Research Article |
Corresponding author: Guang-Chun Liu ( liugc@syu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Martin Hauser
© 2020 Guang-Chun Liu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Liu G-C (2020) A new genus of the Hypocera group (Diptera, Phoridae), with descriptions of two new species from China. ZooKeys 932: 113-127. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.932.38970
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A new genus, Sinogodavaria gen. nov., with two new species, S. multiformis sp. nov. and S. tenebrosa sp. nov., is described from China. It belongs phylogenetically to the Hypocera group of genera. The species Latiborophaga bathmis Liu is transferred to the new genus. A key to species of the new genus is presented.
Diptera, Phoridae, Sinogodavaria, S. multiformis, S. tenebrosa, keys
In the course of an ongoing study of Chinese scuttle flies (Diptera, Phoridae), a series of specimens show an interesting set of characters. The male is similar to Godavaria Brown, 1992 and Chaetogodavaria Liu, 1996. The wing of the female has a thickened costa like that in the genus Latiborophaga Brown, 1992. However, they could not be assigned to any known genus based on a combination of characters. Therefore, a new genus with two new species is proposed. It seems to belong to the Hypocera group based on the spinuli of the hypandrium and on the reduced lumen of the hind coxa (
Specimens were stored in 80% ethanol. The head, legs, and one wing were detached and slide mounted according to the method of
Sinogodavaria multiformis sp. nov.
Supra-antennal setae absent; flagellomere 1 not elongate; costa of female thickened; wing vein Rs with several fine setulae along upper side; vein Rs deflected slightly at the junction with vein M1; vein R2+3 absent; tip of vein R4+5 not enlarged; hind tibia with an antero-apical seta but without an antero-basal seta; male hypandrium without dense microsetae; aedeagus with a long, curled sclerotized process.
Head. Frons generally broader than long. Median furrow present, vestigial. Supra-antennal setae absent. First and second rows of setae convex. Flagellomere 1 globose; arista sub-apical. Palpus oval, with apical setae and ventral setulae.
Thorax. Propleuron of thorax with three ventral setae, two posterior setae, and scattered setulae. Anepisternum with fine setulae on upper part. Notopleura with four setae, the second being smaller than the others. Scutellum with an anterior pair of small setulae and a posterior pair of setae.
Legs. Fore tibia with a dorsal seta near basal two fifths and several small setulae below it. Mid tibia with the normal basal pair of setae and an antero-apical seta. Hind tibia with two dorsal longitudinal setal palisades, one antero-apical seta, one robust ventral spur and a series of weak posterior and postero-dorsal spurs.
Wing. Costa usually extending to half of wing length. Wing vein Rs with several fine setulae along upper side. Female costa thickened around junction with vein R1 or at the first section of costa. Vein Sc reaching vein R1. Axillary ridge with 4–6 long, black, feathered setae. Haltere yellowish brown, knob black.
Abdomen. Female without tergite VII. Left side of epandrium slender, rounded apically; right side of epandrium large, triangular. Hypandrium with ventrally directed outer lobe covered with rounded spinuli. Aedeagus dark brown, supported by aedeagal apodeme; its left plate with a long, curled, sclerotized process. Anal tube short.
The genus name is derived from Sino and Godavaria and refers to the locality and to the relationship with the genus Godavaria Brown.
China (Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Sichuan).
In
9 | Posterior ocelli close to eye margin and ocellar triangle strongly demarcated at front by a sinuous furrow | Stichillus |
– | Posterior ocelli well removed from eye margin and ocellar triangle not demarcated in this way at front | 9a |
9a | Tip of wing vein Rs thickened | Borophaga |
– | Tip of wing vein Rs not thickened | 9b |
9b | Hind tibia with antero-apical seta, but without antero-basal seta | 9c |
– | Hind tibia with both antero-apical and antero-basal setae | 9e |
9c | Anepisternum with a strong seta and short setulae | Chaetogodavaria |
– | Anepisternum only with short setulae | 9d |
9d | Wing vein R1+2 present and strongly developed | Godavaria |
– | Wing vein R1+2 absent; aedeagus with a long, curled, sclerotized process | Sinogodavaria gen. nov. |
9e | Wing vein Rs deflected at mid length; anterior ocellus not elevated; hypandrium with dense microsetae | Latiborophaga |
– | Wing vein Rs more or less straight; anterior ocellus elevated; hypandrium without dense microsetae | Peromitra |
114 | Anepisternum bare; hind tibia without longitudinal setal palisades | 115 |
– | Anepisternum with setulae; hind tibia with two dorsal longitudinal setal palisades | 114a |
114a | Wing vein R2+3 very weak; tip of vein R1 thickened | Borophaga (part) |
– | Wing vein R2+3 strongly developed; tip of vein R1 not thickened | Godavaria |
119 | Posterior ocelli clearly closer to eyes than to anterior ocellus, and ocellar region usually clearly demarcated in front by a sinuous furrow | Stichillus |
– | Posterior ocelli clearly closer to anterior ocellus than to eyes, and ocellar region not clearly demarcated in this way in front | 119a |
119a | Tip of vein R1 thickened | Borophaga (part) |
– | Tip of vein R1 not thickened | 119b |
119b | Anterior ocellus elevated, broader than high; costa not thickened | Peromitra |
– | Anterior ocellus not elevated, subcircular; costa thickened | 119c |
119c | Hind tibia with antero-basal seta; vein Rs deflected at mid length | Latiborophaga |
– | Hind tibia without antero-basal seta; vein Rs deflected at the junction with vein M1 | Sinogodavaria gen. nov. |
1 | Female | 2 |
– | Male | 4 |
2 | Abdominal tergites light brown with some dark area; tergite III wide-mouth-urn shaped (Fig. |
S. multiformis sp. nov. |
– | Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown; tergite III trapezoid (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Tergite VI triangular (Fig. |
S. bathmis (Liu) |
– | Tergite VI trapezoid (Fig. |
S. tenebrosa sp. nov. |
4 | Tergites with light rear band; hypandrium with a short pointed fronto-ventral process (Figs |
S. multiformis sp. nov. |
– | Tergites without light rear band; hypandrium with a long hockey-stick-shaped fronto-ventral process (Figs |
S. tenebrosa sp. nov. |
Holotype : China • ♀; Liaoning, Mt. Qianshan; 41°05'11.63″N, 123°4'49.29″E; alt. 615 m; 16 Aug. 2018; Jiao Zhang leg.; pitfall trap; Paratypes: China • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; same data as for holotype • 1 ♀; Hebei, Zhulu, Mt. Xiaowutai; 39°46'23.21″N 115°29'49.59″E; alt. 1100 m; 27 Jul. 2009; Lixin Su leg.; sweeping net • 1 ♀; Dalian, Lvshun, Mt. Laotie; 38°44'38.37″N, 121°10'34.52″E; alt. 219 m; 12 Sep. 2010; Jianfeng Wang leg.; sweeping net • 3 ♂; Liaoning, Dalian; 38°52'44.67″N, 121°41'59.57″E; alt.110 m; 30 Jul. 2005; Li Jiang, light trap • 6 ♂; Liaoning, Dalian; 38°52'44.67″N, 121°41'59.57″E; alt.110 m; 20 Jul. 2005, Hong Fang, light trap • 1 ♂; Shaanxi, Zuoshui, Mt. Shaohua; 34°21'39.27″N, 109°12'43.67″E; alt. 676 m; 19 Jul. 2013; Yunlong Cai leg.; sweeping net.
Female abdominal tergites yellow with some brownish patches, venter whitish yellow; tergite III wide-mouth-urn shaped, tergite VI long and triangular. Male abdominal tergites brown, tergites II–IV divided by yellow median band; hypandrium with only a short fronto-ventral process.
Female (Fig.
Thorax mainly yellow-brown, paler on sides. Anepisternum with fine setulae on upper part. Notopleura with four setae, the second being smaller than the rest. Scutellum with anterior pair of small setulae and posterior pair of setae.
Legs yellow. Fore tibia with a near-dorsal seta at basal 2/5 and four or five differentiated small setulae below it. Fore tarsus with a postero-dorsal longitudinal setal palisade on tarsomeres 1–3 and sometimes with a vestigial palisade in basal third of tarsomere 4. Mid tibia with the normal basal pair of setae and an antero-apical seta. Hind tibia with two dorsal longitudinal setal palisades, of which postero-dorsal one extending to 4/5 of the tibia, and with a single antero-apical seta, a robust ventral spur, and a series of weak posterior and postero-dorsal spurs.
Wings
(Fig.
Abdomen
mainly yellow. Tergites (Fig.
Male (Fig.
Thorax mainly dark brown, lighter brown on sides. Anepisternum with fine setulae on upper part. Notopleura with four setae, the second being smaller than the rest. Scutellum with an anterior pair of small setulae and a posterior pair of setae.
Legs yellow. Fore tibia with a near-dorsal seta at basal two fifths and eight or nine small setulae below it. Fore tarsus with a postero-dorsal longitudinal setal palisade on tarsomeres 1–3 only, plus a vestigial palisade in basal third of tarsomere 4. Mid tibia with the normal basal pair of setae and an antero-apical seta. Hind tibia with two dorsal longitudinal setal palisades, and with one antero-apical seta, one robust ventral spur, and a series of weak posterior and postero-dorsal spurs.
Wings
(Fig.
Abdominal tergites basically yellowish brown, front and rear margin, and middle part of each tergite yellow. Venter whitish yellow. Tergites I–VI with very sparse short setulae and only a few more setulae on tergite VI. All tergites rectangular or trapezoid.
Male terminalia
(Figs
The species name refers to the polymorphic abdominal tergites of the female.
China (Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi).
The new species is easily distinguished from other species of the genus by the polymorphic abdominal tergites of the female. The fronto-ventral process of hypandrium is short and pointed. The biology of the species is unknown, but the female is saprophagous and the male is phototactic.
Holotype : China • ♀; Shaanxi, Zuoshui, Mt. Huanghua; 33°46'53.04″N, 108°49'37.91″E; alt. 1935 m; 14 Jul. 2013; Yunlong Cai leg.; sweeping net. Paratypes: China • 1♀; Shaanxi, Zuoshui, Dagangou; 33°47'36.47″N, 108°55'38.17″E; alt. 1299 m; 15 Jul. 2013; Yunlong Cai leg.; sweeping net • 1♀1♂; Shaanxi, Zuoshui, Xigou; 33°49'27.98″N, 108°57'58.85″E; alt. 1197 m; 16 Jul. 2013; Yunlong Cai; sweeping net.
Female abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown; tergites II–III rectangular, tergites IV–VI trapezoid. Male tergites mostly dark brown, tergite VI with triangular yellow area at rear edge; hypandrium with a long hockey-stick-shaped fronto-ventral process.
Female (Fig.
Thorax mainly dark brown, being brown on sides. Anepisternum with fine setulae on upper part. Notopleura with four setae, the second being smaller than the rest. Scutellum with an anterior pair of small setulae and a posterior pair of setae.
Legs yellow. Fore tibia with a near-dorsal seta at basal two fifths and five small setulae below it. Fore tarsus with a postero-dorsal longitudinal setal palisade on tarsomeres 1–3 only, plus a vestigial palisade in basal third of tarsomere 4. Mid tibia with the normal basal pair of setae and an antero-apical seta. Hind tibia with two dorsal longitudinal setal palisades, one antero-apical seta, one robust ventral spur, and a series of weak posterior and postero-dorsal spurs.
Wing
(Fig.
Abdominal tergites
(Fig.
Male(Fig.
Thorax
similar to female in color and chaetotaxy. Legs yellow. Front tibia with a near-dorsal seta at basal two-fifths and eight or nine small setulae below it. Front tip of hind coxa with a strong, feathered seta, which is more robust than in female. Wing (Fig.
Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, but tergite VI with triangular yellow area at rear edge. Venter greyish brown, with several setulae on segments IV and V; setulae much longer than those on tergites. Tergites with very sparse short setulae, only a little longer at rear of tergite VI. Tergites II–VI rectangular or trapezoid. Tergite II broadest, others narrowing gradually. Cerci yellowish brown, ca. 3 × as long as broad.
Terminalia
(Figs
The name refers to the dark color of the species.
China (Shaanxi).
The new species is distinguished from S. multiformis by the uniform color, the shape of the female abdominal tergites, and the long hockey-stick-shaped process at the fronto-venter of the hypandrium.
Latiborophaga bathmis Liu, 2001: 39.
China • 1 ♀ (holotype); Sichuan, Baoxing, Mt. Huashu; 30°23'11.56″N, 102°49'59.16″E; alt. 1330 m; 2 Aug. 1992; Min Wang leg.; sweeping net.
Female (Fig.
Thorax dark brown, being paler on sides. Anepisternum with fine setulae on upper part. Notopleura with four setae, the second being smaller than the rest. Scutellum with an anterior pair of small setulae and a posterior pair of setae.
Legs yellow, fore tibia with a near-dorsal seta at basal two fifths and five differentiated small setulae below it. Fore tarsus with a postero-dorsal longitudinal setal palisade on tarsomeres 1–3 only, plus a vestigial palisade in basal one third of tarsomere 4. Mid tibia with the normal basal pair of setae and an antero-apical seta. Hind tibia with two dorsal longitudinal setal palisades, of which the posterior one extends to four fifths of tibia, and with one antero-apical seta, one robust ventral spur, and a series of weak posterior and postero-dorsal spurs.
Wing length 3.75 mm, slightly greyish yellow, veins brown. Costal index 0.6. Costal ratio 1: 2.04. Costal thickening black. Vein Rs with 20 pale minute setulae along upper side. Axillary ridge with four long, black, feathered setae. Wing veins yellowish brown and membrane tinged yellowish grey. Haltere yellow with black knob.
Abdominal tergites
and venter uniformly black. Tergite II broadest, the others narrowing gradually. Tergites III and IV trapezoid; tergite V rectangular, longer than broad; tergite VI triangular (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
China (Sichuan).
The species differs from other known species of the genus by the rectangular shape of tergite V and the triangular tergite VI. It was formerly assigned to the genus Latiborophaga; however, close examination indicates that the species does not belong to the genus Latiborophaga due to the vein Rs not being deflected at mid length, hind tibia without an antero-basal seta, and hypandrium without dense microsetae.
I would like to thank Drs. Brian Brown, Henry Disney and Emily Hartop for their valuable comments on this manuscript. The present research was supported by the Fund of National Nature Science Foundation of China (31372245).