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles alexwildi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles alexwildi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles aliphera (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles aliphera Nixon, 1973.

Apanteles sublateralis Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (KDA), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles alticola (Ashmead, 1902)

Protapanteles alticola Ashmead, 1902.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, NB), USA (AK, CA, CO, ID, NH, OR, UT).

Notes. The holotype is a male, not a female as stated by Shenefelt (1972) and Yu et al. (2012). The metasoma is separate from the head and mesosoma, but it is glued to the same point; only the right wings are present. Muesebeck (1921) mentioned a type series, which we have not seen, and also provided a brief description of the species as part of his key to ‘Apanteles sensu lato’. According to that key, Muesebeck states that the species has metafemur ‘dark reddish testaceous, usually edged with blackish’ and also ‘stigma and veins of forewing dark brown’ (Muesebeck 1921: 493). However, the holotype has yellow metafemur and the pterostigma is very pale brown. Other than that, the holotype resembles many ‘Glyptapanteles’ from the northern Nearctic in colour, propodeum sculpture (which has a faint median carina on posterior 0.5), and shape and sculpture of T1–T3.

Glyptapanteles alvarowillei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles alvarowillei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles amenophis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles amenophis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. From the original description it is clear that this species does not belong in Apanteles (due to the short ovipositor and shape of the hypopygium). When describing it, de Saeger (1944) stated that it would come close to Apanteles parallelus (Lyle, 1971), which is currently placed within Protapanteles. We consider that amenophis is better placed within Glyptapanteles for the time being, but future examination of the specimens may change that.

Glyptapanteles andrewdebeveci Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles andrewdebeveci Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles andybennetti Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles andybennetti Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles andydeansi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles andydeansi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles andysuarezi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles andysuarezi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles andywarreni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles andywarreni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles ankitaguptae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles ankitaguptae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles annettewalkerae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles annettewalkerae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles antarctiae (Blanchard, 1935), new combination

Apanteles antarctiae Blanchard, 1935.

Apanteles antarctiae var. fusca Blanchard, 1935.

Type information. Syntypes male, MACN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. The type material belongs to the Blanchard collection, deposited in MACN. The descriptions and illustrations (scutellar disc, propodeum, T1–T2, part of fore wing, tip of antenna) provided in the original description and a following paper (Blanchard 1935, 1936), strongly suggest that this species belongs to Glyptapanteles. The species has the propodeum mostly smooth and without carinae (although the illustration for a male specimen shows a weakly defined median, longitudinal carina), T1 anterior half is parallel-sided while posterior half slightly narrows towards posterior margin, T2 is trapezoidal, and ovipositor sheaths are barely protruding.

Glyptapanteles antinoe (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles antinoe Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Turkey.

Glyptapanteles antsirabensis (Granger, 1949)

Apanteles antsirabensis Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar, Réunion.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Rousse and Gupta (2013).

Glyptapanteles anubis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles anubis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. From the original description it is clear that this species does not belong to Apanteles (due to the short ovipositor and propodeum with median carina). When describing it, de Saeger (1944) stated that, in the Wilkinson key to African species, anubis would come close to Apanteles pallidocinctus (Gahan, 1918), which is currently placed within the genus Distarix. However, anubis should not be placed in that genus, due to having a rugose and carinated propodeum. Examination of the holotype will eventually be needed to conclude but, based on all information available in the original description (the only published source of information for this species), the best generic placement at present would be within Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles arcuatus (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles arcuatus Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Russia (PRI).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Telenga (1955), Papp (1983a) and Kotenko (2007a).

Glyptapanteles arginae (Bhatnagar, 1950), new combination

Apanteles arginae Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Based on the original description this species is clearly not an Apanteles. The description of the propodeum with a faint median longitudinal carina, short ovipositor sheaths, T1 smooth and narrowing towards apex, and T2 smooth and subtriangular shaped, all suggest that the best generic placement for this species at present would be within Glyptapanteles. However, examination of the holotype and paratypes may change that in the future. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Glyptapanteles argus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles argus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. The original description states this species is very close to A. intricatus (de Saeger, 1944), which in turn was described as very close to several species currently placed within Glyptapanteles. The drawings of the original description of A. intricatus indeed confirm it belongs to Glyptapanteles, and thus argus is also placed in that genus.

Glyptapanteles aristolochiae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles aristolochiae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Sri Lanka.

Glyptapanteles artonae (Rohwer, 1926)

Apanteles artonae Rohwer, 1926.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji; OTL: Indonesia, Malaysia.

Notes. See Austin and Dangerfield (1992) for details questioning the distibution of this species in Fiji. Yu et al. (2016) have the NHMUK as the type depository, but we have found and examined the holotype in Washington (USNM).

Glyptapanteles ashmeadi (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles ashmeadi Wilkinson, 1928.

Glyptapanteles manilae Ashmead, 1904 [secondary homonym of Apanteles manilae Ashmead, 1904].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Glyptapanteles atylana (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles atylana Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Notes. See comments on G. siderion (Nixon, 1965) below for more details on the rationale to provisionally place these two species in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles aucklandensis (Cameron, 1909)

Apanteles aucklandensis Cameron, 1909.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: New Zealand.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: New Zealand.

Glyptapanteles badgleyi (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles badgleyi Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on very short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles barneyburksi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles barneyburksi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles bataviensis (Rohwer, 1919), new combination

Apanteles bataviensis Rohwer, 1919.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Indonesia, Vietnam.

Notes. The species was transferred from Apanteles to Cotesia by Long et al. (2004). However, after examining the holotype, we find it clearly belongs to Glyptapanteles as it has an entirely smooth propodeum and T1 is strongly narrowing towards posterior margin.

Glyptapanteles betogarciai Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles betogarciai Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles bidentatus (Sharma, 1972)

Apanteles bidentatus Sharma, 1972.

Type information. Holotype male, IFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Glyptapanteles billbrowni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles billbrowni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles bimus Papp, 1990

Glyptapanteles bimus Papp, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1990b) and Kotenko (2007a).

Glyptapanteles bistonis (Watanabe, 1934), new combination

Apanteles bistonis Watanabe, 1934.

Type information. Holotype male, EIHU (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Japan.

Notes. We examined the male holotype and another pin which carries a cocoon mass. This species is clearly Glyptapanteles (as Papp had recognized in a label he wrote in 1992, although he never published that new combination).

Glyptapanteles bobhanneri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles bobhanneri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles bobkulai Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles bobkulai Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles bobwhartoni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles bobwhartoni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles boharti Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles boharti Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles borocerae (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles borocerae Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. This species is not Apanteles. Based on the original description as well as host information, the species is provisionally transferred to Glyptapanteles until examination of the syntype series allows a more definitive identification.

Glyptapanteles bourquini (Blanchard, 1936)

Apanteles bourquini Blanchard, 1936.

Apanteles elegans Blanchard, 1936.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (RS) Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay.

Notes. The type belongs to the Blanchard collection, which we assume is deposited in the MACN. Our species concept is based on Whitfield et al. (2002a). The record from Brazil is based on Shimbori et al. (2019).

Glyptapanteles breviscuta Song & Chen, 2004

Glyptapanteles breviscuta Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Glyptapanteles brianestjaquesae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles brianestjaquesae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles caberatae (Muesebeck, 1956)

Apanteles caberatae Muesebeck, 1956.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Whitfield (1995a).

Glyptapanteles cacao (Wilkinson, 1934), new combination

Apanteles cacao Wilkinson, 1934.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles cadei (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Apanteles cadei Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Holotype male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. The original description (and the included drawings of the propodeum, T1 and T2) suggests this species does not belong to Apanteles, and it is better placed in Glyptapanteles for the time being. However, the information available is not enough to conclude with absolute certainty on the generic status of the species, and study of the single male specimen will be required to clarify its status in the future.

Glyptapanteles caffreyi (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles caffreyi Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AZ); NEO: Mexico, Peru.

Glyptapanteles callidus (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster callidus Haliday, 1834.

Apanteles urolus Papp, 1983.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (AMU, SAK), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. van Achterberg (1997) reinterpreted this name and treated it only sensu Haliday (1834). The species called callidus by Nixon (1973) and Papp (1983a) are now considered to be Glyptapanteles majalis (Wesmael, 1837) (e.g., van Achterberg 1997, Broad et al. 2016).

Glyptapanteles capeki (Györfi, 1955)

Apanteles capeki Györfi, 1955.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined). Country of type locality: Slovakia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Slovakia.

Glyptapanteles carinachicaizae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles carinachicaizae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles carinatus (Szépligeti, 1913)

Apanteles carinatus Szépligeti, 1913.

Type information. Holotype male, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Tanzania.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Tanzania.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (2004).

Glyptapanteles carlhuffakeri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles carlhuffakeri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles carlossarmientoi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles carlossarmientoi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles carlrettenmeyeri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles carlrettenmeyeri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles cassianus (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles cassianus Riley, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CO, CT, IL, IA, MO, NJ, TX).

Glyptapanteles celsoazevedoi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles celsoazevedoi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles charlesmicheneri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles charlesmicheneri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles charlesporteri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles charlesporteri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles chidra Rousse & Gupta, 2013

Glyptapanteles chidra Rousse & Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Réunion.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Réunion.

Glyptapanteles chrisdarlingi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles chrisdarlingi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles chrisgrinteri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles chrisgrinteri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles christerhanssoni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles christerhanssoni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles cinyras (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles cinyras de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles clanisae Gupta, 2013

Glyptapanteles clanisae Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Glyptapanteles claudiamartinezae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles claudiamartinezae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles colemani (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles colemani Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GX), India, Vietnam.

Glyptapanteles compressiventris (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles compressiventris Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (MB, NT, NU, QC), USA (NH); PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Romania, Russia (KAM, PRI, SAK, SPE, VOR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles compressus (Muesebeck, 1919)

Apanteles compressus Muesebeck, 1919.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (MA, NH, RI, VA, WV).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Mason (1981) and Whitfield (1995a).

Glyptapanteles concinnus (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles concinnus Muesebeck, 1958.

Apanteles concinnus Muesebeck, 1958 [primary homonym of Apanteles concinnus Statz, 1938].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP).

Glyptapanteles corbetti (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles corbetti Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GX), Malaysia.

Glyptapanteles corriemoreauae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles corriemoreauae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles creatonoti (Viereck, 1912)

Apanteles creatonoti Viereck, 1912.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Bangladesh, India, Malaysia.

Glyptapanteles dalosoma de Santis, 1987

Glyptapanteles dalosoma de Santis, 1987.

Type information. Holotype female, MLP (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Aquino et al. (2010).

Glyptapanteles darjeelingensis (Sharma & Chatterjee, 1970)

Apanteles darjeelingensis Sharma & Chatterjee, 1970.

Type information. Holotype male, FSCA? (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The original description refers to the Gupta collection, which we assume to be currently deposited in the FSCA (at least the Braconidae part); however, there is also the possibility that the type of this species is deposited elsewhere.

Glyptapanteles daveroubiki Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles daveroubiki Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles daveschindeli Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles daveschindeli Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles davesmithi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles davesmithi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles davidwahli Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles davidwahli Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles deliasa Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Glyptapanteles deliasa Austin & Dangerfield, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA).

Glyptapanteles diegocamposi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles diegocamposi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles distatus Papp, 1990

Glyptapanteles distatus Papp, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Glyptapanteles donquickei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles donquickei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles dorislagosae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles dorislagosae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles ecuadorius Whitfield, 2002

Glyptapanteles ecuadorius Whitfield, 2002.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Notes. Holotype specimen is relatively dirty and not in good condition.

Glyptapanteles edgardpalacioi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles edgardpalacioi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles edwinnarvaezi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles edwinnarvaezi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles eowilsoni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles eowilsoni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles erictepei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles erictepei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles eryphanidis (Whitfield, 2011), new combination

Protapanteles eryphanidis Whitfield, 2011.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Notes. The original description (Greeney et al. 2011) was based on a single male, usually the more difficult sex to work with in Microgastrinae (Whitfield 1997). However, the illustrations in the original description clearly show T1 and T2 smooth, with T1 narrowing towards the posterior margin and T2 subtriangular; and the propodeum lacks a median carina and only has a few short carinulae radiating from the nucha. All of those characters suggest that the species is better placed within Glyptapanteles instead of Protapanteles, a decision we make here. More evidence, if only weak, comes from biology, something that even the authors recognized and mentioned in the paper (Greeney et al. 2011: 1087) when they acknowledged that the host family (Nymphalidae) had never been recorded for Protapanteles (e.g., Mason 1981, Whitfield 1997, Whitfield et al. 1999).

Glyptapanteles eucosmae (Wilkinson, 1929)

Apanteles eucosmae Wilkinson, 1929.

Apanteles salensis Hedqvist, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Nigeria.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda, Zambia; PAL: China (LN), Mongolia.

Glyptapanteles euproctisiphagus (Ahmad, 1945), new combination

Apanteles euproctisiphagus Ahmad, 1945.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1983a), who placed euproctisiphagus within a key comprising other Glyptapanteles, and also provided illustrations of the species.

Glyptapanteles eutelus (de Saeger, 1941), new combination

Apanteles eutelus de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Rwanda, Senegal.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1941b), the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles fabiae (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles fabiae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the very short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles felipesotoi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles felipesotoi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles femoratus Ashmead, 1906

Glyptapanteles femoratus Ashmead, 1906.

Type information. Lectotype male, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HB, ZJ); PAL: Japan, Korea.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Watanabe (1932, 1937) and Chen and Song (2004).

Glyptapanteles ferfernandezi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles ferfernandezi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles ficus (Granger, 1949)

Apanteles ficus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Holotype female, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar, Réunion.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Granger (1949) and Rousse and Gupta (2013).

Glyptapanteles flavicoxis (Marsh, 1979)

Apanteles flavicoxis Marsh, 1979.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Glyptapanteles flavovariatus (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles flavovariatus Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, ON), USA (MI, OR, SD).

Glyptapanteles floridanus (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles floridanus Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL).

Glyptapanteles fraternus (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles fraternus Reinhard, 1880.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, TY), Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1973), Papp (1983a), Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (2007a). The species distribution in Turkmenistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Glyptapanteles fullawayi Austin & Dangerfield, 1992

Glyptapanteles fullawayi Austin & Dangerfield, 1992.

Apanteles politus Fullaway, 1941 [primary homonym of Apanteles politus Riley, 1881].

Type information. Holotype male, BPBM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Western Samoa.

Glyptapanteles fulvigaster (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles fulvigaster Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Apanteles, based on the short ovipositor sheaths. In the original description it is considered to be related to Apanteles belliger Wilkinson, which is now placed within Distatrix. However, Granger (1949) did not mention in his description that fulvigaster has ovipositor sheaths lacking setae (which could be argued to be a noticeable feature and would have indeed shown the species to belong to Distatrix). The original description does not mention any details on the lateral sulci on pronotum either, which would have helped to clarify the generic position of the species. Due to all of the above, we take the conservative approach of transferring fulvigaster to Glyptapanteles, which fits better with the available description. However, we caution that the species could be within Distatrix once the specimens from the type series can be examined further.

Glyptapanteles fulvipes (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster fulvipes Haliday, 1834.

Type information. Lectotype female, NMID (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ireland.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (AB, NT, NU, QC), Greenland; PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (AMU, ZAB, DA, AL, KDA, MOS, PRI, SAK, SPE, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1973), Papp (1983a), Tobias (1986), Kotenko (2007a, van Achterberg (2006) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2017b).

Glyptapanteles fuscinervis (Cameron, 1911), new combination

Apanteles fuscinervis Cameron, 1911.

Type information. Holotype male, TMSA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda, South Africa.

Notes. Based on the description of Wilkinson (1932a) the best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles gahinga (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles gahinga de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles garygibsoni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles garygibsoni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles gavinbroadi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles gavinbroadi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles genorodriguezae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles genorodriguezae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles gerarddelvarei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles gerarddelvarei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles globatus (Linnaeus, 1758), new combination

Ichneumon globatus Linnaeus, 1758.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, LSUK (not examined but illustrations of the type series examined). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Sweden.

Notes. The use of the name Ichneumon globatus Linnaeus, 1758 has been problematic for a long time, as it was mostly associated with the genus Microgaster in Europe (e.g., Yu et al. 2012, 2016, Broad et al. 2016; see also van Achterberg 2014 and Scaramozzino et al. 2017, for more details on the topic). Because the type series of globatus clearly does not belong to Microgaster, van Achterberg (2014) proposed to use the name Microgaster rufipes Nees, 1834 (the oldest available name) for the historical references to that Microgaster species in Europe, a decision we accept and follow here (see our rationale to do that in the Notes we provide in this paper under the species Microgaster rufipes). As for the type series of globatus, those specimens are deposited in The Linnean Society, and two photos of those syntypes are shown in their website (http://linnean-on1ine.org/16250/). After examining those images (at least four specimens are distinguishable in the two photos, one clearly being a female), we think that the best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles, and propose this new combination here, based on the T1 narrowing towards posterior margin and T2 subtriangular (as evident from one the specimens photographed that are on the cocoon mass) and the short ovipositor sheaths (as evident on the female specimen also photographed on the cocoon mass, the specimen being the closest to the pin holding the mass). The name Glyptapanteles globatus (Linnaeus, 1758), as we propose here, would be limited for the time being to the specimens from the Linnaeus series, which are supposedly from Sweden (e.g., see Linnaeus 1761: 411, specimen 1645). Future studies of those specimens will be needed to place this species within the larger context of European and Palearctic Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles glyphodes (Wilkinson, 1932), new combination

Apanteles glyphodes Wilkinson, 1932.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the very short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles gowdeyi (Gahan, 1918)

Apanteles gowdeyi Gahan, 1918.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1932a), de Saeger (1944) and Mason (1981).

Glyptapanteles grantgentryi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles grantgentryi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles guierae (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Apanteles guierae Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. From the original description is evident that this species is not Apanteles, based on the sculpture of propodeum and shapes of T1 and T2, the best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles. That is also supported by the original description, where Risbec (1951: 423) considered the species to be related to Apanteles eucosmae (Wilkinson, 1929) which has long been placed within Glyptapanteles (e.g., Mason 1981).

Glyptapanteles gunnarbrehmi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles gunnarbrehmi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles guyanensis (Cameron, 1911), lectotype designation

Apanteles guyanensis Cameron, 1911.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Guyana.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guyana.

Notes. The type series has four female specimens, all glued on the same card. Shenefelt (1972: 527) mentioned the need to designate a lectotype but did not formally propose it (as he did for many other species in that paper). For the sake of completion, here we designate the lectotype. It is the female placed at the extreme left of the card, which is not only the best-preserved specimen but also has an X below it, which works to clearly mark the lectotype specimen among the series. Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012, 2016) reported the species as occurring in Guyana and Australia, with the latter country being based on Wilkinson (1930c). However, Austin and Dangerfield (1992) considered the Australian specimens to be different from the type series (Guyana). Here we agree with Austin and Dangerfield (1992) and consider Glyptapanteles guyanensis as strictly Neotropical (Guyana). A recent paper (Gallardo-Covas 2005) mentioned the possibility of this species also being in Puerto Rico (the species being reported as “probably guayanensis”, the species name being misspelled throughout the manuscript), and even mentions Pseudoplusia includens (Noctuidae) as its host in the island. However, Gallardo-Covas (2005) did not mention how the specimens were identified and thus we consider here that the Puerto Rico record must be confirmed before being formally listed as part of the species distribution.

Glyptapanteles haroldgreeneyi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles haroldgreeneyi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles harrisinae (Muesebeck, 1953)

Apanteles harrisinae Muesebeck, 1953.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AZ, CA, CT, FL); NEO: Mexico.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1984a) and Whitfield (1995a).

Glyptapanteles helmuthaguirrei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles helmuthaguirrei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles henryhespenheidei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles henryhespenheidei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles henrytownesi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles henrytownesi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles herbertii (Ashmead, 1900)

Apanteles herbertii Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (FL); NEO: Argentina, Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Grenada, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.

Glyptapanteles horus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles horus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles howelldalyi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles howelldalyi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles hugokonsi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles hugokonsi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles hydroeciae (You & Xiong, 1983)

Apanteles hydroeciae You & Xiong, 1983.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (SN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Glyptapanteles hypermnestrae Gupta & Pereira, 2012

Glyptapanteles hypermnestrae Gupta & Pereira, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Glyptapanteles iangauldi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles iangauldi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles ianyarrowi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles ianyarrowi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles ilarisaaksjarvi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles ilarisaaksjarvi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles inclusus (Ratzeburg, 1844)

Microgaster inclusus Ratzeburg, 1844.

Microgaster curvulus Thomson, 1895.

Apanteles rectinervis Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. AFR, PAL.

AFR: Cape Verde; PAL: Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (SD, SN), Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, IRK, PRI, TY), Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1973), Papp (1983a), Tobias (1986), and Chen and Song (2004). The species distribution in Japan and Mongolia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Glyptapanteles indiensis (Marsh, 1979)

Apanteles indiensis Marsh, 1979.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. NEA, OTL.

NEA: USA (PA), OTL: India.

Glyptapanteles intermedius (Balevski, 1980)

Apanteles intermedius Balevski, 1980.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Bulgaria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (2006).

Glyptapanteles intricatus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles intricatus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. The original description of A. intricatus contains drawings that show this species is better placed within Glyptapanteles. See also comments above under Glyptapanteles argus (de Saeger, 1944).

Glyptapanteles jacklonginoi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jacklonginoi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles jamesrobertsoni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jamesrobertsoni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles jaquioconnorae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jaquioconnorae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles jeremydewaardi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jeremydewaardi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles jerrypowelli Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jerrypowelli Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles jesusugaldei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jesusugaldei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles jimmilleri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jimmilleri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles jjrodriguezae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jjrodriguezae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles johnburnsi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles johnburnsi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles johnheratyi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles johnheratyi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles johnlasallei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles johnlasallei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles johnnoyesi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles johnnoyesi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles johnstiremani Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles johnstiremani Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles josesimbanai Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles josesimbanai Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles juanvargasi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles juanvargasi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles jumamuturii Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles jumamuturii Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles keithwillmotti Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles keithwillmotti Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles kevinjohnsoni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles kevinjohnsoni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles kyleparksi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles kyleparksi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles lamborni (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles lamborni Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GZ, HN, TW, YN), Malaysia.

Glyptapanteles lamprosemae (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles lamprosemae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the very short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles laxatus (Wilkinson, 1930)

Apanteles laxatus Wilkinson, 1930.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Uganda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Uganda.

Glyptapanteles lefevrei (de Saeger, 1941), new combination

Apanteles lefevrei de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Burundi, Rwanda.

Notes. Here transferred to Glyptapanteles based on propodeum with median, longitudinal carina (defined on posterior half of propodeum), short ovipositor sheaths, and shape and sculpture of T1 and T2 (de Saeger 1941a: 333–335).

Glyptapanteles leucotretae (Ullyett, 1946), new combination

Apanteles leucotretae Ullyett, 1946.

Type information. Holotype female, TMSA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement is in Glyptapanteles, due to the propodeum having a partial median carina, the shapes of T1 and T2, acute hypopygium and length of ovipositor sheaths. Ullyett (1946) also mentions the species as being close to Glyptapanteles fuscinervis Cameron.

Glyptapanteles linghsiuae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles linghsiuae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles liparidis (Bouché, 1834)

Microgaster liparidis Bouché, 1834.

Microgaster nemorum Hartig, 1838.

Microgaster liparidis Ratzeburg, 1844 [primary homonym of Microgaster liparidis Bouché, 1834].

Glyptapanteles japonicus Ashmead, 1906.

Glyptapanteles politus Ashmead, 1906.

Apanteles posticae Sonan, 1927.

Apanteles awanomeigae Watanabe, 1942.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (HN, TW, ZJ), India; PAL: Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, China (BJ, HL, JL, LN, NM, SN), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (ZAB, IRK, KGD, KHA, KDA, NVS, PRI, SAK, SPE, SAR, TOM, VOR, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.

Notes. We examined the female type of A. japonicus Ashmead (1906) in the USNM and most of the specimens of Apanteles awanomeigae (Watanabe, 1942) which were seen and determined by Watanabe.

Glyptapanteles lissopleurus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles lissopleurus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, which is the only reference available for this species, the best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles. However, the only known specimen is a male and the description is not clear enough to rule out the genus Distatrix. Examination of the specimen will be needed to conclude.

Glyptapanteles longiantennatus (You & Xiong, 1987)

Apanteles longiantennatus You & Xiong, 1987.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2007a).

Glyptapanteles longistigma Chen & Song, 2004

Glyptapanteles longistigma Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

OTL: China (HB).

Glyptapanteles longivena Chen & Song, 2004

Glyptapanteles longivena Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Glyptapanteles lubomasneri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles lubomasneri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles luchosalagajei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles luchosalagajei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles luciana (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles luciana Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Korea, Madeira Islands, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles lucidus (Sharma, 1972)

Apanteles lucidus Sharma, 1972.

Apanteles lucidus Sharma, 1972 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles lucidus Szépligeti].

Type information. Holotype female, IFRI (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Glyptapanteles luteipennis (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles luteipennis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (VA).

Notes. After examining the holotype, we believe the specimen may be better placed in Protapanteles, because of the sculpture and carination of propodeum. However, the fore tarsus does not have a thick seta (usual for Protapanteles) and the ovipositor sheaths are hidden inside the hypopygium so it is not clear if they have setae or not. Because only the holotype is known, we refrain from transferring the species here and prefer to retain it in Glyptapanteles, as Mason (1981) suggested, although future studies may change that.

Glyptapanteles maculitarsis (Cameron, 1905)

Apanteles maculitarsis Cameron, 1905.

Apanteles capensis Cameron, 1907.

Apanteles africanus Viereck, 1911 [primary homonym of Apanteles africanus Cameron, 1911].

Apanteles testaceioventris Cameron, 1911.

Apanteles testaceolineatus Cameron, 1911.

Apanteles testaceiventris Brues, 1926 [emendation].

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda.

Notes. We examined the type, a female specimen, of Apanteles africanus (Viereck, 1911), currently a synonym of G. maculitarsis.

Glyptapanteles madecassus (Granger, 1949), new combination

Glyptapanteles madecassus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. This species is not an Apanteles. Based on the original description (including an illustration of T1-T3), as well as host information, the species is provisionally transferred to Glyptapanteles until examination of the syntype series allows a more definitive identification.

Glyptapanteles majalis (Wesmael, 1837)

Microgaster majalis Wesmael, 1837.

Microgaster callidus Haliday, 1834 [misidentification].

Type information. Syntypes female and male, RBINS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Belgium.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom.

Notes. Van Achterberg (1997) treated majalis as the valid name for the species called callidus by Nixon (1973) and Papp (1983a). We follow Broad et al. (2016) for the generic placement of this species.

Glyptapanteles malleyneae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles malleyneae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles malloryvanwyngaardenae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles malloryvanwyngaardenae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles malthacae (Muesebeck, 1958)

Apanteles malthacae Muesebeck, 1958.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Glyptapanteles mamiae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles mamiae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles marcelotavaresi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles marcelotavaresi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles marcepsteini Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles marcepsteini Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles marcpolleti Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles marcpolleti Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles marjorietownesae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles marjorietownesae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles markshawi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles markshawi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles marquesi (Brèthes, 1924), new combination

Protapanteles marquesi Brèthes, 1924.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (SC).

Notes. Since its description within Protapanteles, this species has been variously treated as Apanteles (Shenefelt 1972) or as Cotesia (Yu et al. 2016). We have examined a relatively large series of 23 specimens from Brazil, which are deposited in the CNC and were identified to species by William Mason in 1978, after he compared them versus the type. Those specimens clearly belong to Glyptapanteles, based on the metasoma dorsally smooth, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, T2 subtriangular, and propodeum mostly smooth and without carinae. Two of those specimens (with voucher codes CNCHYM 01307 and CNCHYM 01308 in BOLD) rendered partial DNA barcodes, which cluster near other species of Neotropical Glyptapanteles, corroborating the generic placement we propose here.

Glyptapanteles marshawheelerae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles marshawheelerae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles mayberenbaumae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles mayberenbaumae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles meganmiltonae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles meganmiltonae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles megistusocellus Song & Chen, 2004

Glyptapanteles megistusocellus Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (JL).

Glyptapanteles mehrdadhajibabaei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles mehrdadhajibabaei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles melanotus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles melanotus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles melissus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles melissus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles menander (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles menander Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles merope (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles merope Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the propodeum with strong and complete median carina, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, T2 subtriangular, inflexible hypopygium and short ovipositor sheaths.

Glyptapanteles michelleduennesae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles michelleduennesae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles mikegatesi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles mikegatesi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles mikepoguei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles mikepoguei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles mikeschauffi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles mikeschauffi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles mikesharkeyi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles mikesharkeyi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861), lectotype designation

Microgaster militaris Walsh, 1861.

Type information. Lectotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL.

AUS: Hawaiian Islands; NEA: Canada (MB, NB, ON, QC), USA (AZ, AR, CA, CT, DC, FL, IL, IN, IA, KS, LA, MD, MA, MI, MN, MO, NJ, NM, NY, OK, TN, TX, VA); NEO: Argentina, Honduras, Mexico, Puerto Rico; PAL: Azores, Madeira Islands.

Notes. There is a single card piece on the pin, with seven cuts where each syntype is glued. Four syntypes are in relatively poor condition: one has only three legs glued to the card, another has only some legs and metasoma left, a third is missing the head (there is one head loose in the unit tray where the specimens are placed), and a fourth is missing the metasoma. The remaining three syntypes are mostly in good condition (although only two specimens each have one complete antenna remaining). The fourth specimen, from left to right, is a female in relatively fair condition (with one antenna complete and another antenna broken before the middle) and here we designate it as the lectotype; it is placed between a complete specimen to its left and a specimen missing the metasoma to its right.

Glyptapanteles minor Ashmead, 1906

Glyptapanteles minor Ashmead, 1906.

Type information. Lectotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Japan.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (GZ, TW, ZJ); PAL: Japan, Korea.

Notes. Yu et al. (2016) transferred the species to Protapanteles based on an unpublished PhD thesis on Chinese Cotesiini (Zeng 2012). However, after examining the lectotype in the USNM as well as six female and two male specimens in the EIHU collection, we found that they clearly belong to Glyptapanteles (based on smooth propodeum, T1 and T2, as well as shapes of T1 and T2), which is in agreement with other authors (e.g., Papp 1990b, Chen and Song 2004, Kotenko 2007a). Thus, for the sake of clarity the species combination is revised here.

Glyptapanteles mnesampela Austin, 2000

Glyptapanteles mnesampela Austin, 2000.

Type information. Holotype female, ANIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (ACT).

Glyptapanteles montywoodi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles montywoodi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles muesebecki (Blanchard, 1947)

Apanteles muesebecki Blanchard, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (PR), Paraguay, Peru.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Blanchard (1947) and Whitfield et al. (2002a).

Glyptapanteles mygdonia (Nixon, 1973)

Apanteles mygdonia Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Madeira Islands, Russia (KDA, PRI), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles naromae (Risbec, 1951), new combination

Apanteles naromae Risbec, 1951.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. Based on the original description (including a drawing of propodeum and T1-T2), the best generic placement of this species is in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles nataliaivanovae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles nataliaivanovae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles nealweberi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles nealweberi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles neoliparidis Chen & Song, 2004

Glyptapanteles neoliparidis Chen & Song, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Glyptapanteles nepitae (Wilkinson, 1934), new combination

Apanteles nepitae Wilkinson, 1934.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Sri Lanka.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Sri Lanka.

Notes. After examining the holotype, we place this species in Glyptapanteles based on the inflexible hypopygium, short ovipositor sheaths with a few setae, T1 mostly parallel-sided but narrowing towards posterior margin on apical third, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal) in shape. However, this species is not typical within the genus, as the propodeum has two short carinae near the nucha, which appear to represent a partial areola (but just very short). Most Glyptapanteles species, when they have some carination it is mostly a complete (or partial) median, longitudinal carina, or a few, very short carinae near nucha that do not appear to represent a partial areola. But, other than those carinae, the specimen fits well within Glyptapanteles and thus we transfer it to that genus here.

Glyptapanteles nigerrimus (Roman, 1924)

Apanteles nigerrimus Roman, 1924.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMO (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Poland, Romania, Russia (ARK), Yugoslavia.

Notes. Shenefelt (1972: 579) recorded the type material for this species (female and male specimens) as being deposited in the NHRS in Stockholm, Sweden. On the other hand, Nixon (1973: 185) referred to the type of the species as being found in the NHMUK London among material previously borrowed by Wilkinson; and Nixon stated that the type was being returned to the NHMO in Oslo, Norway, where it had been originally borrowed from. We follow Nixon for the depository of this species type. However, the type cannot be a holotype, as it was part of a series in the original description (Roman 1924: 19), thus the specimen that Nixon is referring to as type would actually be the lectotype.

Glyptapanteles nigrescens (Cameron, 1906), new combination

Protapanteles nigrescens Cameron, 1906.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Pakistan.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Pakistan.

Notes. The holotype, with code 3c.1032, is a male specimen and not a female as previously stated. The confusion is likely due to the relatively small size of the specimen (2.1 mm body length) and the fact that one of the gonoforceps is slightly pulled outwards, more than the rest of the external genitalia, giving the impression of being a very short ovipositor sheath. That must have been very difficult to appreciate with older microscopes and also explains why Wilkinson (1928a: 92) considered the ovipositor sheaths to be shorter than even the metatibial spurs. We have re-examined the specimen (which is in relatively poor condition, covered by metallic rust from the micropin through the mesosoma), and it is evident that is not Apanteles but Glyptapanteles (which agrees with Wilkinson’s (1928a) assessment of nigriscens being related to creatonoti, another Glyptapanteles species). Also, the type locality (only known locality for the species) is currently in Pakistan, not India (as older references mentioned, and still reflected in Yu et al. 2016).

Glyptapanteles nigricornis (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles nigricornis Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, VT).

Glyptapanteles ninazitaniae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles ninazitaniae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles ninus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles ninus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles nivalis (Papp, 1983)

Apanteles nivalis Papp, 1983.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Switzerland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Italy, Switzerland.

Glyptapanteles nkuli (de Saeger, 1941), new combination

Apanteles nkuli de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1941a), the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles obliquae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles obliquae Wilkinson, 1928.

Apanteles obliquae niger Wilkinson, 1928 [homonym of Apanteles niger Muesebeck, 1921)].

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Bangladesh, China (GX), India, Nepal.

Glyptapanteles octonarius (Ratzeburg, 1852)

Microgaster octonarius Ratzeburg, 1852.

Apanteles stauropodis Marshall, 1889 [nomen nudum].

Apanteles lucifugus Lyle, 1917.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (PRI, TAM), Slovakia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1973), Papp (1983a) and Tobias (1986). We examined the type series of Apanteles lucifugus (Lyle, 1917). The species distribution in Azerbaijan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Glyptapanteles operculinae (Fullaway, 1941)

Apanteles operculinae Fullaway, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, BPBM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: American Samoa, Western Samoa.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Austin and Dangerfield (1992).

Glyptapanteles pachopinasi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles pachopinasi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles palabundus (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles palabundus Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Ukraine.

Glyptapanteles pallipes (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles pallipes Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles pallidipes Marshall, 1885.

Microgaster longicornis Provancher, 1886.

Apanteles radiatus Ashmead, 1898.

Apanteles reinhardi Wilkinson, 1936.

Type information. Lectotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (BC, NB, ON, QC), Greenland, USA (AK, CT, IL, MA, NH, NY, OH, VA); OTL: China (FJ, HN, SH), India; PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (GS, LN), Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia (KGD, MOS, PRI, SAK, VLG, VOR), Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1965, 1973), Papp (1983a), Tobias (1986), Chen and Song (2004), van Achterberg (2006) and Fernandez-Triana et al. (2017b).

Glyptapanteles pamitchellae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles pamitchellae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles parasundanus (Bhatnagar, 1950), new combination

Apanteles parasundanus Bhatnagar, 1950.

Type information. Holotype female, INPC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. The best generic placement for this species is Glyptapanteles, based on propodeum having weak, median longitudinal carina but lacking a tranverse carina; T1 parallel-sided on anterior 0.7 but then strongly narrowing towards posterior margin; T2 smooth, trapezoidal in shape and shorter than T3 length; and ovipositor sheaths short. The year of publication of the Bhatnagar paper was until recently commonly cited as 1948 and/or 1950 (e.g., Chen and Song 2004, Yu et al. 2016), probably following Shenefelt (1972) who referred to this paper as “Bhatnagar (1948) 1950”. While the intended year for Volume X, Parts I & II of the Indian Journal of Entomology was 1948, the actual dates of publication were June 1950 (Part I) and October 1950 (Part II), as clearly shown on the cover page of the Volume, which we have checked. Because the dates of publication are the ones to be considered, and for the sake of clarity, we hereby revise the species year of description to 1950.

Glyptapanteles paulhansoni Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles paulhansoni Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles paulheberti Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles paulheberti Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles paulhurdi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles paulhurdi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles penelope (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles penelope Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia.

Notes. At present, the best generic placement for this species is Glyptapanteles, based on its inflexible hypopygium and short ovipositor sheaths. In the holotype a median sulcus on T1 is partially visible, as well as traces of transverse carinae laterally on propodeum (near spiracles).

Glyptapanteles penelopeus (Tobias, 1986)

Apanteles penelopeus Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Moldova.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Moldova.

Glyptapanteles penthocratus (Austin, 1987), new combination

Apanteles penthocratus Austin, 1987.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. The original description makes clear that this species belongs to Glyptapanteles, and even a comment from the author explicitly says so (Austin 1987: 149). After examining the holotype we here formally transfer it to Glyptapanteles, based on inflexible hypopygium, shapes of T1 and T2, and very short ovipositor sheaths with only setae near apex.

Glyptapanteles petermarzi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles petermarzi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles phildevriesi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles phildevriesi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles philippinensis (Ashmead, 1904), new combination

Apanteles philippinensis Ashmead, 1904.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. This species is clearly not Apanteles. The holotype has a mostly smooth propodeum, although a median carina is visible on posterior 0.4, as well as two lateral carinae (at both sides of the median carina) which seem to define a partial areola on posterior 0.3 of propodeum; T1 is smooth and mostly parallel-sided but narrowing on posterior 0.3; T2 is smooth and trapezoidal in shape; the ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths are very short (less than 0.2 metatibia length) and the sheaths are mostly without setae (but with a few setae near apex, those setae being as long as the setae on the hypopygium). Most of those features could be associated with Glyptapanteles (shapes of T1 and T2; mostly smooth propodeum, T1, and T2, ovipositor and sheaths), but what appears to be a partially defined areola on posterior 0.3 of the propodeum would be closer to Cotesia (and in fact, there are Cotesia species with similar shape and sculpture of T1 and T2 and mostly smooth propodeum, e.g., see Figure 53 in this paper, showing Cotesia hispanica). We prefer to transfer the species to Glyptapanteles because Wilkinson (1928a: 91), who was able to examine a female paratype of the species, considered it as very close to Apanteles phytometrae Wilkinson, which is now placed in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles philocampus Cameron, 1911, new combination

Apanteles philocampus Cameron, 1911.

Type information. Syntypes female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Guyana.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Guyana.

Notes. After examining the type series, it is evident that this species belongs to the genus Glyptapanteles (based on the sort ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, subtriangular (trapezoidal) shape of T2 and propodeum mostly shiny and with only small carinae near nucha). Both the original description (Cameron 1911b: 327) and Shenefelt (1972: 599) mention that the type series was composed of female and male; however, after carefully examining it, we found that the five syntypes are female (the ovipositor and sheaths on the extreme left specimen are barely visible because of being covered by glue, which might have been overlooked by earlier authors).

Glyptapanteles philwardi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles philwardi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles phoebe (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles phoebe Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Malaysia, Philippines.

Notes. Transferred to Glyptapanteles based on subtriangular T2, inflexible hypopygium and short ovipositor sheaths.

Glyptapanteles phragmataeciae (You & Zhou, 1990)

Apanteles phragmataeciae You & Zhou, 1990.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004).

Glyptapanteles phytometraduplus (Shenefelt, 1972), new combination

Apanteles phytometraduplus Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles phytometrae Risbec, 1951 [homonym of Apanteles phytometrae Wilkinson, 1928].

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Senegal.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Senegal.

Notes. Based on the original description (and associated drawing of propodeum, T1, and T2) the species is best placed in Glyptapanteles. The original description (Risbec 1951) is based on the female, but it does not detail the number of specimens actually examined by the author. However, we make the assumption that only one specimen was seen, as other descriptions in that paper mention the total number of specimens when it is more than one.

Glyptapanteles phytometrae (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles phytometrae Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Western Samoa.

Geographical distribution. AUS, OTL.

AUS: Fiji, Western Samoa; OTL: Bangladesh, Indonesia.

Glyptapanteles pinicola (Lyle, 1917)

Apanteles pinicola Lyle, 1917.

Type information. Lectotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Italy, Madeira Islands, Romania, Russia (KIR, KRS), Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles politus (Riley, 1881)

Apanteles politus Riley, 1881.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL, IL, MO, NJ).

Glyptapanteles popovi (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles popovi Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Turkey, Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1983a), Tobias (1986).

Glyptapanteles porthetriae (Muesebeck, 1928)

Apanteles porthetriae Muesebeck, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: India; PAL: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (JL), Croatia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Korea, Moldova, Morocco, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (ZAB, DA, MOS, PRI, VOR, YAR), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Glyptapanteles praesens (Muesebeck, 1947)

Apanteles praesens Muesebeck, 1947.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. AUS, NEA.

AUS: Hawaiian Islands; NEA: USA (CA).

Glyptapanteles propylae (de Saeger, 1941), new combination

Apanteles propylae de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1941a), the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles pseudacraeae Donaldson, 1991

Glyptapanteles pseudacraeae Donaldson, 1991.

Type information. Holotype female, TMSA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Glyptapanteles pseudotsugae Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Glyptapanteles pseudotsugae Fernandez-Triana, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC), USA (AZ, CA, OR).

Glyptapanteles puera (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles puera Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India, Myanmar.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the very short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles rafamanitioi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles rafamanitioi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles ripus (Papp, 1983)

Apanteles ripus Papp, 1983.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Slovakia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Hungary, Korea, Macedonia, Poland, Russia (TVE), Slovakia, Spain, Yugoslavia.

Glyptapanteles robbinthorpi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles robbinthorpi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles ronaldzunigai Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles ronaldzunigai Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles roysnellingi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles roysnellingi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles rubens (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles rubens Reinhard, 1880.

Type information. Holotype male, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Israel, Russia (MOS), Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1983a), Tobias (1986). The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Glyptapanteles sagmaria (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles sagmaria Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Glyptapanteles salepus (Papp, 1983)

Apanteles salepus Papp, 1983.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Netherlands.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Greece, Netherlands, United Kingdom.

Glyptapanteles sarrothripae (Weed, 1887)

Apanteles sarrothripae Weed, 1887.

Type information. Lectotype female, INHS (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, NS, ON), USA (CT, DC, IL, MD, MA, MI, MO, NJ, NY, OH, RI, VA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1921), Mason (1981), Papp (1983a), Whitfield (1995a) and Fernandez-Triana (2010).

Glyptapanteles scottmilleri Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles scottmilleri Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles scottshawi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles scottshawi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles seydeli (de Saeger, 1941), new combination

Apanteles seydeli de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement at present is in Glyptapanteles, due to the sculpture and carination pattern of propodeum, shape and sculpture of T1–T2, and the short ovipositor sheaths.

Glyptapanteles shelbystedenfeldae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles shelbystedenfeldae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles sibiricus (Papp, 1983)

Apanteles sibiricus Papp, 1983.

Apanteles sibiricus Papp, 1983 [homonym of Apanteles sibiricus Fahringer, 1938].

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Russia, Serbia.

Notes. The species distribution in Russia is only quoted as Siberia (Papp 1983a, Belokobylskij et al. 2019).

Glyptapanteles siderion (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles siderion Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Notes. This species is clearly not an Apanteles, based on the inflexible hypopygium and very short, mostly glabrous, ovipositor sheaths. The best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles; however, the propodeum has a complete transverse carina (in addition to the median one), and T1 has a weakly defined longitudinal sulcus on the anterior 0.3 of tergite. It is likely that this species, together with Apanteles atylana Nixon (which is similar to siderion) and several undescribed species we have seen in collections from the Oriental region, will be placed in a different, new genus (related to the Cotesiini group of genera; see section above Brief diagnosis of all Microgastrinae genera as they are understood in this paper, for details of our current concepts on Microgastrinae groups) in the future. Pending the resolution of these species in a future paper, here we transfer siderion and atylana to Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles simus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles simus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Based on the original description, the best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles. However, the ovipositor sheaths shown in the drawing and in part of the original description also look similar to those found in Pholetesor. Further study of the specimens will be needed to conclude.

Glyptapanteles sondrawardae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles sondrawardae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles speciosissimus (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles speciosissimus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Based on the propodeum sculpture, shapes of T1 and T2, and the short length of the ovipositor sheaths (all detailed in the original description), this species is better placed in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles spilosomae (de Saeger, 1941), new combination

Apanteles spilosomae de Saeger, 1941.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Angola.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1941a), the best generic placement would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles spodopterae Ahmad, 2009

Glyptapanteles spodopterae Ahmad, 2009.

Type information. Holotype female, AMUZ (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Gupta & Fernandez-Triana (2014).

Glyptapanteles stackelbergi (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles stackelbergi Telenga, 1955.

Type information. Lectotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Uzbekistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Telenga (1955), Papp (1983a) and Tobias (1986).

Glyptapanteles stephaniecluttsae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles stephaniecluttsae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles stephaniekirkae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles stephaniekirkae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles subpunctatus (Granger, 1949), new combination

Apanteles subpunctatus Granger, 1949.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, MNHN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Madagascar.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Madagascar.

Notes. Based on the propodeum sculpture, shapes of T1 and T2, and the short length of the ovipositor sheaths (all from the original description), the best generic placement for this species is in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles sujeevanratnasinghami Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles sujeevanratnasinghami Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles suniae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles suniae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles sureshnaiki Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles sureshnaiki Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles suzannegreenae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles suzannegreenae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles sydneycameronae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles sydneycameronae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles taniaariasae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles taniaariasae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles tanyadapkeyae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles tanyadapkeyae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles taylori (Wilkinson, 1928)

Apanteles taylori Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Glyptapanteles theivorae (Shenefelt, 1972)

Apanteles theivorae Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles gracilariae Sonan, 1942 [primary homonym of Apanteles gracilariae Wilkinson, 1940].

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GZ, HN, TW, YN, ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Sonan (1942) and Chen and Song (2004).

Glyptapanteles thespis (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles thespis de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. Even in the original description, de Saeger (1944) suspected that this species did not belong to Apanteles, based on the ovipositor sheaths. The median longitudinal carina on the propodeum, also clearly excludes the species from Apanteles. Without examining the specimens, it is impossible to conclude but we consider the best generic placement at present to be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles thibautdelsinnei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles thibautdelsinnei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype male, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles thomaspapei Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles thomaspapei Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles thompsoni (Lyle, 1927)

Apanteles thompsoni Lyle, 1927.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: France.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL, PAL.

AFR: Cameroon; OTL: China (TW, ZJ); PAL: Belgium, France, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Korea, Moldova, Romania, Russia (NGR, PRI, SAK).

Glyptapanteles thoseae (Wilkinson, 1934), new combination

Apanteles thoseae Wilkinson, 1934.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (= trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles toluagunbiadeae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles toluagunbiadeae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles tomwallai Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles tomwallai Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles trilochae Gupta, 2013

Glyptapanteles trilochae Gupta, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, NBAIR (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Glyptapanteles vafer (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles vafer Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Glyptapanteles venustus (de Saeger, 1944), new combination

Apanteles venustus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Rwanda.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal.

Notes. Based on the original description (de Saeger 1944), the best generic placement at present would be in Glyptapanteles.

Glyptapanteles victoriapookae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles victoriapookae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles vitripennis (Curtis, 1830)

Microgaster vitripennis Curtis, 1830.

Microgaster vitripennis Curtis, 1829 [nomen nudum].

Microgaster fulcriger Wesmael, 1837.

Apanteles impavidus Gautier & du Dresnay, 1926.

Type information. Lectotype female, MVMMA (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: India, Pakistan; PAL: Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Russia (IRK, MOS, PRI, SPE), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1973) and Tobias (1986). The species distribution in Turkmenistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Glyptapanteles websteri (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles websteri Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, NB, QC), USA (AR, NC, OH).

Glyptapanteles wilkinsoni (Fahringer, 1936), new combination

Apanteles wilkinsoni Fahringer, 1936.

Apanteles plutellae Wilkinson, 1931 [primary homonym of Apanteles plutellae Kurdjumov, 1912].

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Indonesia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia.

Notes. This species is placed in Glyptapanteles based on the short ovipositor sheaths, inflexible hypopygium, T1 slightly narrowing towards posterior margin, and T2 subtriangular (trapezoidal).

Glyptapanteles wilmersimbanai Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles wilmersimbanai Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles wonyoungchoi Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles wonyoungchoi Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Glyptapanteles yalizhangae Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles yalizhangae Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Glyptapanteles yanayacuensis Arias-Penna, 2019

Glyptapanteles yanayacuensis Arias-Penna, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, QCAZ (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Genus Hygroplitis Thomson, 1895

Hygroplitis Thomson, 1895: 2244. Gender: masculine. Type species: Microgaster russatus Haliday, 1834, by subsequent designation (Viereck 1914: 73).

Originally described as a subgenus of Microgaster but elevated to the generic rank by Viereck (1914). Known from nine described species, mostly from the Palaearctic region, with a few taxa reaching the Oriental and Nearctic regions. We have seen a few additional species in collections. Revisions are available for species of China (Xu and Han 2007) and Russia (Kotenko 2007a). The known host records are mostly from three families of Lepidoptera (Crambidae, Noctuidae and Tortricidae). There are 18 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Hygroplitis in BOLD, representing two BINs; molecular data suggest that this genus might be just a group of Microgaster, but the evidence is not conclusive at present. The gender of Hygroplitis has been treated historically as feminine, but that is incorrect (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.), as the name is based on the Greek noun οπλίτης (oplitis), which is masculine; accordingly, species names are changed below to match the gender of the genus.

Hygroplitis basarukini Kotenko, 1993

Hygroplitis basarukini Kotenko, 1993.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (SAK).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2006, 2007).

Hygroplitis melligaster (Provancher, 1886)

Microgaster melligaster Provancher, 1886.

Microgaster rubricoxa Provancher, 1888.

Type information. Lectotype female, ULQC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC), USA (IA, MA, MI, NJ, NY, VA).

Hygroplitis nigritus Luo & You, 2005

Hygroplitis nigrita Luo & You, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, GUGC (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GZ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Xu and Han (2007) and Kotenko (2007a).

Hygroplitis pseudorussatus Shaw, 1992

Hygroplitis pseudorussata Shaw, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Netherlands, United Kingdom.

Hygroplitis rugulosus (Nees, 1834)

Microgaster rugulosus Nees, 1834.

Microgaster infumata Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster opaca Ruthe, 1858.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia (C, NW), Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw (2012b).

Hygroplitis ruinosus Kotenko, 2007

Hygroplitis ruinosa Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Hygroplitis russatus (Haliday, 1834)

Microgaster russatus Haliday, 1834.

Microgaster dimidiata Wesmael, 1837.

Microgaster basalis Stephens, 1846.

Microgaster aomoriensis Matsumura, 1910.

Type information. Lectotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (FJ, GX, GZ, HB, HN, JS, JX, SN, TW, YN, ZJ), Vietnam; PAL: Belgium, China (AH, BJ, HA, LN, SN, SD), Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Russia (ALT, SA), Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. The lectotype specimen is missing its head (except for the antennae, which are glued to the card) and the anterior part of mesosoma.

Hygroplitis sinicus (Xu & He, 2000)

Microgaster sinicus Xu & He, 2000.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL. PAL.

OTL: China (FJ); PAL: China (JL).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Xu and Han (2007).

Hygroplitis toritarsis Song & Chen, 2004

Hygroplitis toritarsis Song & Chen, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, FAFU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (FJ).

Genus Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, 1898

Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, 1898: 166. Gender: feminine. Type species: Microgaster zonaria Say, 1836, by subsequent designation and monotypy (Ashmead 1900a: 132).

Known from 48 species, Hypomicrogaster may end up as just a New World genus, with the majority of species found in the Neotropical region. Species from the Old World tropics previously assigned to this genus seem to represent different lineages, and they are all assigned to different genera in this paper. A recent revision of the world species (Valerio and Whitfield 2015) has a number of inaccuracies and does not work well for all species. In addition to that, we have seen more than 100 undescribed species in collections. More than 15 families of Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts for Hypomicrogaster, but many records are likely to be incorrect and/or need further verification. There are 2,100+ DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 148 BINs. The gender of Hypomicrogaster has at times being treated as masculine; however, all genera ending in gaster are feminine, without exception (Doug Yanega, pers. comm., see also Article 30.1.2 of the ICZN). Accordingly, a large number of adjectival epithets in Hypomicrogaster are incorrect and are changed below.

Hypomicrogaster acarnas Nixon, 1965, status revised

Hypomicrogaster acarnas Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) synonymized H. acarnas under H. tydeus, at the same time misspelling the name acarnas as arcanas. After examining the types of both tydeus and acarnas (both in the NHMUK) we consider that there are sufficient morphological features to support both as different species, and thus here we remove acarnas from synonym with tydeus and treat both as separate species. Additionally, we provide some morphological details to separate them.

1) H. acarnas: T1 length 1.8 x its width at posterior margin; T1 almost entirely smooth (only very few, shallow, and scattered punctures near posterior margin); T2 width at posterior margin 2.1 × its length; propleuron, pronotum laterally and metacoxa entirely yellow; ovipositor sheaths 0.36 × metatibia length; body length 2.4 mm and fore wing length 2.5 mm.

2) H. tydeus: T1 length 1.3 × its width at posterior margin; posterior 0.3 of T1 with punctures; T2 width at posterior margin 3.1 × its length; propleuron, pronotum laterally and anterior half of metacoxa brown; ovipositor sheaths 0.62 × metatibia length; body length and fore wing length 2.8 mm.

Hypomicrogaster aodoa Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster aodus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, IAVH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster aplebis Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster aplebis Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, MCZC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MT).

Hypomicrogaster areolaris (Blanchard, 1947)

Apanteles areolaris Blanchard, 1947.

Microgaster blanchardi Muesebeck, 1958 [replacement name].

Hypomicrogaster diaphaniae Muesebeck, 1958.

Hypomicrogaster acontes Nixon, 1965.

Hypomicrogaster metris Nixon, 1965.

Hypomicrogaster moscus Nixon, 1965.

Hypomicrogaster solox Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, MACN (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (FL); NEO: Argentina, Brazil (DF, SC), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico.

Notes. The original name, Apanteles areolaris Blanchard, 1947, was transferred to Microgaster and then became a secondary junior homonym of Microgaster areolaris Thomson, 1895; so Muesebeck (1958b) changed the name to Microgaster blanchardi Muesebeck, 1958. Then Valerio and Whitfield (2015) transferred the species to Hypomicrogaster as H. areolaris (Blanchard). Valerio and Whitfield (2015) also synonymized under 'areolaris' four other species of Hypomicrogaster that had been considered as valid species until that moment (see synonyms above). The type belongs to the Blanchard collection, which we assume is deposited in the MACN. We have examined the types of H. acontes Nixon, H. metris Nixon (which is broken in pieces, glued to two points on the same pin), H. moscus Nixon and H. solox Nixon (all in the NHMUK), and we consider that at least some of the synonyms proposed by Valerio and Whitfield (2015) are not justified, i.e., we think some of those species should be considered as valid. However, pending a reassessment of Hypomicrogaster in the New World, we refrain from changing the status of those species names in this paper.

Hypomicrogaster cernus Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster cernus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, IAVH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival, but this is not an actual Latin adjective; it therefore must be treated as indeclinable under ICZN Article 31.2.3.

Hypomicrogaster crocina Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster crocinus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (PE).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster daktulios Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster daktulios Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ESUW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Hypomicrogaster deltis Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster deltis Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MT, RJ, RO).

Hypomicrogaster duo Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster duo Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Honduras.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Honduras.

Hypomicrogaster ecus Nixon, 1965

Hypomicrogaster ecus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Hypomicrogaster epipagis Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster epipagis Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Uruguay.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Bolivia, Uruguay.

Hypomicrogaster espera Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster espera Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, ESUW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Hypomicrogaster evrys Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster evrys Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, INBio (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Hypomicrogaster guille Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster guille Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Hypomicrogaster hektos Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster hektos Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RJ).

Hypomicrogaster hupsos Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster hupsos Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Hypomicrogaster imitator (Ashmead, 1900)

Urogaster imitator Ashmead, 1900.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Saint Vincent.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Grenada, Saint Vincent.

Hypomicrogaster ingensis Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster ingensis Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RJ).

Hypomicrogaster insolita Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster insolitus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (MT).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster inversalis Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster inversalis Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype male, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Hypomicrogaster koinos Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster koinos Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (MI); NEO: Brazil (PA, RJ), Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Hypomicrogaster larga Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster largus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (OH); NEO: Argentina, Belize, Brazil (MT, PR, SP), Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster laxa Valerio & Mason, 2015

Hypomicrogaster laxus Valerio & Mason, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (KS, TX).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster linearis Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster linearis Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, INBio (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Hypomicrogaster lineata Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster lineatus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (NY, VA).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster luisi Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster luisi Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, MCZC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (MT), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru.

Hypomicrogaster masoni Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster masoni Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RJ, SP).

Hypomicrogaster mesos Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster mesos Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Hypomicrogaster mikrosus Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster mikrosus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Argentina.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival, but this is not an actual Greek adjective; it therefore must be treated as indeclinable under ICZN Article 31.2.3.

Hypomicrogaster multa Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster multus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (RJ), Venezuela.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster pablouzagai (Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2016)

Promicrogaster pablouzagai Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Hypomicrogaster pectinata Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster pectinatus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype male, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Bolivia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Bolivia.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster plagios Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster plagios Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, INBio (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Hypomicrogaster pollex Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster pollex Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, IAVH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia, Ecuador.

Hypomicrogaster rugosa Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster rugosus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, INBio (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Bolivia, Brazil (RO), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster samarshalli (Fernandez-Triana, 2010), new combination

Apanteles samarshalli Fernandez-Triana, 2010.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (FL); NEO: Costa Rica, Mexico.

Notes. A critical re-examination of the many available specimens (including the holotype), as well as the numerous DNA barcodes available, clearly indicates that this species is better placed within Hypomicrogaster. Among the main morphological characters that suggest so, the propodeum has an irregular pattern of carinae radiating from the nucha, as well as coarse sculpture (over most of propodeum), which have been observed in other species of Hypomicrogaster; also, the fore wing venation suggests a very small (basically obliterated) areolet, which would clearly exclude the species from Apanteles. The DNA barcodes cluster with many species of Hypomicrogaster and relatively far from other species of Apanteles, further supporting the decision to transfer the species.

Hypomicrogaster scindus Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster scindus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RJ).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival, but this is not an actual Latin adjective; it therefore must be treated as indeclinable under ICZN Article 31.2.3.

Hypomicrogaster sicingens Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster sicingens Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RJ).

Hypomicrogaster sicpollex Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster sicpollex Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Mexico.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Mexico.

Hypomicrogaster sicscindus Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster sicscindus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, AEIC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (RJ).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival, but this is not an actual Latin adjective; it therefore must be treated as indeclinable under ICZN Article 31.2.3.

Hypomicrogaster siderion Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster siderion Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Ecuador.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Ecuador.

Hypomicrogaster spatulae Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster spatulae Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (AM, PE, RO), Ecuador.

Hypomicrogaster specialis Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster specialis Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, MCZC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Bolivia, Brazil (AM, DF), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay.

Hypomicrogaster tantilla Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster tantillus Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Argentina, Brazil (BA, RJ).

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015) stated that the name was adjectival; it therefore must change spelling in compliance with ICZN Article 31.2.

Hypomicrogaster tetra Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster tetra Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, IAVH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia.

Hypomicrogaster tydeus Nixon, 1965

Hypomicrogaster tydeus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC).

Notes. See comments under H. acarnas for a justification to consider both species as separate, including morphological details.

Hypomicrogaster zan Valerio, 2015

Hypomicrogaster zan Valerio, 2015.

Type information. Holotype female, INBio (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC), Costa Rica.

Hypomicrogaster zonaria (Say, 1836)

Microgaster zonaria Say, 1836.

Microgaster cincta Provancher, 1881.

Protapanteles recurvariae Ashmead, 1903.

Hypomicrogaster ecdytolophae Muesebeck, 1922.

Hypomicrogaster jocarae Muesebeck, 1958.

Hypomicrogaster hypsipylae de Santis, 1972.

Type information. Type lost (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: Canada (NB, NS, ON, QC), USA (AR, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MA, MO, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, TX, VA, WV, WI); NEO: Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Puerto Rico.

Notes. Valerio and Whitfield (2015: 31) mentioned the species names Protapanteles recurviriae Ashmead, 1903 and Microgaster recurvitae (Ashmead) Muesebeck, 1920 as associated names to H. zonaria but both are typographical errors of recurvariae (and the correct year for the Muesebeck citation is 1921). In any case, H. zonaria (sensu Valerio and Whitfield 2015) seems to comprise a large assemblage of species dumped altogether, but DNA and host records strongly suggest they may represent several distinct species. However, resolution of this is beyond the scope of this paper.

Genus Iconella Mason, 1981

Iconella Mason, 1981: 74. Gender: feminine. Type species: Apanteles etiellae Viereck, 1911, by original designation.

A cosmopolitan genus, with 38 described species known from all biogeographical regions except Australasian. There are revisions available for China (Chen and Song 2004), the Palaearctic (Kotenko 2007b), and the New World (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2013a), but we have seen in collections additional species, mostly from tropical areas. The genus may be split into several following more studies on the phylogeny of Microgastrinae (especially the species from the Old World tropics). The concept of Iconella and its separation from Apanteles has been controversial (e.g., Mason 1981, van Achterberg 2003, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e), but we consider it as a valid genus. Host data include mostly Crambidae and Pyralidae, with a couple of records from Tortricidae. There are 49 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Iconella in BOLD, representing 12 BINs.

Iconella aeolus (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles aeolus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Germany, Russia (MOS), Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Because the name is to be considered as a noun under ICZN Article 31.2.1, it must retain its original spelling and remain as aeolus.

Iconella albinervis (Tobias, 1964)

Apanteles albinervis Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia (S), Turkey, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1982), Tobias (1986), Kotenko (2007b).

Iconella alfalfae (Nixon, 1960)

Apanteles alfalfae Nixon, 1960.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Australia.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: Australia (SA).

Notes. This species was transferred to Iconella by Mason (1981), and it was also considered to belong to that genus by Austin and Dangerfield (1992). However, Yu et al. (2016) treated it as an Apanteles. After examining the female holotype, we agree it belongs to Iconella, and for the sake of clarity we revise its combination here.

Iconella andydeansi Fernandez-Triana, 2013

Iconella andydeansi Fernandez-Triana, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Iconella argante (Nixon, 1976)

Apanteles argante Nixon, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Kazakhstan, Russia (PRI), Ukraine.

Iconella assabensis (Shenefelt, 1972)

Apanteles assabensis Shenefelt, 1972.

Apanteles lacteipennis Szépligeti, 1913 [secondary homonym of Apanteles lacteipennis Curtis, 1830].

Type information. Lectotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Eritrea.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Eritrea, Tanzania.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (2004).

Iconella cajani (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles cajani Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species is placed in Iconella based on the propodeum having a complete median, longitudinal carina; the scutellar lunules maximum height being more than 0.7 x the maximum height of the lateral face of the scutellum, and the hind wing having a sinuous vein cu-a.

Iconella canadensis Fernandez-Triana, 2013

Iconella canadensis Fernandez-Triana, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NB, ON, QC).

Notes. Fernandez-Triana et al. (2013a) considered that a record of Iconella from Virginia, USA (reported in Yu et al. 2012) probably belongs to I. canadensis, but specimen examination is needed to conclude.

Iconella compressiabdominis (You & Tong, 1991)

Apanteles compressiabdominis You & Tong, 1991.

Type information. Holotype female, HUNAU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (HN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004) and Kotenko (2007b).

Iconella detrectans (Wilkinson, 1928), new combination

Apanteles detrectans Wilkinson, 1928.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. AFR, OTL.

AFR: Sudan; OTL: India.

Notes. This species is placed in Iconella based on the propodeum having a complete median, longitudinal carina; the scutellar lunules maximum height being more than 0.7 x the maximum height of the lateral face of the scutellum, and the hind wing having a sinuous vein cu-a.

Iconella etiellae (Viereck, 1911)

Apanteles etiellae Viereck, 1911.

Apanteles iselyi Cushman, 1919.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA, NEO.

NEA: USA (AZ, AR, CA, CO, IA, KS, NM, OK, TX, UT, VA, WA); NEO: Mexico.

Notes. The record of this species from Mexico (Muesebeck 1958, Coronado-Blanco et al. 2004) probably refers to a different species, but specimen examination is needed to conclude.

Iconella fedtschenkoi (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles fedtschenkoi Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Uzbekistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Uzbekistan.

Iconella inula Papp, 2012

Iconella inula Papp, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Cape Verde.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Cape Verde.

Iconella isolata (Muesebeck, 1955)

Apanteles etiellae Muesebeck, 1955.

Apanteles etiellae isolatus Muesebeck, 1955.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Trinidad & Tobago.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Trinidad & Tobago.

Notes. Our species concept and geographical distribution is based on Fernandez-Triana et al. (2013a).

Iconella isus (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles isus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Russia (C, S), Serbia, Spain, Uzbekistan.

Notes. The species distribution in Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan and Russia is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Iconella jason (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles jason Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Malaysia.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Indonesia, Malaysia.

Notes. Transferred to Iconella based on the well defined, strong median carina.

Iconella jayjayrodriguezae Fernandez-Triana, 2013

Iconella jayjayrodriguezae Fernandez-Triana, 2013.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica, Mexico.

Iconella lacteoides (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles lacteoides Nixon, 1965.

Apanteles memorabilis Alexeev, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, NHRS (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Poland, Russia (PRI, ROS), Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Iconella lynceus (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles lynceus Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. Transferred to Iconella based on the well defined, strong median carina, with some smaller striae radiating from it.

Iconella masallensis (Abdinbekova, 1969)

Apanteles masallensis Abdinbekova, 1969.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Tajikistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (1981), Papp (1982) and Tobias (1986).

Iconella memorata Kotenko, 2007

Iconella memorata Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (PRI).

Iconella mera (Kotenko, 1992)

Apanteles merus Kotenko, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (1992, 2007). The species name must be treated as an adjective and not as a noun (Doug Yanega, pers. comm.) and thus it must match the gender of the genus name.

Iconella merata (Kotenko, 1981)

Apanteles meratus Kotenko, 1981.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (S), Ukraine.

Iconella merula (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles merula Reinhard, 1880.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Poland, Romania, Russia (S), Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1968, 1976), Kotenko (1981), Papp (1982), and Tobias (1986). The species distribution in Israel is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Iconella meruloides (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles meruloides Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Turkey.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Malta, Romania, Turkey.

Iconella mongashtensis Zargar & Gupta, 2019

Iconella mongashtensis Zargar & Gupta, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMUC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Iconella myeloenta (Wilkinson, 1937)

Apanteles myeloenta Wilkinson, 1937.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Cyprus.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Cyprus, Greece, Iran, Israel, Moldova, Russia (NC, S), Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan.

Notes. The holotype is missing its head, but otherwise is in good condition.

Iconella nagyi (Papp, 1975)

Apanteles nagyi Papp, 1975.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Romania.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Romania.

Notes. We suspect this species does not belong to Iconella, as it does not have a median longitudinal carinae on the propodeum, one of the main defining characters of the genus. Examination of specimens will be needed to conclude on that.

Iconella oppugnator (Papp, 1974)

Apanteles oppugnator Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Korea.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Korea.

Iconella pyrene (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles pyrene Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. Transferred to Iconella based on the well-defined, strong, median carina on the propodeum.

Iconella rudolphae (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles rudolphae Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Russia (S).

Iconella similus Zargar & Gupta, 2019

Iconella similus Zargar & Gupta, 2019.

Type information. Holotype female, TMUC (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Iran.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Iran.

Iconella subcamilla (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles subcamilla Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Azerbaijan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, Cape Verde, Iran, Israel.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (1981, 2007).

Iconella tedanius (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles tedanius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Philippines.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Philippines.

Notes. Transferred to Iconella based on the propodeum with a complete median carina. Also, Nixon (1965) placed the species within the merula species group, which comprises other Iconella species.

Iconella turanica (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles turanicus Telenga, 1955.

Apanteles subtilis Alexeev, 1971.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: unknown.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Telenga (1955), Papp (1982) and Tobias (1986).

Iconella valiko Kotenko, 2007

Iconella valiko Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Kyrgyzstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kyrgyzstan.

Iconella verae (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles verae Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Armenia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1984a), Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (2007b).

Iconella vindicius (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles vindicius Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Russia (ZAB, DA, PRI), Turkey, Ukraine.

Notes. Because the name is to be considered as a noun under ICZN Article 31.2.1, it must retain its original spelling and remain as vindicius.

Genus Illidops Mason, 1981

Illidops Mason, 1981: 56. Gender: masculine. Type species: Apanteles butalidis Marshall, 1889, by original designation.

A cosmopolitan genus, with 37 described species known from all biogeographical regions except Australasian (one species has been introduced to Hawaii). A few species from the Neotropical region, India, and Russia Far East have been keyed out (Penteado-Dias et al. 2000, Ahmad et al. 2005a, Kotenko 2007a), but we have seen in collections many additional species, from both temperate and tropical areas. The concept of Illidops and its separation from Apanteles has been controversial (e.g., Mason 1981, van Achterberg 2003, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014e), but we consider it a valid genus. Host data include the families Gelechiidae and Scythrididae, but they may need verification. There are 112 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 12 BINs.

Illidops albostigmalis van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017

Illidops albostigmalis van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Yemen.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: United Arab Emirates, Yemen.

Illidops aridus Penteado-Dias & Scatolini, 2000

Illidops aridus Penteado-Dias & Scatolini, 2000.

Type information. Holotype female, DCBU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SP).

Illidops assimilis (Papp, 1976)

Apanteles assimilis Papp, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Illidops azamgarhensis (Ahmad, 2005), new combination

Apanteles azamgarhensis Ahmad, 2005.

Type information. Holotype female, AMUZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species was described as Apanteles (Illidops) azamgarhensis, as the authors of the paper considered Illidops to be a subgenus within Apanteles (Ahmad et al. 2005: 229). As far as we know, no other publication has dealt with this species, except for Taxapad, which last two versions treated Illidops as a synonym (Yu et al. 2012) or as a subgenus of Apanteles (Yu et al. 2016). Thus, until now all available references had placed this species within Apanteles. In the original description, the presence or absence of a postero-median band of rugosity on the scutellar disc is not discussed, but the details of the propodeum sculpture, metasoma and fore wing venation seem to suggest that this species belongs to Illidops, thus the new combination is here proposed.

Illidops barcinonensis (Marshall, 1898)

Apanteles barcinonensis Marshall, 1898.

Apanteles rhamphus Marshall, 1898.

Type information. Lectotype female, MNCN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Spain.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Spain.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1986, 1988).

Illidops bellicosus (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles bellicosus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Illidops blandus (Tobias & Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles blandus Tobias & Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Tajikistan.

Illidops butalidis (Marshall, 1889)

Apanteles butalidis Marshall, 1889.

Type information. Holotype female, PCMAG (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (ZAB, PRI), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our concept of this species is based on Wilkinson (1945), Nixon (1965, 1976), Papp (1981) and Kotenko (2007a).

Illidops buteonis (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles buteonis Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (S), Ukraine.

Illidops cloelia (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles cloelia Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Switzerland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Hungary, Korea, Russia (E, NC), Slovakia, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Yugoslavia.

Notes. The distribution in Tajikistan is based in Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Illidops dauricus Kotenko, 2007

Illidops dauricus Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB).

Illidops electilis (Tobias, 1964)

Apanteles electilis Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Croatia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Russia (S), Serbia, Tunisia.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1976), Papp (1981) and Tobias (1986).

Illidops keralensis (Narendran & Sumodan, 1992)

Chelonus keralensis Narendran & Sumodan, 1992.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. Our species concept is based on van Achterberg and Narendran (1997).

Illidops kostjuki (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles kostjuki Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ALT).

Illidops kostylevi (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles kostylevi Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ROS), Ukraine.

Illidops lamprosemae (Ahmad, 2005), new combination

Apanteles lamprosemae Ahmad, 2005.

Apanteles lamprosemae Ahmad, 2005 [primary junior homonym of Apanteles lamprosemae Wilkinson, 1928].

Type information. Holotype female, AMUZ (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: India.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: India.

Notes. This species was described as Apanteles (Illidops) lamprosemae Ahmad, 2005, as the authors of the paper considered Illidops to be a subgenus within Apanteles (Ahmad et al. 2005: 229). As far as we know, no other publication has dealt with this species, except for Taxapad, which last two versions treated Illidops as a synonym (Yu et al. 2012) or as a subgenus of Apanteles (Yu et al. 2016). Thus, until now all available references had placed this species within Apanteles. In the original description, the presence or absence of a postero-median band of rugosity on the scutellar disc is not discussed, but the details of the propodeum sculpture, metasoma and fore wing venation seem to suggest that this species belongs to Illidops, thus the new combination is here proposed.

Illidops mutabilis (Telenga, 1955)

Apanteles mutabilis Telenga, 1955.

Apanteles szaboi Papp, 1972.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Ukraine.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Bulgaria, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (KDA), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1981), Tobias (1986) and Kotenko (2007a).

Illidops naso (Marshall, 1885)

Apanteles naso Marshall, 1885.

Apanteles contortus Tobias, 1964.

Apanteles crantor Nixon, 1965.

Apanteles evander Nixon, 1965.

Apanteles coresia Nixon, 1973.

Type information. Holotype male, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia (KC, VOR), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Notes. The distribution in Turkmenistan is based in Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Illidops nigritegula (Tobias & Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles nigritegula Tobias & Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Russia (S).

Illidops paranaensis Penteado-Dias & Scatolini, 2000

Illidops paranaensis Penteado-Dias & Scatolini, 2000.

Type information. Holotype female, DCMP (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (PR).

Illidops perseveratus (Papp, 1977)

Apanteles perseveratus Papp, 1977.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Illidops planiscapus (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles planiscapus Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (DA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1988) and Tobias (1988). Type depository inferred from Tobias (1986).

Illidops rostratus (Tobias, 1976)

Apanteles rostratus Tobias, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Russia (KDA), Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1988) and Tobias (1988). Type depository inferred from Tobias (1986).

Illidops scutellaris (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles scutellaris Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL.

AUS: Hawaiian Islands; NEA: USA (AZ, CA, FL, TX); NEO: Mexico; PAL: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Iran.

Illidops sophrosine (Nixon, 1976)

Apanteles sophrosine Nixon, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Russia (ZAB, PRI).

Illidops splendidus (Papp, 1974)

Apanteles splendidus Papp, 1974.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Hungary.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Russia (C).

Illidops subversor (Tobias & Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles subversor Tobias & Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (NVS).

Illidops suevus (Reinhard, 1880)

Apanteles suevus Reinhard, 1880.

Apanteles minutus Szépligeti, 1896.

Apanteles polonicus Fahringer, 1936.

Apanteles brevisternis Tobias, 1964.

Apanteles suspicax Tobias, 1964.

Apanteles dion Nixon, 1965.

Apanteles sesostris Nixon, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but authoritatively identified specimens examined). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Korea, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia (IRK), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. We examined the type of Apanteles sesostris Nixon. The species distribution in Iran is based in Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Illidops suffectus (Tobias & Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles suffectus Tobias & Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan.

Illidops terrestris Wharton, 1983

Illidops terrestris Wharton, 1983.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, FL, GA, TX).

Illidops tigris (Kotenko, 1986)

Apanteles tigris Kotenko, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Tajikistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan.

Illidops toreicus Kotenko, 2007

Illidops toreicus Kotenko, 2007.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Russia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Russia (ZAB).

Illidops trabea (Nixon, 1965), new combination

Apanteles trabea Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: South Africa.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: South Africa.

Notes. The holotype has its eyes converging ventrally, scutellar disc with posteromedian band of rugosity, propodeum entirely strongly rugulose, and short vein R1 in the fore wing.

Illidops urgens Kotenko, 2004

Illidops urgens Kotenko, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Kazakhstan, Russia (SAR).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2006).

Illidops urgo (Nixon, 1965)

Apanteles urgo Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Greece.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, Russia (S), Slovakia, Turkey.

Notes. The species distribution in Armenia and Russia are based in Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Illidops uvidus Penteado-Dias & Scatolini, 2000

Illidops uvidus Penteado-Dias & Scatolini, 2000.

Type information. Holotype female, DCBU (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (PR, SP).

Illidops vitobiasi Kotenko, 2004

Illidops vitobiasi Kotenko, 2004.

Type information. Holotype female, SIZK (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Turkmenistan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Kotenko (2006).

Genus Janhalacaste Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Janhalacaste Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 59. Gender: neuter. Type species: Janhalacaste winnieae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018, by original designation.

Known from three species recently described from the Neotropical region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). We are aware of at least one additional species in collections. All known host records are from Depressariidae. There are 12 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Janhalacaste in BOLD, representing three BINs.

Janhalacaste danieli Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Janhalacaste danieli Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype male, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Janhalacaste guanacastensis Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Janhalacaste guanacastensis Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Janhalacaste winnieae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Janhalacaste winnieae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Genus Jenopappius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Jenopappius Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 67. Gender: neuter. Type species: Jenopappius magyarmuzeum Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018, by original designation.

Known from three species from the Afrotropical region, which were recently revised (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). We are aware of additional species in collections. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are eleven DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Jenopappius in BOLD, representing one BIN (although those sequences have not been identified in BOLD as belonging to Jenopappius, see Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018 for that).

Jenopappius aethiopicus (de Saeger, 1944)

Microplitis aethiopicus de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda.

Jenopappius magyarmuzeum Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Jenopappius magyarmuzeum Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Jenopappius niger (de Saeger, 1944)

Microplitis niger de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Genus Jimwhitfieldius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Jimwhitfieldius Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 75. Gender: neuter. Type species: Jimwhitfieldius jamesi Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018, by original designation.

Known from two species from the Oriental region, which were recently revised (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). We are aware of additional species in collections. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are 19 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Jimwhitfieldius in BOLD, representing five BINs (although those sequences have not been identified in BOLD as belonging to Jimwhitfieldius, see Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018 for that).

Jimwhitfieldius jamesi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Jimwhitfieldius jamesi Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, QSBG (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Thailand, Vietnam.

Jimwhitfieldius sydneyae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Jimwhitfieldius sydneyae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, QSBG (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Thailand.

Genus Keylimepie Fernandez-Triana, 2016

Keylimepie Fernandez-Triana, 2016: 96. Gender: neuter. Type species: Keylimepie peckorum Fernandez-Triana, 2016, by original designation.

Four species from the Nearctic and Afrotropical regions (Fernandez-Triana 2016, Fernandez-Triana & van Achterberg 2017). We have seen a few additional species in collections, including from the Neotropics, but the genus does not seem to be very speciose. The known species were collected in relatively hot and dry environments. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are no DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Keylimepie in BOLD, but the two African species have mini-barcodes of 276–278 bp.

Keylimepie hadhramautensis van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017

Keylimepie hadhramautensis van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Yemen.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Yemen.

Keylimepie peckorum Fernandez-Triana, 2016

Keylimepie peckorum Fernandez-Triana, 2016.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL).

Keylimepie sanaaensis van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017

Keylimepie sanaaensis van Achterberg & Fernandez-Triana, 2017.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Yemen.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Yemen.

Keylimepie striatus (Muesebeck, 1922), new combination

Microplitis striatus Muesebeck, 1922.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (IL, MI, TX).

Notes. Here we place this species in Keylimepie. The male holotype is not in great condition but fits well within the current genus concept (including shape and sculpture of the head, large tentorial pits, fore wing areolet, and T1 and T2 shapes and sculptures). In the USNM collection there are two other males of the genus, both identified as M. striatus by Muesebeck, but clearly representing different, undescribed species (with different venation patterns and body colouration from striatus).

Genus Kiwigaster Fernandez-Triana, Ward & Whitfield, 2011

Kiwigaster Fernandez-Triana, Ward & Whitfield, 2011: 25. Gender: feminine. Type species: Kiwigaster variabilis Fernandez-Triana & Ward, 2011, by original designation.

Only known from a single, very unique species from the Australasian region (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2011). No host data are currently available for this genus. There is one DNA-barcode compliant sequence in BOLD, that BIN characterizing the genus and species. In the original description of Kiwigaster, its gender was incorrectly stated to be masculine (Fernandez-Triana et al. 2011: 25); however all genera ending in gaster are feminine, without exception (Doug Yanega, pers. comm., see also Article 30.1.2 of the ICZN); thus here we correct that previous mistake.

Kiwigaster variabilis Fernandez-Triana & Ward, 2011

Kiwigaster variabilis Fernandez-Triana & Ward, 2011.

Type information. Holotype female, NZAC (examined). Country of type locality: New Zealand.

Geographical distribution. AUS.

AUS: New Zealand.

Genus Kotenkosius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Kotenkosius Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 84. Gender: neuter. Type species: Kotenkosius tricarinatus Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018, by original designation.

Known from one recently described species from the Oriental region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). We are aware of at least one additional species in collections. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are at least three DNA-barcode compliant sequences of Kotenkosius in BOLD, representing one BIN, with another potential, undescribed species, having a BIN (see Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018 for more details).

Kotenkosius tricarinatus Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Kotenkosius tricarinatus Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Bangladesh, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Genus Larissimus Nixon, 1965

Larissimus Nixon, 1965: 204. Gender: masculine. Type species: Larissimus cassander Nixon, 1965, by original designation.

One described species from the Neotropical region (Nixon 1965, Mason 1981). We have seen in collections (CNC) a few additional species from South America, but the genus does not seem to be very speciose. The described species has been reared from Erebidae (Arctiinae). There is one DNA-barcode compliant sequence of this genus in BOLD, representing one BIN, which corresponds to the described species; additionally, there are seven shorter sequences from specimens which represent at least one other species.

Larissimus cassander Nixon, 1965

Larissimus cassander Nixon, 1965.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (SC, SP).

Genus Lathrapanteles Williams, 1985

Lathrapanteles Williams, 1985: 1963. Gender: masculine. Type species: Apanteles papaipemae Muesebeck, 1921, by original designation.

This is a New World genus, with four species currently described from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, which were revised by Williams (1985). We have seen a few additional species in collections (CNC), mostly from tropical areas, but Lathrapanteles does not seem to be very speciose. Host data include the family Noctuidae, with one record from Pyralidae. There are 41 DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing six BINs.

Lathrapanteles ampyx Williams, 1985

Lathrapanteles ampyx Williams, 1985.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Colombia.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Colombia, Peru.

Lathrapanteles fuscus Williams, 1985

Lathrapanteles fuscus Williams, 1985.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, MB, NT, NS, QC), USA (CO, MN).

Lathrapanteles heleios Williams, 1985

Lathrapanteles heleios Williams, 1985.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON, QC).

Notes. The Canadian record from Quebec (Aylmer) is from Fernandez-Triana et al. (2016a), a paper where that specimen was wrongly reported to be from Ontario.

Lathrapanteles papaipemae (Muesebeck, 1921)

Apanteles papaipemae Muesebeck, 1921.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (NL, ON, QC), USA (IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, MI, MO, NY, OH, OR).

Genus Mariapanteles Whitfield & Fernandez-Triana, 2012

Mariapanteles Whitfield & Fernandez-Triana, 2012: 66. Gender: masculine. Type species: Mariapanteles felipei Whitfield, 2012, by original designation.

This is a Neotropical genus with two species currently described (Whitfield et al. 2012). We have seen a few additional species in collections (CNC), mostly from tropical areas, but Mariapanteles does not seem to be very speciose. No host data are currently available for this genus. There are four DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing two BINs.

Mariapanteles dapkeyae Fernandez-Triana, 2012

Mariapanteles dapkeyae Fernandez-Triana, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: Brazil.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Brazil (GO, MT).

Mariapanteles felipei Whitfield, 2012

Mariapanteles felipei Whitfield, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: Costa Rica.

Geographical distribution. NEO.

NEO: Costa Rica.

Genus Markshawius Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Markshawius Fernandez-Triana, 2018: 88. Gender: neuter. Type species: Markshawius erucidoctus Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018, by original designation.

Known from three recently described species from the Oriental region (Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018). We are aware of at least one additional species in collections. No host data are currently available for this genus. There is one DNA-barcode compliant sequence of Markshawius in BOLD, representing one BIN (although that sequence has not been identified in BOLD as belonging to Markshawius, see Fernandez-Triana and Boudreault 2018 for that).

Markshawius erucidoctus Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Markshawius erucidoctus Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, RMNH (examined). Country of type locality: Vietnam.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Vietnam.

Markshawius francescae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Markshawius francescae Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, QSBG (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.

Markshawius thailandensis Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018

Markshawius thailandensis Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, QSBG (examined). Country of type locality: Thailand.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: Thailand.

Genus Microgaster Latreille, 1804

Microgaster Latreille, 1804: 175. Gender: feminine. Type species: Microgaster australis Thomson, 1895, by subsequent designation (ICZN 1988).

Liganira Walker, 1860: 308 [Name mentioned as previous error and suppressed as Microgaster (Shenefelt 1973: 694), see also Mason (1981: 80)]. Type species: Microgaster detractus Walker, 1860.

Lissogaster Bengtsson, 1926: 64. Type species: Microgaster polita, Marshall, 1885, by subsequente designation (Muesebeck and Walkley 1951).

This was the first genus of Microgastrinae to be described and is the basis for the subfamily name. Until relatively recently, there was some confusion with the application of the name Microgaster and its type species (e.g., see van Achterberg 1982, Papp 1984c, Mason 1986, Tobias 1986, Whitfield 1987, Yu et al. 2012, 2016), which had the potential to complicate and confuse the treatment of many species used in biological control. Following van Achterberg’s (1982) examination of the lectotype of Ichneumon deprimator Fabricius, designated as the type species of Microgaster, which turned out to be a species of Microplitis, the generic name Microgaster was applied to what had been called Microplitis, and the junior synonym Lissogaster was brought into play for Microgaster auctt. Mason (1986) applied to ICZN and it was reversed by a 1988 ICZN Opinion (1510) by setting aside previous designations (i.e., deprimator) and making Microgaster australis Thomson the type species of Microgaster (which returned Lissogaster to synonymy under Microgaster and restored the traditional use of Microplitis). But, for a short period of time (1982–1988), the name Lissogaster was in legitimate use for Microgaster, and Microgaster for Microplitis (e.g., Papp 1984c). As currently understood, Microgaster is a cosmopolitan genus, with 104 described species. We have seen many additional species in collections, mostly from temperate areas. There are some revisions available for certain regions and/or countries, but most are outdated and even the most recent revisions do not take into account the hidden diversity that is revealed by DNA barcoding and biological data. Approximately 25 families of Lepidoptera have been recorded as hosts for Microgaster, but many records are likely to be incorrect and/or need further verification. There are 1,000+ DNA-barcode compliant sequences of this genus in BOLD, representing 67 BINs.

Microgaster acilius Nixon, 1968

Microgaster acilius Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Notes. Reinstated as a valid species by Shaw (2012b), a decision we agree with and follow here.

Microgaster albomarginata Fahringer, 1935

Microgaster albomarginata Fahringer, 1935.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (GZ, SN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Xu and Han (2007).

Microgaster alebion Nixon, 1968

Microgaster alebion Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia (KR), Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Microgaster archboldensis Fernandez-Triana, 2018

Microgaster archboldensis Fernandez-Triana, 2018.

Type information. Holotype female, CNC (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (FL).

Microgaster arctostaphylica Shaw, 2012

Microgaster arctostaphylica Shaw, 2012.

Type information. Holotype female, RSME (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: United Kingdom.

Microgaster areolaris Thomson, 1895

Microgaster areolaris Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Type unknowm, MZLU (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Sweden.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (STA), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1968) and Papp (1976c).

Microgaster asramenes Nixon, 1968

Microgaster asramenes Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: Turkey.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Poland, Romania, Russia (PRI), Turkey.

Microgaster atropa de Saeger, 1944

Microgaster atropa de Saeger, 1944.

Type information. Holotype female, RMCA (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Geographical distribution. AFR.

AFR: Democratic Republic of Congo.

Microgaster auriculata (Fabricius, 1804)

Ichneumon auriculatus Fabricius, 1804.

Microgaster auriculatrix Schulz, 1906 [unjustified emendation].

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Germany, Italy, Russia (NC, S).

Notes. Our species concept and geographical distribution is based on Nixon (1968) and Papp (1976c), but we exclude it from the UK based on Broad et al. (2016). The species is treated as a member of Ichneumonidae, as Scolobates auriculatus (Fabricius, 1804) in Yu et al. (2016), but the status of this species (and the history of the name use) will require further clarification. The issue is currently under investigation for publication (Ghafouri Moghaddam, pers. comm.), and thus for the time being we present the basic information for this species as it concerns Microgastrinae.

Microgaster australis Thomson, 1895

Microgaster australis Thomson, 1895.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Italy.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Russia (PRI), Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Turkmenistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Shaw et al. (2009). The species distribution in Georgia, Turkey and Turkmenistan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Microgaster balearica Marshall, 1898

Microgaster balearica Marshall, 1898.

Type information. Syntypes female and male, depository unknown (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Spain.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Spain.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Marshall (1898) and Telenga (1955).

Microgaster biaca Xu & He, 1998

Microgaster biaca Xu & He, 1998.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (ZJ).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Xu and Han (2007).

Microgaster breviterebrae Xu & He, 2003

Microgaster breviterebrae Xu & He, 2003.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: China (HL, JL, LN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Xu and Han (2007).

Microgaster brittoni Viereck, 1917

Microgaster brittoni Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (ON), USA (CT, GA, IA, MA, MI, MN, NY, WI).

Microgaster campestris Tobias, 1964

Microgaster campestris Tobias, 1964.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Kazakhstan.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Azerbaijan, China (HA, LN), Kazakhstan, Russia (S), Serbia, Uzbekistan.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Papp (1976c), Tobias (1986) and Xu and Han (2007).

Microgaster canadensis Muesebeck, 1922

Microgaster canadensis Muesebeck, 1922.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Canada.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK), USA (AR, CO, MA, MI, NY, OR).

Microgaster caris Nixon, 1968

Microgaster caris Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, China (JL), Czech Republic, Hungary, Russia (C, PR), Slovakia, Switzerland.

Microgaster chrysosternis (Tobias, 1986)

Lissogaster chrysosternis Tobias, 1986.

Type information. Holotype female, ZIN (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Moldova.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Moldova.

Microgaster congregatiformis Viereck, 1917

Microgaster congregatiformis Viereck, 1917.

Type information. Holotype male, USNM (examined). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (AB, MB, ON), USA (CA, CT, MA, MI, NJ, NY).

Microgaster consors Nixon, 1968

Microgaster consors Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMUK (examined). Country of type locality: United Kingdom.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Hungary, Slovakia, United Kingdom.

Microgaster crassicornis Ruthe, 1860

Microgaster crassicornis Ruthe, 1860.

Type information. Holotype female, depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Romania, Russia (BEL, YAR), Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1968) and Papp (1976c).

Microgaster debilitata Papp, 1976

Microgaster debilitata Papp, 1976.

Type information. Holotype female, HNHM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Mongolia.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Mongolia.

Microgaster deceptor Nixon, 1968

Microgaster deceptor Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Slovenia.

Microgaster deductor Nixon, 1968

Microgaster deductor Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. NEA, PAL.

NEA: Canada (MB, NT, YT), USA (AK); PAL: Finland, Poland, Sweden.

Notes. The record from Poland was questioned by Fernandez-Triana (2014) as a possible misidentification, but is still kept here until more evidence is found.

Microgaster discoidus Xu & He, 2000

Microgaster discoidus Xu & He, 2000.

Type information. Holotype female, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL.

OTL: China (SN).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004) and Xu and Han (2007).

Microgaster ductilis Nixon, 1968

Microgaster ductilis Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Georgia, Hungary, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (PRI), United Kingdom.

Microgaster dudichi Papp, 1961

Microgaster dudichi Papp, 1961.

Type information. Holotype female, ZMHB (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Nixon (1968), Papp (1976c) and Tobias (1986).

Microgaster elegans Herrich-Schäffer, 1838

Microgaster elegans Herrich-Schäffer, 1838.

Type information. Type and depository unknown (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: Germany.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Germany, Netherlands.

Notes. Our species concept is based on Herrich-Schäffer (1838), Shenefelt (1973) and Belokobylskij et al. (2003). We have examined the colour plates from the original source (Herrich-Schäffer 1838) and there are three plates (numbered as 153.13, 153.14 and 153.15) which all correspond to Microgastrinae genera. Those plates are detailed enough to allow us to assign each to a genus with a high degree of certainty: plate 13 corresponds to Microgaster, 14 to Glyptapanteles, and 15 to either Dolichogenidea (most likely) or Apanteles. However, both catalogues of Szépligeti (1904: 150) and Shenefelt (1973: 705) record M. elegans as being described in plate 14. That is likely to be a mistake, as that plate is clearly not Microgaster (but the previous one definitely is).

Microgaster epagoges Gahan, 1917

Microgaster epagoges Gahan, 1917.

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: Canada (BC, ON, QC), USA (CO, IL, IN, IA, MA, MO, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1922), Nixon (1968) and Fernandez-Triana and Huber (2010).

Microgaster erro Nixon, 1968

Microgaster erro Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, MZH (examined). Country of type locality: Finland.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Finland, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia (KR, PRI), Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland.

Notes. The species distribution in Kazakhstan is based on Belokobylskij et al. (2019).

Microgaster eupolis Nixon, 1968

Microgaster eupolis Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Germany, Italy, Serbia, Switzerland.

Microgaster famula Nixon, 1968

Microgaster famula Nixon, 1968.

Type information. Holotype female, NHMW (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: Austria.

Geographical distribution. PAL.

PAL: Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Russia (C), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey.

Microgaster femoralamericana Shenefelt, 1973

Microgaster femoralamericana Shenefelt, 1973.

Microgaster femoralis Muesebeck, 1922 [primary homonym of Microgaster femoralis Bouché, 1834].

Type information. Holotype female, USNM (not examined but original description checked). Country of type locality: USA.

Geographical distribution. NEA.

NEA: USA (CA, ID, OR, WA).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Muesebeck (1922).

Microgaster ferruginea Xu & He, 2000

Microgaster ferruginea Xu & He, 2000.

Type information. Holotype male, ZJUH (not examined but subsequent treatment of the species checked). Country of type locality: China.

Geographical distribution. OTL, PAL.

OTL: China (ZJ); PAL: China (SD).

Notes. Our species concept is based on Chen and Song (2004) and Xu and Han (2007).

Microgaster filizin