Psiloderces egeria Simon, 1892 from the Philippines.

Psiloderces resembles Thaiderces by having a shallow, dark brown fovea, a cheliceral promargin with a lamina bearing 3 triangular extensions, the retromargin with 2 small teeth, and the anterior part of the thoracic region is distinctly elevated, but it can be differentiated by the following characters: 1) the presence of a cymbial protrusion (vs. absent in Thaiderces); 2) the presence of an inconspicuous clypeal protrusion in P. enigmatus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995, P. pulcher Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995, P. incomptus, P. nasicornis, P. gawanaensis sp. nov., P. cuyapoensis sp. nov., P. xichang sp. nov., P. cattienensis sp. nov., P. pingguo sp. nov., and P. penajamensis sp. nov. (vs. absent in Thaiderces); and 3) the presence or absence of a laminar apophysis or a bulge. If present, then the embolus and laminar apophysis are not separated basally, or the bulge is separated basally from the embolus (vs. absence of bulge and such combination of embolus and laminar apophysis in Thaiderces).

The type species of the genus is known from a female, and the female genitalia is insufficient for genus identification. However, the somatic morphology together with the morphology of male of the species and DNA barcoding data all confirm that these species belong to the genus Psiloderces.

Nine Psiloderces species groups were established by Deeleman-Reinhold (1995). They are:

althepoides-group: endogyne with a pair of sessile spermathecae; bulb pyriform, with tapering tip, extremely long legs. Species included: P. althepoides Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀).

egeria-group: endogyne with a pair of sausage-like spermathecae; bulb syringiform. Species included: P. palopoensis sp. nov. (♂♀) and P. egeria (♀) (type species).

enigmatus-group: endogyne with a pair of sessile or sausage-like spermathecae; embolus arises distally from bulb; male with clypeus projection. Species included: P. gawanaensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. xichang sp. nov. (♂♀), P. penajamensis sp. nov. (♂), P. enigmatus (♂♀), P. pulcher (♂♀), and P. tesselatus (♀).

howarthi-group: endogyne with membranous projection, guiding ridges, and a pair of sausage-like, sessile spermathecae; bulb syringiform. Species included: P. howarthi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀).

leucopygius-group: endogyne with 2 pairs of pedunculated spermathecae; palp with simple syringiform bulb. Species included: P. pingguo sp. nov. (♂♀), P. elasticus (♀), P. dicellocerus (♂), P. incomptus (♂), P. leucopygius Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. vallicola Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. limosa (♂), P. coronatus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), and P. penaeorum (♀).

ligula-group: endogyne with sausage-like spermathecae; male with coiled embolus with spatula-shaped tip. Species included: P. ligula Baert, 1988 (♂♀).

longipalpis-group: endogyne with a pair of sessile spermathecae; bulb constricted medially, embolus arises distally; male without clypeus protrusion. Species included: P. grohotensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. bolang sp. nov. (♂♀), P. wangou sp. nov. (♂♀), P. malinoensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. longipalpis Baert 1988 (♂♀), P. nasicornis (♂), P. torajanus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. leclerci Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), and P. kalimantan (♀).

mulcatus-group: endogyne with a pair of stalked or pedunculated spermathecae; bulb with indentation medially, embolus arises distally. Species included: P. heise sp. nov. (♂♀) and P. bontocensis sp. nov. (♀).

septentrionalis-group: endogyne with 2 pairs of sessile sausage-like spermathecae; bulb simple syringiform. Species included: P. cattienensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. septentrionalis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. suthepensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. albostictus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), and P. fredstonei (♂).

The genus is known from China, Vietnam to the Philippines, and south to Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sulawesi).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Tarlac Province, Tarlac City, near Monasterio de Tarlac, 15°26.8998'N, 120°25.6710'E, 123 m, 20.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “hēisè” (black) and refers to the unique black color of the embolus.

Males of P. heise sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the structure of the bulb with a distinct prolateral indentation (Fig. 2C, D), a cymbial protrusion with a right-angled attachment (Fig. 2C), and the thick and dark embolus (vs. the absence of an indentation, a right-angled attachment, and different colored embolus in congeners); females can be differentiated from congeners by a pair of horizontally stalked spermathecae that width almost equally wide with globose distal part (Fig. 1A).

Figure 1. 

Psiloderces heise sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Figure 2. 

Psiloderces heise sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: BT = bristle, CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus, LA = laminar apophysis.

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.46; carapace 0.56 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 0.90 long, 0.70 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length of carapace, lateral bands eight times wider than median band (Fig. 1C). Chelicerae pale brown (Fig. 28C). Clypeus slanting, brown. Endites brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum dark brown, delimiting light brown band medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with purplish stripes posteriorly, antero-ventrally brown with pair of circular patches followed by semi-circular patch, posterior half with indistinct brown and light brown patterns. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 3.86 (1.00, 0.20, 1.09, 1.02, 0.55), II 4.38 (1.25, 0.20, 1.20, 1.10, 0.63), III 3.75 (1.00, 0.25, 1.00, 1.00, 0.50), IV 5.31 (1.41, 0.20, 1.60, 1.40, 0.70). Palp (Fig. 2A–D): femur slender, 3 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2 times shorter than femur but almost as wide as cymbium; cymbium pale, 2 times wider than femur but almost as long as femur, cymbial protrusion with right-angled stick-out attachment and distinct bristles basally and anteriorly; bulb light yellow, pyriform, with slight indentation promarginally, laminar apophysis and embolus arise distally; laminar apophysis not separated from embolus basally, shorter than embolus; embolus thicker and darker than laminar apophysis, bent apically (Fig. 2B).

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 1D, E). Measurements: total length 1.40; carapace 0.50 long, 0.47 wide; abdomen 0.90 long, 0.63 wide. Leg measurements: I 4.16 (1.10, 0.16, 1.25, 1.02, 0.63), II 3.45 (0.90, 0.20, 0.94, 0.86, 0.55), III 3.72 (1.00, 0.13, 1.10, 1.02, 0.47), IV 2.81 (0.70, 0.16, 0.78, 0.70, 0.47). Endogyne (Fig. 1A): transverse stalked spermathecae bearing globose distal parts, heads almost as wide as stalks, stalks 10 times longer than heads.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Mountain Province, Bontoc Town, road to Gawana Town, 17°3.6396'N, 121°3.0402'E, 1674 m, 26.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

Males of P. gawanaensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by the human heart-shaped bulb (inverted pyriform) (Fig. 4B) bearing a threadlike embolus, the presence of 4 distinct bristles on the cymbial protrusion, and the clypeal projection bearing a few setae (Fig. 4C, D) (vs. absence or less than 4 bristles on cymbial protrusion); females can be differentiated from congeners by the widely spaced, horseshoe-shaped spermathecae (Fig. 3A).

Figure 3. 

Psiloderces gawanaensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.

Figure 4. 

Psiloderces gawanaensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: BT = bristle, CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.54; carapace 0.60 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 0.94 long, 0.56 wide. Carapace wider than long, brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length of carapace, median band two times wider than lateral band (Fig. 3D). Chelicerae pale brown (Fig. 28F). Clypeus dark brown, with long and slightly bent medial projection, bearing few setae apically (Fig. 3C, D). Endites dark brown. Labium dark brown delimiting pair of light brown circular spots. Sternum dark brown, delimiting light brown band medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with brown stripes, antero-ventrally brown with elliptical patch, posterior part with indistinct brown pattern. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 5.21 (1.33, 0.25, 1.63, 1.20, 0.80), II 4.03 (1.09, 0.20, 1.25, 0.94, 0.55), III 3.49 (0.94, 0.20, 0.94, 0.86, 0.55), IV 4.88 (1.25, 0.25, 1.38, 1.25, 0.75). Palp (Fig. 4A–D): femur slender, 4 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 3 times shorter than femur; cymbium purplish distally, 2 times shorter than wide, and 2 times wider than femur, protrusion with 4 distinct bristles basally and anteriorly; bulb light brown, inverted pyriform with threadlike embolus arising distally (Fig. 4B).

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 3E, F). Measurements: total length 1.64; carapace 0.70 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.94 long, 1.20 wide. Leg measurements: I 5.23 (1.25, 0.25, 1.60, 1.25, 0.88), II 4.30 (1.10, 0.20, 1.30, 1.00, 0.70), III missing, IV 5.24 (1.30, 0.23, 1.60, 1.33, 0.78). Endogyne (Fig. 3A): encircled spermathecae resemble a horseshoe, curving downwards (Fig. 3A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Mountain Province, Bontoc Town, road to Banawe Town, 16°59.6630'N, 121°1.1120'E, 1470 m, 25.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

The female of P. bontocensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from others by a pair of stalked spermathecae with bulbous distal parts, spermathcae almost 8 times wider than stalk, resembling balloons (vs. balloon-shaped spermathecae absent in congeners) (Fig. 5A).

Figure 5. 

Psiloderces bontocensis sp. nov., female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C female habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Female (Holotype). Total length 2.00; carapace 0.60 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.40 long, 0.81 wide. Carapace almost round, wider than long, brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band extends only half length of carapace, lateral bands almost as wide as the middle band (Fig. 5C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28E). Clypeus slanting, dark brown. Endites dark brown, light brown basally. Labium dark brown, delimiting pair of light brown circular spots. Sternum dark brown, delimiting light brown patch medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with mixture of dark and pale brown forming indistinct pattern (Fig. 5C), antero-ventrally dark brown with semi-circular brown patch medially, posterior part with light brown dots laterally (Fig. 5D). Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 5.20 (1.25, 0.25, 1.60, 1.30, 0.80) II 4.32(1.09, 0.20, 1.25, 1.09, 0.69), III 3.48 (0.88, 0.20, 0.90, 0.90, 0.60), IV 5.15(1.25, 0.20, 1.60, 1.30, 0.80). Endogyne (Fig. 5A): stalked spermathecae with bulbous distal part, stalks two times longer than bulbous part, bulbous part 8 times wider than stalks (Fig. 5A).

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Nueva Ecija Province, Cuyapo City, 15°47.8086'N, 120°39.3294'E, 60 m, 22.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

Males of P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. resemble those of P. xichang sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the rounded embolus (vs. wavy embolus), 3 distinct bristles on the cymbial protrusion (vs. 2 distinct bristles on cymbial protrusion), length of palp ca 6 times the length of bulb (vs. extremely slender and long palp, ca 10 times the length of bulb (Fig. 9C, D), and coloration of male and female are pale brown (vs. coloration of male and female are darker brown); females can be distinguished by tubular spermathecae (vs. earlobe-shaped spermathecae).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.60; carapace 0.60 long, 0.67 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.78 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half carapace length, median band almost as wide as the lateral bands (Fig. 6D). Chelicerae pale brown (Fig. 28D). Clypeus dark brown, with long, slightly bent medial projection (Fig. 6C, D). Endites light brown. Labium dark brown delimiting pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown, delimiting light brown band medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with brown stripes, antero-ventrally pale brown with elliptical patch, posterior with purplish patterns. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I–III missing, IV 5.21 (1.33, 0.25, 1.50, 1.38, 0.75). Palp (Fig. 7A–D): femur slender, 4 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 1.50 times shorter than femur; cymbium 2 times shorter and almost as wide as femur, protrusion with 3 distinct bristles basally and anteriorly; bulb pale brown, bulging pyriform with embolus arising distally; embolus rounded and blunt (Fig. 7B).

Figure 6. 

Psiloderces cuyapoensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.

Figure 7. 

Psiloderces cuyapoensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: BT = bristle, CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 6E, F). Measurements: total length 1.64; carapace 0.47 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 1.17 long, 0.78 wide. Leg measurements: I–IV missing. Endogyne (Fig. 6A): tubular spermathecae with indistinct concave ducts posteriorly (Fig. 6A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Rizal Province, Quezon City, Rodriguez area, Montalban Village, Pamitinan Cave, 14°43.7916'N, 121°11.3580'E, 102 m, 5.VI.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “xìcháng” (slender and long) and refers to the extremely slender palp structures.

Diagnostic features of males and females are discussed in the diagnosis of P. cuyapoensis sp. nov.

Male (Holotype). Total length 2.00; carapace 0.70 long, 0.90 wide; abdomen 1.30 long, 1.00 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 2 longitudinal dark brown bands laterally, medially with dark brown line (Fig. 8D). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28G). Clypeus dark brown, with long, slightly bent medial projection, bearing few setae (Fig. 8C, D). Endites dark brown, light brown basally. Labium dark brown delimiting pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown, delimiting light brown band medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with complex brown patterns, antero-ventrally dark brown with pair of circular patches followed by semi-circular patch, posterior with indistinct dark brown and light brown patterns. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 10.30 (2.80, 0.25, 3.20, 2.80, 1.25), II 8.91 (2.40, 0.31, 2.60, 2.60, 1.00), III 6.23(1.72, 0.25, 1.75, 1.63, 0.88), IV 9.34 (2.25, 1.00, 2.66, 2.34, 1.09). Palp equally wide throughout its length (Fig. 9A–D): femur extremely slender, 6 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2.50 times shorter than femur; cymbium 2 times shorter than femur, protrusion with 2 distinct bristles basally and anteriorly; bulb pale brown, bulging pyriform with embolus arising distally; embolus irregular, resembles a petal (Fig. 9A).

Figure 8. 

Psiloderces xichang sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.

Figure 9. 

Psiloderces xichang sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: BT = bristle, CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 8E, F). Measurements: total length 2.16; carapace 0.75 long, 0.86 wide; abdomen 1.41 long, 1.02 wide. Leg measurements: I 9.66 (2.60, 0.31, 3.00, 2.66, 1.09), II 7.91 (2.13, 0.31, 2.34, 2.19, 0.94), III 6.63 (1.63, 0.25, 1.50, 1.50, 1.75), IV 10.96 (2.80, 0.31, 3.60, 3.00, 1.25) Endogyne (Fig. 8A): widely spaced, earlobe-like spermathecae, ratio of spermathecae interdistances and spermathecae width 1:4 (Fig. 8A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Vietnam, Dong Nai Province, Cat Tien National Park, 11°27.3620'N, 107°26.4980'E, 168 m, 4.IX.2015, Q. Zhao, Y. Li & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

Males of P. cattienensis sp. nov. resemble those of P. pingguo sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the relatively long embolus, which is equal to the length of the tegulum (vs. embolus two times shorter than the tegulum), the bulb is rather angular (vs. bulging); females can be distinguished by the merged tubular spermathecae (vs. stalked spermathecae globose distally).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.32; carapace 0.44 long, 0.47 wide; abdomen 0.88 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident brown stripes medially and dark brown patches laterally (Fig. 10D). Chelicerae brown, cheliceral promargin with lamina bearing 2 triangular extensions (Fig. 10C, D). Endites dark brown. Labium dark brown delimiting pair of indistinct light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown, delimiting light brown band medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with complex dark brown patterns, antero-ventrally dark brown with elliptical patch, posterior with 4 pairs of light brown vertical lines laterally and medially. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I missing, II 3.45 (0.94, 0.13, 0.88, 0.94, 0.56), III 2.94 (0.81, 0.13, 0.81, 0.75, 0.44), IV missing. Palp (Fig. 11A–D): femur slender, 4 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2 times shorter than femur; cymbium almost as long and wide as tibia, cymbial protrusion darkens distally; bulb pale brown, widely turbinate with embolus arising distally; embolus slightly bent at tip, almost as long as entire bulb (Fig. 11B).

Figure 10. 

Psiloderces cattienensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.

Figure 11. 

Psiloderces cattienensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 10E, F). Measurements: total length 1.28; carapace 0.47 long, 0.55 wide; abdomen 0.81 long, 0.47 wide. Leg measurements: I 4.49 (1.13, 0.16, 1.41, 1.09, 0.70), II 3.53 (0.90, 0.20, 1.02, 0.86, 0.55), III 2.94 (0.75, 0.16, 0.81, 0.75, 0.47), IV 4.11 (1.00, 0.13, 1.33, 1.02, 0.63). Endogyne (Fig. 10A): spermathecae with lobes, cylindrical anteriorly and oval posteriorly, anterior lobes extended anteriorly and posterior lobes extended laterally.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Vietnam, Ninh Thuan Province, Nui Chua National Park, 11°43.9830'N, 107°11.1300'E, 102 m, 31.VIII.2015, Q. Zhao, Y. Li & Z. Chen Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “píngguǒ” (apple) and refers to the structure of the bulb which resembles an apple.

Diagnostic features of the males and females are discussed in the diagnosis of P. cattienensis sp. nov.

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.25; carapace 0.47 long, 0.47 wide; abdomen 0.78 long, 0.47 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident brown stripes medially and dark brown patches laterally (Fig. 12D). Chelicerae brown, cheliceral promargin with lamina bearing 2 triangular extensions (Fig. 28I). Clypeus dark brown, with bifurcate medial projection (Fig. 12C, D). Endites brown, light brown basally. Labium dark brown, delimiting pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with complex brown patterns, antero-ventrally dark brown with pair of kidney-shaped patches followed by ovate patch, posterior with light brown vertical lines laterally. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I–IV missing. Palp (Fig. 13A–D): femur slender, 3 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 1.5 times shorter than femur; cymbium almost as long and wide as tibia, protrusion darkens distally; bulb pale yellow, wide and cuneate with embolus arising medially; embolus slightly bent, half length of tegulum (Fig. 13B).

Figure 12. 

Psiloderces pingguo sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.

Figure 13. 

Psiloderces pingguo sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 12E, F). Measurements: total length 1.56; carapace 0.47 long, 0.55 wide; abdomen 1.09 long, 0.86 wide. Leg measurements: I–IV missing. Endogyne (Fig. 12A): spermathecae stalked, with globose distal part, globose part almost as wide as stalk, stalks 4 times longer than globose part, spermathecae anteriorly elliptical with a pair of tubular ducts (Fig. 12A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sulawesi, mountain in Palopo, 2°59.9210'S, 120°08.5650'E, 465 m, 2.IX.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

Males of P. palopoensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the swollen ovate shape of the bulb bearing a short embolus distally (Fig. 15B), 5 times shorter than the length of the tegulum (vs. absence of the extreme length difference of the embolus and tegulum in congeners), and relatively pale color of the male and female; female can be distinguished by widely separated, short, digitiform spermathecae (Fig. 14A).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.41; carapace 0.55 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 0.86 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and pale brown, with trident brown stripes medially and brown patches laterally (Fig. 14C). Chelicerae pale brown (Fig. 29C). Clypeus slanting, purplish. Endites purplish, light brown basally. Labium purplish, delimiting pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum purplish. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with indistinct dark brown pattern posteriorly, antero-ventrally brown with semi-circular patch, posterior with dark brown pattern delimiting light brown dotted vertical lines laterally and V-shaped medially. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 5.72 (0.55, 0.16, 1.88, 2.13, 1.00), II 5.78 (1.60, 0.20, 1.60, 1.63, 0.75), III missing, IV 8.33 (2.19, 0.25, 2.60, 2.20, 1.09). Palp (Fig. 15A–D): femur slender, 5 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2 times shorter than femur; cymbium almost as wide and long as tibia, with protrusion; bulb pale brown, bulging ovate with embolus arising distally; embolus thinly, sheet-liked, 5 times shorter than entire length of tegulum (Fig. 15B).

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 14D, E). Measurements: total length 1.49; carapace 0.55 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.94 long, 0.55 wide. Leg measurements: I 8.27 (2.19, 0.20, 2.50, 2.25, 1.13), II 6.28 (1.75, 0.25, 1.65, 1.75, 0.88), III 4.30 (1.30, 0.20, 1.40, 1.20, 0.20), IV 6.91 (1.88, 0.23, 2.00, 1.80, 1.00). Endogyne (Fig. 14A): widely spaced, digitiform spermathecae, ratio of length of spermatheca and the interdistance of digitiform spermathecae –1:10 (Fig. 14A).

Figure 14. 

Psiloderces palopoensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Figure 15. 

Psiloderces palopoensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Penajam, Camp of International Timber Corporation of Indonesia, 1°5.2915'S, 116°41.0938'E, 64 m, 16.VIII.2014, H. Zhao & Z. Yao.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

The male of P. penajamensis sp. nov. can be recognized by the structure of laminar apophysis of the bulb that arises distally, bearing the embolus and bulge (Fig. 17B) (vs. absence of laminar apophysis in congeners), a relatively short clypeal protrusion in which the length does not exceed the anterior tip of the carapace (vs. a clypeal projection that exceeds the anterior tip of carapace).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.20; carapace 0.50 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.70 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band and lateral bands nearly the same width (Fig. 16B). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 29A). Clypeus dark brown, bearing few setae, with short medial projection, length does not exceed the anterior edge of carapace, (Fig. 16A, B). Endites brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum dark brown. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with dark brown patches concentrated posteriorly (Fig. 16B), antero-ventrally dark brown with complex patterns (Fig. 16C). Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I–III missing, IV 6.30 (1.56, 0.16, 1.90, 1.80, 0.88). Palp (Fig. 17A–D): femur slender, 3 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 1.5 times shorter than femur; cymbium almost as long and wide as tibia, protrusion darkens distally; bulb pale yellow, pyriform with bulge, laminar apophysis and embolus arise distally; laminar apophysis sheet-like, almost as long as width of tegulum; laminar apophysis adjacent to embolus, embolus dark short, and pointed; blunt bulge adjacent to embolus (Fig. 17B).

Figure 16. 

Psiloderces penajamensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Male habitus, lateral view B male habitus, dorsal view C male habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: PR = clypeal projection.

Figure 17. 

Psiloderces penajamensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, BG = bulge, EM = embolus, LA = laminar apophysis.

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Tanah Grohot, 1°48.6260'S, 115°51.1250'E, 62 m, 20.VIII.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

Males of P. grohotensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the structure of the bulb which has 2 bulges, and a laminar apophysis connected to the embolus (Fig. 19B) (vs. one bulge or absent); the female can be distinguished by transversal, tubular spermathecae resembling caterpillars (Fig. 18A) (vs. the absence of transversal, tubular spermathecae).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.30; carapace 0.50 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.80 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and pale brown, with trident dark brown stripes medially and dark brown bands laterally (Fig. 18C). Chelicerae pale brown (Fig. 29D). Clypeus slanting, dark brown. Endites dark brown, light brown basally. Labium dark brown, delimiting pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with indistinct brownish stripes, antero-ventrally with pair of circular dark brown patches followed by elliptical light brown patch, posterior dark brown, delimiting light brown dotted vertical lines laterally and V-shaped medially. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 7.47 (2.00, 0.20, 2.25, 2.00, 1.02), II 5.85 (1.60, 0.20, 1.75, 1.50, 0.80), III 4.10 (1.09, 0.16, 1.20, 1.10, 0.55), IV 6.00 (1.60, 0.20, 1.80, 1.60, 0.80). Palp (Fig. 19A–D): femur slender, 4 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2.5 times shorter than femur; cymbium 1.5 times shorter than femur, protrusion darkens distally; bulb pale brown, diamond-shaped with embolus and laminar apophysis located distally; embolus thin, connected basally with laminar apophysis; 2 acute bulges directed ventrally (Fig. 19B)

Figure 18. 

Psiloderces grohotensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view, B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Figure 19. 

Psiloderces grohotensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, BG = bulges, EM = embolus, LA = laminar apophysis.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 18D, E). Measurements: total length 1.49; carapace 0.47 long, 0.55 wide; abdomen 1.02 long, 0.78 wide. Leg measurements: I 3.96 (1.30, 0.16, 1.50, 1.30, 0.70), II 4.91 (1.25, 0.16, 1.50, 1.30, 0.70), III 3.89 (1.00, 0.13, 1.13, 1.00, 0.63), IV 5.41 (1.38, 0.13, 1.70, 1.40, 0.80). Endogyne (Fig. 18A): spermathecae tubular, elongate mesally, median tips pointed, lateral ends rounded, receptacles separated by about 3 diameters (Fig. 18A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Kutai Kaetanegara, Bukit Bangkirai, 1°1.2247'S, 116°51.9580'E, 92 m, 18.VIII.2014, Y. Li Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

Males of P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the relatively slender and elongated bulb bearing a distinct pointed bulge posteriorly (vs. bulb not elongated and slender), the angular tip of the cymbial protrusion (vs. tip of cymbial protrusion rounded), the tibia of the male palp swollen anteriorly (vs. tibia not swollen); females can be distinguished by the curled spermathecae (Fig. 20A).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.49; carapace 0.47 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 1.02 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident dark brown stripes medially and dark brown bands laterally (Fig. 20C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28A). Clypeus slanting, dark brown. Endites dark brown, light brown basally. Labium dark brown, delimiting pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with indistinct brownish stripes posteriorly, with pair of circular dark brown patches antero-ventrally followed by elliptical light brown patch, posterior dark brown pattern delimiting light brown dotted vertical lines laterally. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 7.88 (1.88, 0.16, 2.50, 2.34, 1.00), II 5.79 (1.63, 0.16, 1.75, 1.50, 0.75), III 4.41 (1.20, 0.16, 1.25, 1.17, 0.63), IV 6.71 (1.88, 0.20, 2.00, 1.75, 0.88). Palp (Fig. 21A–D): femur slender, 4 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia swollen anteriorly, 1.5 times shorter and 2 times wider than femur; cymbium 2.5 times shorter and 2 times wider than femur, protrusion darkens distally, tip angled; bulb light brown, lanceolate with laminar apophysis and embolus arising distally; laminar apophysis attached to embolus anteriorly and basally; embolus directed apically away from tegulum, thin and slender, bulge directed toward the base of bulb (Fig. 21B).

Figure 20. 

Psiloderces bangkiraiensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Figure 21. 

Psiloderces bangkiraiensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, BG = bulge, EM = embolus, LA = laminar apophysis.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 20D, E). Measurements: total length 1.38; carapace 0.44 long, 0.55 wide; abdomen 0.94 long, 0.86 wide. Leg measurements: I missing, II missing, III 3.62 (1.00, 0.13, 1.00, 0.94, 0.55), IV 5.51 (1.40, 0.13, 1.72, 1.48, 0.78). Endogyne (Fig. 20A): curled spermathecae connected with bent ducts, equally wide as long (Fig. 20A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sulawesi, mountain Palopo, 2°57.6000'S, 120°6.0'E, 509 m, 3.IX.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “bōlàng” (wave) and refers to the unique undulated base of the bulb which resembles a wave pattern.

Males of P. bolang sp. nov. resemble those of P. torajanus by the trilobate base of the bulb and indented ventrally but can be distinguished by the undivided bulb (vs. bulb distinctly divided into two parts (proximal and distal); figs 8, 9 in Deeleman-Reinhold 1995), the bulb with a crooked periphery and rounded tip (vs. bulb with smooth periphery and pointed tip), the length of cymbial protrusion is at least half the width of the bulb (vs. length of cymbial protrusion narrower than the width of the bulb); females of both species resemble looped spermathecae but can be distinguished by rippled spermathecae (vs. smooth elliptical spermathecae).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.49; carapace 0.47 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 1.02 long, 0.65 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length the carapace, lateral bands 3 times wider than median band (Fig. 22C). Chelicerae brown, promargin with lamina bearing 2 triangular extensions (Fig. 29E). Clypeus dark brown. Endites dark brown. Labium dark brown delimiting pair of indistinct light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown, delimiting light brown patch medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with dark brown stripes, antero-ventrally with elliptical patch, posterior part with pair of light brown longitudinal lines laterally. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 7.73 (2.00, 0.20, 2.40, 2.13, 1.00), II 5.50 (1.30, 0.20, 1.70, 1.50, 0.80), III 5.34 (1.09, 0.16, 1.71, 1.75, 0.63), IV missing. Palp (Fig. 23A–D): femur slender, 3 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2 times shorter than femur; cymbium almost as long and wide as tibia, protrusion darkens distally; bulb pale brown, undulate basally and at the margins, pyriform with embolus located anteriorly, with indentation ventrally; embolus laminar and gradually tapering (Fig. 23B).

Figure 22. 

Psiloderces bolang sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Figure 23. 

Psiloderces bolang sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 22D, E). Measurements: total length 1.30; carapace 0.50 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.80 long, 0.55 wide. Leg measurements: I 4.52 (1.00, 0.16, 1.71, 1.02, 0.63), II missing, III 3.12 (0.80, 0.13, 0.88, 0.81, 0.50), IV 4.60 (1.20, 0.20, 1.40, 1.10, 0.70). Endogyne (Fig. 22A): spermathecae looped transverse anteriorly, rippled posteriorly (Fig. 22A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, South Sulawesi, Maros, Cenrana Village, East of Maros Water Park, 5°3.2573'S, 119°44.3747'E, 229 m, 24.VII.2014, Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “wāngōu” (hook) and refers to the hook-shaped embolus.

Males of P. wangou sp. nov. resemble those of P. malinoensis sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the relatively long, protruding, bent embolus (vs. relatively short and embedded embolus in P. malinoensis sp. nov.); females can be distinguished by the enclosed spermathecae (vs. ribbon-like spermathecae with 3 branches).

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.30; carapace 0.50 long, 0.56 wide; abdomen 0.80 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length of carapace, lateral bands 2 times wider than median band (Fig. 24C). Chelicerae brown, promargin with lamina bearing 2 triangular extensions (Fig. 28B). Clypeus dark brown. Endites dark brown, light brown basally. Labium dark brown with pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown, with light brown median stripe. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with dark brown stripes concentrated posteriorly, antero-ventrally dark brown with elliptical patch, posterior with pair of lateral light brown longitudinal lines. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 8.13 (2.19, 0.16, 2.50, 2.19, 1.09), II missing, III 5.04 (1.25, 0.20, 1.25, 1.71, 0.63), IV 6.55 (1.75, 0.20, 2.00, 1.70, 0.90). Palp (Fig. 25A–D): femur slender, 3 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2 times shorter than femur; cymbium 1.5 times shorter than femur, protrusion darkens distally; bulb pale brown, pyriform, with embolus arising apically; embolus protruded and slightly bent at tip, resembling a hook, almost 4 times thinner than width of tegulum, length of embolus 2.5 times shorter than tegulum (Fig. 25B).

Figure 24. 

Psiloderces wangou sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Figure 25. 

Psiloderces wangou sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 24D, E). Measurements: total length 1.50; carapace 0.50 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.75 wide. Leg measurements: I 6.33 (1.63, 0.20, 2.00, 1.60, 0.90), II missing, III missing, IV 4.90 (1.50, 0.20, 1.70, 0.94, 0.56). Endogyne (Fig. 24A): enclosed spermathecae formed by a horizontal posterior part, and pair of anterior part slanted at 45°, resembling a clothes hanger (Fig. 24A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Makassar, mountain around Malino, 5°16.2000'S, 119°50.4000'E, 881 m, 7.IX.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

See diagnosis of P. wangou sp. nov.

Male (Holotype). Total length 1.40; carapace 0.50 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.90 long, 0.63 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident dark brown stripes medially and dark brown bands laterally (Fig. 26C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 29B). Clypeus slanting, dark brown medially, light brown laterally. Endites dark brown, light brown basally. Labium dark brown with pair of light brown circular dots. Sternum dark brown. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with dark brown stripes concentrated posteriorly, antero-ventrally with pair of circular dark brown patches followed by semi-circular patch, posterior with light brown dotted vertical lines laterally. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 6.64 (1.88, 0.16, 2.00, 1.70, 0.90), II missing, III 4.33 (1.20, 0.16, 1.25, 1.09, 0.63), IV 5.79 (1.50, 0.20, 1.75, 1.48, 0.86). Palp (Fig. 27A–D): femur slender, 4 times longer than patella; patella not swollen; tibia 2.5 times shorter than femur; cymbium 1.5 times shorter than femur, protrusion darkens distally; bulb pale brown, pyriform, with embedded embolus located distally, 4 times shorter than tegulum; tip of embolus pointed (Fig. 27B).

Figure 26. 

Psiloderces malinoensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP = spermatheca.

Figure 27. 

Psiloderces malinoensis sp. nov., male holotype. A Palp, ventral view B bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CP = cymbial protrusion, EM = embolus.

Figure 28. 

Cheliceral retromargin, posterior view. A Psiloderces bangkiraiensis sp. nov. B P. wangou sp. nov. C P. heise sp. nov. D P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. E P. bontocensis sp. nov. F P. gawanaensis sp. nov. G P. xichang sp. nov. H P. cattienensis sp. nov. I P. pingguo sp. nov. Abbreviations: CL = cheliceral laminar, RT = retromargin teeth.

Figure 29. 

Cheliceral retromargin, posterior view. A Psiloderces penajamensis sp. nov. B P. malinoensis sp. nov. C P. palopoensis sp. nov. D P. grohotensis sp. nov. E P. bolang sp. nov. Abbreviations: CL = cheliceral laminar, RT = retromargin teeth.

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig. 26D, E). Measurements: total length 1.47; carapace 0.47 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.63 wide. Leg measurements: I 5.63 (1.50, 0.20, 1.75, 1.38, 0.80), II 4.61 (1.25, 0.16, 1.41, 1.09, 0.70), III missing, IV missing. Endogyne (Fig. 26A): ribbon-like spermathecae with 3 branches, lateral pairs longest and directed anteriorly, median and second pairs similar in length, directed laterally (Fig. 26A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).

Figure 30. 

Distribution of new Psiloderces species in Southeast Asia. 1 P. heise sp. nov. 2 P. gawanaensis sp. nov. 3 P. bontocensis sp. nov. 4 P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. 5 P. xichang sp. nov. 6 P. cattienensis sp. nov. 7 P. pingguo sp. nov. 8 P. palopoensis sp. nov. 9 P. penajamensis sp. nov. 10 P. grohotensis sp. nov. 11 P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. 12 P. bolang sp. nov. 13 P. wangou sp. nov. 14 P. malinoensis sp. nov.