Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li ( lisq@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
© 2020 Wan-Jin Chang, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chang W-J, Li S (2020) Fourteen new species of the spider genus Psiloderces Simon, 1892 from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Psilodercidae). ZooKeys 902: 61-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.902.38967
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The genus Psiloderces Simon, 1892 is the second largest genus of Psilodercidae, a family restricted to Asia, occurring from East India to the Philippines. Fourteen new species of Psiloderces from Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam are described: P. heise sp. nov. (♂♀), P. gawanaensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. bontocensis sp. nov. (♀), P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. xichang sp. nov. (♂♀), P. cattienensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. pingguo sp. nov. (♂♀), P. palopoensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. penajamensis sp. nov. (♂), P. grohotensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. bolang sp. nov. (♂♀), P. wangou sp. nov. (♂♀), and P. malinoensis sp. nov. (♂♀). Types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing.
Borneo, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Vietnam
The spider family Psilodercidae Machado, 1951 was treated as a subfamily of Ochyroceratidae Fage, 1912 until
At present, 24 species of Psiloderces Simon, 1892 are known from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand (
During the examination of a spider collection from Southeast Asia, we found fourteen new species of Psiloderces from Kalimantan and Sulawesi (Indonesia), the Philippines, and Vietnam. The goals of this paper are to provide detailed descriptions of the new species with images of their copulatory organs and chelicerae, as well as discuss their placement in the aforementioned species groups (
Types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing. All specimens were observed and preserved in 95% ethanol. The specimens were measured and examined using a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope, and further morphological details were observed with an Olympus BX41 compound microscope. The left palp of the male was detached for further examination (except for Psiloderces penajamensis, the right palp was detached). Carapace length was measured excluding the clypeus. The internal genitalia and male palpal bulb were dissected and immersed in lactic acid. An Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope was used to take photos in different focal planes. The photos were then transferred to Helicon Focus 6.7.1 image stacking software to improve depth of field before further revision with Adobe Photoshop CC 2014. Leg measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus). Leg segments were measured from their retrolateral side. All measurements are given in millimetres (mm). All terminology follows
Psiloderces Simon, 1892: 40.
Psiloderces: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995: 7.
Psiloderces egeria Simon, 1892 from the Philippines.
Psiloderces resembles Thaiderces by having a shallow, dark brown fovea, a cheliceral promargin with a lamina bearing 3 triangular extensions, the retromargin with 2 small teeth, and the anterior part of the thoracic region is distinctly elevated, but it can be differentiated by the following characters: 1) the presence of a cymbial protrusion (vs. absent in Thaiderces); 2) the presence of an inconspicuous clypeal protrusion in P. enigmatus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995, P. pulcher Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995, P. incomptus, P. nasicornis, P. gawanaensis sp. nov., P. cuyapoensis sp. nov., P. xichang sp. nov., P. cattienensis sp. nov., P. pingguo sp. nov., and P. penajamensis sp. nov. (vs. absent in Thaiderces); and 3) the presence or absence of a laminar apophysis or a bulge. If present, then the embolus and laminar apophysis are not separated basally, or the bulge is separated basally from the embolus (vs. absence of bulge and such combination of embolus and laminar apophysis in Thaiderces).
The type species of the genus is known from a female, and the female genitalia is insufficient for genus identification. However, the somatic morphology together with the morphology of male of the species and DNA barcoding data all confirm that these species belong to the genus Psiloderces.
Nine Psiloderces species groups were established by
althepoides-group: endogyne with a pair of sessile spermathecae; bulb pyriform, with tapering tip, extremely long legs. Species included: P. althepoides Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀).
egeria-group: endogyne with a pair of sausage-like spermathecae; bulb syringiform. Species included: P. palopoensis sp. nov. (♂♀) and P. egeria (♀) (type species).
enigmatus-group: endogyne with a pair of sessile or sausage-like spermathecae; embolus arises distally from bulb; male with clypeus projection. Species included: P. gawanaensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. xichang sp. nov. (♂♀), P. penajamensis sp. nov. (♂), P. enigmatus (♂♀), P. pulcher (♂♀), and P. tesselatus (♀).
howarthi-group: endogyne with membranous projection, guiding ridges, and a pair of sausage-like, sessile spermathecae; bulb syringiform. Species included: P. howarthi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀).
leucopygius-group: endogyne with 2 pairs of pedunculated spermathecae; palp with simple syringiform bulb. Species included: P. pingguo sp. nov. (♂♀), P. elasticus (♀), P. dicellocerus (♂), P. incomptus (♂), P. leucopygius Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. vallicola Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. limosa (♂), P. coronatus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), and P. penaeorum (♀).
ligula-group: endogyne with sausage-like spermathecae; male with coiled embolus with spatula-shaped tip. Species included: P. ligula Baert, 1988 (♂♀).
longipalpis-group: endogyne with a pair of sessile spermathecae; bulb constricted medially, embolus arises distally; male without clypeus protrusion. Species included: P. grohotensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. bolang sp. nov. (♂♀), P. wangou sp. nov. (♂♀), P. malinoensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. longipalpis Baert 1988 (♂♀), P. nasicornis (♂), P. torajanus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. leclerci Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), and P. kalimantan (♀).
mulcatus-group: endogyne with a pair of stalked or pedunculated spermathecae; bulb with indentation medially, embolus arises distally. Species included: P. heise sp. nov. (♂♀) and P. bontocensis sp. nov. (♀).
septentrionalis-group: endogyne with 2 pairs of sessile sausage-like spermathecae; bulb simple syringiform. Species included: P. cattienensis sp. nov. (♂♀), P. septentrionalis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. suthepensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), P. albostictus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (♂♀), and P. fredstonei (♂).
The genus is known from China, Vietnam to the Philippines, and south to Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sulawesi).
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Tarlac Province, Tarlac City, near Monasterio de Tarlac, 15°26.8998'N, 120°25.6710'E, 123 m, 20.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “hēisè” (black) and refers to the unique black color of the embolus.
Males of P. heise sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the structure of the bulb with a distinct prolateral indentation (Fig.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.46; carapace 0.56 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 0.90 long, 0.70 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length of carapace, lateral bands eight times wider than median band (Fig.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Mountain Province, Bontoc Town, road to Gawana Town, 17°3.6396'N, 121°3.0402'E, 1674 m, 26.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
Males of P. gawanaensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by the human heart-shaped bulb (inverted pyriform) (Fig.
Psiloderces gawanaensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.54; carapace 0.60 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 0.94 long, 0.56 wide. Carapace wider than long, brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length of carapace, median band two times wider than lateral band (Fig.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Mountain Province, Bontoc Town, road to Banawe Town, 16°59.6630'N, 121°1.1120'E, 1470 m, 25.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
The female of P. bontocensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from others by a pair of stalked spermathecae with bulbous distal parts, spermathcae almost 8 times wider than stalk, resembling balloons (vs. balloon-shaped spermathecae absent in congeners) (Fig.
Female (Holotype). Total length 2.00; carapace 0.60 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.40 long, 0.81 wide. Carapace almost round, wider than long, brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band extends only half length of carapace, lateral bands almost as wide as the middle band (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Nueva Ecija Province, Cuyapo City, 15°47.8086'N, 120°39.3294'E, 60 m, 22.V.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
Males of P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. resemble those of P. xichang sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the rounded embolus (vs. wavy embolus), 3 distinct bristles on the cymbial protrusion (vs. 2 distinct bristles on cymbial protrusion), length of palp ca 6 times the length of bulb (vs. extremely slender and long palp, ca 10 times the length of bulb (Fig.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.60; carapace 0.60 long, 0.67 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.78 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half carapace length, median band almost as wide as the lateral bands (Fig.
Psiloderces cuyapoensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Rizal Province, Quezon City, Rodriguez area, Montalban Village, Pamitinan Cave, 14°43.7916'N, 121°11.3580'E, 102 m, 5.VI.2015, F. Ballarin & Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “xìcháng” (slender and long) and refers to the extremely slender palp structures.
Diagnostic features of males and females are discussed in the diagnosis of P. cuyapoensis sp. nov.
Male (Holotype). Total length 2.00; carapace 0.70 long, 0.90 wide; abdomen 1.30 long, 1.00 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 2 longitudinal dark brown bands laterally, medially with dark brown line (Fig.
Psiloderces xichang sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Vietnam, Dong Nai Province, Cat Tien National Park, 11°27.3620'N, 107°26.4980'E, 168 m, 4.IX.2015, Q. Zhao, Y. Li & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
Males of P. cattienensis sp. nov. resemble those of P. pingguo sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the relatively long embolus, which is equal to the length of the tegulum (vs. embolus two times shorter than the tegulum), the bulb is rather angular (vs. bulging); females can be distinguished by the merged tubular spermathecae (vs. stalked spermathecae globose distally).
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.32; carapace 0.44 long, 0.47 wide; abdomen 0.88 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident brown stripes medially and dark brown patches laterally (Fig.
Psiloderces cattienensis sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Vietnam, Ninh Thuan Province, Nui Chua National Park, 11°43.9830'N, 107°11.1300'E, 102 m, 31.VIII.2015, Q. Zhao, Y. Li & Z. Chen Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “píngguǒ” (apple) and refers to the structure of the bulb which resembles an apple.
Diagnostic features of the males and females are discussed in the diagnosis of P. cattienensis sp. nov.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.25; carapace 0.47 long, 0.47 wide; abdomen 0.78 long, 0.47 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident brown stripes medially and dark brown patches laterally (Fig.
Psiloderces pingguo sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype. A Endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, lateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: PR = clypeal protrusion, SP = spermatheca.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sulawesi, mountain in Palopo, 2°59.9210'S, 120°08.5650'E, 465 m, 2.IX.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
Males of P. palopoensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the swollen ovate shape of the bulb bearing a short embolus distally (Fig.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.41; carapace 0.55 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 0.86 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and pale brown, with trident brown stripes medially and brown patches laterally (Fig.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Penajam, Camp of International Timber Corporation of Indonesia, 1°5.2915'S, 116°41.0938'E, 64 m, 16.VIII.2014, H. Zhao & Z. Yao.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
The male of P. penajamensis sp. nov. can be recognized by the structure of laminar apophysis of the bulb that arises distally, bearing the embolus and bulge (Fig.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.20; carapace 0.50 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.70 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band and lateral bands nearly the same width (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Tanah Grohot, 1°48.6260'S, 115°51.1250'E, 62 m, 20.VIII.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
Males of P. grohotensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the structure of the bulb which has 2 bulges, and a laminar apophysis connected to the embolus (Fig.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.30; carapace 0.50 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.80 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and pale brown, with trident dark brown stripes medially and dark brown bands laterally (Fig.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Kutai Kaetanegara, Bukit Bangkirai, 1°1.2247'S, 116°51.9580'E, 92 m, 18.VIII.2014, Y. Li Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
Males of P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the relatively slender and elongated bulb bearing a distinct pointed bulge posteriorly (vs. bulb not elongated and slender), the angular tip of the cymbial protrusion (vs. tip of cymbial protrusion rounded), the tibia of the male palp swollen anteriorly (vs. tibia not swollen); females can be distinguished by the curled spermathecae (Fig.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.49; carapace 0.47 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 1.02 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident dark brown stripes medially and dark brown bands laterally (Fig.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sulawesi, mountain Palopo, 2°57.6000'S, 120°6.0'E, 509 m, 3.IX.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “bōlàng” (wave) and refers to the unique undulated base of the bulb which resembles a wave pattern.
Males of P. bolang sp. nov. resemble those of P. torajanus by the trilobate base of the bulb and indented ventrally but can be distinguished by the undivided bulb (vs. bulb distinctly divided into two parts (proximal and distal); figs 8, 9 in
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.49; carapace 0.47 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 1.02 long, 0.65 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length the carapace, lateral bands 3 times wider than median band (Fig.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, South Sulawesi, Maros, Cenrana Village, East of Maros Water Park, 5°3.2573'S, 119°44.3747'E, 229 m, 24.VII.2014, Y. Li. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin “wāngōu” (hook) and refers to the hook-shaped embolus.
Males of P. wangou sp. nov. resemble those of P. malinoensis sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the relatively long, protruding, bent embolus (vs. relatively short and embedded embolus in P. malinoensis sp. nov.); females can be distinguished by the enclosed spermathecae (vs. ribbon-like spermathecae with 3 branches).
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.30; carapace 0.50 long, 0.56 wide; abdomen 0.80 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, median band half length of carapace, lateral bands 2 times wider than median band (Fig.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Makassar, mountain around Malino, 5°16.2000'S, 119°50.4000'E, 881 m, 7.IX.2017, H. Liu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
See diagnosis of P. wangou sp. nov.
Male (Holotype). Total length 1.40; carapace 0.50 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 0.90 long, 0.63 wide. Carapace round and brown, with trident dark brown stripes medially and dark brown bands laterally (Fig.
Cheliceral retromargin, posterior view. A Psiloderces bangkiraiensis sp. nov. B P. wangou sp. nov. C P. heise sp. nov. D P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. E P. bontocensis sp. nov. F P. gawanaensis sp. nov. G P. xichang sp. nov. H P. cattienensis sp. nov. I P. pingguo sp. nov. Abbreviations: CL = cheliceral laminar, RT = retromargin teeth.
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male (Fig.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Distribution of new Psiloderces species in Southeast Asia. 1 P. heise sp. nov. 2 P. gawanaensis sp. nov. 3 P. bontocensis sp. nov. 4 P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. 5 P. xichang sp. nov. 6 P. cattienensis sp. nov. 7 P. pingguo sp. nov. 8 P. palopoensis sp. nov. 9 P. penajamensis sp. nov. 10 P. grohotensis sp. nov. 11 P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. 12 P. bolang sp. nov. 13 P. wangou sp. nov. 14 P. malinoensis sp. nov.
The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Yuri Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Mikhail Omelko (Vladivostok, Russia) and Yanfeng Tong (Shenyang, China). Sarah Crews (San Francisco, USA) kindly checked English of the final draft. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31530067) to Shuqiang Li.