Citation: Hita Garcia F, Fisher BL (2014) The hyper-diverse ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Malagasy region taxonomic revision of the T. naganum, T. plesiarum, T. schaufussii, and T. severini species groups. ZooKeys 413: 1–170. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.413.7172
The taxonomy of the Tetramorium naganum, T. plesiarum, T. schaufussii, and T. severini species groups are revised for the Malagasy region. A total of 31 species are treated, of which 22 are newly described and nine redescribed. This increases the richness of the hyper-diverse genus Tetramorium in the Malagasy region to 106 species, which makes it the most species-rich genus in the region. Twenty-nine of the treated species are endemic to Madagascar, one is endemic to the Comoros, and one species is found predominantly in Madagascar but also on the island of Reunion. The T. naganum species group contains five species, which are mainly distributed in the rainforests and montane rainforests of eastern and northern Madagascar: T. alperti sp. n., T. dalek sp. n., T. enkidu sp. n., T. gilgamesh sp. n., and T. naganum Bolton, 1979. The T. plesiarum species group holds five species: T. bressleri sp. n., T. hobbit sp. n., T. gollum sp. n., T. mars sp. n., and T. plesiarum Bolton, 1979. All five are arid-adapted species occurring in the southwest and west of Madagascar. The second-most species-rich group in the region is the T. schaufussii species group with 20 species, most of which inhabit rainforests or montane rainforests of eastern and northern Madagascar. This group includes two species complexes each containing ten species: the T. cognatum complex with the species T. aspis sp. n., T. camelliae sp. n., T. cognatum Bolton, 1979, T. freya sp. n., T. gladius sp. n., T. karthala sp. n., T. myrmidon sp. n., T. proximum Bolton, 1979, T. rumo sp. n., and T. tenuinode sp. n.; and the T. schaufussii complex with the species T. merina sp. n., T. monticola sp. n., T. nassonowii Forel, 1892 stat. n., T. obiwan sp. n., T. pseudogladius sp. n., T. rala sp. n., T. schaufussii Forel, 1891, T. sikorae Forel, 1892 (= T. latior (Santschi, 1926)), T. scutum sp. n., T. xanthogaster Santschi, 1911. The last group treated in this study is the T. severini species group, which contains only the species T. severini (Emery, 1895). This very conspicuous species is widely distributed in the rainforests and montane rainforests of eastern and northern Madagascar. All four groups are fully revised with group diagnoses, illustrated species-level identification keys, and detailed descriptions for all species that include multifocused montage images and distribution maps.
Comoros, Madagascar, Reunion, taxonomy, Tetramoriini
The hyper-diverse genus Tetramorium Mayr is widely distributed throughout all biogeographic regions, and with currently 520 described species (
Recently, we started a large-scale taxonomic revision of the genus Tetramorium for the Malagasy region based initially on more than 160 morphospecies with more than 40, 000 mounted specimens (
In this study we revise the taxonomy of four more Malagasy species groups: Tetramorium naganum, Tetramorium plesiarum, Tetramorium schaufussii, and Tetramorium severini species groups. All are fully revised with group diagnoses, illustrated species-level identification keys, multifocused montage images for all species, descriptions of 22 new species, redescriptions of nine previously known species, and distribution maps for all species. The species treated here increase the total species count for the genus Tetramorium in the Malagasy region to 106, which means that at present this genus holds the highest described species richness in the region. Furthermore, this study increases the number of recently revised Malagasy Tetramorium species groups to 16 (
The collection abbreviations follow
BMNH The Natural History Museum (British Museum, Natural History), London, U.K.
CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
MCSN Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genoa, Italy
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
MHNG Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de la Ville de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
NHMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland
The material examined in this study is based on ant inventories carried out in the Malagasy region from 1992 to 2012, which included more than 6, 000 leaf litter samples, 4, 000 pitfall traps, and 9, 000 additional hand collecting events (see
Digital colour montage images were created using a JVC KY-F75 digital camera and Syncroscopy Auto-Montage software (version 5.0), or a Leica DFC 425 camera in combination with the Leica Application Suite software (version 3.8). All images presented are available online and can be seen on AntWeb (http://www.antweb.org). The distribution maps provided at the end of the study (Figs 61–66) were generated with R software (
HL Head length: maximum distance from the midpoint of the anterior clypeal margin to the midpoint of the posterior margin of head, measured in full-face view. Impressions on anterior clypeal margin and posterior head margin reduce head length.
HW Head width: width of head directly behind the eyes measured in full-face view.
SL Scape length: maximum scape length excluding basal condyle and neck.
EL Eye length: maximum diameter of compound eye measured in oblique lateral view.
PW Pronotal width: maximum width of pronotum measured in dorsal view.
WL Weber’s length: diagonal length of mesosoma in lateral view from the posteroventral margin of propodeal lobe to the anteriormost point of pronotal slope, excluding the neck.
PSL Propodeal spine length: the tip of the measured spine, its base, and the centre of the propodeal concavity between the spines must all be in focus. Using a dual-axis micrometer the spine length is measured from the tip of the spine to a virtual point at its base where the spine axis meets orthogonally with a line leading to the median point of the concavity.
PTH Petiolar node height: maximum height of petiolar node measured in lateral view from the highest (median) point of the node to the ventral outline. The measuring line is placed at an orthogonal angle to the ventral outline of the node.
PTL Petiolar node length: maximum length of the dorsal face of the petiolar node from the anterodorsal to the posterodorsal angle, measured in dorsal view excluding the peduncle.
PTW Petiolar node width: maximum width of dorsal face of petiolar node measured in dorsal view.
PPH Postpetiole height: maximum height of the postpetiole measured in lateral view from the highest (median) point of the node to the ventral outline. The measuring line is placed at an orthogonal angle to the ventral outline of the node.
PPL Postpetiole length: maximum length of postpetiole measured in dorsal view.
PPW Postpetiole width: maximum width of postpetiole measured in dorsal view.
OI Ocular index: EL / HW × 100
CI Cephalic index: HW / HL × 100
SI Scape index: SL / HW × 100
DMI Dorsal mesosoma index: PW / WL × 100
LMI Lateral mesosoma index: PH / WL × 100
PSLI Propodeal spine index: PSL / HL × 100
PeNI Petiolar node index: PTW / PW × 100
LPeI Lateral petiole index: PTL / PTH × 100
DPeI Dorsal petiole index: PTW / PTL × 100
PpNI Postpetiolar node index: PPW / PW × 100
LPpI Lateral postpetiole index: PPL / PPH × 100
DPpI Dorsal postpetiole index: PPW / PPL × 100
PPI Postpetiole index: PPW / PTW × 100
Note that the petiole and postpetiole were measured differently. For the petiole, only the petiolar node was measured, excluding the peduncle, as the node has proved to be of high diagnostic value (
Pubescence and pilosity are often of high diagnostic value within the genus Tetramorium (e.g.
Tetramorium naganum species group
Tetramorium alperti sp. n.
Tetramorium dalek sp. n.
Tetramorium enkidu sp. n.
Tetramorium gilgamesh sp. n.
Tetramorium naganum Bolton, 1979
Tetramorium plesiarum species group
Tetramorium bressleri sp. n.
Tetramorium hobbit sp. n.
Tetramorium gollum sp. n.
Tetramorium mars sp. n.
Tetramorium plesiarum Bolton, 1979
Tetramorium schaufussii species group
Tetramorium cognatum species complex
Tetramorium aspis sp. n.
Tetramorium camelliae sp. n.
Tetramorium cognatum Bolton, 1979
Tetramorium freya sp. n.
Tetramorium gladius sp. n.
Tetramorium karthala sp. n.
Tetramorium myrmidon sp. n.
Tetramorium proximum Bolton, 1979
Tetramorium rumo sp. n.
Tetramorium tenuinode sp. n.
Tetramorium schaufussii species complex
Tetramorium merina sp. n.
Tetramorium monticola sp. n.
Tetramorium nassonowii Forel, 1892, stat. n.
Tetramorium obiwan sp. n.
Tetramorium pseudogladius sp. n.
Tetramorium rala sp. n.
Tetramorium schaufussii Forel, 1891
Tetramorium sikorae Forel, 1892
= Tetramorium latior (Santschi, 1926)
Tetramorium scutum sp. n.
Tetramorium xanthogaster Santschi, 1911
Tetramorium severini species group
Tetramorium severini (Emery, 1895)
Diagnosis. Eleven-segmented antennae; anterior clypeal margin medially impressed; frontal carinae always well developed, diverging posteriorly and usually approaching or reaching corners of posterior head margin; antennal scrobe present, weakly to very well developed; mesosoma moderately to strongly marginate from sides to dorsum; propodeal spines medium-sized to long, elongate-triangular to spinose; propodeal lobes triangular and short; petiolar node in profile high rounded nodiform to rectangular nodiform with moderately to well-rounded margins, in profile 1.5 to two times higher than long (LPeI 50–68), in dorsal view between 1.0 and 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 103–139), anterior and posterior faces parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins usually at about same height (sometimes anterodorsal margin higher); postpetiole in profile always more or less globular; mandibles variably sculptured, but mostly unsculptured; cephalic dorsum and dorsal mesosoma with distinct longitudinally rugose sculpture; waist segments and gaster always unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; dorsal surfaces of head, mesosoma, and usually waist segments with few to abundant long, standing hairs; pilosity/pubescence on first gastral tergite variable, but with tendencies to more inclined pilosity and dense pubescence; sting appendage spatulate.
Comments. This small and compact group is restricted in its distribution to eastern and northern Madagascar. All five species are found only in rainforests or montane rainforests and seem to live mainly in leaf litter.
Within the 13 species groups with 11-segmented antennae, the Tetramorium naganum group shares the complete lack of sculpture on both waist segments with the majority of groups, but differs from the Tetramorium kelleri, Tetramorium ranarum, Tetramorium tortuosum, and parts of the Tetramorium dysalum groups. These groups contain only species in which either one or both waist segments are clearly sculptured. In addition, the very well developed sculpture on head and mesosoma distinguishes the Tetramorium naganum group from the groups with reduced sculpture: the Tetramorium bessonii, Tetramorium marginatum, and Tetramorium tsingy groups. Also, Tetramorium severini, the only member of the Tetramorium severini group, has a longer and lower mesosoma (LMI 35–38) with less margination from the sides to the dorsum, while the species of the Tetramorium naganum group have a higher (LMI 40–46), stouter, and more angled mesosoma. The Tetramorium plesiarum group is characterised by the presence of relatively deep and well-developed antennal scrobes with margins all around and a strongly developed median scrobal carina, a character always absent in the Tetramorium naganum group. The latter also cannot be mistaken for the Tetramorium bonibony group, in which some species possess a very conspicuous bump or protuberance on the pronotal dorsum while the remainder of the species have triangular or cuneiform petiolar nodes. The differentiation between the Tetramorium naganum group and the Tetramorium dysalum group can be more difficult however. The Tetramorium dysalum group is relatively heterogeneous and there are a few species that are morphologically close to some species in the Tetramorium naganum group. Nevertheless, the best method to discriminate between these two groups is to compare gastral pubescence and/or pilosity. In all species of the Tetramorium dysalum group appressed pubescence on the first gastral is scarce and inconspicuous, and pilosity consists of numerous long suberect to erect hairs. By contrast, pubescence and pilosity are very variable in the Tetramorium naganum group, but never with very reduced pubescence and long, standing pilosity as in the Tetramorium dysalum group.
The separation from the Tetramorium schaufussii group is likely the most difficult, and Tetramorium naganum was a member of that group until recently (
The five species of the group are morphologically very close to each other, and their delimitations are mainly based on different patterns of pilosity/pubescence on the waist segments and the first gastral tergite. Tetramorium dalek is easily separable from the other four species on the basis of the absence of standing hairs on the waist segments and shorter propodeal spines, but Tetramorium alperti, Tetramorium enkidu, Tetramorium gilgamesh, and Tetramorium naganum are morphologically very similar. Indeed, they are often difficult to discriminate and there are only very few reliable diagnostic characters, mainly gastral pilosity/pubescence. It is possible that two, three, or all four are conspecific and the abovementioned differences are just intraspecific variation. Nevertheless, we prefer to treat them as four distinct species since gastral pilosity/pubescence is usually very species-specific within the genus Tetramorium and other myrmicine genera and the material listed here can be moderately well distinguished by the diagnostics given in the key and the descriptions. However, we cannot rule out that gastral pilosity/pubescence is highly variable in this group, and if so, our hypotheses may not reflect real species boundaries.
1 | Propodeal spines relatively shorter (PSLI 25–27); waist segments without long standing hairs, instead with short, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence only, sometimes with one or two short erect to suberect hairs (Fig. 1A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium dalek |
– | Propodeal spines relatively longer (PSLI 27–37); waist segments always with long standing hairs and short appressed to subdecumbent pubescence (Fig. 1B) | 2 |
2 | In profile petiolar node relatively thicker, around 1.5 to 1.6 times higher than long (LPeI 60–68) (Fig. 2A, B) | 3 |
– | In profile petiolar node relatively thinner, around 1.7 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50– 59) (Fig. 2C, D) | 4 |
3 | First gastral tergite with moderately long, relatively scattered, appressed to decumbent pubescence in combination with several much longer, fine, and erect hairs (Fig. 3A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium alperti |
– | First gastral tergite with moderately short, abundant, subdecumbent to suberect pilosity, and without short, dense, appressed to decumbent pubescence or long, fine erect hairs (Fig. 3B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium enkidu |
4 | Eyes larger (OI 25–27); first gastral tergite covered by a mix of short to moderately long, abundant, decumbent to suberect pilosity, pilosity appearing disorganized due to varying degrees of inclination and hair length (Fig. 4A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium gilgamesh |
– | Eyes smaller (OI 21–23); first gastral tergite with short, dense, appressed to decumbent pubescence only, without any long, standing pilosity (Fig. 4B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium naganum |
Propodeal spines and waist segments in profile. A Tetramorium dalek (CASENT0038402) B Tetramorium naganum (CASENT0280584).
Petiole and postpetiole in profile. A Tetramorium alperti (CASENT0042547)B Tetramorium enkidu (CASENT0045673)C Tetramorium naganum (CASENT0280584)D Tetramorium gilgamesh (CASENT0247312).
First gastral tergite in profile. A Tetramorium alperti (CASENT0042547) B Tetramorium enkidu (CASENT0039588).
First gastral tergite in profile. A Tetramorium gilgamesh (CASENT0247312) B Tetramorium naganum (CASENT0102346).
http://zoobank.org/53D9615C-CF34-4216-B511-41081A7031B7
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_alperti
Figs 2A, 3A, 5, 61Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina, 14.44333°S, 49.74333°E, 1325 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mould, rotten wood), collection code BLF09080, 18.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher) (CAS: CASENT0042547). Paratypes, nine pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0042817; CAS: CASENT0042703; CASENT0042704; CASENT0042708; CASENT0042813; CASENT0042815; CASENT0042827; CASENT0042835; MCZ: CASENT0042821).
Tetramorium alperti holotype worker (CASENT0042547). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 9.2 km WSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.46667°E, 1280 m, montane rainforest, 5.XI.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Foret d’Ambalagoavy Nord, Ikongo, Ambatombe, 21.8275°S, 47.33889°E, 625 m, 1.XII.2000 (R. Harin’Hala & M.E. Irwin).
Tetramorium alperti differs from the other three species of the group by the following character combination: propodeal spines long to very long (PSLI 29–37); waist segments with several long erect hairs; first gastral tergite with moderately long, scattered, appressed to decumbent pubescence in combination with several much longer, erect standing hairs.
(N=10). HL 0.56–0.68 (0.64); HW 0.54–0.65 (0.62); SL 0.40–0.47 (0.45); EL 0.13–0.15 (0.14); PH 0.31–0.38 (0.35); PW 0.40–0.50 (0.47); WL 0.70–0.84 (0.79); PSL 0.18–0.23 (0.21); PTL 0.15–0.18 (0.16); PTH 0.23–0.28 (0.26); PTW 0.16–0.19 (0.18); PPL 0.17–0.22 (0.20); PPH 0.23–0.27 (0.25); PPW 0.22–0.28 (0.26); CI 95–97 (96); SI 69–75 (73); OI 22–23 (23); DMI 57–62 (59); LMI 42–46 (44); PSLI 29–37 (33); PeNI 36–40 (38); LPeI 62–68 (64); DPeI 103–115 (108); PpNI 54–57 (55); LPpI 74–84 (80); DPpI 126–132 (128); PPI 139–156 (145).
Head longer than wide (CI 95–97); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed, diverging posteriorly and approaching or ending at posterior head margin; antennal scrobe present, but weak, shallow, and without defined posterior or ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 69–75). Eyes of moderate size (OI 22–23). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, relatively high (LMI 42–46), and moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines long to very long, spinose, acute, and often thick (PSLI 29–37); propodeal lobes short, triangular, and blunt or acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high, rounded nodiform with moderately rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins, around 1.5 to 1.6 times higher than long (LPeI 62–68), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about the same height and equally marginate, petiolar dorsum weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.0 to 1.1 times wider than long (DPeI 103–115), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.4 to 2.8 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 36–40). Postpetiole in profile globular to subglobular, approximately 1.2 to 1.3 times higher than long (LPpI 74–84); in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPpI 126–132), pronotum between 1.7 to 1.8 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 54–57). Postpetiole in profile appearing less voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.6 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 139–156). Mandibles usually mostly unsculptured and smooth with some weakly striate parts, generally very shiny; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose, with three to five rugae/rugulae, median ruga always well developed and distinct, lateral rugae/rugulae sometimes weaker and interrupted; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with seven to nine longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugose. Ground sculpture on head absent to weakly punctate. Dorsum of mesosoma mostly irregularly longitudinally rugose; lateral mesosoma variably sculptured, lateral pronotum and anepisternum mostly unsculptured, smooth and shining with very little sculpture, usually only traces of rugulae present, katepisternum, metapleuron, and lateral propodeum noticeably irregularly longitudinally rugose. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth and shining. Ground sculpture on mesosoma weak to absent. Waist segments and gaster completely unsculptured, smooth and shining. Whole body with numerous, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with moderately long, relatively scattered, appressed to decumbent pubescence in combination with several much longer, fine, and erect hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae usually with decumbent to suberect hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster orange-brown to chestnut brown, mandibles, antennae, and legs always lighter, usually yellowish brown.
The name of the new species is a patronym dedicated to Gary D. Alpert from Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., to honour his numerous ant collecting activities in Madagascar.
This new species is only known from three localities (Fig. 61). Two are located in the northeast of Madagascar (Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marorejy) while the third is found much further south (Ambalagoavy). Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marorejy are montane forests ranging from 1280 to 1325 m elevation, whereas Ambalagoavy is located at 525 m. This distributional and elevational pattern suggests that Tetramorium alperti might have been distributed throughout most of the eastern Madagascar humid forests, but is now only found in a few montane forests and one lower rainforest site. Based on the available collection data, Tetramorium alperti seems to be a leaf litter inhabitant.
Tetramorium alperti cannot be confused with Tetramorium dalek since the latter has no long standing hairs on the waist segments and the first gastral tergite, while these are present in Tetramorium alperti. Differentiation from the other three species of the group, however, is more challenging. The primary diagnostic characters distinguishing Tetramorium alperti are the pilosity/pubescence pattern on the first gastral tergite and the shape of the petiolar node in profile. Tetramorium alperti possesses moderately long, relatively scattered, appressed to decumbent pubescence in combination with several much longer and erect hairs. This pattern on the first gastral tergite is not found in Tetramorium enkidu, Tetramorium gilgamesh or Tetramorium naganum since they either lack long and erect hairs or appressed to decumbent pubescence entirely. In addition, Tetramorium alperti also has a thicker petiolar node which is around 1.5 to 1.6 times higher than long (LPeI 62–68), compared to Tetramorium gilgamesh and Tetramorium naganum, in which the petiolar nodes are around 1.7 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–59). The species probably most easily confused with Tetramorium alperti is Tetramorium enkidu since both share the same general habitus and the same morphometric range, and the only difference is the pattern of pilosity/pubescence on the first gastral tergite outlined above. Possibly they are conspecific and the differences in gastral pilosity/pubescence represent intraspecific variation, however, there are some good arguments to separate them as two distinct species. First, both species are found in sympatry in Marojejy, and they are easily identified by the differences in pilosity/pubescence mentioned above without any intermediate forms. Second, patterns of pilosity/pubescence are usually very species-specific within the genus Tetramorium (e.g.
To our knowledge, there is no significant intraspecific variation in the material treated as Tetramorium alperti.
http://zoobank.org/F10C4841-A175-4D98-B3DD-19FBCC9F5E03
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_dalek
Figs 1A, 6, 61Holotype, MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.1783°S, 49.635°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF08150, 12.–16.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0038402). Paratypes, 17 pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0038394; CAS: CASENT0038369; CASENT0038372; CASENT0038376; CASENT0038390; CASENT0038408; CASENT0038413; CASENT0038416; CASENT0038425; CASENT0038429; CASENT0038443; CASENT0038445; CASENT0038450; CASENT0038456; CASENT0038465; MCZ: CASENT0038397; CASENT0038424); and seven workers from MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.1883°S, 49.615°E, 470 m, rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF08802, 8.–12.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0037833; CASENT0037869; CASENT0037903; CASENT0037909; CASENT0037916; CASENT0037933; CASENT0037936).
Tetramorium dalek holotype worker (CASENT0038402). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, 1 km W Andampibe, Cap Masoala, 15.69361°S, 50.18139°E, 125 m, lowland rainforest, 29.XI.1993 (G.D. Alpert); Antsiranana, Res. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 9.2 km WSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.4667°E, 1280 m, 4.–9.XI.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Ambohitsitondroina, 6.9 km NE Ambanizana, 15.5851°S, 50.0095°E, 825 m, rainforest, 2.XII.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Andranobe, 6.3 km S Ambanizana, 15.6813°S, 49.958°E, 25 m, rainforest, 13.–14.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Andranobe, 5.3 km SSE Ambanizana, 15.6713°S, 49.9739°E, 425 m, rainforest, 21.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.1883°S, 49.615°E, 470 m, rainforest, 8.–12.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.1783°S, 49.635°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 12.–16.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina, 17.8867°S, 49.2025°E, 520 m, rainforest, 1.–3.XII.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 19 km ESE Maroantsetra, 15.4833°S, 49.9°E, 350 m, rainforest, 22.IV.1989 (P.S. Ward); Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15.2883°S, 49.5483°E, 600 m, rainforest, 17.–21.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Nosy Mangabe, 15.5°S, 49.766667°E, 300 m, rainforest, 18.IV.1989 (P.S. Ward); Toamasina, Ile Sainte Marie, Forêt Ambohidena, 22.8 km 44° Ambodifotatra, 16.8243°S, 49.9642°E, 20 m, littoral rainforest, 21.XI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.0483°S, 49.0917°E, 450 m, rainforest, 21.–24.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Tetezambatana forest, near junction of Nosivola and Manakambahiny Rivers, 17.743°S, 48.7294°E, 860 m, rainforest, 18.–19.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Onibe River, 17.7591°S, 48.8547°E, 780 m, rainforest, 21.–23.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
Tetramorium dalek is easily distinguishable by the following combination of characters: waist segments without long standing hairs, instead with short, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence only, sometimes with one or two short erect to suberect hairs; propodeal spines moderately long to long (PSLI 25–27); first gastral tergite with short, relatively dense, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence and without any standing hairs at all.
(N=12). HL 0.47–0.56 (0.51); HW 0.45–0.54 (0.49); SL 0.31–0.35 (0.33); EL 0.11–0.13 (0.12); PH 0.23–0.30 (0.26); PW 0.34–0.39 (0.36); WL 0.54–0.68 (0.61); PSL 0.12–0.15 (0.13); PTL 0.12–0.14 (0.12); PTH 0.19–0.22 (0.20); PTW 0.13–0.17 (0.15); PPL 0.13–0.16 (0.15); PPH 0.19–0.21 (0.19); PPW 0.18–0.22 (0.20); CI 95–97 (96); SI 63–70 (67); OI 23–24 (24); DMI 54–63 (59); LMI 42–46 (43); PSLI 25–27 (26); PeNI 38–46 (42); LPeI 55–68 (61); DPeI 108–139 (123); PpNI 53–59 (56); LPpI 70–80 (76); DPpI 131–147 (139); PPI 126–138 (133).
Head longer than wide (CI 95–97); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed, diverging posteriorly, and usually approaching or ending at posterior head margin; antennal scrobe present, but weak, shallow, and without defined posterior or ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 63–70). Eyes of moderate size (OI 23–24). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to very weakly convex, relatively high (LMI 42–46), and moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines elongate-triangular to spinose, moderately long to long, and acute (PSLI 25–27); propodeal lobes short, triangular, and blunt or acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high, rounded nodiform to weakly rectangular nodiform, with moderately rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins, around 1.5 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 55–68), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about the same height and equally marginate (very rarely posterodorsal margin more rounded and lower than anterodorsal margin), petiolar dorsum flat to very weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.1 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 108–139), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.2 to 2.6 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 38–46). Postpetiole in profile globular, approximately 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 70–80); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPpI 131–147), pronotum between 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 53–59). Postpetiole in profile appearing slightly more voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 126–138). Mandibles distinctly striate; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose, with three to five rugae/rugulae, median ruga always well developed and distinct, lateral rugae/rugulae sometimes weaker and interrupted; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with seven to ten longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose. Ground sculpture on head absent to weakly punctate. Mesosoma laterally and dorsally mostly irregularly longitudinally rugose. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth and shining. Ground sculpture on mesosoma weak to absent. Waist segments and gaster completely unsculptured, smooth and shining. Head and mesosoma with numerous, moderately long and fine standing hairs; waist segments and first gastral tergite with short, comparatively dense, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence, sometimes several of these short hairs suberect to erect. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae usually with decumbent to suberect hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster generally orange-brown to chestnut brown, mandibles, antennae, and legs always lighter, usually yellowish brown.
The name of the new species is taken from the popular British TV show “Dr. Who” and refers to a fictional, extra-terrestrial race of evil mutants. During different stages of the revision we considered placing the material listed here as Tetramorium dalek in at least three to four different groups, which caused a significant amount of nuisance, especially to the first author. Naming this species after an evil, extra-terrestrial, and often annoying race was a logical consequence. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariant.
The new species is found in the lowland and montane rainforests of eastern Madagascar from the southernmost localities Sandranantitra, Betampona, and Zahamena, north to Anjanaharibe-Sud (Fig. 61). In addition, Tetramorium dalek has an elevational range from 20 to 1280 m, and seems to live in leaf litter.
Tetramorium dalek is easily distinguishable within the Tetramorium naganum species group since it is the only species without long, standing hairs on the waist segments and the first gastral tergite, and in addition, it also has generally shorter propodeal spines (PSLI 25–27) than the other four species (PSLI 27–37). But it is possible to mistake Tetramorium dalek with species from other groups. Its general habitus and in particular its lack of standing pilosity on the first gastral tergite could lead to misplacement in the Tetramorium schaufussii complex of the Tetramorium schaufussii species group or the Tetramorium ibycterum complex in the Tetramorium ranarum group. Indeed, a misidentification with one species from the latter complex is likely. Tetramorium ibycterum superficially shares many characters with Tetramorium dalek, and even most morphometric ranges. However, Tetramorium ibycterum has very well developed antennal scrobes with clearly defined margins all around, whereas Tetramorium dalek has weaker antennal scrobes without clearly defined margins all around. In addition, Tetramorium dalek differs from the species of the Tetramorium schaufussii complex in having a broader head (CI 95–97) and higher and stouter mesosoma (LMI 42–46). Consequently, despite morphological similarities to other species groups, we consider Tetramorium dalek best placed in the Tetramorium naganum group.
http://zoobank.org/CEF594E4-5B03-42F9-B250-4295A137AAC6
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_enkidu
Figs 2B, 3B, 7, 61Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Forêt Ambanitaza, 26.1 km 347° Antalaha, 14.67933°S, 50.18367°E, 240 m, rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF10997, 26.XI.2004 (B.L. Fisher) (CAS: CASENT0056450). Paratypes, ten pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0056445; CAS: CASENT0056435; CASENT0056436; CASENT0056437; CASENT0056441; CASENT0056448; CASENT0056449; CASENT0056456; CASENT0056467; MCZ: CASENT0056461).
Tetramorium enkidu holotype worker (CASENT0056450). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
Antsiranana, Forêt Ambanitaza, 26.1 km 347° Antalaha, 14.6793°S, 50.1837°E, 240 m, rainforest, 26.XI.2004 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, 1 km W Andampibe, Cap Masoala, 15.6936°S, 50.1814°E, 125 m, lowland rainforest, 1.XII.1993 (G.D. Alpert); Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 9.4km 235° SW Daraina, 13.2633°S, 49.6°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 5.XII.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 3.6 km 235° SW Joffreville, 12.5344°S, 49.1795°E, 925 m, montane rainforest, 20.–26.I.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina, 14.435°S, 49.76°E, 775 m, 15.–18.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro, 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15.2883°S, 49.5483°E, 600 m, rainforest, 17.–21.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 19 km ESE Maroantsetra, 15.4833°S, 49.9°E, 350 m, 22.IV.1989 (P.S. Ward).
Tetramorium enkidu is distinguishable from the other species of the group by the following combination of characters: eyes small to moderate in size (OI 22–24); waist segments with several long erect hairs; propodeal spines long to very long (PSLI 29–36); in profile petiolar node relatively thick, between 1.5 and 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 60–65); first gastral tergite with moderately short, abundant, subdecumbent to suberect pilosity, and without short, dense, appressed to decumbent pubescence.
(N=12). HL 0.53–0.62 (0.58); HW 0.50–0.60 (0.56); SL 0.33–0.43 (0.39); EL 0.11–0.14 (0.13); PH 0.25–0.34 (0.31); PW 0.36–0.46 (0.43); WL 0.59–0.77 (0.71); PSL 0.16–0.21 (0.19); PTL 0.13–0.16 (0.15); PTH 0.21–0.26 (0.24); PTW 0.14–0.18 (0.17); PPL 0.15–0.21 (0.19); PPH 0.20–0.26 (0.24); PPW 0.21–0.26 (0.24); CI 93–98 (96); SI 64–72 (69); OI 22–24 (23); DMI 58–62 (60); LMI 41–45 (43); PSLI 29–36 (32); PeNI 35–42 (39); LPeI 60–65 (63); DPeI 104–113 (109); PpNI 54–60 (57); LPpI 73–85 (79); DPpI 120–140 (131); PPI 142–155 (147).
Head weakly to distinctly longer than wide (CI 93–98); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed, diverging posteriorly, and usually approaching or ending at posterior head margin; antennal scrobe present, but weak, shallow, and without defined posterior or ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 64–72). Eyes short to moderate (OI 22–24). Mesosomal outline in profile weakly convex, relatively high (LMI 41–45), and moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines spinose, long to very long, and acute (PSLI 29–36); propodeal lobes short, triangular, and blunt or acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high, rounded nodiform, with well-rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins, around 1.5 to 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 60–65), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about the same height and equally marginate, petiolar dorsum always distinctly convex; node in dorsal view slightly wider than long (DPeI 104–113), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.4 to 2.8 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 36–42). Postpetiole in profile globular, approximately 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 73–85); in dorsal view between 1.2 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 120–140), pronotum around 1.7 to 1.8 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 54–60). Postpetiole in profile appearing slightly lower and thicker than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 142–155). Mandibles usually unsculptured, smooth, and shining, sometimes weakly partially striate (especially basally), rarely fully covered in fine striations; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose, with three to six rugae/rugulae, median ruga always well developed and distinct, lateral rugae/rugulae usually weaker and/or interrupted; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with seven to nine longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often irregular, interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose. Ground sculpture on head weak to absent. Mesosoma laterally and dorsally irregularly longitudinally rugose, rarely lateral mesosoma with few unsculptured areas. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth and shining. Ground sculpture on mesosoma very weak to absent. Waist segments and gaster completely unsculptured, smooth and shining. Head, mesosoma, and waist segments with numerous, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with moderately short, abundant, subdecumbent to suberect pilosity, and without short, dense, appressed to decumbent pubescence; pilosity appearing disorganized due to varying degrees of inclination. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to suberect hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster light to dark brown, mandibles, antennae, and legs always of lighter brown.
The new species is named after the fictional character “Enkidu” who is a central figure in the ancient Mesopotamian poem “Epic of Gilgamesh”, one of the oldest written stories in human history. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariant.
The new species is restricted to the northern part of Madagascar. Its distribution ranges from Montagne d’Akirindro, the area around Maroantsetra, and Cap Masoala north through Ambanitaza, and Marojejy to Binara and Montagne d’Ambre (Fig. 61). The localities are rainforests or montane rainforests situated at altitudes from 125 to 1100. In addition, Tetramorium enkidu appears to live in leaf litter or the ground.
Tetramorium enkidu is easily identifiable within the species group. The presence of several long, erect hairs on the waist segments and much longer propodeal spines (PSLI 29–36) separate Tetramorium enkidu from Tetramorium dalek (PSLI 25–27). The latter species and Tetramorium naganum both lack standing pilosity on the first gastral tergite, which is present in Tetramorium enkidu. Tetramorium naganum also has a thinner petiolar node, which is between 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 54–58), contrasting with the thicker node of Tetramorium enkidu, which is between 1.5 and 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 60–65). Also distinguishable from Tetramorium enkidu by a relatively thin petiolar node is Tetramorium gilgamesh (LPeI 50–58). The latter also possesses larger eyes (OI 25–27) than Tetramorium enkidu (OI 22–24), but this can be difficult to see without measuring. The last species of the group, Tetramorium alperti, shares the thicker petiolar node shape with Tetramorium enkidu, as well as most other characters except gastral pilosity. Indeed, as outlined in the description of Tetramorium alperti, both could be easily combined into one species since their separation is based only on differences in gastral pilosity/pubescence. However, we prefer to describe them as distinct because their distribution ranges overlap and both maintain a species-specific pattern of gastral pilosity/pubescence in sympatry.
http://zoobank.org/24769905-BB87-467D-8785-93586E3E8E65
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_gilgamesh
Figs 2D, 4A, 8, 61Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.0483°S, 49.0917°E, 450 m, rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code HJR101, 18.–21.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson) (CAS: CASENT0247312). Paratypes, four pinned workers with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0189097; CASENT0218015); and three pinned workers with same data as holotype except collected from the 21.–24.I.1999 and collection code HJR102 (CAS: CASENT0189096; CASENT0218016).
Tetramorium gilgamesh holotype worker (CASENT0247312). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, 1 km W Andampibe, Cap Masoala, 15.6936°S, 50.1814°E, 125 m, lowland rainforest, 1.XII.1993 (G.D. Alpert); Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15.2883°S, 49.5483°E, 600 m, rainforest, 17.–21.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Andranobe, 5.3 km SSE Ambanizana, 15.6713°S, 49.9739°E, 425 m, rainforest, 21.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.7727°S, 49.2655°E, 450 m, rainforest, 20.–22.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.7633°S, 49.2669°E, 520 m, rainforest, 22.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.8175°S, 49.295°E, 360 m, rainforest, 25.–27.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Andriantantely, 18.695°S, 48.8133°E, 530 m, rainforest, 7.–10.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.1883°S, 49.615°E, 470 m, rainforest, 8.–12.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina, 17.8867°S, 49.2025°E, 520 m, rainforest, 1.–3.XII.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National Mananara-Nord, 7.1 km 261° Antanambe, 16.455°S, 49.7875°E, 225 m, rainforest, 14.XI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.0483°S, 49.0917°E, 450 m, rainforest, 18.–24.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson).
The following character combination distinguishes Tetramorium gilgamesh from the other members of the Tetramorium naganum group: relatively large eyes (OI 25–27); propodeal spines long (PSLI 27–30); petiolar node relatively high and thin, around 1.7 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–59); waist segments with several long erect hairs; first gastral tergite with short to moderately long, abundant, decumbent to suberect pilosity, and without short, dense, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence; pilosity appearing disorganized due to varying degrees of inclination and hair length.
(N=12). HL 0.52–0.56 (0.54); HW 0.49–0.55 (0.51); SL 0.36–0.38 (0.37); EL 0.13–0.14 (0.13); PH 0.26–0.30 (0.27); PW 0.36–0.41 (0.38); WL 0.61–0.66 (0.64); PSL 0.14–0.17 (0.15); PTL 0.11–0.14 (0.12); PTH 0.21–0.24 (0.22); PTW 0.13–0.17 (0.14); PPL 0.15–0.18 (0.16); PPH 0.19–0.22 (0.20); PPW 0.20–0.24 (0.22); CI 92–98 (94); SI 68–76 (73); OI 25–27 (26); DMI 58–62 (59); LMI 40–45 (42); PSLI 27–30 (28); PeNI 33–40 (37); LPeI 50–59 (55); DPeI 112–127 (118); PpNI 54–59 (56); LPpI 74–85 (80); DPpI 125–142 (132); PPI 143–169 (153).
Head weakly to distinctly longer than wide (CI 92–98); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed, diverging posteriorly, and usually approaching or ending at posterior head margin; antennal scrobe distinct but relatively shallow, usually with defined margins all around, but ventral margin sometimes poorly defined and merging with surrounding sculpture, median scrobal carina generally not well developed, if present relatively weak and reaching eye level only. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 68–76). Eyes relatively large (OI 25–27). Mesosomal outline in profile weakly convex, relatively high (LMI 40–45), and moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines spinose, long, and acute (PSLI 27–30); propodeal lobes short, triangular, and blunt or acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high, rounded nodiform, with well-rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins, around 1.7 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–59), anterior and posterior faces not parallel, node slightly narrowing from base to apex, usually anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height (very rarely anterodorsal margin weakly higher than posterodorsal margin), petiolar dorsum weakly to moderately convex; node in dorsal view around 1.1 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 112–127), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.5 to 3.0 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 33–40). Postpetiole in profile globular, approximately 1.2 to 1.3 times higher than long (LPpI 74–85); in dorsal view between 1.2 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 125–142), pronotum between 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 54–59). Postpetiole in profile appearing thicker and lower than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.7 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 143–169). Mandibles usually unsculptured, smooth, and shining, rarely with traces of longitudinal rugulae; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose, with three to six rugae/rugulae, median ruga always well developed and distinct, lateral rugae/rugulae usually weaker and/or interrupted; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with eight to nine longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, some rugae irregular, interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured, smooth and shining; lateral head mostly longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose, but with extensive unsculptured areas. Ground sculpture on head absent to weakly punctate. Mesosoma laterally and dorsally irregularly longitudinally rugose, sometimes lateral mesosoma with a few unsculptured areas medially. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth and shining. Ground sculpture on mesosoma usually weak to absent. Waist segments and gaster completely unsculptured, smooth and shining. Head, mesosoma, and waist segments with numerous, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with short to moderately long, abundant, decumbent to suberect pilosity, without short, dense, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence; pilosity appearing disorganized due to varying degrees of inclination and hair length. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to subdecumbent hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster usually orange to light brown, rarely of darker brown, mandibles, antennae, and legs usually lighter, yellowish brown.
The new species is named after the fictional character “Gilgamesh”, the main figure in the ancient Mesopotamian poem “Epic of Gilgamesh”, one of the earliest surviving works of literature. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariant.
Tetramorium gilgamesh is distributed in eastern Madagascar (Fig. 61). Its distribution ranges from the southernmost known locality Andriantantely north to Montagne d’Anjanaharibe and Montagne d’Akirindro, and northeast to Andranobe and Andampibe on the Masoala Peninsula. All localities are lowland rainforests situated at elevations of 125 to 600 m. The preferred microhabitat of Tetramorium gilgamesh seems to be leaf litter.
The identification of Tetramorium gilgamesh within the Tetramorium naganum species group is fairly straightforward. The best diagnostic character is eye size since Tetramorium gilgamesh has the largest eyes of the group with an OI 25–27 (vs. OI 21–24 in the other four species). Beyond this, it cannot be mistaken for Tetramorium dalek since the waist segments and a first gastral tergite of the latter species are covered with short, comparatively dense, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence without standing pilosity. By contrast, Tetramorium gilgamesh has long, erect hairs on the waist segments and the first gastral tergite is covered with short to moderately long, abundant, decumbent to suberect pilosity, but without short, dense, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence. Additionally, the pilosity on the first gastral tergite of Tetramorium gilgamesh appears disorganized due to varying degrees of inclination and hair length. The gastral pilosity separates it also from Tetramorium alperti, Tetramorium enkidu, and Tetramorium naganum, which have very different patterns of pilosity/pubescence. Furthermore, Tetramorium alperti and Tetramorium enkidu have thicker petiolar nodes (LPeI 60–68) than Tetramorium gilgamesh (LPeI 50–59). Tetramorium naganum shares the same shape of the petiolar node with Tetramorium gilgamesh, and both are also found in sympatry throughout most of their distribution ranges. However, differences in eye size and gastral pilosity distinguish between both species fairly well.
On the basis of the available material it seems that intraspecific variation is generally low in Tetramorium gilgamesh.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_naganum
Figs 1B, 2C, 4B, 9, 61Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, La Mandraka, 18.912778°S, 47.892222°E 1280 m, montane forest, collection code AB41, 8.II.1977 (W.L. & D.E. Brown) (MCZ: MCZ_Holotype_32379) [examined]. Paratypes, 16 pinned workers and one dealate queen with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0102346; CASENT0235212; MCZ: MCZ_Paratype_32379) [examined].
[Note: the GPS data of the type locality was not provided by the locality label or the original description. The data presented above is based on our own georeferencing of the rainforest locality La Mandraka and should be considered an approximation and not the exact location of the type locality of Tetramorium naganum.]
Tetramorium naganum holotype worker (CASENT0280584). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 6.5 km SSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.5°E, 875 m, rainforest, 19.X.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 9.2 km WSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.4667°E, 1280 m, montane rainforest, 5.XI.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antananarivo, 3 km 41° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, 18.4733°S, 47.96°E, 1300 m, 5.–13.XII.2000 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 6.9 km NE Ambanizana, Ambohitsitondroina, 15.5851°S, 50.0095°E, 825 m, rainforest, 2.XII.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Ambanizana, Parc National Masoala, 15.5722°S, 50.0069°E, 1020 m, montane rainforest, 2.–6.III.2003 (D. Andriamalala et al.); Toamasina, Ambatoharanana, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, 18.8042°S, 48.4008°E, 968 m, 12.–19.XII.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Analamay, 18.8062°S, 48.3371°E, 1068 m, montane rainforest, 21.III.2004 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.4017°S, 48.806°E, 1035 m, montane forest, 24.–29.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.17833°S, 49.635°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 12.–16.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher).
Tetramorium naganum can be easily diagnosed within the Tetramorium naganum group on the basis of the following character combination: eyes small to moderate in size (OI 21–23); propodeal spines relatively long (PSLI 28–33); petiolar node in profile relatively thin, between 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 54–58); waist segments with long, standing hairs; first gastral tergite with short, comparatively dense, appressed to decumbent pubescence, and without any long standing hairs.
(N=10). HL 0.57–0.72 (0.63); HW 0.59–0.73 (0.65); SL 0.39–0.51 (0.46); EL 0.13–0.16 (0.14); PH 0.29–0.40 (0.33); PW 0.41–0.53 (0.45); WL 0.73–0.92 (0.78); PSL 0.18–0.22 (0.20); PTL 0.13–0.16 (0.14); PTH 0.24–0.28 (0.25); PTW 0.15–0.19 (0.16); PPL 0.18–0.22 (0.19); PPH 0.23–0.27 (0.24); PPW 0.23–0.28 (0.25); CI 94–99 (97); SI 68–77 (73); OI 21–23 (22); DMI 56–62 (58); LMI 40–45 (43); PSLI 28–33 (30); PeNI 34–38 (35); LPeI 54–58 (56); DPeI 107–122 (115); PpNI 52–59 (54); LPpI 77–84 (80); DPpI 125–137 (128); PPI 147–159 (153).
Head weakly to distinctly longer than wide (CI 94–99); posterior head margin moderately concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed, diverging posteriorly, and usually approaching or ending at posterior head margin; antennal scrobe present, but weak, shallow, and without defined posterior or ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 68–77). Eyes short to moderate (OI 21–23). Mesosomal outline in profile weakly convex, relatively high (LMI 40–45), and moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines spinose, long, and acute (PSLI 28–33); propodeal lobes short, triangular, and blunt or acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high, rounded nodiform, with well-rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins, between 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 54–58), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about the same height (very rarely anterodorsal margin higher than posterodorsal margin) and equally marginate, petiolar dorsum always convex; node in dorsal view around 1.1 to 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 107–122), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.7 to 3.0 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 34–38). Postpetiole in profile globular, approximately 1.2 to 1.3 times higher than long (LPpI 77–84); in dorsal view between 1.2 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 125–137), pronotum around 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 52–59). Postpetiole in profile thicker and lower than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 147–159). Mandibles variably sculptured, ranging from fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining through partially striate to fully striate; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose, with two to six rugae/rugulae, median ruga always well developed and distinct, lateral rugae/rugulae usually weaker and/or interrupted; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with six to nine longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin but very often irregular, interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area usually mostly unsculptured, rarely longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose; lateral head longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose. Ground sculpture on head absent to weakly punctate. Mesosoma laterally and dorsally irregularly longitudinally rugose, rarely lateral mesosoma with a few unsculptured areas medially. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth and shining. Ground sculpture on mesosoma very weak to absent. Waist segments and gaster completely unsculptured, smooth and shining. Head, mesosoma, and waist segments with numerous, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with short, comparatively dense, appressed to subdecumbent pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae usually with decumbent to suberect hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster usually orange to light brown, rarely of darker brown, mandibles, antennae, and legs always lighter, usually light yellowish brown.
Tetramorium naganum is found in rainforests or montane rainforests in eastern and north-eastern Madagascar (Fig. 61). The distribution range is disjunctive, very much as in Tetramorium alperti and Tetramorium dalek. Tetramorium naganum is either found in the region around La Mandraka, Analamay, Andranomay, and Andasibe-Mantadia, and Ankerana, or much further north between Anjanaharibe-Sud and the Masoala Peninsula (Ambanizana), with Montagne d’Anjanaharibe being in-between. The reasons behind this discontinuous distribution are not clear yet, but as for Tetramorium alperti, it is likely that Tetramorium naganum was previously much more common in eastern Malagasy humid forests, and present-day populations represent only relict populations. The altitudinal range of the species with 825–1300 m supports this. However, since Tetramorium naganum is not particularly abundant or common where it occurs, it may just be a relatively rare faunal element in eastern Madagascar. If so, further sampling might yield additional material in the future, especially in the geographic areas between the two main populations mentioned above. Like most species in this group, Tetramorium naganum seems to be a leaf litter inhabitant.
Tetramorium naganum is the only species of the group that was known prior to our revision, and can be seen as the core species of the group. The lack of pilosity on the first gastral tergite isolates it fairly well from Tetramorium alperti and Tetramorium gilgamesh since these possess pilosity in varying degrees of inclination, length, and abundance. The relatively thin and high petiolar node (LPeI 54–58) separates Tetramorium naganum from Tetramorium alperti and Tetramorium enkidu, which have much thicker petiolar nodes (LPeI 60–68). Additionally, Tetramorium naganum has smaller eyes (OI 21–23) than Tetramorium gilgamesh (OI 25–27). The last species of the group, Tetramorium dalek, shares the lack of long, standing pilosity on the first gastral tergite with Tetramorium naganum. Nevertheless, both species are very unlikely to be confused with each other. Tetramorium dalek is generally smaller (HW 0.45–0.54; WL 0.54–68), has shorter propodeal spines (PSLI 25–27), and lacks long, standing hairs on the waist segments, whereas Tetramorium naganum is generally larger (HW 0.55–0.72; WL 0.66–0.92), possesses longer propodeal spines (PSLI 28–33), and always has long, standing hairs on the waist segments.
Diagnosis. Eleven-segmented antennae; anterior clypeal margin medially impressed; frontal carinae strongly developed and forming dorsal margin of very well-developed antennal scrobes, scrobes moderately to very deep and with clearly defined margins all around (except in Tetramorium gollum); median scrobal carina very well developed and distinctly surpassing posterior eye level, usually ending between posterior eye margin and posterior scrobe margin, often approaching the latter; anterior face of mesosoma weakly developed; mesosomal outline in profile moderately to strongly convex, moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; mesosoma relatively high (LMI 41–56); propodeal spines usually medium-sized to long, elongate-triangular to spinose (PSLI 23–32), rarely short (PSLI 18–20); propodeal lobes usually short, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute; petiolar node in profile nodiform to high nodiform, in profile between 1.3 to 1.8 times higher than long, (LPeI 56–76), anterior and posterior faces generally parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height; node in dorsal view typically distinctly wider than long, between 1.1 to 1.5 times (DPeI 108–148); postpetiole much broader than long and transverse, between 1.4 to 2 times broader than long (DPpI 141–200); sculpture on mandibles variably developed; cephalic sculpture distinct, between frontal carinae predominantly longitudinally rugose; mesosoma with well-developed longitudinally rugose sculpture; waist segments weakly to moderately sculptured, never completely unsculptured; first gastral tergite usually with weak ground sculpture at base or completely unsculptured, in Tetramorium gollum basal half of tergite strongly reticulate-rugose; whole body with abundant, usually dense, long, and standing hairs; sting appendage spatulate.
Comments. The Tetramorium plesiarum group is a compact assemblage of five species that resemble one another very closely. All are morphologically very conspicuous elements within the Malagasy Tetramorium fauna, and represent arid-adapted species found mostly in the drier western and southern parts of Madagascar. Surprisingly, Tetramorium plesiarum, which is much less common than Tetramorium bressleri, Tetramorium hobbit, and Tetramorium mars, is the only member of the species group that was known prior to this revision, and only from the holotype. The other four species, Tetramorium bressleri, Tetramorium gollum, Tetramorium hobbit, and Tetramorium mars, are newly described here. All five species share a more or less similar habitus with very well developed antennal scrobes, more or less convex mesosomal profiles, usually medium-sized to long propodeal spines, higher than long and broader than long petiolar nodes, and abundant, long, and often dense pilosity. The species delimitations presented here are mainly based on differences in the shape of the petiolar node and sculpture on different parts of the body. One intriguing feature of the group is the morphological cline observable in the shape of the petiolar node (see Fig. 10), which ranges from massively enlarged and blocky (Tetramorium hobbit) through smaller, but still relatively blocky (Tetramorium mars), to much higher and thinner (Tetramorium bressleri, Tetramorium gollum, Tetramorium plesiarum).
Mesosoma and petiole in profile. A Tetramorium hobbit (CASENT0019207) B Tetramorium mars (CASENT0474279) C Tetramorium plesiarum (CASENT0036474) D Tetramorium gollum (CASENT0074974) E Tetramorium bressleri (CASENT0055196).
Tetramorium plesiarum was initially placed in the Tetramorium ranarum species group by
1 | Gaster conspicuously enlarged, appearing swollen; basal half of first gastral tergite strongly sculptured (Fig. 11A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium gollum |
– | Gaster never enlarged or swollen; first gastral tergite not strongly sculptured; if sculpture present, then restricted to base of the tergite (Fig. 11B, C) | 2 |
2 | Petiolar node blocky, massive and very large; head, mesosoma, and waist segments with conspicuous reticulate-punctate ground sculpture (Fig. 12A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium hobbit |
– | Petiolar node always much smaller than above; head, mesosoma, and waist segments without conspicuous reticulate-punctate ground sculpture (Fig. 12B, C) | 3 |
3 | Antennal scapes shorter (SI 58–62); petiolar node in profile lower and thicker and in dorsal view longer (LPeI 69–76; DPeI 108–123); dorsum of petiolar node fully covered with distinctly reticulate-rugose sculpture (Fig. 13A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium mars |
– | Antennal scapes longer (SI 62–69); petiolar node in profile higher and thinner and in dorsal view broader (LPeI 56–63; DPeI 130–144); dorsum of petiolar node weakly rugulose/rugose, mostly smooth (Fig. 13B, C) | 4 |
4 | Generally smaller species (HW 0.67–0.76; WL 0.81–092); eyes relatively larger (OI 21–23); in profile anterodorsal margin of petiolar node clearly protruding anteriorly; mesopleuron and lateral propodeum longitudinally rugose with distinct reticulate-punctate ground sculpture, appearing matte and rough; sides of petiolar node with strong reticulate-punctate ground sculpture, appearing fairly matte and rough (Fig. 14A) [Madagascar | Tetramorium plesiarum |
– | Generally larger species (HW 0.80–1.00; WL 0.92–1.15); eyes relatively smaller (OI 18–19); in profile anterodorsal margin of petiolar node not protruding anteriorly; mesopleuron and lateral propodeum with very little rugose/rugulose sculpture, mostly unsculptured, smooth, and shining; sides of petiolar node with weak but distinct reticulate-punctate ground sculpture, appearing only slightly matte and mostly smooth and shining (Fig. 14B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium bressleri |
Body in profile. A Tetramorium gollum (CASENT0074849) B Tetramorium plesiarum (CASENT0172831) C Tetramorium bressleri (CASENT0055196).
Head, mesosoma and petiole in profile. A Tetramorium hobbit (CASENT0019207) B Tetramorium mars (CASENT0474279) C Tetramorium bressleri (CASENT0055196).
Mesosoma and petiole in profile. A Tetramorium mars (CASENT0474279) B Tetramorium plesiarum (CASENT0172831) C Tetramorium bressleri (CASENT0055196).
Body in profile. A Tetramorium plesiarum (CASENT0172831) B Tetramorium bressleri (CASENT0055196).
http://zoobank.org/288AA21B-2B9E-49F1-8C6A-B22E6FD4619E
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_bressleri
Figs 10E, 11C, 12C, 13C, 14B, 15, 62Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka, 9.8 km 300° WNW Vilanandro, 16.46667°S, 45.35°E, 140 m, tropical dry forest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF06446, 4.–8.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0035677). Paratypes, 27 pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0035669; CAS: CASENT0035636; CASENT0035640; CASENT0035642; CASENT0035647; CASENT0035648; CASENT0035649; CASENT0035652; CASENT0035653; CASENT0035654; CASENT0035656; CASENT0035658; CASENT0035660; CASENT0035662; CASENT0035666; CASENT0035667; CASENT0035670; CASENT0035674; CASENT0035675; CASENT0035678; CASENT0035681; CASENT0035686; CASENT0035687; CASENT0035689; CASENT0035694; CASENT0035703; MCZ: CASENT0035646).
Tetramorium bressleri holotype worker (CASENT0035677). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo, Reserve Speciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72°NE Ankazobe, 18.2253°S, 47.2868°E, 1410 m, montane rainforest, 17.–22.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Forêt d’Anabohazo, 21.6 km 247° WSW Maromandia, 14.3089°S, 47.9143°E, 120 m, tropical dry forest, 11.–16.III.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Ampangabe I Non Protected Area, 21.4 km W Itremo, 20.6111°S, 46.6069°E, 1414 m, savannah woodland, 21.–23.III.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Ampangabe II Non Protected Area, 21.29 km W Itremo, 20.6114°S, 46.6081°E, 1402 m, savannah woodland, 21.–23.III.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Ampangabe VI Non Protected Area, 21.16 km W Itremo, 20.6144°S, 46.6104°E, 1379 m, shrubland, 21.–23.III.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Ampangoabe V Non Protected Area, 21.37 km W Itremo, 20.6136°S, 46.608°E, 1449 m, shrubland, 22.–23.III.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Ampotoampoto I National Parc, 8.02 km NW Ilakaka, 22.6283°S, 45.1886°E, 917 m, savannah woodland, 26.–28.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Analalava, 29.6 km 280° W Ranohira, 22.5917°S, 45.1283°E, 700 m, 1.–5.II.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Antohatsahomby I Non Protected Area, 22.77 km NW Ambatofinandrahana, 20.5506°S, 46.5856°E, 1550 m, Uapaca woodland, 15.–17.III.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Atsirakambiaty, 7.6 km 285° WNW Itremo, 20.5933°S, 46.5633°E, 1550 m, montane rainforest, 22.–26.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Parc National d’Isalo, 9.1 km 354° N Ranohira, 22.4817°S, 45.4617°E, 725 m, gallery forest, 27.–31.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Parc National d’Isalo, Ambovo Springs, 29.3 km 4° N Ranohira, 22.2983°S, 45.3517°E, 990 m, Uapaca woodland, 9.–14.II.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Mampiarika I Non Protected Area, 28.08 km SW Ambositra, 20.7344°S, 47.0835°E, 1480 m, Uapaca woodland, 31.I.–2.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Mahajanga, Forêt Ambohimanga, 26.1 km 314° Mampikony, 15.9627°S, 47.4382°E, 250 m, tropical dry forest, 13.–15.XII.2004 (B.L. Fisher); Mahajanga, Boeny Region, District of Soalala, Analamanitra forest, 14 km SW Mitsinjo, 16.7°S, 45.7°E, 19 m, dense dry forest, 26.II.-4.III.2008 (M. Rin’ha); Mahajanga, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Ampijoroa Station Forestiere, 40 km 306° NW Andranofasika, 16.3208°S, 46.8107°E, 130 m, tropical dry forest, 26.III.-1.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Ampijoroa Station Forestiere, 5.4 km 331° NW Andranofasika, 16.2989°S, 46.813°E, 70 m, tropical dry forest, 26.III.-1.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Forêt de Tsimaloto, 18.3 km 46° NE de Tsaramandroso, 16.2281°S, 47.1436°E, 135 m, tropical dry forest, 2.IV.-8.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Baie de Baly, 12.4 km 337° NNW Soalala, 16.01°S, 45.265°E, 10 m, tropical dry forest, 26.–30.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Reserve Forestiere Beanka, 50.2 km E Maintirano, 18.0265°S, 44.0505°E, 250 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 19.–26.X.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Reserve Forestiere Beanka, 52.7 km E Maintirano, 18.0622°S, 44.5259°E, 300 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 24.–27.X.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Reserve Forestiere Beanka, 50.7 km E Maintirano, 17.8802°S, 44.4688°E, 140 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 29.X.–1.XI.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Reserve Forestiere Beanka, 50.2 km E Maintirano, 17.8876°S, 44.4726°E, 153 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 31.X.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Reserve Speciale de Bemarivo, 23.8 km 223° SW Besalampy, 16.925°S, 44.3683°E, 30 m, tropical dry forest, 19.–23.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Mahavavy River, 6.2 km 145° SE Mitsinjo, 16.0517°S, 45.9083°E, 20 m, gallery forest, 1.–5.XII.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka, 9.8 km 300° WNW Vilanandro, 16.4667°S, 45.35°E, 140 m, tropical dry forest, 4.–8.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka, 17.8 km 329° WNW Vilanandro, 16.3767°S, 45.3267°E, 100 m, tropical dry forest, 8.–12.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka, 16.9 km 317° NW Vilanandro, 16.4067°S, 45.31°E, 100 m, tropical dry forest, 12.–16.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha, 3.4 km 93° E Bekopaka, Tombeau Vazimba, 19.1419°S, 44.828°E, 50 m, tropical dry forest, 6.–10.XI.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha, 2.5 km 62° ENE Bekopaka, Ankidrodroa River, 19.1322°S, 44.8147°E, 100 m, 11.–15.XI.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha, 10.6 km ESE 123° Antsalova, 18.7094°S, 44.7182°E, 150 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 16.–20.XI.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Forêt d’Ambohibory, 1.7 km 61° ENE Tsimelahy, 36.1 km 308° NW Tolagnaro, 24.93°S, 46.6455°E, 300 m, tropical dry forest, 16.–20.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Andohahela National Park, Tsimelahy, 24.9368°S, 46.6267°E, 180 m, transition forest, 16.–26.II.2003 (M.E. Irwin et al.); Toliara, 18 km NNW Betroka, 23.1633°S, 45.9686°E, 825 m, savannah, 24.XI.-4.XII.1994 (M.A. Ivie & D. A. Pollock); Toliara, Atsimo Andrefana Region, District of Betioky, 30 km E Betioky, Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, 23.6865°S, 44.591°E, 165 m, gallery dry deciduous forest, 1.–7.I.2002 (M. Rin’ha); Toliara, Beza-Mahafaly, 27 km E Betioky, 23.65°S, 44.6333°E, 135 m, tropical dry forest, 23.IV.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Fiherenana, 23.1769°S, 43.9608°E, 100 m, gallery forest, 21.–24.X.2002 (Frontier Project); Toliara, Fiherenana, 23.177°S, 43.9614°E, gallery forest, 18.–19.VII.2003 (Frontier Wilderness Project); Toliara, southern Isoky-Vohimena Forest, 59 km NE Sakaraha, 22.4667°S, 44.85°E, 730 m, tropical dry forest, 21.I.1996 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Makay Mts., 21.2098°S, 45.3418°E, 525 m, gallery forest on sandy soil, 27.XI.-2.XII.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Makay Mts., 21.2199°S, 45.324°E, 500 m, gallery forest on sandy soil, 24.XI.-12.XII.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Makay Mts., 21.31°S, 45.1295°E, 590 m, dry forest on sandy soil, 3.–6.XII.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Vohibasia Forest, 59 km NE Sakaraha, 22.4667°S, 44.85°E, 780 m, tropical dry forest, 13.I.1996 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Parc National de Zombitse, near road, 22.8405°S, 44.7312°E, 825 m, spiny deciduous forest, 15.X.2001-23.III.2002 (R. Harin’Hala); Toliara, Parc National de Zombitse, near ANGAP office, 22.8865°S, 44.6922°E, 840 m, deciduous spiny forest, 9.XI.2001-26.I.2002 (R. Harin’Hala); Toliara, Parc National de Zombitse, 19.8 km 84° E Sakaraha, 22.8433°S, 44.71°E, 770 m, tropical dry forest, 5.–9.II.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
Tetramorium bressleri can be recognised by the following combination of characters: larger species (HW 0.80–1.00; WL 0.92–1.15); eyes relatively small (OI 18–19); petiolar node high nodiform, not blocky and massively enlarged, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins at about the same height and equally marginate, anterodorsal margin not protruding anteriorly nor very sharply angled; petiolar node in profile relatively high and thin, between 1.6 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 56–61), in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPeI 135–145); gaster never extremely enlarged and swollen; head and mesosoma without strongly developed and conspicuous reticulate-punctate ground sculpture; usually sculpture on the mesopleuron and lateral propodeum mostly absent; basal half of first gastral tergite not strongly reticulate-rugose, only base of tergite weakly sculptured; pilosity on first gastral tergite mostly erect.
(N=12). HL 0.81–1.00 (0.94); HW 0.80–1.00 (0.94); SL 0.51–0.64 (0.60); EL 0.15–0.19 (0.18); PH 0.42–0.53 (0.48); PW 0.57–0.73 (0.68); WL 0.92–1.15 (1.07); PSL 0.24–0.32 (0.27); PTL 0.20–0.26 (0.23); PTH 0.35–0.42 (0.40); PTW 0.28–0.36 (0.32); PPL 0.23–0.30 (0.27); PPH 0.32–0.41 (0.38); PPW 0.35–0.45 (0.42); CI 98–102 (100); SI 62–65 (64); OI 18–19 (19); DMI 61–66 (64); LMI 43–47 (45); PSLI 26–32 (28); PeNI 45–49 (47); LPeI 56–61 (58); DPeI 135–145 (138); PpNI 59–63 (61); LPpI 70–75 (73); DPpI 150–158 (152); PPI 125–134 (130).
Head more or less as long as broad (CI 98–102); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed and forming dorsal margin of very well-developed antennal scrobes, scrobes moderately to very deep and with clearly defined margins all around; median scrobal carina very well developed and distinctly surpassing posterior eye level, usually ending halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior scrobe margin. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 62–65). Eyes relatively small (OI 18–19). Mesosomal outline in profile weakly to moderately convex, rounded and high (LMI 43–47), moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines elongate-triangular to spinose, long, and acute (PSLI 26–32), propodeal lobes short, triangular, and acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high, rectangular nodiform with well defined antero- and posterodorsal margins, between 1.6 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 56–61), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about the same height, petiolar dorsum flat to weakly convex, anterodorsal margin not protruding anteriorly; node in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPeI 135–145), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.0 to 2.2 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 45–49). Postpetiole in profile subglobular and weakly anteroposteriorly compressed, approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 70–75); in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPpI 150–158), pronotum between 1.6 to 1.7 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 59–63). Postpetiole in profile appearing slightly less voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view between 1.2 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 125–134). Mandibles variably sculptured, either unsculptured, smooth, and shining, or partly or fully finely rugulose; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose, with five to eight distinct rugae, median ruga always distinct, lateral rugae often weaker and sometimes interrupted; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with ten to thirteen longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, rarely interrupted or with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured, smooth and shiny; lateral head mainly longitudinally rugose. Ground sculpture on head usually weak to absent. Dorsum of mesosoma mostly longitudinally rugose without any distinct ground sculpture, spaces between rugae smooth and shining; lateral pronotum irregularly longitudinally rugose, often with weak to moderate punctate ground sculpture, mesopleuron and lateral propodeum usually with very little sculpture, few irregular rugae/rugulae and no ground sculpture. Forecoxae often with weak ground sculpture, but generally very smooth and shining. Petiolar node laterally with conspicuous but relatively weak reticulate-punctate ground sculpture only, appearing weakly matte but still relatively smooth and shiny; dorsum of node medially almost unsculptured, smooth, and shiny, surrounding areas rugulose, ground sculpture on petiolar dorsum neglectable. Postpetiole laterally and dorsally weakly to moderately rugose/rugulose and with conspicuous, moderate reticulate-punctate ground sculpture, appearing relatively matte; base of first gastral tergite usually weakly punctate and/or costulate and/or shagreened, remainder of tergite unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Whole body with abundant, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with abundant, long, erect hairs and much scarcer, shorter, decumbent to subdecumbent hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to suberect hairs. Body usually of uniform brown, appendages often lighter.
The name of the new species is a patronym dedicated to Dr. Barry Lee Bressler, retired physicist, former adjunct professor of physics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and amateur naturalist, in recognition of his interest in myrmecology and his support of ant taxonomy.
As mentioned above, it is surprising that most species in the species group, except the holotype of Tetramorium plesiarum, were previously unknown. This is especially true for Tetramorium bressleri. It is by far the most common and abundant species of the Tetramorium plesiarum group. The material available was sampled in many localities and includes more than 500 mounted specimens with many more in alcohol. The distribution ranges of all group members strongly overlap, but the range of Tetramorium bressleri is by far the largest; this species is known from many more localities than the other four (Fig. 62). The southernmost localities are Andohahela, Beza Mahafaly, and Fiherenana, and from there the distribution ranges north through much of western Madagascar up to the northernmost known locality Anabohazo. The eastern limit of the range goes in an almost straight line north from Andohahela through Mampiarika, Ambohitantely, and Ambohimanga to Anabohazo. The new species prefers arid habitats such as tropical dry forests, tropical dry forests on tsingy, gallery forests, spiny deciduous forests, savannah woodland, Uapaca woodland, and spiny thickets. The elevational range of the species is a relatively broad one, ranging from 10 to 1550 m, but most of the material was collected at low elevations (ca. 420 m on average). Tetramorium bressleri was mainly sampled by pitfall trapping and litter sifting, suggesting a ground-active life style.
Tetramorium bressleri is not likely to be confused with Tetramorium gollum, Tetramorium hobbit, or Tetramorium mars, whereas differentiating between Tetramorium bressleri and Tetramorium plesiarum can be challenging at first glance. Tetramorium bressleri lacks the enlarged gaster and strong reticulate-rugose sculpture on the basal half of the first gastral tergite seen in Tetramorium gollum, nor does it have the blocky petiolar node shape of Tetramorium mars or the massively enlarged petiolar node of Tetramorium hobbit. The separation from Tetramorium plesiarum requires more attention and caution. The main and obvious difference is body size. Tetramorium bressleri is usually a much larger species (HW 0.80–1.00; WL 0.92–1.15) than Tetramorium plesiarum (HW 0.80–1.00; WL 0.92–1.15). There is some overlap, but this is mainly due to a few very small specimens of Tetramorium bressleri and one very large specimen of Tetramorium plesiarum. Otherwise, both species fall neatly into their respective size ranges. However, body size alone should not be used as a primary diagnostic character, and in this case, we provide more evidence for their heterospecificity. The eyes of Tetramorium plesiarum (OI 21–23) are larger than in Tetramorium bressleri (OI 18–19), although this is often difficult to assess without measuring. In addition, both can be separated by the sculpture on the mesopleuron and lateral propodeum; this sculpture is usually mostly absent in Tetramorium bressleri, making the area appear very smooth and shiny, while it is usually longitudinally rugose with reticulate-punctate ground sculpture in Tetramorium plesiarum. The sculpture on the sides of the petiolar node varies too, since it is much more reticulate-punctate and matte in Tetramorium plesiarum than in Tetramorium bressleri, in which the weak reticulate-punctate ground sculpture looks faintly matte but still relatively smooth and shiny. The shape of the petiolar node in profile is an additional useful character. In Tetramorium plesiarum the anterodorsal margin of the node protrudes anteriorly and is a bit more marginate than the more rounded posterodorsal margin, while in Tetramorium bressleri both margins are usually equally marginate and the anterodorsal margin does not protrude anteriorly at all.
Considering how common and abundant Tetramorium bressleri is in western Madagascar, it is interesting that it shows very little intraspecific variation and remains very stable in its morphology.
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http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_gollum
Figs 10D, 11A, 16, 62Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Analalava, 29.6 km 280° W, Ranohira, 22.59167°S, 45.12833°E, 700 m, tropical dry forest, pitfall trap, collection code BLF07381, 1.–5.II.2003 (CAS: CASENT0074849). Paratypes, two pinned workers with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0074839, CASENT0074974).
Tetramorium gollum holotype worker (CASENT0074849). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
The strongly developed sculpture on the basal half of the first gastral tergite and the extremely swollen gaster clearly distinguish Tetramorium gollum from the other species in the group.
(N=3). HL 0.76–0.90 (0.81); HW 0.74–0.90 (0.80); SL 0.47–0.59 (0.52); EL 0.15–0.18 (0.16); PH 0.48–0.52 (0.50); PW 0.54–0.66 (0.59); WL 0.85–1.03 (0.93); PSL 0.23–0.26 (0.25); PTL 0.20–0.25 (0.23); PTH 0.35–0.42 (0.38); PTW 0.27–0.37 (0.31); PPL 0.24–0.27 (0.25); PPH 0.37–0.43 (0.40); PPW 0.40–0.50 (0.45); CI 97–100 (98); SI 64–66 (65); OI 19–20 (20); DMI 62–64 (63); LMI 50–56 (54); PSLI 29–31 (30); PeNI 50–56 (53); LPeI 57–61 (59); DPeI 130–148 (138); PpNI 75–79 (76); LPpI 63–65 (64); DPpI 167–185 (176); PPI 135–148 (143).
Head weakly longer than wide to as long as wide (CI 97–100); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed, curving down shortly before posterior head margin, forming dorsal margin of very well-developed antennal scrobes; scrobes moderately shallow; posterior and ventral margins not fully defined, merging with very strong cephalic sculpture. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 64–66). Eyes relatively small (OI 19–20). Mesosomal outline in profile conspicuously convex, rounded, and very high (LMI 50–56), moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines long (PSLI 29–31), elongate-triangular to spinose, and acute; propodeal lobes short, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute. Petiolar node in profile high, rectangular nodiform with well-defined antero- and posterodorsal margins, between 1.6 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 57–61), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about the same height, petiolar dorsum flat to weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPeI 130–148), in dorsal view pronotum between 1.8 to 2.0 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 50–56). Postpetiole in profile anteroposteriorly compressed, approximately 1.5 to 1.6 times higher than long (LPpI 63–65); in dorsal view around 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than long (DPpI 167–185), pronotum only around 1.3 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 75–79). Postpetiole in profile appearing approximately as voluminous as petiolar node but relatively thinner, postpetiole in dorsal view approximately 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 135–148). Gaster extremely enlarged and swollen. Mandibles unsculptured, smooth, and shining; clypeus longitudinally rugose, with five to six distinct rugae, median ruga better developed than remainder, rugae without cross-meshes; sculpture on cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae variable: either mainly longitudinally rugose with higher proportion of reticulate-rugose areas towards posterior head margin, or irregularly reticulate-rugose with a higher proportion of longitudinally rugose sculpture restricted anteriorly close to posterior clypeal margin; scrobal area partly unsculptured; lateral head longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose. Mesosoma laterally reticulate-rugose to irregularly longitudinally rugose with a few shining areas on mesopleuron and propodeum, dorsally reticulate-rugose to irregularly longitudinally rugose. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Petiolar node laterally with weak, longitudinally rugose sculpture mostly restricted towards dorsum, dorsum of node mostly unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; sculpture on postpetiole better developed, laterally and dorsally reticulate-rugose. Basal half of first gastral tergite and most of first sternite with very conspicuous and strongly developed reticulate-rugose sculpture superimposed on a reticulate-punctate ground sculpture; remainder of gaster unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Ground sculpture on head, mesosoma, and waist segments weak to moderate, except procoxae with weak but distinct rugulose ground sculpture. Whole body with abundant, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with a mix of more abundant, long, erect hairs and much scarcer, shorter, decumbent to subdecumbent hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to suberect hairs. Head, mesosoma, and waist segments light to dark brown, mandibles, antennae, and legs light brown to yellow, and gaster much darker brown than remainder of body.
The new species is named after the fictional character “Gollum” from J.R.R. Tolkien’s novels “The Hobbit” and “The Lord of the Rings”. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariable.
The new species is only known from the type locality, the Forêt d’Analalava, which is a tropical dry forest located at an elevation of 700 m (Fig. 62). The biology of the species is unknown, but foraging might be undertaken on the ground since the only three known specimens were collected from a pitfall trap. Indicated by this lack of material, Tetramorium gollum probably is one of the more rarely encountered Tetramorium species in Madagascar.
Tetramorium gollum is a very conspicuous species within the Tetramorium plesiarum group and the whole Malagasy Tetramorium fauna. The extremely swollen gaster with strongly developed sculpture on the basal half of the tergite is easily recognisable within the species group. The only other Malagasy species with such conspicuous sculpture clearly extending to half of the tergite or more are Tetramorium jedi in the Tetramorium tortuosum group and Tetramorium sericeiventre in the Tetramorium sericeiventre group. The latter has 12 antennal segments (vs. 11 in Tetramorium gollum) and Tetramorium jedi has, among other characters, a very differently shaped petiolar node (longer than broad in Tetramorium jedi vs. broader than long in Tetramorium gollum). Beyond sculpture and the enlarged gaster, Tetramorium gollum is morphologically very similar to Tetramorium bressleri, for example the petiolar node shape is identical in both suggesting a close relationship. However, they both also differ in the shape of the postpetiole, which is much higher and broader in Tetramorium gollum (LPpI 63–65; DPpI 167–185) than in Tetramorium bressleri (LPpI 59–63; DPpI 150–158).
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http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_hobbit
Figs 10A, 12A, 17, 62Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toliara, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa, Forêt de Bemanateza, 20.7 km 81° E Efoetse, 23.0 km 131° SE Beheloka, 23.99222°S, 43.88067°E, 90 m, spiny forest/thicket, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF06254, 22.–26.III.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0019207). Paratypes, 2 pinned workers with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0019210; CASENT0019227); 2 pinned workers with same data as holotype except collected from pitfall trap and collection code BLF06258 (CAS: CASENT0078055; MHNG: CASENT0078059); 5 pinned workers with same data as holotype except collected from ground nest and collection code BLF06270 (CAS: CASENT0445004; CASENT0445005); and 2 pinned workers with same data as holotype except sampled from ground and collection code BLF06337 (MCZ: CASENT0445502; CASENT0445520).
Tetramorium hobbit holotype worker (CASENT0019207). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa, Ampandravelo II Non Protected Area, 10.78 km NE Ranohira, 22.5392°S, 45.5155°E, 873 m, shrubland, 20.–22.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Ampotoampoto I National Parc, 8.02 km NW Ilakaka, 22.6283°S, 45.1886°E, 917 m, savannah woodland, 26.–28.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Ampotoampoto III National Parc, 7.91 km NW Ilakaka, 22.6294°S, 45.189°E, 919 m, savannah woodland, 27.–28.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Ampotoampoto IV National Parc, 7.83 km NW Ilakaka, 22.6294°S, 45.1912°E, 923 m, savannah woodland, 27.–28.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Forêt de Manantalinjo, 33.6 km 63° ENE Amboasary, 7.6 km 99° E Hazofotsy, 24.8169°S, 46.61°E, 150 m, spiny forest/thicket, 12.–16.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Forêt de Beroboka, 5.9 km 131° SE Ankidranoka, 22.2331°S, 43.3663°E, 80 m, tropical dry forest, 12.–16.III.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Parc National de Kirindy Mite, 16.3 km 127° SE Belo sur Mer, 20.7953°S, 44.147°E, 80 m, tropical dry forest, 6.–10.III.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Makay Mts., 21.3411°S, 45.1805°E, 500 m, barren rock with sparse vegetation, burned grass, 28.XI.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa, Forêt de Bemanateza, 20.7 km 81° E Efoetse, 23.0 km 131° SE Beheloka, 23.99222°S, 43.88067°E, 90 m, spiny forest/thicket, 22.–26.III.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
Tetramorium hobbit is easily recognisable within the Tetramorium plesiarum species group due to its massively developed petiolar node and very conspicuous reticulate-punctate ground sculpture on head and mesosoma.
(N=12). HL 0.79–0.88 (0.84); HW 0.80–0.88 (0.85); SL 0.52–0.58 (0.55); EL 0.16–0.20 (0.18); PH 0.42–0.53 (0.47); PW 0.63–0.72 (0.69); WL 0.96–1.11 (1.04); PSL 0.16–0.25 (0.20); PTL 0.28–0.31 (0.30); PTH 0.40–0.46 (0.44); PTW 0.38–0.45 (0.41); PPL 0.24–0.30 (0.27); PPH 0.39–0.45 (0.43); PPW 0.45–0.54 (0.51); CI 100–102 (101); SI 64–67 (65); OI 19–22 (21); DMI 63–72 (66); LMI 43–50 (46); PSLI 18–29 (23); PeNI 57–66 (60); LPeI 63–71 (68); DPeI 133–148 (140); PpNI 69–76 (74); LPpI 60–67 (63); DPpI 175–200 (188); PPI 116–126 (122).
Head as long as wide to weakly longer than wide (CI 100–102); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed and forming dorsal margin of very well-developed antennal scrobes, scrobes moderately to very deep and with clearly defined margins all around; median scrobal carina very well developed and distinctly surpassing posterior eye level, usually approaching posterior scrobe margin. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 64–67). Eyes relatively small to moderate (OI 19–22). Mesosomal outline in profile conspicuously convex, rounded and often very high (LMI 43–50), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines either short and elongate-triangular or long and spinose (PSLI 18–29; material from Andohahela and Tsimanampetsotsa with PSLI of 28–29; material from other localities PSLI 18–20), spines always with broad base and acute tip; propodeal lobes well developed, elongate-triangular, and acute, always shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node massively developed, very large, in profile high, rectangular, blocky nodiform with well defined antero- and posterodorsal margins, between 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than long (LPeI 63–71), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about the same height, petiolar dorsum flat to weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPeI 133–148), in dorsal view pronotum around 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 57–66). Postpetiole in profile subglobular to anteroposteriorly compressed, approximately 1.5 to 1.7 times higher than long (LPpI 60–67); in dorsal view around 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than long (DPpI 175–200), pronotum around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 69–76). Petiole in profile much more voluminous than postpetiole, in dorsal view postpetiole only about 1.1 to 1.3 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 116–126). Mandibles usually finely longitudinally rugulose, fairly smooth and shiny, sometimes unsculptured; clypeus longitudinally rugose, usually with five to seven very distinct and strong rugae, median ruga better developed than remainder, rugae usually without cross-meshes; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with 11 to 13 longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured, only with ground sculpture; lateral head mainly reticulate-rugose. Mesosoma laterally reticulate-rugose to irregularly longitudinally rugose, dorsally mostly longitudinally rugose. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth, and shining, often with weak traces of ground sculpture. In profile, basal half of petiolar node mostly unsculptured, upper half distinctly reticulate-rugose, dorsum of node distinctly reticulate-rugose; sculpture on postpetiole much weaker, laterally and dorsally only weakly rugulose. Gaster usually unsculptured, smooth and shining, sometimes with weak punctate ground sculpture at base of tergite. Ground sculpture on head, mesosoma, and petiolar node very conspicuous, usually strongly reticulate-punctate; ground sculpture on postpetiole and gaster usually much weaker but present, though sometimes absent. Whole body with very abundant, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with abundant, long, erect hairs and much scarcer, shorter, decumbent to subdecumbent hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to suberect hairs. Body reddish to dark brown, head and gaster usually darker than rest of body.
This very hairy new species is named after the fictional people from J.R.R. Tolkien’s novels “The Hobbit” and “The Lord of the Rings”. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariant.
The distribution of Tetramorium hobbit is approximately restricted to the southern third of the island of Madagascar (Fig. 62). In the south, the distribution range encompasses the type locality Tsimanampetsotsa in the west and Andohahela in the east, while the Makay Mountains and Isalo mark the northernmost known localities. Interestingly, the population in Andohahela seems to be slightly isolated from the other, more western localities. However, we consider this to be more of a sampling artifact. Like the remainder of the species group, Tetramorium hobbit prefers arid habitats, such as tropical dry forests, spiny forests and thickets, savannah woodland, and barren rocks with little vegetation. It is found at elevations of 80 to 923 m. Tetramorium hobbit is likely a ground-active species since it was mainly collected from leaf litter extractions and pitfall traps.
Tetramorium hobbit is very unlikely misidentified with the other four species of the group. The massively enlarged petiolar node, in combination with the distinct reticulate-punctate ground sculpture on head and mesosoma, are not seen in any other group member. However, of all group members, Tetramorium mars seems morphologically closest to Tetramorium hobbit, especially on the basis of the blockier petiolar node shape seen in profile that both species share. However, in addition to the smaller petiolar node and the lack of reticulate-punctate ground sculpture on head and mesosoma, Tetramorium mars also has shorter antennal scapes (SI 58–62; DPeI 108–122) and a narrower petiolar node in dorsal view than Tetramorium hobbit (SI 64–67; DPeI 133–148). Tetramorium mars (HW 0.69–0.74; WL 0.83–0.96) is also smaller than Tetramorium hobbit (HW 0.80–0.88; WL 0.96–1.10)
One noticeable intraspecific variation can be observed within Tetramorium hobbit. There are two distinct groups with differently developed propodeal spines. The populations from the type localities Tsimanampetsotsa and Andohahela always have relatively long spines (PSLI of 28–29), which contrast with the much shorter spines seen in the material from in Beroboka, Kirindy, Isalo, and the Makay Mountains (PSLI 18 -20). This difference is very pronounced and constant in all of the examined material. However, since there is no other obvious morphological difference between the short-spined and the long-spined populations, we treat them as conspecific in this study.
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http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_mars
Figs 10B, 12B, 13A, 18, 62Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toliara, Forêt de Kirindy, 15.5 km 64° ENE Marofandilia, 20.045°S, 44.6622°E, 100 m, tropical dry forest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), BLF04605, 28.XI.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0474279). Paratypes, 24 pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0474298; CAS: CASENT0474278; CASENT0474281; CASENT0474287; CASENT0474289; CASENT0474292; CASENT0474294; CASENT0474304; CASENT0474310; CASENT0474312; CASENT0474322; CASENT0474328; CASENT0474331; CASENT0474335; CASENT0474338; CASENT0474345; CASENT0474347; CASENT0474349; CASENT0474354; CASENT0474357; CASENT0474366; CASENT0474371; MHNG: CASENT0474312; MCZ: CASENT0474286; CASENT0474307).
Tetramorium mars holotype worker (CASENT0474279). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Mahajanga, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Forêt de Tsimaloto, 18.3 km 46° NE de Tsaramandroso, 16.2281°S, 47.1436°E, 135 m, tropical dry forest, 2.–8.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Ampijoroa Station Forestiere, 5.4 km 331° NW Andranofasika, 16.2989°S, 46.813°E, 70 m, tropical dry forest, 26.III.-1.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Baie de Baly, 12.4 km 337° NNW Soalala, 16.01°S, 45.265°E, 10 m, tropical dry forest, 26.–30.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha, 10.6 km ESE 123° Antsalova, 18.7094°S, 44.7182°E, 150 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 16.–20.XI.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Tulear, Bereboka, 60 km NE Morondava, 18.–23.V.1983 (J.S. Noyes & M.C. Day); Toliara, Atsimo Andrefana Region, District of Betioky, 30 km E Betioky, Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, 23.6865°S, 44.591°E, 165 m, gallery dry deciduous forest, 29.IV.-19.V.2002 (M. Rin’ha); Toliara, Res. Beza-Mahafaly, Parcel 1, 23.65833°S, 44.62889°E, 160 m, tropical dry forest, 13.II.1993 (G.D. Alpert); Toliara, Res. Beza-Mahafaly, Parcel 1, 23.65°S, 44.63333°E, 130 m, tropical dry forest, 13.XI.1993 (P.S. Ward); Toliara, Beza-Mahafaly, 27 km E Betioky, 23.65°S, 44.6333°E, 135 m, tropical dry forest, 23.IV.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Kirindy Forest, 20.07458°S, 44.67611°E, 100m, tropical dry forest, 20.XII.1993 (G.D. Alpert); Toliara, Forêt de Kirindy, 15.5 km 64° ENE Marofandilia, 20.045°S, 44.6622°E, 100 m, tropical dry forest, 28.XI.-3.XII.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Parc National de Kirindy Mite, 16.3 km 127° SE Belo sur Mer, 20.7953°S, 44.147°E, 80 m, tropical dry forest, 6.–10.XII.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Forêt de Mite, 20.7 km 29° WNW Tongobory, 23.5242°S, 44.1213°E, 75 m, gallery forest, 27.II.–3.III.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, 48 km ENE Morondava, 20.06667°S, 44.65°E, 30 m, tropical dry forest, 4.–7.I.1991 (D.M. Olson).
Tetramorium mars is distinguishable from the other group members by the following combination of characters: antennal scapes very short (SI 58–62); petiolar node never enlarged and massive; node in profile high, rectangular, blocky nodiform with well-defined antero- and posterodorsal margins; anterodorsal margin not protruding anteriorly nor very sharply angled; petiolar node in profile relatively low, between 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than long (LPeI 69–76), in dorsal view only 1.1 to 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 108–123); gaster never enlarged or swollen; ground sculpture on head and mesosoma weak to absent; first gastral tergite without strong reticulate-rugose sculpture, usually completely unsculptured, but if sculpture present, then relatively weak and restricted to base of tergite; pilosity on first gastral tergite mostly erect.
(N=12). HL 0.71–0.77 (0.74); HW 0.69–0.74 (0.72); SL 0.42–0.46 (0.44); EL 0.15–0.17 (0.16); PH 0.35–0.44 (0.38); PW 0.50–0.58 (0.54); WL 0.83–0.96 (0.88); PSL 0.21–0.24 (0.22); PTL 0.22–0.27 (0.24); PTH 0.32–0.37 (0.34); PTW 0.26–0.33 (0.29); PPL 0.22–0.26 (0.24); PPH 0.28–0.33 (0.31); PPW 0.36–0.42 (0.38); CI 96–99 (98); SI 58–62 (60); OI 21–22 (22); DMI 60–64 (62); LMI 42–46 (44); PSLI 28–32 (30); PeNI 51–56 (53); LPeI 69–76 (73); DPeI 108–123 (117); PpNI 68–72 (70); LPpI 75–80 (78); DPpI 156–165 (160); PPI 129–137 (134).
Head longer than wide (CI 96–98); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed and forming dorsal margin of very well-developed antennal scrobes, scrobes moderately to very deep and with clearly defined margins all around; median scrobal carina very well developed and distinctly surpassing posterior eye level. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 58–62). Eyes relatively small to moderate (OI 21–22). Mesosomal outline in profile moderately convex, rounded and high (LMI 42–46), moderately to strongly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines long, elongate-triangular to spinose (PSLI 28–32), spines always with broad base and acute tip; propodeal lobes well developed, elongate-triangular, and acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high, rectangular, blocky nodiform with well-defined antero- and posterodorsal margins, between 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than long (LPeI 68–76), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, antero- and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height, petiolar dorsum weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.1 to 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 108–123), in dorsal view pronotum between 1.8 to 2.0 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 51–56). Postpetiole in profile subglobular, approximately 1.3 times higher than long (LPpI 75–80); in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPpI 156–165), pronotum around 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 68–72). Postpetiole in profile appearing much less voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 129–137). Mandibles unsculptured, smooth, and shining; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose, with five to seven distinct rugae/rugulae, median ruga better developed than remainder, all rugae without cross-meshes; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with eight to twelve longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head mainly longitudinally rugose. Ground sculpture on head generally weak to absent, sometimes a few areas weakly punctate. Mesosoma laterally irregularly longitudinally rugose with a few shining areas on mesopleuron and propodeum, mesosomal dorsum longitudinally rugose. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Ground sculpture on mesosoma absent. In profile, basal half of petiolar node mostly unsculptured, upper half distinctly reticulate-rugose, whole dorsum of node distinctly reticulate-rugose; sculpture on postpetiole much more weakly developed, laterally and dorsally weakly irregularly rugulose. Ground sculpture on waist segments variable, usually weak or absent, often petiole and/or postpetiole conspicuously reticulate-punctate. Gaster usually unsculptured, smooth, and shining, sometimes base of first gastral tergite weakly punctate. Whole body with very abundant, long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with abundant, long, erect hairs and much scarcer, shorter, decumbent to subdecumbent hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to suberect hairs. Usually body uniformly light to reddish brown, sometimes darker.
This new species is named after the ancient Roman god of war, “Mars”. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariable.
Tetramorium mars has a broad distribution in western Madagascar (Fig. 62). It ranges from the southernmost known localities, Beza-Mahafaly and Forêt de Mite, through Kirindy Mite and Tsingy de Bemaraha to the northernmost localities, Baie de Baly and Ankarafantsika. All known localities are tropical dry or gallery forests at low elevations from 10 to 165 m. The new species was mainly sampled by litter extraction or pitfall trapping, which suggests a ground active lifestyle. Interestingly, Tetramorium mars was not found in Andohahela in the southeast of Madagascar, even though Tetramorium bressleri, Tetramorium hobbit, and Tetramorium plesiarum occur there. This is surprising since the four species of the group except Tetramorium gollum share more or less the same distribution range.
Within the species group Tetramorium mars is not likely to be confused with the other five species. The lack of strong and conspicuous sculpture on the basal half of the first gastral tergite, an enlarged gaster, and the lower and less broad petiolar node separate Tetramorium mars (LPeI 69–76; DPeI 108–123) clearly from Tetramorium gollum (LPeI 57–60; DPeI 130–148). Despite the fact that Tetramorium mars shares some similarities with Tetramorium bressleri and Tetramorium plesiarum, the latter also have relatively higher, thinner, and wider petiolar nodes (LPeI 56–63; DPeI 130–144) which distinguish them from Tetramorium mars. In addition, Tetramorium mars has much better developed sculpture on the dorsum of the petiolar node than Tetramorium bressleri or Tetramorium plesiarum. The species most similar morphologically to Tetramorium mars is Tetramorium hobbit. Both share a more blocky nodiform petiolar node, but which is still much larger in Tetramorium hobbit. Indeed, this massively developed node, in combination with very conspicuous punctate ground sculpture on head and mesosoma, separates Tetramorium hobbit from Tetramorium mars, which has a much smaller petiolar node and only weakly developed ground sculpture on head and mesosoma. Further characters that distinguish Tetramorium mars are the comparatively short antennal scapes (SI 58–62 vs. SI 64–67) and smaller body size (HW 0.69–0.74 vs. HW 0.80–0.88).
Despite its relatively broad distribution range, Tetramorium mars displays very little intraspecific or geographic variation.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_plesiarum
Figs 10C, 11B, 13B, 14A, 19, 62Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Causse de Kelifely, 17.30306°S, 45.73444°E, forest humus and litter, dry forest, 20.–30.XI.1974 (A. Peyrieras) (MCZ: MCZ_Holotype_32372) [examined].
[Note: the GPS data of the type locality was not provided by the locality label or the original description. The data presented above is based on our own geo-referencing of the Kelifely limestone plateau and should be considered an approximation but not the exact position of the type locality.]
Tetramorium plesiarum holotype worker (CASENT0172831). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Mahajanga, Reserve Forestiere Beanka, 50.7 km E Maintirano, 17.8802°S, 44.4688°E, 140 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 29.X.–1.XI.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka, 9.8 km 300° WNW Vilanandro, 16.4667°S, 45.35°E, 140 m, tropical dry forest, 4.–8.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka, 17.8 km 329° WNW Vilanandro, 16.3767°S, 45.3267°E, 100 m, tropical dry forest, 8.–12.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka, 16.9 km 317° NW Vilanandro, 16.4067°S, 45.31°E, 100 m, tropical dry forest, 12.–16.XI.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha, 10.6 km ESE 123° Antsalova, 18.7094°S, 44.7182°E, 150 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy, 16.–20.XI.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Forêt de Manantalinjo, 33.6 km 63° ENE Amboasary, 7.6 km 99° E Hazofotsy, 24.8169°S, 46.61°E, 150 m, spiny forest/thicket, 12.–16.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Forêt d’Ambohibory, 1.7 km 61° ENE Tsimelahy, 36.1 km 308° NW Tolagnaro, 24.93°S, 46.6455°E, 300 m, tropical dry forest, 16.–20.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Andohahela National Park, Tsimelahy–Parcel II, 24.9368°S, 46.6267°E, 180 m, transition forest, 5.–15.II.2003 (M.E. Irwin et al.); Toliara, Makay Mts., 21.2184°S, 45.3106°E, 510 m, gallery forest on sandy soil, 24.–27.XI.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Makay Mts., 21.2176°S, 45.3392°E, 500 m, gallery forest on sandy soil, 28.XI.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Makay Mts., 21.3136°S, 45.1478°E, 525 m, gallery forest on sandy soil, 6.XII.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Vohibasia Forest, 59 km NE Sakaraha, 22.4667°S, 44.85°E, 780 m, tropical dry forest, 13.I.1996 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Parc National de Zombitse, 19.8 km 84° E Sakaraha, 22.8433°S, 44.71°E, 770 m, tropical dry forest, 5.–9.II.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
The following character set separates Tetramorium plesiarum from the remainder of the species group: smaller species (HW 0.80–1.00; WL 0.92–1.15); eyes of moderate size (OI 21–23); petiolar node high nodiform, not massively enlarged, anterodorsal margin protruding anteriorly and slightly more marginate than posterodorsal margin; petiolar node in profile relatively high and thin, between 1.6 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 56–63), in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 131–137); gaster never extremely enlarged and swollen; head without strongly developed and conspicuous reticulate-punctate ground sculpture; mesopleuron and lateral propodeum with moderate punctate ground sculpture; first gastral tergite without strong reticulate-rugose sculpture, usually completely unsculptured, but if sculpture present, then relatively weak and restricted to base of tergite; pilosity on first gastral tergite mostly erect.
(N=12). HL 0.66–0.75 (0.73); HW 0.67–0.76 (0.72); SL 0.45–0.49 (0.47); EL 0.15–0.17 (0.15); PH 0.33–0.44 (0.36); PW 0.50–0.57 (0.53); WL 0.81–0.92 (0.85); PSL 0.16–0.21 (0.18); PTL 0.18–0.22 (0.19); PTH 0.31–0.35 (0.33); PTW 0.23–0.29 (0.26); PPL 0.22–0.26 (0.24); PPH 0.29–0.33 (0.31); PPW 0.32–0.40 (0.35); CI 97–102 (99); SI 64–69 (66); OI 21–23 (22); DMI 60–65 (63); LMI 41–47 (43); PSLI 23–28 (25); PeNI 45–51 (49); LPeI 56–63 (59); DPeI 131–137 (133); PpNI 63–70 (66); LPpI 73–79 (76); DPpI 140–157 (149); PPI 129–143 (136).
Head more or less as long as broad (CI 97–102); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed and forming dorsal margin of very well-developed antennal scrobes, scrobes moderately to very deep and with clearly defined margins all around; median scrobal carina very well developed and distinctly surpassing posterior eye level, usually ending halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior scrobe margin, often approaching posterior scrobe margin. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 64–69). Eyes small to moderate (OI 21–23). Mesosomal outline in profile weakly to moderately convex, rounded and high (LMI 41–47), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture and metanotal groove absent. Propodeal spines elongate-triangular to spinose, moderately long to long, and acute (PSLI 23–28), spines always with broad base and acute tip; propodeal lobes well developed, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high nodiform, between 1.6 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 56–63), anterodorsal margin situated higher and more angled than posterodorsal, more rounded margin, petiolar dorsum weakly to moderately tapering backwards posteriorly, anterodorsal margin slightly protruding anteriorly, anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel; node in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 131–137), pronotum between 1.9 to 2.2 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 45–51). Postpetiole in profile subglobular, approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 73–79); in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPpI 140–157), in dorsal view pronotum between 1.4 to 1.6 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 63–70). Postpetiole in profile appearing slightly less voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view about 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 129–143). Mandibles unsculptured, smooth, and shining; clypeus longitudinally rugose, with three to five distinct rugae, median ruga better developed than remainder, rugae without cross-meshes; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with ten to twelve longitudinal rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured, relatively smooth and shiny; lateral head longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose. Ground sculpture on head usually present but weak. Mesosoma laterally irregularly longitudinally rugose, usually with moderate punctate ground sculpture on mesopleuron and propodeum, dorsal mesosoma longitudinally rugose without any distinct ground sculpture, spaces between rugae smooth and shining. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Sides of petiolar node and postpetiole with conspicuous, moderate reticulate-punctate ground sculpture, both nodes appearing relatively matte; petiolar node and postpetiole dorsally weakly rugulose/rugose, but mostly unsculptured, and appearing smooth and shining. Gaster usually unsculptured, smooth and shining, sometimes base of first gastral tergite with traces of punctate ground sculpture. Whole body with very abundant, dense, moderately long, and fine standing hairs; first gastral tergite with abundant, long, erect hairs and much scarcer, shorter, decumbent to subdecumbent hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to suberect hairs. Body of uniform brown, appendages often lighter.
Despite being known only from seven localities and fewer than 20 specimens, Tetramorium plesiarum has a comparatively large distribution range (Fig. 62). However, the populations appear to be relatively disjunctive. The species is known from Andohahela in the southeast of Madagascar and from six additional, more or less scattered localities in the western part of the island ranging from Zombitse and Vohibatsia north through the Makay Mountains, Tsingy de Bemaraha, and Beanka to the Kelifely plateau and Namoroka. The small number of specimens suggests that Tetramorium plesiarum is much less common than the sympatric Tetramorium bressleri, which shares much of the distribution range, but is known from many more localities and hundreds of specimens. The rarity of Tetramorium plesiarum might well explain the disjunctive distribution. Unfortunately, there is no “fresh” material available from the type locality since the holotype remains the only known specimen from the Kelifely plateau. All localities are tropical dry forests, tropical dry forests on tsingy, or gallery forests ranging from 100 to 780 m elevation. Like the other group members Tetramorium plesiarum was mostly collected by pitfall trapping and litter sifting suggesting a ground-active lifestyle.
Tetramorium plesiarum lacks strong specialisations, such as the strongly sculptured and enlarged gaster of Tetramorium gollum, or the massively developed petiolar node of Tetramorium hobbit. Furthermore, Tetramorium mars has a lower and wider petiolar node (LPeI 69–76; DPeI 108–123) compared to Tetramorium plesiarum (LPeI 56–63; DPeI 131–137). The latter also has much less sculpture on the dorsum of the petiolar node. Within the species group Tetramorium plesiarum is morphologically most similar to Tetramorium bressleri, and as mentioned in the description of the latter, we have treated them as conspecific through most of the revision The most noticeable difference is certainly body size since Tetramorium bressleri (HW 0.80–1.00; WL 0.92–1.15) is much larger than Tetramorium plesiarum (HW 0.80–1.00; WL 0.92–1.15). As noted above, there is some slight overlap caused by one large specimen of Tetramorium plesiarum and very few small specimens of Tetramorium bressleri, but in the main they fit their respective size ranges. Not considering body size, they also differ in eye size and sculpture on mesosoma and waist segments. The eyes of Tetramorium plesiarum (OI 21–23) are larger than in Tetramorium bressleri (OI 18–19). The mesopleuron and lateral propodeum of Tetramorium bressleri is usually mostly unsculptured and relatively smooth and shining, whereas this area is longitudinally rugose with reticulate-punctate ground sculpture in Tetramorium plesiarum. Almost the same pattern is seen in the sculpture on the lateral petiolar node as it is significantly more reticulate-punctate and matte in Tetramorium plesiarum than in Tetramorium bressleri, in which the weak reticulate-punctate ground sculpture appears faintly matte but still relatively smooth and shiny. The sculpture on the sides of the petiolar node varies, too, since it is much more reticulate-punctate and matte in Tetramorium plesiarum than in Tetramorium bressleri, in which the weak reticulate-punctate ground sculpture looks faintly matte but still relatively smooth and shiny. The shape of the petiolar node in profile is an additional useful character. Finally, in Tetramorium plesiarum the anterodorsal margin of the petiolar node protrudes anteriorly and is slightly more marginate than the more rounded posterodorsal margin, contrasting with the shape observed in Tetramorium bressleri, in which both margins are usually equally marginate and the anterodorsal margin does not protrude anteriorly at all.
Diagnosis. Eleven-segmented antennae; anterior clypeal margin medially impressed; frontal carinae variably developed, always present and surpassing eye level, usually weak to moderate and posteriorly merging into the surrounding sculpture, in a few species very well developed, noticeably raised and approaching posterior head margin; antennal scrobes usually weak, shallow, and without clearly defined posterior and ventral margins; anterior face of mesosoma weakly developed; mesosomal outline in profile relatively flat, usually comparatively low and elongated (LMI 35–42), usually moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; propodeal spines usually short to moderately long, triangular to elongate-triangular, long and spinose in a few species (PSLI 7–28); propodeal lobes usually triangular and short; petiolar node in profile rounded nodiform to high rounded nodiform with well-rounded margins, rarely high cuneiform or squamiform, node in profile between 1.2 to 3.0 times higher than long (LPeI 33–81), in dorsal view usually wider than long (DPeI 111–238), rarely longer than wide (DPeI 87–98), anterior and posterior faces parallel in most species; postpetiole in profile globular to subglobular, 1.2 to 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 60–83), in dorsal view between 1.2 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPpI 120–168); mandibles always unsculptured, smooth, and shining; cephalic sculpture distinct, between frontal carinae predominantly longitudinally rugose; mesosoma usually with well-developed longitudinally rugose/rugulose sculpture, in some species sculpture mainly irregularly rugose/rugulose, rarely irregularly rugose/rugulose to reticulate-rugose; waist segments and gaster unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; standing pilosity always present on head, but variable on remainder of body, first gastral tergite often without standing pilosity at all, appressed pubescence on first gastral tergite variably developed, varying from very short and scarce to long and dense; sting appendage spatulate.
Comments. With 20 recognised species the Tetramorium schaufussii species group is second in terms of species-richness in the Malagasy region, following the Tetramorium tortuosum group with 22 (
The Tetramorium schaufussii species group is a very distinctive group among the thirteen groups with eleven-segmented antennae, and most of its members are unlikely to be mistaken for any other group. In general, most Tetramorium schaufussii group species are small to medium-sized ants, have a comparatively low and elongated mesosoma, and short to very short propodeal spines. Even though these characters are not unique to this group its members are usually easily recognisable. One interesting feature of the Tetramorium schaufussii group is that the mandibles of all species are completely unsculptured, smooth, and shining. This character alone already separates the Tetramorium schaufussii group from the Tetramorium bessonii, Tetramorium bonibony, Tetramorium kelleri, Tetramorium tortuosum, and Tetramorium weitzeckeri groups, in which all species have noticeably sculptured mandibles. In most other groups this character, however, is variable. Some species of the Tetramorium dysalum group have unsculptured mandibles, but these have either much longer propodeal spines or a much higher mesosoma. Another important group character is the lack of sculpture on the waist segments. The Tetramorium schaufussii group shares this character with a number of other groups, but it does distinguish the group from the Tetramorium kelleri, Tetramorium ranarum, and Tetramorium tortuosum groups, as well as from parts of the Tetramorium bonibony and Tetramorium dysalum groups. All these groups have at least one waist segment with distinct sculpture, but most of their species have conspicuous sculpture on both. Furthermore, in the Tetramorium schaufussii group the antennal scrobe is either weakly developed or absent distinguishing it immediately from the Tetramorium plesiarum group and a few species of the Tetramorium ibycterum complex of the Tetramorium ranarum group with moderately to very deep scrobes with clearly defined margins all around.
Moreover, all species of the Tetramorium schaufussii species group have relatively well developed cephalic and mesosomal sculpture. The sculpture on the cephalic dorsum between the frontal carinae is always well developed, whereas sculpture on the mesosomal dorsum can be weak in some species (but remains distinctly present). This separates the group from the Tetramorium bessonii, Tetramorium marginatum, Tetramorium tsingy groups, which usually have strongly reduced sculpture on the head and mesosoma. The members of the Tetramorium marginatum group that possess more sculpture have strongly cuneiform and/or triangular petiolar nodes, and are thus not confusable with the Tetramorium schaufussii group. The groups being morphologically most similar to the Tetramorium schaufussii group are the Tetramorium naganum and Tetramorium severini groups, as they share the usually high nodiform petiolar node and completely unsculptured waist segments. The only previously known species of both groups, Tetramorium naganum and Tetramorium severini, were initially recognised as members of the Tetramorium schaufussii group by
1 | First gastral tergite with appressed pubescence of varying length and without any standing hairs (Fig. 20A, B) [Madagascar and Comoros] | Tetramorium cognatum species complex |
– | First gastral tergite with appressed pubescence of varying length and few to numerous standing hairs (Fig. 20C, D) [Madagascar and Reunion] | Tetramorium schaufussii species complex |
First gastral tergite in profile. A Tetramorium karthala (CASENT0136774) B Tetramorium proximum (CASENT0906146) C Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437232) D Tetramorium obiwan (CASENT0447245).
Comments. This species complex contains a compact assemblage of ten species that are separated from the Tetramorium schaufussii species complex by their lack of any long, standing pilosity on the first gastral tergite, a character present in all members of the Tetramorium schaufussii complex. The ten species of the Tetramorium cognatum complex might be further divided into three smaller groupings: the first of these contains the five small to moderately large species with weak to very weak frontal carinae (Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium camelliae, Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala, and Tetramorium rumo); the second includes the four larger species with very well developed frontal carinae (Tetramorium gladius, Tetramorium myrmidon, Tetramorium proximum, and Tetramorium tenuinode); the third sub-grouping contains only Tetramorium freya, which is the only species of the complex lacking standing pilosity on the mesosoma, but it also possesses reduced frontal carinae and a larger body size.
Four species of the complex have very restricted distribution ranges and are endemics to smaller areas or localities in Madagascar or the Comoros (Figs 63, 64): Tetramorium aspis (Andringitra and Ivohibe), Tetramorium camelliae (Ranomafana), Tetramorium karthala (Grand Comore), and Tetramorium myrmidon (Ambohijanahary), while Tetramorium freya was found only in a few littoral localities ranging from Nosy Be to the northernmost tip of Madagascar. The remaining species (Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium gladius, Tetramorium proximum, Tetramorium rumo, and Tetramorium tenuinode) have much wider distribution ranges, especially Tetramorium cognatum and Tetramorium proximum, which are found in almost all rainforests and montane rainforests from which material is available. Interestingly, almost all species appear be restricted to or prefer rainforests or montane rainforests, even the widely distributed Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium proximum, and Tetramorium tenuinode. However, Tetramorium cognatum was occasionally collected in drier habitats and Tetramorium freya occurs also in littoral and dry forests.
1 | Mesosoma without any long, standing hairs (Fig. 21A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium freya |
– | Mesosoma always with few to numerous pairs of standing hairs (Fig. 21B, C) | 2 |
2 | Petiolar node strongly squamiform, in profile 2.8 to 3.0 times higher than long (LPeI 33–36) and in dorsal view around 2.3 to 2.4 times wider than long (DPeI 228–238) (Fig. 22A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium camelliae |
– | Petiolar node never strongly squamiform as above, in profile 1.6 to 2.7 (usually 1.6 to 2.2) times higher than long (LPeI 37–62) and in dorsal view between 1.1 to 1.7 times wider than long DPeI 111–171) (Fig. 22B, C, D) | 3 |
3 | Eyes relatively small (OI 19–20) (Fig. 23A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium gladius |
– | Eyes always much larger than above (OI 24–31) (Fig. 23B, C, D) | 4 |
4 | Larger species (HW 0.58–0.81; WL 0.85–1.07); frontal carinae moderately well to strongly developed, noticeably raised, and usually approaching or ending at posterior head margin (Fig. 24A, B) | 5 |
– | Smaller species (HW 0.43–0.55; WL 0.56–0.81); frontal carinae usually weakly developed, faintly raised, and mostly ending or fading into surrounding sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin (Fig. 24C, D) | 7 |
5 | Usually significantly larger species (HW 0.65–0.81; WL 0.92–1.07); mesosoma usually with five or six pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 25A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium proximum |
– | Usually smaller species (HW 0.58–0.70; WL 0.76–0.94); mesosoma always with only two pairs of long, standing hairs, one pair on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum (Fig. 25B, C) | 6 |
6 | Antennal scapes shorter (SI 66–70); petiolar node higher, around 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–54); postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.7 times broader than petiolar node (PPI 148–167) (Fig. 26A, B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium tenuinode |
– | Antennal scapes longer (SI 74–76); petiolar node lower, around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 58–60) postpetiole in dorsal view only around 1.3 to 1.4 times broader than petiolar node (PPI 133–141) (Fig. 26C) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium myrmidon |
7 | Smaller species (HW 0.43–0.49; WL 0.56–0.67); propodeal spines moderately long to long, elongate-triangular to spinose (PSLI 22–26); petiolar node thinly cuneiform and moderately squamiform, in profile around 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37–43), in dorsal view around 1.6 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156–171); colouration always uniformly whitish yellow to light yellowish brown (Fig. 27A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium rumo |
– | Larger species (HW 0.48–0.55; WL 0.65–0.81); propodeal spines short to moderately long, triangular to elongate-triangular (PSLI 12–22); petiolar node high nodiform, in profile around 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 46–55), in dorsal view 1.3 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 129–161); colouration variable, but rarely yellowish as above (Fig. 27B, C) | 8 |
8 | Antennal scapes shorter (SI 61–67); propodeal spines reduced and very short (PSLI 12–16), propodeal spines and lobes often of same length or spines even shorter, never strongly directed towards each other; petiolar node in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 129–142) (Fig. 28A, B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium cognatum |
– | Antennal scapes longer (SI 68–72); propodeal spines short to moderately long (PSLI 18–22), spines either much longer than lobes or only weakly so and spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 146–161) (Fig. 28C, D) | 9 |
9 | Eyes smaller (OI 25–27); propodeal lobes always only weakly shorter than propodeal spines, and spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other; dorsal mesosoma with six or more pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum, and propodeum usually with one or two pairs anteriorly (Fig. 29A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium aspis |
– | Eyes larger (OI 29–30); propodeal lobes short and triangular, always much shorter than propodeal spines, and spines and lobes never strongly inclined towards each other; dorsal mesosoma with two to four pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum, standing hairs absent from propodeum (Fig. 29B) [Comoros] | Tetramorium karthala |
Mesosoma in profile. A Tetramorium freya (CASENT0085551) B Tetramorium cognatum (CASENT0217758) C Tetramorium gladius (CASENT0163234).
Waist segments in profile. A Tetramorium camelliae (CASENT0247496) B Tetramorium rumo (CASENT0073025) C Tetramorium aspis (CASENT0344940) D Tetramorium proximum (CASENT0906146).
Head in profile. A Tetramorium gladius (CASENT0406982) B Tetramorium cognatum (CASENT0067891) C Tetramorium myrmidon (CASENT0028635) D Tetramorium rumo (CASENT0217759).
Head in profile. A Tetramorium proximum (CASENT0906146) B Tetramorium tenuinode (CASENT0040115) C Tetramorium karthala (CASENT0136774) D Tetramorium rumo (CASENT0073025).
Mesosoma in profile. A Tetramorium proximum (CASENT0906146) B Tetramorium myrmidon (CASENT0028635) C Tetramorium tenuinode (CASENT0040115).
Waist segments in profile. A Tetramorium tenuinode (CASENT0162682) B Tetramorium tenuinode (CASENT0040115) C Tetramorium myrmidon (CASENT0028635).
Mesosoma and petiole in profile. A Tetramorium rumo (CASENT0217759) B Tetramorium aspis (CASENT0344940) C Tetramorium cognatum (CASENT0067891) D Tetramorium karthala (CASENT0137302).
Mesosoma and petiole in profile. A Tetramorium cognatum (CASENT0102343) B Tetramorium cognatum (CASENT0067891) C Tetramorium aspis (CASENT0344940) D Tetramorium karthala (CASENT0136774).
Head and mesosoma in profile. A Tetramorium aspis (CASENT0344940) B Tetramorium karthala (CASENT0136774).
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Figs 22C, 27B, 28C, 29A, 30, 63Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe 8.0 km E Ivohibe, 22.48333°S, 46.96833°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter, (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF01747, 15.–21.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher) (CAS: CASENT0344940). Paratypes, eleven workers with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0189115; CASENT0198990; CASENT0198991; CASENT0198995; CASENT0198998; CASENT0217756; CASENT0247396; CASENT0247397; CASENT0247398; CASENT0247399; CASENT0247400); three workers with same data as holotype except sampled from rotten stick on ground and collection code BLF01746 (CAS: CASENT0189124); fourteen workers from Fianarantsoa, 8.0 km NE Ivohibe, 22.4217°S, 46.8983°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter, (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection codes BLF01751 and BLF01753, 3.–9.XI.1997 (B.L. Fisher) (BMNH: CASENT0247403; CAS: CASENT0189123; CASENT0189156; CASENT0198992; CASENT0198993; CASENT0198994; CASENT0198996; CASENT0247402; CASENT0247404; CASENT0247405; MCZ: CASENT0247401).
Tetramorium aspis holotype worker (CASENT0344940). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa, 45 km S Ambalavao, 22.21667°S, 47.01667°E, 785 m, rainforest, 25.IX.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra 43 km S Ambalavao, 22.23333°S, 47°E, 825 m, rainforest, 5.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra 40 km S Ambalavao, 22.21667°S, 46.96667°E, 1275 m, montane rainforest, 15.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra 38 km S Ambalavao, 22.2°S, 46.96667°E, 1680 m, montane rainforest, 23.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe, 7.5 km ENE Ivohibe, 22.47°S, 46.96°E, 900 m, rainforest, 7.–12.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe 8.0 km E Ivohibe, 22.48333°S, 46.96833°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, 15.–21.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 8.0 km NE Ivohibe, 22.4217°S, 46.8983°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, 3.–9.XI.1997 (B.L. Fisher).
The following character combination clearly diagnoses Tetramorium aspis within the Tetramorium cognatum species complex: relatively large eyes (OI 25–27); frontal carinae weakly developed; propodeal spines short, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute (PSLI 18–21), propodeal lobes always only weakly shorter than propodeal spines, and spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node in profile high rounded nodiform, weakly squamiform and relatively thin, in profile around 2.0 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 46–51), and in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 146–161); mesosoma with six or more pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum, propodeum usually with one or two pairs located anteriorly.
(N=12). HL 0.60–0.63 (0.61); HW 0.51–0.55 (0.54); SL 0.36–0.39 (0.37); EL 0.14–0.15 (0.14); PH 0.26–0.30 (0.28); PW 0.40–0.44 (0.43); WL 0.72–0.81 (0.77); PSL 0.11–0.13 (0.13); PTL 0.11–0.13 (0.12); PTH 0.23–0.25 (0.24); PTW 0.16–0.19 (0.18); PPL 0.16–0.19 (0.18); PPH 0.23–0.24 (0.24); PPW 0.22–0.24 (0.23); CI 85–88 (87); SI 68–72 (70); OI 25–27 (26); DMI 54–57 (55); LMI 35–37 (36); PSLI 18–21 (21); PeNI 40–44 (42); LPeI 46–51 (49); DPeI 146–161 (152); PpNI 51–56 (54); LPpI 70–81 (74); DPpI 126–135 (131); PPI 121–137 (129).
Head much longer than wide (CI 85–88); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae weakly developed, only faintly raised, slightly diverging posteriorly, merging with surrounding sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes weak to absent, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 68–72). Eyes relatively large (OI 25–27). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and long (LMI 35–37), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove usually present, but very weakly developed. Propodeal spines short, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute (PSLI 18–21), propodeal lobes triangular to elongate-triangular, always slightly shorter than propodeal spines, in profile spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node in profile high rounded nodiform, weakly squamiform and relatively thin, around 2.0 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 46–51), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal margin usually situated slightly higher and more angulate than posterodorsal margin, petiolar dorsum relatively flat to weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 146–161), in dorsal view pronotum around 2.3 to 2.5 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 40–44). Postpetiole in profile globular, between 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 70–81); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 126–135), pronotum around 1.8 to 2.0 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 51–56). Postpetiole in profile appearing more voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 121–137). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus weakly irregularly longitudinally rugulose, median ruga never fully developed, usually reduced to few traces, one or two mostly unbroken lateral rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugulose with seven to nine rugulae, rugulae usually running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often irregularly shaped, interrupted or with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugose, often with larger areas with reduced sculpture. Ground sculpture on head weakly to moderately reticulate-punctate, especially laterally. Dorsum and sides of mesosoma mostly irregularly longitudinally rugose/rugulose, sides of mesosoma often with some reticulate-rugose areas. Ground sculpture on dorsal mesosoma mostly absent, lateral mesosoma usually weakly to moderately reticulate-punctate. Forecoxae usually unsculptured, smooth and shining. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; mesosoma with six or more pairs on pronotum and mesonotum, propodeum usually with one or two pairs anteriorly; waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs at all; first gastral tergite with short, moderately dense, appressed pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments and gaster usually of uniform brown to dark brown, appendages yellowish to light brown; sometimes waist segments and gaster lighter than head and mesosoma but still darker than appendages.
The name of the new species is Old Greek and means “shield, ” referring to the weakly squamiform condition of the petiolar node. The species epithet is a nominative noun, and thus invariant.
So far Tetramorium aspis is known only from a few localities in the southeast of Madagascar around Ivohibe and Andringitra, where it was collected in rainforests or montane rainforests at elevations ranging from 785 to 1680 m (Fig. 63). Tetramorium aspis was mainly sampled from leaf litter or general collecting on the ground, which suggests that it might be a ground-active species.
The new species is clearly distinguishable within the Tetramorium cognatum species complex. Tetramorium aspis with its large eyes (OI 25–27) and presence of six or more pairs of long, standing hairs on the mesosoma is unlikely to be confused with the small-eyed Tetramorium gladius (OI 19–20), or Tetramorium freya, which lacks standing pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum. Furthermore, the weakly developed frontal carinae separate it from the species with strong frontal carinae Tetramorium myrmidon, Tetramorium proximum, and Tetramorium tenuinode. The latter three are also mostly larger species (HW 0.58–0.81; WL 0.76–1.07) compared to Tetramorium aspis (HW 0.51–0.55; WL 0.72–0.81). The remaining four species are morphologically closer to Tetramorium aspis. Of these, Tetramorium camelliae differs significantly from Tetramorium aspis on the basis of petiolar node development. In the latter the node is only weakly squamiform, in profile around 2.0 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 46–51), and in dorsal view between 1.4 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 146–161). This shape contrasts with the node of Tetramorium camelliae, which is around 2.8 to 3.0 times higher than long (LPeI 33–36) and around 2.3 to 2.4 times wider than long (DPeI 228–238). The best character for separating Tetramorium aspis from the remaining three species is the development and arrangement of propodeal spines and lobes. In Tetramorium aspis the spines are short, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute (PSLI 18–21), the lobes relatively long, only weakly shorter than the spines, and the spines and lobes are strongly inclined towards each other. This arrangement is not seen in Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala or Tetramorium rumo (it is present in Tetramorium camelliae though) since they either have short to moderate spines (Tetramorium karthala + Tetramorium rumo: PSLI 20–26), much longer than the lobes, or the spines are very short (Tetramorium cognatum: PSLI 12–16) and approximately same length as lobes or even shorter. Beyond this conspicuous character, Tetramorium aspis also has longer antennal scapes (SI 68–72), a broader petiolar node (DPeI 146–161), and a narrower postpetiole (DPpI 126–135) than Tetramorium cognatum (SI 61–67; DPeI 129–142; DPpI 137–153). Tetramorium karthala, which is only found on the Comoros, has only two to four pairs of long, standing hairs on the pronotum and mesonotum while Tetramorium aspis has least least six pairs. The last species, Tetramorium rumo, has very short antennal scapes (SI 60–66), a thinly cuneiform and moderately squamiform petiolar node, and is usually very bright yellow to light brown.
Intriguingly, Tetramorium scutum from the Tetramorium sikorae complex, which is endemic to the same geographic area, bears a strong superficial resemblance to Tetramorium aspis. However, they are in different species complexes based on their differences in pilosity on the first gastral tergite (present in Tetramorium scutum but absent in Tetramorium aspis). Apart from this key character they also differ slightly in eye size and propodeal spine length.
To our best knowledge, there is no apparent intraspecific variation in Tetramorium aspis.
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Figs 22A, 31, 63Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana National Park, Vohiparara, 21.24444°S, 47.39694°E, 1173 m, montane forest, 16.IX.1992 (E. Rajeriarison) (CAS: CASENT0247496). Paratypes, four pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0247495; CAS: CASENT0247499; MCZ: CASENT0247498, CASENT0247500).
Tetramorium camelliae holotype worker (CASENT0247496). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana National Park, Vohiparara, 21.24444°S, 47.39694°E, 1173 m, montane forest, 16.IX.1992 (E. Rajeriarison); Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana National Park, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21.29°S, 47.43333°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 27.–31.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
The strongly squamiform and transverse petiolar node, which in profile is around 2.7 to 3.0 times higher than long (LPeI 33–36), and in dorsal view around 2.3 to 2.4 times wider than long (DPeI 228–238), isolates Tetramorium camelliae from the other members of the Tetramorium cognatum species complex.
(N=7). HL 0.56–0.63 (0.61); HW 0.50–0.57 (0.55); SL 0.33–0.40 (0.38); EL 0.13–0.15 (0.14); PH 0.25–0.29 (0.27); PW 0.40–0.44 (0.43); WL 0.67–0.78 (0.74); PSL 0.10–0.12 (0.10); PTL 0.07–0.09 (0.08); PTH 0.21–0.25 (0.24); PTW 0.16–0.21 (0.19); PPL 0.15–0.20 (0.18); PPH 0.21–0.25 (0.24); PPW 0.20–0.26 (0.24); CI 89–91 (91); SI 66–70 (68); OI 25–26 (26); DMI 56–60 (57); LMI 36–37 (37); PSLI 17–19 (18); PeNI 40–48 (45); LPeI 33–36 (35); DPeI 228–238 (234); PpNI 50–59 (57); LPpI 69–80 (74); DPpI 133–141 (137); PPI 120–134 (126).
Head much longer than wide (CI 89–91); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae moderately developed, diverging posteriorly, merging with surrounding sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes weak, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 66–70). Eyes relatively large (OI 25–26). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and long (LMI 36–37), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove present, but weakly developed. Propodeal spines short, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute (PSLI 17–19), propodeal lobes triangular to elongate-triangular and of approximately same length as propodeal spines, in profile spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node in profile strongly squamiform, around 2.7 to 3.0 times higher than long (LPeI 33–36), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height, petiolar dorsum relatively flat to weakly convex; node in dorsal view transverse and 2.3 to 2.4 times wider than long (DPeI 228–238), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.1 to 2.5 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 40–48). Postpetiole in profile subglobular, between 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 69–80); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 133–141), pronotum between 1.7 to 2.0 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 50–59). Postpetiole in profile much more voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 120–134). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus irregularly longitudinally rugulose, median ruga never fully developed, usually reduced to few traces posteriorly or medially, one or two mostly unbroken lateral rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugose/rugulose with seven to eight rugae/rugulae, rugae usually running unbroken from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, sometimes interrupted or with cross-meshes; scrobal area partly unsculptured, but mostly merging with surrounding reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugose sculpture present on lateral head. Dorsum and sides of mesosoma longitudinally rugose/rugulose. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth and shining. Ground sculpture on head and mesosoma weak to absent. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; mesosoma with seven to eight pairs restricted to pronotum and mesonotum; propodeum, waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs; first gastral tergite with short, moderately dense, appressed pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster uniform brown to dark brown, appendages yellowish to light brown.
The new species is dedicated to the first author’s lovely life partner, Tracy Lynn Camellia Audisio from San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
Tetramorium camelliae is a rare species only known from Ranomafana National Park (Fig. 63) where it was collected twice in montane rainforest at elevations ranging from 1100 to 1173. The little available data indicates that Tetramorium camelliae lives in leaf litter.
Tetramorium camelliae is easily distinguishable from the other members of the Tetramorium cognatum species complex. The main diagnostic character is the petiolar node shape, which is strongly squamiform in Tetramorium camelliae (LPeI 33–36; DPeI 228–238) but not in the remainder of the species complex (LPeI 37–62; DPeI 111–171). Generally, its smaller body size, weaker frontal carinae, and gastral pubescence ally Tetramorium camelliae morphologically with Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala and Tetramorium rumo.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_cognatum
Figs 21B, 23B, 27C, 28A, B, 32, 63Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Perinet & vicinity, 18.82667°S, 48.44778°E, rainforest, rotten wood, 19.III.1969 (W.L. Brown) (MCZ: MCZ_Holotype_32261) [examined]. Paratypes, eleven pinned workers with same data as holotype except collected from 17.–19.III.1969 (BMNH: CASENT0102343, CASENT0102344, CASENT0235218; MCZ: MCZ_Paratype_32261; NHMB; MHNG: CASENT0911248) [all examined, except NHMB].
[Note: the GPS data of the type locality was not provided either by the locality label or the original description. The data presented above is based on our own geo-referencing of the Périnet=Andasibe area and should be considered an approximation and not the exact position of the type locality.]
Tetramorium cognatum paratype worker (CASENT0102343). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: no loc (Staudinger); Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72° NE Ankazobe, 18.22528°S, 47.28683°E, 1410 m, montane rainforest, 17.–21.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Réserve Speciale d’Ambohitantely, 18.18762°S, 47.28576°E, 1580 m, montane forest, 8.III.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Réserve Speciale d’Ambohitantely, 18.22444°S, 47.2774°E, 1490 m, montane forest, 9.III.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, 3 km 41° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, 18.47333°S, 47.96°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, 5.–13.XII.2000 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Ankalalahana, 19.00711°S, 47.1337°E, 1350 m, Uapaca woodland, 26.III.2011 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Mandraka Park, 18.9019°S, 47.90786°E, 1360 m, montane shrubland, 11.III.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Réserve Naturelle Sohisika, Sohisika 24.6 km NNE Ankazobe, 18.10322°S, 47.18692°E, 1464 m, gallery montane forest, 1.–2.VI.2008 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Forêt de galerie, Telomirahavavy, 23.4 km NNE Ankazobe, 18.12167°S, 47.20627°E, 1520 m, disturbed gallery montane forest, 3.–4.VI.2008 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Ambondrobe, 41.1 km 175° Vohemar, 13.71533°S, 50.10167°E, 10 m, littoral rainforest, 30.XI.2004 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Parc National Mont. d’Ambre, 1050 m, 12.II.1977 (W.L. & D.E. Brown); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 3.6 km 235° SW Joffreville, 12.53444°S, 49.1795°E, 925 m, montane rainforest, 20.–26.I.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.2 km 211° SSW Joffreville, 12.59639°S, 49.1595°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, 2.–7.II.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.2 km 211° SSW Joffreville, 12.59639°S, 49.1595°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, 7.II.2001 (G.D. Alpert); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.51778°S, 49.17957°E, 1000 m, montane rainforest, 3.–7.III.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.52861°S, 49.17717°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 12.III.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Ambre grand lac, 12.59656°S, 49.15932°E, 1350 m, montane rainforest, 13.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Lac maudit, 12.58502°S, 49.15147°E, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 13.–14.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Roussettes, 12.52574°S, 49.17238°E, 1025 m, montane rainforest, 15.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Petit lac, 12.53664°S, 49.17412°E, 1130 m, montane rainforest, 17.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Antomboka, 12.51269°S, 49.17807°E, 970 m, montane rainforest, 17.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Mahasarika, 12.53176°S, 49.17662°E, 1135 m, montane rainforest, 19.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Pic Bades, 12.5186°S, 49.18625°E, 900 m, montane rainforest, 20.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 17 km W Andapa, 15°45'27.9"S, 49°30'36.7"E, 875 m, rainforest, 5.XI.1994 (G.D. Alpert); Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 6.5 km SSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.5°E, 875 m, rainforest, 17.–31.X.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 9.2 km WSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.46667°E, 1180-1200 m, montane rainforest, 7.–9.XI.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Anjanaharibe, 1.II.-1.III.2003 (K.A. Jackson & D. Carpenter); Antsiranana, Betaolana Forest, along Bekona River, 14.52996°S, 49.44039°E, 880 m, rainforest, 4.–5.III.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 9.4 km 235° SW Daraina, 13.26333°S, 49.6°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 5.XII.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, R.S. Manongarivo, 10.8 km 229° SW Antanambao, 13.96167°S, 48.43333°E, 400 m, rainforest, 8.–13.X.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, R.S. Manongarivo, 12.8 km 228° SW Antanambao, 13.97667°S, 48.42333°E, 780 m, rainforest, 11-17.X.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, R.S. Manongarivo, 14.5 km 220° SW Antanambao, 13.99833°S, 48.42833°E, 1175 m, montane rainforest, 20.X.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, R.N.I. Marojejy, 14°26'43.2"S, 49°47'8.3"E, 375 m, 23.XI.1993 (G.D. Alpert); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina, 14.435°S, 49.76°E, 775 m, rainforest, 15.XI.-11.XII.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina, 14.44333°S, 49.74333°E, 1325 m, montane rainforest, 19.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Sakaramy, 12.44114°S, 49.23197°E, 260 m, tropical dry forest, 11.V.2011 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra 40 km S Ambalavao, 22.21667°S, 46.96667°E, 1225 m, montane rainforest, 19.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra 44 km S Ambalavao, 22.23333°S, 47°E, 800 m, rainforest, 11.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Ampandravelo II Non Protected Area, 10.78 km NE Ranohira, 22.53917°S, 45.51548°E, 873 m, shrubland, 20.–22.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Parc National Befotaka-Midongy, Papango 27.7 km S Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango, 23.83517°S, 46.96367°E, 940 m, rainforest, 14.–16.XI.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Parc National Befotaka-Midongy, Papango 28.5 km S Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango, 23.84083°S, 46.9575°E, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 17.–18.XI.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Isalo National Park, Canyon de Sinze, 22°28’ S, 45°33’ E, 800 m, forest, 17.II.1993 (E. Rajeriarison); Fianarantsoa, Isalo IV National Parc, 12 km SW Ranohira, 22.61472°S, 45.31304°E, 867 m, Bismarckia woodland, 25.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe, 7.5 km ENE Ivohibe, 22.47°S, 46.96°E, 900 m, rainforest, 7.–12.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe 8.0 km E Ivohibe, 22.48333°S, 46.96833°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, 15.–21.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 9.0 km NE Ivohibe, 22.42667°S, 46.93833°E, 900 m, rainforest, 12.–17.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Manandriana I Non Protected Area, 27.11 km SW Ambositra, 20.73194°S, 47.09413°E, 1590 m, savannah grassland, 9.–11.II.2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Parc National de Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21.29°S, 47.43333°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 27.–31.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21.24833°S, 47.42667°E, in guava forest, 9.–26.IV.1998 (C.E. Griswold et al.); Fianarantsoa, Parc National de Ranomafana, Sahamalaotra River, 6.6 km 310° NW Ranomafana, 21.23667°S, 47.39667°E, 1150 m, montane rainforest, 31.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Forêt Classée Vatovavy, 7.6 km 122° Kianjavato, 21.4°S, 47.94°E, 175 m, rainforest, 6.–8.VI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Forêt de Vevembe, 66.6 km 293° Farafangana, 22.791°S, 47.18183°E, 600 m, rainforest, transition to montane forest, 23.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Réserve Spéciale Marotandrano, Marotandrano 48.3 km S Mandritsara, 16.28322°S, 48.81443°E, 865 m, transition humid forest, 7.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15.28833°S, 49.54833°E, 600 m, rainforest, 17.–21.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ambanizana, Parc National Masoala, 15.57167°S, 50.00611°E, 848 m, montane rainforest, 26.II.-2.III.2003 (D. Andriamalala et al.); Toamasina, 5.3 km SSE Ambanizana, Andranobe, 15.67133°S, 49.97395°E, 425 m, rainforest, 21.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, 6.3 km S Ambanizana, Andranobe, 15.6813°S, 49.958°E, 25 m, rainforest, 23.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, 6.9 km NE Ambanizana, Ambohitsitondroina, 15.58506°S, 50.00952°E, 825 m, rainforest, 2.–8.XII.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.7633°S, 49.26692°E, 520 m, rainforest, 22.–24.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Forêt Ambatovy, 14.3 km 57° Moramanga, 18.85083°S, 48.32°E, 1075 m, montane rainforest, 21.III.2004-12.IV.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ambatovy, 12.4 km NE Moramanga, 18.84963°S, 48.2947°E, 1010 m, montane rainforest, 3.–6.III.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ambatovy, 12.4 km NE Moramanga, 18.83937°S, 48.30842°E, 1080 m, montane rainforest, 4.–7.III.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Station Forestière Analamazaotra, Analamazaotra 1.3 km S Andasibe, 18.38466°S, 48.41271°E, 980 m, montane rainforest, 11.–13.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Analamay, 18.80623°S, 48.33707°E, 1068 m, montane rainforest, 21.III.2004 (Malagasy ant team); Toamasina, F.C. Andriantantely, 18.695°S, 48.81333°E, 530 m, rainforest, 4.–10.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.18833°S, 49.615°E, 470 m, rainforest, 8.–12.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.17833°S, 49.635°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 12.–16.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina, 17.88667°S, 49.2025°E, 520 m, rainforest, 1.–3.XII.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Rendrirendry, 34.1 km 332° Toamasina, 17.924°S, 49.19967°E, 390 m, rainforest, 28.XI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Bevolota, 17.1 km N Andasibe, 18.77071°S, 48.43164°E, 995 m, montane rainforest, 12.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Didy, 18.19833°S, 48.57833°E, 960 m, rainforest, 16.–23.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, P.N. Mantadia, 18.79167°S, 48.42667°E, 895 m, rainforest, 25.XI.-1.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Sahafina Forest, 11.4 km W Brickaville, 18.81445°S, 48.96205°E, 140 m, rainforest, 13.–14.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.04833°S, 49.09167°E, 450 m, rainforest, 18.–21.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Torotorofotsy, 18.87082°S, 48.34737°E, 1070 m, montane rainforest, marsh edge, 24.–29.III.2004 (Malagasy ant team); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Onibe River, 17.75908°S, 48.85468°E, 780 m, rainforest, 21.–23.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Tetezambatana forest, near junction of Nosivola and Manakambahiny Rivers, 17.74298°S, 48.72936°E, 860 m, rainforest, 18.–19.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohijanahary, Forêt d’Ankazotsihitafototra, 35.2 km 312° NW Ambaravaranala, 18.26667°S, 45.40667°E, 1050 m, montane rainforest, 13.–17.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohijanahary, Forêt d’Ankazotsihitafototra, 34.6 km 314° NW Ambaravaranala, 18.26°S, 45.41833°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 16.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 11 km NW Enakara, 24.56667°S, 46.83333°E, 800 m, rainforest, 17.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 10 km NW Enakara, 24.56667°S, 46.81667°E, 420 m, rainforest, 19.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 10 km NW Enakara, 24.56667°S, 46.81667°E, 430 m, rainforest, 25.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 13 km NW Enakara, 24.55°S, 46.8°E, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 30.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 13 km NW Enakara, 24.55°S, 46.8°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, 2.XII.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 13 km NW Enakara, 24.56667°S, 46.81667°E, 900 m, rainforest, 3.XII.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 3 km E Mahamavo, 24°45’ S, 46°45’ E, 1050 m, montane rainforest, 5.XI.1993 (P.S. Ward); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, 24.76389°S, 46.75167°E, 900 m, montane rainforest, 21.–25.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Manampanihy River, 5.4 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 36.7 km 343° NNW Tolagnaro, 24.76389°S, 46.76683°E, 650 m, rainforest, 24.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Forêt Ivohibe 55.6 km N Tolagnaro, 24.56167°S, 47.20017°E, 650 m, rainforest, 4.XII.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Befarara, 23.4178°S, 46.4478°E, 1390 m, montane rainforest, 7.–8.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Betanana, 23.4144°S, 46.459°E, 1360 m, montane rainforest, 8.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Ampanihy, 23.4635°S, 46.4631°E, 1270 m, montane rainforest, 9.–10.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Ampanihy, 23.463°S, 46.47057°E, 1269 m, montane rainforest, 10.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Ambinanitelo, 23.4502°S, 46.45658°E, 1325 m, montane rainforest, 11.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Grand Lavasoa, 25.9 km W Tolagnaro, 25.08767°S, 46.749°E, 450 m, rainforest, 30.XI.-2.XII.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, 4.4 km 148° SSE Lavanono, 25.45056°S, 44.97417°E, 60 m, spiny forest/thicket, 17.II.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, 2.7 km WNW 302° Ste. Luce, 24.77167°S, 47.17167°E, 20 m, littoral rainforest, 9.–11.XII.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Manatantely, 8.9 km NW Tolagnaro, 24.9815°S, 46.92567°E, 100 m, rainforest, 27.XI.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
Tetramorium cognatum can be easily separated from the other members of the Tetramorium cognatum species group by the following character combination: eyes very large (OI 27–29); antennal scapes very short (SI 61–67); frontal carinae weakly developed; propodeal spines reduced to very short, triangular teeth (PSLI 12–16), spines and lobes usually of approximately same length, often spines weakly shorter than lobes, very rarely spines weakly longer than lobes, never strongly directed towards each other; petiolar node high nodiform, in profile around 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 49–55), in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 129–142); dorsal mesosoma normally with four to six (sometimes reduced to two to three) pairs of long, standing hairs occurring from anterior pronotum to metanotal groove, but absent from propodeum.
(N=25). HL 0.53–0.61 (0.57); HW 0.48–0.54 (0.51); SL 0.31–0.36 (0.33); EL 0.13–0.15 (0.14); PH 0.25–0.29 (0.27); PW 0.37–0.42 (0.39); WL 0.65–0.75 (0.70); PSL 0.07–0.10 (0.08); PTL 0.11–0.13 (0.12); PTH 0.21–0.25 (0.23); PTW 0.15–0.17 (0.16); PPL 0.14–0.16 (0.15); PPH 0.20–0.23 (0.21); PPW 0.20–0.23 (0.22); CI 87–91 (90); SI 61–67 (65); OI 27–29 (28); DMI 54–59 (56); LMI 36–40 (38); PSLI 12–16 (14); PeNI 38–44 (41); LPeI 49–55 (52); DPeI 129–142 (135); PpNI 53–59 (56); LPpI 66–75 (70); DPpI 137–153 (145); PPI 131–147 (137).
Head much longer than wide (CI 87–91); in full-face view posterior head margin usually very weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae weakly developed, only faintly raised, slightly diverging posteriorly, and relatively long, often ending shortly before posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes very weakly developed, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 61–67). Eyes very large (OI 27–29). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and long (LMI 36–40), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove usually present, but relatively weak. Propodeal spines reduced to very short, triangular teeth (PSLI 12–16), propodeal lobes short and triangular, spines and lobes usually of approximately same length, often spines weakly shorter than lobes, very rarely spines weakly longer than lobes. Petiolar node in profile rounded high nodiform, around 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 49–55), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal margin usually sharper than more rounded posterodorsal margin, both margins often situated at about same height, often anterodorsal margin slightly higher, petiolar dorsum usually weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.3 to 2 times wider than long (DPeI 129–142), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.3 to 2.7 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 38–44). Postpetiole in profile globular, rarely subglobular, between 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than long (LPpI 66–75); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPpI 137–153), pronotum between 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 53–59). Postpetiole in profile usually appearing shorter and less voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 131–147). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus usually irregularly longitudinally rugulose, median ruga often unbroken and well developed, often partly reduced, and often fully absent; lateral rugulae ranging from one to three on each side, often irregularly shaped, broken, or reduced to traces; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugulose with six to ten fine rugulae, rugulae usually running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, mostly irregularly shaped, interrupted, meandering or with cross-meshes, and sometimes becoming much weaker posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured, merging with surrounding sculpture; lateral head reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugose, often with larger areas of reduced sculpture; ground sculpture on head weakly to moderately punctate, sometimes completely absent. Dorsum of mesosoma irregularly longitudinally rugulose, sometimes weakly so; lateral mesosoma usually mostly irregularly longitudinally rugulose, lateral pronotum often much weaker-sculptured, almost smooth, and sometimes reticulate-rugulose; ground sculpture on mesosoma usually weakly to moderately punctate, sometimes completely absent. Forecoxae usually unsculptured, smooth and shining, sometimes with traces of ground sculpture dorsally. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, standing hairs, dorsal mesosoma normally with four to six (sometimes reduced to two to three) pairs occurring from anterior pronotum to metanotal groove, but absent from propodeum; waist segments and first gastral tergite without any long, standing hairs at all; first gastral tergite with moderately long, dense, appressed to decumbent pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed to subdecumbent hairs. Body colouration variable, ranging from uniformly bright yellow to very dark brown, if colour brown to dark brown, appendages usually lighter.
This species is one of the most common Tetramorium encountered in the rainforests and montane rainforests of Madagascar (Fig. 63). Its distribution range encompasses almost all sampled forests in eastern and northern Madagascar, as well as the isolated humid forests in central and western parts of the island (e.g. Ambohijanahary, Isalo). Surprisingly, Tetramorium cognatum also seems to do fairly well outside humid forests since it is also found in a few disturbed gallery forests, in Uapaca woodland and tropical dry forests, and very rarely in spiny forest/thicket and savannah/grassland. Additional sampling in arid habitats might show that Tetramorium cognatum is even more widely distributed than currently understood. The species was mostly collected from leaf litter and the ground.
Tetramorium cognatum is an important species within this species complex. As outlined above, it is very widely distributed and common, and co-occurs in sympatry with almost all other members of the complex. It is easily distinguishable from the usually larger Tetramorium freya, which also lacks pilosity on the dorsal mesosoma, and Tetramorium gladius, the species with the smallest eyes in the complex (OI 19–20). Furthermore, Tetramorium cognatum possesses relatively weakly developed frontal carinae, separating it from Tetramorium myrmidon, Tetramorium proximum, and Tetramorium tenuinode. This character allies Tetramorium cognatum with Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium camelliae, Tetramorium karthala, and Tetramorium rumo, to which it is generally closer in morphology. Of these species close to Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala (endemic to Grand Comore) has longer antennal scapes (SI 70–74) and propodeal spines (PSLI 20–22) than Tetramorium cognatum (SI 61–67; PSLI 12–16). Tetramorium camelliae, only found in Ranomafana, and Tetramorium rumo have squamiform or thinly cuneiform petiolar nodes, which in profile are between 2.3 to 3.0 times higher than long (LPeI 33–43) while the node of Tetramorium cognatum is only 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 49–55). Tetramorium aspis, which is only found in the area around Andringitra and Ivohibe, has longer propodeal spines (PSLI 18–21) than Tetramorium cognatum. More importantly however, the propodeal spines and lobes of Tetramorium cognatum are not strongly inclined towards each other as they are in Tetramorium aspis.
Considering its local abundance, relative flexibility in habitat requirements, and widespread distribution, Tetramorium cognatum shows startlingly little intraspecific variation. From the southern spiny forest Lavanono and the montane rainforests in Andohahela to the northernmost known localities at Montagne d’Ambre/Sakaramy, Tetramorium cognatum is always easily recognisable. However, some noticeable variation in sculpture and body colouration still exists. Colouration ranges from very light yellow through all shades of yellowish orange or brown to very dark brown, almost black. The southeastern and northern populations are mostly light yellow to light brown while most material from the central-eastern populations is mainly brown to very dark brown. There is also some variation in the degree to which sculpture is developed on the clypeus and the sides of the head and mesosoma as outlined in the description above.
http://zoobank.org/65E4760A-E053-4CB1-809A-7DE69A408EE3
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_freya
Figs 21A, 33, 63Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Diego-Suarez, 7 km N Joffreville [camp 2 of Fisher], 12.33333°S, 49.25°E, 360 m, in dry forest, Malaise trap, collection code MA-01-07-08, 6.–20.III.2001 (R. Harin’Hala) (CAS: CASENT0085551). Paratype, one pinned worker with same data as holotype except collected 20.III.–7.IV.2001 and collection code MA-01-07-09 (CASENT0083419).
Tetramorium freya holotype worker (CASENT0085551). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, 4 km SW Ambositra (=Joffreville), 12.51667°S, 49.18333°E, 1000 m, rainforest, 1.XII.1990 (P.S. Ward); Antsiranana, Nosy Be, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Lokobe, 6.3 km 112° ESE Hellville, 13.41933°S, 48.33117°E, 30 m, rainforest, 19.–24.III.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Sakalava Beach (vegetated beach dunes), 12.26278°S, 49.3975°E, 10 m, across sandy trail in dwarf littoral forest, 20.–28.VII.2001 (R. Harin’Hala).
The following character combination distinguishes Tetramorium freya from the other species of the Tetramorium cognatum species complex: frontal carinae weakly developed, merging with surrounding sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin; petiolar node high nodiform with well rounded margins, in profile around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 58–62), in dorsal view 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 124–131); lack of any long, standing pilosity on dorsal mesosoma.
(N=5). HL 0.61–0.74 (0.68); HW 0.56–0.68 (0.62); SL 0.40–0.46 (0.44); EL 0.14–0.17 (0.16); PH 0.30–0.35 (0.33); PW 0.38–0.43 (0.40); WL 0.72–0.87 (0.81); PSL 0.12–0.15 (0.13); PTL 0.13–0.16 (0.15); PTH 0.21–0.27 (0.25); PTW 0.17–0.20 (0.19); PPL 0.16–0.21 (0.19); PPH 0.22–0.28 (0.25); PPW 0.23–0.28 (0.25); CI 90–92 (91); SI 68–71 (70); OI 25; DMI 44–54 (50); LMI 40–42 (41); PSLI 18–20 (19); PeNI 42–50 (46); LPeI 58–62 (59); DPeI 124–131 (127); PpNI 59–70 (63); LPpI 72–77 (75); DPpI 127–144 (134); PPI 133–140 (136).
Head much longer than wide (CI 90–92); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae weakly to moderately developed, merging with surrounding sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes weak to absent, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 68–71). Eyes relatively large (OI 25). Mesosomal outline in profile weakly to moderately convex, moderately high and stout (LMI 40–42), weakly to moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove present, but weakly developed. Propodeal spines short, triangular to elongate-triangular, and acute (PSLI 18–20), propodeal lobes triangular and short, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high nodiform with well-rounded margins, around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 58–62), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel and rounding smoothly onto dorsum, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height, petiolar dorsum relatively noticeably convex; node in dorsal view 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 124–131), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.0 to 2.4 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 42–50). Postpetiole in profile globular to subglobular, between 1.3 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 72–77); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 127–144), pronotum between 1.4 to 1.8 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 59–70). Postpetiole in profile appearing approximately as voluminous as petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 133–140). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus in parts irregularly longitudinally rugulose, median ruga never fully developed, usually reduced to a few traces, one or two irregular and broken lateral rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae weakly irregularly longitudinally rugulose, rugulae weak, often interrupted or with cross-meshes and becoming much weaker posteriorly; scrobal area mostly irregularly longitudinally rugulose and merging with surrounding irregularly longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose sculpture present on lateral head. Head with very conspicuous punctate ground sculpture. Mesosoma laterally and dorsally with traces of irregular rugulae or reticulate-rugose sculpture overlaying a distinct punctate ground sculpture. Forecoxae in parts weakly longitudinally rugulose and partly unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of hairs. Mesosoma, waist segments, and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs at all; first gastral tergite with very short, moderately dense, and appressed pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster uniform brown, appendages yellowish to light brown.
The name of the new species was inspired and derived from the name of the Old Norse goddess Freyja (which means “Lady” in Old Norse) who was considered the goddess of love, beauty, fertility, war, and death. As a name taken from Norse mythology, it is treated as an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariant.
Tetramorium freya is a rare species only known from a few localities at the northernmost tip of Madagascar and from the island of Nosy Be (Fig. 63). The species was collected in rainforests, dry forests, and coastal dunes at elevations from 10 to 1000 m. Also, Tetramorium freya was mostly sampled from Malaise traps or from vegetation and only once from leaf litter; considering there are only five known specimens, it seems likely that Tetramorium freya nests and forages in vegetation. Additional sampling in lower vegetation might yield more material of this otherwise very rare species.
The identification of Tetramorium freya is easy and straightforward since it is the only species of the species complex without any long, standing pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum. Beyond mesosomal pilosity, Tetramorium freya also has weakly developed frontal carinae and sculpture on the head and mesosoma, which separate it from Tetramorium gladius, Tetramorium myrmidon, Tetramorium proximum, and Tetramorium tenuinode. In addition, Tetramorium freya possesses a stouter and higher mesosoma (LMI 40–42) and a lower and thicker petiolar node (LPeI 58–62, around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than long) compared to Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium camelliae, Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala, and Tetramorium rumo (LMI 35–40; LPeI 33–55, around 1.8 to 3.0 times higher than long).
Based on the limited number of specimens available for this study, there seems to be no significant intraspecific variation in Tetramorium freya.
http://zoobank.org/04D35BE9-26E7-450E-B5FC-3EE67E7B7934
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_gladius
Figs 21C, 23A, 34, 63Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, 3 km 41° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, 18.47333°S, 47.96°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF02464, 5.–13.XII (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0406982). Paratypes, one pinned worker with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0406981); four pinned worker with same data as holotype but collected ex rotten stick on ground and collection codes BLF02407 and BLF02408 (CAS: CASENT0406964; CASENT0406971); fifteen pinned workers with same data as holotype but collected ex rotten log and collection codes BLF02429, BLF02498, and BLF02500 (CAS: CASENT0406966; CASENT0406967; CASENT0406968; CASENT0406969; CASENT0406974; CASENT0406975; MCZ: CASENT0406976); one pinned worker with same data as holotype but collected ex rotten tree stump and collection code BLF02486 (BMNH: CASENT0406965).
Tetramorium gladius holotype worker (CASENT0406982). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, 18.22444°S, 47.2774°E, 1490 m, montane forest, 9.III.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, 3 km 41° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, 18.47333°S, 47.96°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, 5.–13.XII (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 9.2 km WSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.46667°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, 9.XI.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 9.4 km 235° SW Daraina, 13.26333°S, 49.6°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 5.–6.XII.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, 6.9 km NE Ambanizana, Ambohitsitondroina, 15.58506°S, 50.00952°E, 825 m, rainforest, 2.XII.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, 5.3 km SSE Ambanizana, Andranobe, 15.67133°S, 49.97395°E, 425 m, rainforest, 21.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.77274°S, 49.26551°E, 450 m, rainforest, 20.–22.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
The relatively small eyes (OI 19–20) of Tetramorium gladius separate it from the other members of the Tetramorium cognatum species complex.
(N=12). HL 0.71–0.87 (0.81); HW 0.65–0.82 (0.75); SL 0.48–0.58 (0.54); EL 0.13–0.16 (0.15); PH 0.32–0.41 (0.37); PW 0.47–0.61 (0.55); WL 0.87–1.08 (1.00); PSL 0.17–0.22 (0.19); PTL 0.14–0.18 (0.15); PTH 0.24–0.33 (0.29); PTW 0.17–0.22 (0.19); PPL 0.20–0.27 (0.23); PPH 0.25–0.34 (0.30); PPW 0.26–0.34 (0.29); CI 92–95 (93); SI 71–74 (72); OI 19–20 (20); DMI 54–56 (55); LMI 36–38 (37); PSLI 21–28 (23); PeNI 31–36 (35); LPeI 48–58 (53); DPeI 113–133 (124); PpNI 49–56 (53); LPpI 70–82 (78); DPpI 120–133 (125); PPI 148–159 (153).
Head longer than wide (CI 92–95); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly to moderately concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae moderately to well developed, diverging posteriorly, either merging with surrounding sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin or only becoming weaker after posterior eye level but still approaching posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes very weak, shallow, and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 71–74). Eyes relatively small (OI 19–20). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, moderately low and long (LMI 36–38), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove mostly reduced and absent, if present weakly developed. Propodeal spines moderately long to long, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 21–28), propodeal lobes short and triangular, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile nodiform to high rounded nodiform, around 1.7 to 2.1 times higher than long (LPeI 48–58), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins usually situated at about same height and weakly rounded, petiolar dorsum weakly to moderately convex; node in dorsal view between 1.1 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 113–133), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.8 to 3.2 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 31–36). Postpetiole in profile globular, around 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 70–82); in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPpI 120–133), pronotum around 1.8 to 2.0 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 49–56). Postpetiole in profile usually appearing more voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 148–159). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus longitudinally rugose/rugulose with three to seven median ruga always fully developed and distinct, and one to three mostly unbroken lateral rugae/rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugose with seven to nine rugae, rugae running mostly unbroken from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, sometimes interrupted or with cross-meshes; scrobal area partly unsculptured, but mostly merging with surrounding reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugose sculpture present on lateral head. Dorsum and sides of mesosoma mostly irregularly longitudinally rugose. Forecoxae unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Ground sculpture on head and mesosoma usually weak to absent. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; dorsum of mesosoma with six to eight pairs on pronotum and mesonotum, anterior propodeum with one pair; waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs; first gastral tergite with very short, scarce, appressed pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed, rarely decumbent hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster uniform reddish, orange-brown, appendages always lighter, yellowish to light brown.
The name of the new species is the ancient Latin general word for sword, although it mostly refers to the short swords used by foot soldiers of the Roman legion. The name was chosen based on the shape of the propodeal spines in most specimens of Tetramorium gladius, which resemble this type of sword. The species epithet is a nominative noun, and thus invariant.
Tetramorium gladius has a relatively wide but patchy distribution in central, central-eastern, and northern Madagascar (Fig. 63). The southernmost localities are Ambohitantely and Andranomay and the northernmost is Binara with Ambatovaky, Ambanizana, and Anjanaharibe-Sud in-between. All localities are rainforests and montane rainforests at elevations ranging from 425 to 1490 m. Tetramorium gladius seems to be only moderately common and living in the leaf litter.
The relatively small eyes of Tetramorium gladius (OI 19–20) differentiate it immediately from the remainder of the Tetramorium cognatum species complex, in which all species have much larger eyes (OI 24–31). Apart from this, Tetramorium gladius appears to be morphologically close to Tetramorium myrmidon, Tetramorium proximum, and Tetramorium tenuinode since they all share a larger body size and very well developed frontal carinae and sculpture.
Little morphological variation is observed in Tetramorium gladius, with the exception, that the propodeal spines are longer in specimens from Ambatovaky (PSLI 26–28) compared to the rest of the material (PSLI 21–24).
http://zoobank.org/9B534784-C0F8-4B8C-AC93-77B3CBDB6DCC
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_karthala
Figs 20A, 24C, 27D, 28D, 29B, 35, 63Holotype, pinned worker, COMOROS, Grande Comore, Karthala, 11.82699°S, 43.4295°E, 1000 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF19734, 14.–15.III.2008 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0137302). Paratypes, three pinned workers with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0137426; CASENT0137440; CASENT0137510); two workers with same data as holotype except collected from rotten log and collection code BLF19750 (MCZ: CASENT0135232); six pinned workers from Grande Comore, Karthala, 11.81336°S, 43.41945°E, 1125 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF19700, 13.–14.III.2008 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (BMNH: CASENT0136774; CAS: CASENT0136766; CASENT0137214; CASENT0137221; CASENT0137244; CASENT0137263;).
Tetramorium karthala paratype worker (CASENT0136774). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
COMOROS: Grande Comore, Karthala, 11.81336°S, 43.41945°E, 1125 m, montane rainforest, 13.III.2008 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
Tetramorium karthala is diagnosable within the Tetramorium cognatum complex on the basis of the following character combination: very large eyes (OI 29–30); short antennal scapes (SI 70–74); frontal carinae weakly to moderately developed; propodeal spines short to moderate, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 20–22), propodeal lobes always much shorter than spines and lobes never strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node rounded high nodiform, in profile around 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–54), in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 148–158); mesosoma with two to four pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum.
L 0.59–0.63 (0.61); HW 0.51–0.55 (0.53); SL 0.36–0.39 (0.38); EL 0.15–0.16 (0.15); PH 0.27–0.31 (0.29); PW 0.38–0.42 (0.40); WL 0.72–0.79 (0.75); PSL 0.12–0.14 (0.13); PTL 0.12–0.14 (0.13); PTH 0.23–0.26 (0.24); PTW 0.18–0.21 (0.19); PPL 0.15–0.17 (0.15); PPH 0.22–0.25 (0.23); PPW 0.22–0.25 (0.24); CI 86–87 (87); SI 70–74 (72); OI 29–30 (29); DMI 51–55 (54); LMI 37–39 (39); PSLI 20–22 (21); PeNI 45–49 (47); LPeI 50–54 (51); DPeI 148–158 (151); PpNI 55–61 (58); LPpI 65–68 (66); DPpI 138–158 (151); PPI 112–131 (124).
Head much longer than wide (CI 86–87); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae weakly to moderately developed, only weakly raised, and ending between posterior head margin and posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes very weakly developed to almost absent, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 70–74). Eyes very large (OI 29–30). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, moderately low and long (LMI 37–39), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove present and distinctly developed. Propodeal spines short to moderately long, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 20–22), propodeal lobes short and triangular, always much shorter than propodeal spines, spines and lobes never strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node in profile rounded high nodiform, around 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–54), usually anterior and posterior faces more or less parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins both well-rounded and usually situated at about same height, petiolar dorsum moderately convex; node in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 148–158), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.0 to 2.2 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 45–49). Postpetiole in profile subglobular, between 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than long (LPpI 65–68); in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPpI 138–158), pronotum around 1.6 to 1.8 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 55–61). Postpetiole in profile usually appearing of more or less same volume as petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.1 to 1.3 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 112–131). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus usually irregularly longitudinally rugulose with three to five, often broken, rugulae, sometimes rugulae reduced to one or two, median ruga/rugula often developed, but usually broken, rarely completely absent; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugose/rugulose with seven to nine rugae/rugulae, rugae usually running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted, rarely with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured with ground sculpture only, lateral head reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugose. Dorsum and sides of mesosoma mostly irregularly longitudinally rugose/rugulose. Forecoxae dorsally with few traces of rugulae, otherwise mostly unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Ground sculpture on head and mesosoma very distinct, usually reticulate-punctate with few areas very finely reticulate-rugulose. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with numerous pairs of standing, long, fine hairs; mesosoma usually with two to four pairs: one long pair on anterior pronotum and one long pair on anterior mesonotum, sometimes two shorter pairs present, one on posterior pronotum and one on posterior mesonotum; propodeum, waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs; first gastral tergite with short, moderately dense, appressed pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed to decumbent hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments and gaster uniform light brown, appendages often lighter, more yellowish brown.
The new species is named after the type locality, Karthala Forest on Mount Karthala volcano on the island of Grand Comore. The species epithet is a noun in apposition, and thus invariable.
This new species is only known from the type locality, which is a montane rainforest on the Comorian island Grande Comore (Fig. 63). At present, it is the only described Tetramorium species endemic to any Comorian island. All other Tetramorium species (except one undescribed species from the Tetramorium ranarum species group from Anjouan) found on the Comoros Islands are either introduced tramp species or species shared between Africa, the Comoros and Madagascar, or between the Comoros and Madagascar. Intriguingly, the type locality appears to have a quite unique fauna. Just recently
Tetramorium karthala is easily identifiable in the Malagasy region since it is the only species of the Tetramorium cognatum species complex and the whole Tetramorium schaufussii species group found on the Comores. Even without considering geography the new species can be well distinguished from the remainder of its species complex. In general, it is morphologically close to Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium camelliae, Tetramorium cognatum, and Tetramorium rumo, whereas it differs more strongly from the rest of the complex. Since Tetramorium karthala has several pairs of long, standing hairs on the dorsum of the mesosoma and much larger eyes (OI 29–30), it is unlikely to be mistaken for Tetramorium freya, which has no standing pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum, or for Tetramorium gladius, which has the smallest eyes in the complex (OI 19–20). Also, Tetramorium karthala cannot be confused with Tetramorium myrmidon, Tetramorium proximum, or Tetramorium tenuinode as the latter three have very well developed, noticeably raised, and long frontal carinae compared to the much weaker frontal carinae seen in Tetramorium karthala.
The separation from the other five species, which appear closer to Tetramorium karthala, is also straightforward. Tetramorium camelliae has a strongly squamiform petiolar node which is around 2.8 to 3.0 times higher than long (LPeI 33–36) and around 2.3 to 2.4 times wider than long (DPeI 228–238), while Tetramorium karthala has a high nodiform petiolar node which is around 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–54) and around 1.5 to 1.6 times wider than long (DPeI 148–158). The smallest species of the complex, Tetramorium rumo (HW 0.43–0.49; WL 0.56–0.67), differs from Tetramorium karthala (HW 0.51–0.55; WL 0.72–0.79) not only in body size but also in the shape of the petiolar node. The node of Tetramorium rumo is thinly cuneiform and moderately squamiform, in profile 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37–43) while, as noted above, the node of Tetramorium karthala is high nodiform and thicker, only 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–54). Furthermore, in Tetramorium aspis the propodeal spines and lobes are strongly inclined towards each other, whereas the spines and lobes of Tetramorium karthala are not. The latter species also has two to four pairs of long, standing hairs on the dorsal pronotum and mesonotum while Tetramorium aspis has at least six on the pronotum and mesonotum and usually one or two on the anterior propodeum. The last species in the complex, Tetramorium cognatum, appears morphologically very close to Tetramorium karthala, but has noticeably shorter antennal scapes (SI 61–67) and propodeal spines (PSLI 12–16) than Tetramorium karthala (SI 70–74; PSLI 20–22).
To our knowledge, there is no significant intraspecific variation in Tetramorium karthala.
http://zoobank.org/11BD4CF2-149D-4A6A-9B9C-C59C0030B466
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_myrmidon
Figs 23C, 25B, 26C, 36, 64Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toliara, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohijanahary, Forêt d’Ankazotsihitafototra, 35.2 km 312° NW Ambaravaranala, 18.26667°S, 45.40667°E, 1050 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF07020, 13.–17.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0028635). Paratypes, two workers with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0028642; CASENT0028643); and three workers MADAGASCAR, Toliara, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohijanahary, Forêt d’Ankazotsihitafototra, 34.6 km 314° NW Ambaravaranala, 18.26°S, 45.41833°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF07086, 16.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0029810; CASENT0029821; CASENT0030099).
Tetramorium myrmidon holotype worker (CASENT0028635). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
Tetramorium myrmidon can be easily distinguished from the other members of the group by the following combination of characters: eyes relatively large (OI 24–25); antennal scapes short (SI 74–76); frontal carinae well developed, noticeably raised, ending shortly before posterior head margin; petiolar node high rounded nodiform, in profile around 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 58–60), in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 121–129); in dorsal view postpetiole around 1.3 to 1.5 times broader than petiolar node (PPI 133–141); dorsum of mesosoma with two pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum.
(N=6). HL 0.70–0.76 (0.73); HW 0.62–0.69 (0.65); SL 0.47–0.52 (0.49); EL 0.16–0.18 (0.16); PH 0.33–0.37 (0.35); PW 0.45–0.50 (0.47); WL 0.85–0.94 (0.89); PSL 0.13–0.16 (0.14); PTL 0.14–0.16 (0.15); PTH 0.24–0.27 (0.25); PTW 0.18–0.20 (0.19); PPL 0.18–0.21 (0.19); PPH 0.24–0.28 (0.26); PPW 0.24–0.28 (0.26); CI 88–91 (90); SI 74–76 (75); OI 24–25 (25); DMI 52–54 (53); LMI 38–40 (39); PSLI 18–20 (19); PeNI 39–40 (39); LPeI 58–60 (59); DPeI 121–129 (125); PpNI 52–55 (54); LPpI 73–77 (76); DPpI 129–136 (133); PPI 133–141 (138).
Head much longer than wide (CI 88–91); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae well developed, noticeably raised, diverging posteriorly, merging with surrounding sculpture shortly before posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes very weakly developed, almost absent, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 74–76). Eyes relatively large (OI 24–25). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, moderately low and long (LMI 38–40), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove present, but weakly developed. Propodeal spines short to moderate, elongate-triangular, and acute (PSLI 18–20), propodeal lobes triangular and short, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high nodiform with well rounded margins, around 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 58–60), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height, anterodorsal margin slightly more angulate than posterodorsal, more rounded margin, petiolar dorsum relatively flat to weakly convex; node in dorsal view 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 121–129), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.5 to 2.6 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 39–40). Postpetiole in profile globular, between 1.3 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 73–77); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 129–136), pronotum around 1.8 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 52–55). Postpetiole in profile appearing more voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 133–141). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus irregularly longitudinally rugulose with three to seven rugulae, median ruga usually fully developed, one to three mostly unbroken lateral rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugulose with seven to nine rugulae, rugulae usually running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area mostly unsculptured with ground sculpture only, lateral head reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugulose. Ground sculpture on head well developed and distinct, mostly reticulate-punctate. Dorsum and sides of mesosoma irregularly longitudinally rugulose to reticulate-rugulose. Forecoxae dorsally weakly rugulose, but mostly unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Ground sculpture on mesosoma weakly to moderately punctate. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of standing, long, fine hairs; dorsum of mesosoma with two pairs only, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum; propodeum, waist segments, and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs; first gastral tergite with very short, scarce, appressed pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster uniformly brown to dark brown, appendages yellowish to light brown.
The name of the new species is inspired by the ancient Greek “myrmidons”, which were skilled warriors and known as the legendary “ant-people” who inhabited the Greek island of Aegina. The species epithet is a noun in apposition, and thus invariant.
The new species is so far only known from Ambohijanahary, which is an isolated montane rainforest located in the midwest of Madagascar (Fig. 64), where it was collected only twice. With only six known specimens it represents an extremely rare species. Tetramorium myrmidon was collected from leaf litter at elevations of 1050 to 1100 m.
Based on its larger body size and very well developed frontal carinae, Tetramorium myrmidon differs strongly from the smaller species Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium camelliae, Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala and Tetramorium rumo, all with more weakly developed frontal carinae, while being presumably morphologically closer to Tetramorium gladius, Tetramorium proximum and Tetramorium tenuinode. Of these, Tetramorium gladius possesses very small eyes (OI 19–20), while the eyes of Tetramorium myrmidon are much larger (OI 24–25). Tetramorium tenuinode has shorter antennal scapes (SI 66–70) and a thinner petiolar node, in profile 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–54), in contrast to Tetramorium myrmidon with its longer scapes (SI 74–76) and lower and thicker petiolar node, which is in profile around 1.7 times higher than long (LPeI 58–60). The widespread Tetramorium proximum, however, appears to be the species morphologically closest to Tetramorium myrmidon and most of their morphometric ranges and characters overlap. Nonetheless, we consider both sufficiently demarcated from each other since they are found to co-occur in sympatry in Ambohijanahary. The specimens of Tetramorium proximum from this locality differ from Tetramorium myrmidon by having five to six pairs of long, standing hairs on the mesosoma and a generally thinner and higher petiolar node. Finally, Tetramorium myrmidon is unlikely to be confused with the last species of the complex, Tetramorium freya, since the latter lacks long, standing pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum (present in Tetramorium myrmidon).
The small number of specimens from just two collection events in the same locality does not permit proper assessment of intraspecific variation.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_proximum
Figs 20B, 22D, 24A, 25A, 37, 64Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Périnet & vicinity, 18.82667°S, 48.44778°E, rainforest, rotten wood, 18.III.1969 (W. L. Brown) (MCZ: MCZ_Holotype_32264) [examined]. Paratypes, ten pinned workers and one pinned queen with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0102341; CASENT0102342; CASENT0235211; MCZ: MCZ_Paratype_32264).
[Note: the GPS data of the type locality was not provided either by the locality label or the original description. The data presented above is based on our own geo-referencing of the Périnet=Andasibe area and should be considered an approximation and not the exact position of the type locality.]
Tetramorium proximum holotype worker (CASENT0906146). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo, Tsimbazaza, 18.928°S, 47.527°E, 1300 m, park/garden, 16.XII.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 3.6 km 235° SW Joffreville, 12.53444°S, 49.1795°E, 925 m, montane rainforest, 20.–26.I.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.2 km 211° SSW Joffreville, 12.59639°S, 49.1595°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, 7.II.2001 (G.D. Alpert); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre [1st campsite], 12.51444°S, 49.18139°E, 960 m, rainforest, 5.–21.IV.2001 (R. Harin’Hala); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.51389°S, 49.17784°E, 984 m, montane rainforest, 23.II.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.51778°S, 49.17957°E, 1000 m, montane rainforest, 3.–6.III.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.52306°S, 49.17901°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 11.III.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Lac maudit, 12.58502°S, 49.15147°E, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 13.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Roussettes, 12.52574°S, 49.17238°E, 1025 m, montane rainforest, 15.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Petit lac, 12.53664°S, 49.17412°E, 1130 m, montane rainforest, 17.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Antomboka, 12.51269°S, 49.17807°E, 970 m, montane rainforest, 17.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, Mahasarika, 12.53176°S, 49.17662°E, 1135 m, montane rainforest, 17.XI.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 6.5 km SSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.5°E, 875 m, rainforest, 19.X.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 9.1 km 233° SW Daraina, 13.26333°S, 49.60333°E, 800 m, rainforest, 3.XII.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 9.4 km 235° SW Daraina, 13.26333°S, 49.6°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 5.XII.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Betaolana Forest, along Bekona River, 14.52996°S, 49.44039°E, 880 m, rainforest, 4.–5.III.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, R.S. Manongarivo, 10.8 km 229° SW Antanambao, 13.96167°S, 48.43333°E, 400 m, rainforest, 8.–13.X.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, R.S. Manongarivo, 12.8 km 228° SW Antanambao, 13.97667°S, 48.42333°E, 780 m, rainforest, 11.X.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, R.S. Manongarivo, 14.5 km 220° SW Antanambao, 13.99833°S, 48.42833°E, 1175 m, montane rainforest, 20.X.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, 14.43667°S, 49.775°E, 450 m, rainforest, 12.–15.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina, 14.435°S, 49.76°E, 775 m, rainforest, 15.–18.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, 45 km S Ambalavao, 22.21667°S, 47.01667°E, 785 m, rainforest, 25.–30.IX.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 2 km W Andrambovato, along river Tatamaly, 21.51167°S, 47.41°E, 1075 m, montane rainforest, 3.–5.VI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra, 43 km S Ambalavao, 22.23333°S, 47°E, 825 m, rainforest, 5.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra, 40 km S Ambalavao, 22.21667°S, 46.96667°E, 1275 m, montane rainforest, 15.–19.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra, 38 km S Ambalavao, 22.2°S, 46.96667°E, 1680 m, montane rainforest, 23.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Parc National Befotaka-Midongy, Papango 28.5 km S Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango, 23.84083°S, 46.9575°E, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 17.–18.XI.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, 900 m E of Isalo National Park Interpretive Center, stream area, 22.62667°S, 45.35817°E, 750 m, open area near stream, 3.–10.III.2002 (R. Harin’Hala); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe, 7.5 km ENE Ivohibe, 22.47°S, 46.96°E, 900 m, rainforest, 7.–12.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe, 8.0 km E Ivohibe, 22.48333°S, 46.96833°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, 15.–21.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe, 6.5 km ESE Ivohibe, 22.49667°S, 46.955°E, 1575 m, montane rainforest, 24.–30.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 8.0 km NE Ivohibe, 22.42167°S, 46.89833°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, 3.–9.XI.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 9.0 km NE Ivohibe, 22.42667°S, 46.93833°E, 900 m, rainforest, 12.–17.XI.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Parc Nationale Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21.24833°S, 47.42667°E, in guava forest, 9.–26.IV.1998 (C.E. Griswold et al.); Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana National Park, Vohiparara Kidonavo 2, 21.22603°S, 47.36963°E, 1100 m, 13.III.2003 (V.C. Clark); Fianarantsoa, Parc National de Ranomafana, Vatoharanana, 21.28955°S, 47.4304, 1100 m, 30.III.2003 (V.C. Clark); Fianarantsoa, Parc National de Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21.29°S, 47.43333°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 27.–31.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Forêt Classée Vatovavy, 7.6 km 122° Kianjavato, 21.4°S, 47.94°E, 175 m, rainforest, 6.–8.VI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Forêt de Vevembe, 66.6 km 293° Farafangana, 22.791°S, 47.18183°E, 600 m, rainforest, transition to montane forest, 23.–24.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Mahajanga, Réserve Spéciale Marotandrano, Marotandrano 48.3 km S Mandritsara, 16.28322°S, 48.81443°E, 865 m, transition humid forest, 7.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 6.3 km S Ambanizana, Andranobe, 15.6813°S, 49.958°E, 25 m, rainforest, 14.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Forêt Ambatovy, 14.3 km 57° Moramanga, 18.85083°S, 48.32°E, 1075 m, montane rainforest, 21.III.2004 (Malagasy ant team); Toamasina, Ambatovy, 12.4 km NE Moramanga, 18.84773°S, 48.29568°E, 1000–1010 m, montane rainforest, 3.–8.III.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Amparihibe, 15°2’ S, 49°34’ E, II.–III.2003 (K.A. Jackson & D. Carpenter); Toamasina, Station Forestière Analamazaotra, Analamazaotra 1.3 km S Andasibe, 18.38466°S, 48.41271°E, 980 m, montane rainforest, 11.–13.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.18833°S, 49.615°E, 470 m, rainforest, 8.–12.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.40062°S, 48.81311°E, 865 m, rainforest, 17.–18.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.40829°S, 48.82107°E, 750 m, rainforest, 21.–22.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.40636°S, 48.80254°E, 1108 m, montane rainforest, 29.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Rendrirendry, 34.1 km 332° Toamasina, 17.924°S, 49.19967°E, 390 m, rainforest, 28.XI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Réserve Nationale Intégrale Betampona, Betampona 35.1 km NW Toamasina, 17.91801°S, 49.20074°E, 500 m, rainforest, 16.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Réserve Naturelle Betampona, 34.08 km 332° Toamasina, 17.91977°S, 49.20039°E, 525 m, rainforest, 17.II.–5.X.2008 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Réserve Naturelle Betampona, 34.1 km 332° Toamasina, 17.916136°S, 49.20185°E, 550 m, rainforest, 5.X.–14.XII.2008 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, F.C. Didy, 18.19833°S, 48.57833°E, 960 m, rainforest, 16.–23.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Parc National Mananara-Nord, 7.1 km 261° Antanambe, 16.455°S, 49.7875°E, 225 m, rainforest, 14.XI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, P.N. Mantadia, 18.79167°S, 48.42667°E, 895 m, rainforest, 28.XI.–1.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.04833°S, 49.09167°E, 450 m, rainforest, 21.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Torotorofotsy, 18.87082°S, 48.34737°E, 1070 m, montane rainforest, marsh edge, 24.–27.III.2004 (Malagasy ant team); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Tetezambatana forest, near junction of Nosivola and Manakambahiny rivers, 17.74298°S, 48.72936°E, 860 m, rainforest, 18.–19.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, 17.73359°S, 48.72625°E, 950 m, rainforest, 19.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Onibe River, 17.75908°S, 48.85468°E, 780 m, rainforest, 21.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Besaky River, 17.75244°S, 48.85321°E, 760 m, rainforest, 22.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohijanahary, Forêt d’Ankazotsihitafototra, 35.2 km 312° NW Ambaravaranala, 18.26667°S, 45.40667°E, 1050 m, montane rainforest, 13.–17.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohijanahary, Forêt d’Ankazotsihitafototra, 34.6 km 314° NW Ambaravaranala, 18.26°S, 45.41833°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 16.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Forêt Classée d’Analavelona, 29.2 km 343° NNW Mahaboboka, 22.675°S, 44.19°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 18.–22.II.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Forêt Classée d’Analavelona, 29.4 km 343° NNW Mahaboboka, 22.675°S, 44.18667°E, 1050 m, montane rainforest, 21.II.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 13 km NW Enakara, 24.55°S, 46.8°E, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 30.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 11 km NW Enakara, 24.5667°S, 46.83333°E, 800 m, rainforest, 17.–20.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, 24.76389°S, 46.75167°E, 900 m, montane rainforest, 21.–25.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Forêt Ivohibe 55.0 km N Tolagnaro, 24.569°S, 47.204°E, 200 m, rainforest, 2.–4.XII.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Ampanihy, 23.463°S, 46.47057°E, 1269 m, montane rainforest, 10.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
Tetramorium proximum can be distinguished from the other members of the species complex on the basis of the following character combination: eyes relatively large (OI 24–28); antennal scapes short (SI 74–76); frontal carinae strongly developed, noticeably raised, and reaching or ending shortly before posterior head margin; propodeal spines short to medium-sized, elongate-triangular, and usually acute (PSLI 17–21); petiolar node high rounded nodiform, in profile around 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 52–60), and in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPpI 135–153); mesosoma with four to nine pairs of long, fine, standing hairs, usually five or six ranging from anterior pronotum to metanotal groove.
(N=12). HL 0.72–0.88 (0.78); HW 0.65–0.81 (0.72); SL 0.49–0.60 (0.54); EL 0.18–0.20 (0.19); PH 0.34–0.40 (0.37); PW 0.49–0.60 (0.54); WL 0.92–1.07 (0.98); PSL 0.12–0.18 (0.15); PTL 0.15–0.19 (0.18); PTH 0.29–0.35 (0.32); PTW 0.18–0.23 (0.21); PPL 0.19–0.23 (0.22); PPH 0.29–0.35 (0.31); PPW 0.28–0.34 (0.31); CI 89–94 (92); SI 74–76 (75); OI 24–28 (26); DMI 53–58 (55); LMI 37–40 (38); PSLI 17–21 (19); PeNI 37–42 (39); LPeI 52–60 (56); DPeI 111–130 (120); PpNI 52–61 (57); LPpI 65–74 (69); DPpI 135–153 (145); PPI 135–160 (148).
Head much longer than wide (CI 89–94); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed, noticeably raised, diverging posteriorly, and either reaching or ending shortly before posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes present and distinct but weak, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 74–76). Eyes relatively large (24–28). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, relatively low and long (LMI 37–40), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove weakly to moderately developed. Propodeal spines short to medium-sized, elongate-triangular, and usually acute (PSLI 17–21), propodeal lobes short, triangular, and blunt or acute, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high nodiform with well-rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins and strongly convex dorsum, around 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 52–60), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, antero- and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height; petiolar node in dorsal view around 1.1 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 111–130), in dorsal view pronotum around 2.4 to 2.7 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 37–42). Postpetiole in profile subglobular and weakly anteroposteriorly compressed, around 1.4 to 1.5 times higher than long (LPpI 65–74); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPpI 135–153), pronotum around 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 52–61). Postpetiole in profile appearing approximately of same volume as petiolar node, and both nodes of approximately similar height; postpetiole in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.6 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 135–160). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus longitudinally rugose with usually three to five rugae, median ruga usually distinct and fully developed, sometimes partly reduced or broken, one or two weaker rugae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugose with six to nine rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, but often interrupted, splitting up or with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head reticulate-rugose to longitudinally rugose. Ground sculpture on head weakly to moderately punctate. Dorsum of mesosoma mostly reticulate-rugose with smaller proportions of irregularly longitudinally rugose sculpture medially; lateral mesosoma mostly irregularly longitudinally rugose. Forecoxae mostly unsculptured, smooth, and shining, sometimes with traces of ground sculpture. Ground sculpture on mesosoma usually weak to absent. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; mesosoma with four to nine pairs of long, fine, standing hairs, usually with five or six ranging from anterior pronotum to metanotal groove, rarely propodeum with one pair anteriorly; waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs; appressed pubescence on first gastral tergite highly variable: ranging from short to very short and relatively scarce to relatively long and dense. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae usually with appressed, rarely decumbent, hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments, and gaster light brown to reddish brown, rarely of darker brown; mandibles, antennae, and legs lighter, usually light yellowish brown.
Tetramorium proximum has a very broad distribution in Madagascar, and is indeed found in most sampled rainforests or montane rainforests at elevations from 25 to 1680 m (Fig. 64). The southernmost locality is Andohahela in the southeast; from there the species ranges with few interruptions up to Montagne d’Ambre at the northern tip of Madagascar. In addition to the eastern and northern forest belt, Tetramorium proximum is also found in the few isolated humid forests located further west, such as Analavelona, Isalo, and Ambohijanahary. Tetramorium proximum appears to live in leaf litter.
Tetramorium proximum is a very distinct species within the species complex. Due to its large body size (HW 0.65–0.81; WL 0.92–1.07) and strongly developed frontal carinae it cannot be mistaken for the five smaller species Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium camelliae, Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala, and Tetramorium rumo (HW 0.43–0.57; WL 0.56–0.81), all of which have weakly to moderately developed frontal carinae. Nor can Tetramorium proximum with its larger eyes (OI 24–28) and its long, standing pilosity on the dorsal mesosoma be confused with the smaller-eyed Tetramorium gladius (OI 19–20) or Tetramorium freya, which lacks any standing pilosity on the mesosoma. The remaining two species, Tetramorium myrmidon and Tetramorium tenuinode, are both morphologically close and relatively similar to Tetramorium proximum. The separation of these three requires more attention.
Tetramorium tenuinode, despite sharing a superficially similar habitus, differs from Tetramorium proximum in a number of characters, and co-occurs with the latter species throughout most of its distribution range while both species maintain their species-specific differences. The main diagnostic character is the pilosity on the dorsal mesosoma, which consists of two pairs of long, standing hairs (one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum) in Tetramorium tenuinode, while in Tetramorium proximum there are usually five to six pairs (rarely four or more than six) from anterior pronotum to posterior mesonotum. Furthermore, Tetramorium proximum has significantly longer antennal scapes (SI 74–77) than Tetramorium tenuinode (SI 66–70), and is normally a darker colour. Also, Tetramorium tenuinode generally has a thinner petiolar node in lateral view that is around 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–54), while the node of Tetramorium proximum is around 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 52–60). There is some overlap in these morphometric ranges, but there is a strong general trend towards a much thinner node in Tetramorium tenuinode, which together with the other characters mentioned above works very well in distinguishing both species. The remaining species, Tetramorium myrmidon, might be confused with Tetramorium proximum since they share most morphological characters and their morphometric ranges overlap. Nevertheless, Tetramorium myrmidon is only found in Ambohijanahary where it co-occurs with Tetramorium proximum, and there they are both easily separable based on mesosomal pilosity (two pairs in Tetramorium myrmidon vs. five or six in Tetramorium proximum) and petiolar node height.
Tetramorium proximum is a relatively variable species with respect to certain characters. The greatest variation can be seen in gastral pubescence, which is always strongly appressed, but can vary from very short and scarce to relatively long and dense. Often this variation can be observed within the same locality or series, sometimes all specimens from one locality have short pubescence while populations from other localities have long pubescence. However, it seems that there is also a geographical component to this variation. The material from the southeast has predominantly long and dense pubescence, and the form with short pubescence is relatively rare, but still present. The material from central eastern Madagascar is a well-balanced mix of short and long pubescence. Interestingly, the material from the northeast, north, and the isolated forests in the west possesses almost exclusively short and scarce pubescence. Another, even though less variable character, is the shape of the petiolar node, which is high nodiform with a rounded dorsum, but can vary in height or thickness from population to population. Furthermore, some populations have fewer or more pairs of long, standing hairs on the mesosomal dorsum. The most common count is five to six pairs ranging throughout most of the distribution range, but in some localities one can see only four pairs while in others six to seven, and in a few series seven to eight pairs are common. The variation observed in Tetramorium proximum is not surprising, however, due to its wide distribution and commonness. Compared to other widely distributed and common Malagasy or Afrotropical Tetramorium species, this species actually shows much less variation.
http://zoobank.org/555CD002-455A-4AE0-A404-99F38EEFF755
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_rumo
Figs 22B, 23D, 24D, 27A, 38, 64Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Réserve Speciale Manombo 24.5 km 228° Farafangana, 23.01583°S, 47.719°E, 30 m, lowland rainforest, collection code BLF13963, 20.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0073025). Paratypes, seven pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0071823; CAS: CASENT0071827; CASENT0072469; CASENT0073028; CASENT0073033; CASENT0073038; CASENT0073039).
Tetramorium rumo holotype worker (CASENT0073025). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa, Réserve Forestière d’Agnalazaha, Mahabo, 42.9 km 215° Farafangana, 23.19383°S, 47.723°E, 20 m, littoral rainforest, 19.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, P.N. Ranomafana, Tolongoina-Ampasimpotsy 3, 21.47412°S, 47.55742°E, 520 m, stomach contents of Mantella bernhardi Vences et al., 11.IV.2003 (V.C. Clark); Fianarantsoa, Forêt de Vevembe, 66.6 km 293° Farafangana, 22.791°S, 47.18183°E, 600 m, rainforest, transition to montane forest, 23.–24.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 6 km ESE Andasibe (=Perinet), 18.95°S, 48.46667°E, 900 m, rainforest, 17.XI.1990 (P.S. Ward); Toamasina, F.C. Andriantantely, 18.695°S, 48.81333°E, 530 m, rainforest, 7.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.4061S, 48.82029°E, 725 m, rainforest, 16.–21.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.40829°S, 48.82107°E, 750 m, rainforest, 21.–26.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina, 17.88667°S, 49.2025°E, 520 m, rainforest, 1.–3.XII.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.04833°S, 49.09167°E, 450 m, rainforest, 21.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 10 km NW Enakara, 24.56667°S, 46.81667°E, 420–430 m, rainforest, 15.–22.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 13 km NW Enakara, 24.55°S, 46.8°E, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 30.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 6 km SSW Eminiminy, 24.73333°S, 46.8°E, 330 m, rainforest, 4.II.1993 (P.S. Ward); Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Col de Tanatana, 33.3 km NW Tolagnaro, 24.7585°S, 46.85367°E, 275 m, rainforest, 28.XI.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Andohahela, 24.77639°S, 46.70528°E, 320 m, 9.XII.2007 (A. Ballerio); Toliara, Forêt Ivohibe, 55.0 km N Tolagnaro, 24.569°S, 47.204°E, 200 m, rainforest, 2.–4.XII.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
Tetramorium rumo can be well recognised within the Tetramorium cognatum species complex on the basis of the following character combination: very large eyes (OI 28–31); antennal scapes very short (SI 60–66); propodeal spines moderately long, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 22–26); propodeal spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node thinly cuneiform and moderately squamiform, in profile around 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37–43), in dorsal view between 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156–171); mesosoma either with at least seven pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum and propodeum sometimes with one pair anteriorly, or with just two pairs of long, standing hairs, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum.
(N=12). HL 0.47–0.55 (0.51); HW 0.43–0.49 (0.45); SL 0.26–0.32 (0.29); EL 0.12–0.14 (0.13); PH 0.21–0.24 (0.23); PW 0.34–0.39 (0.36); WL 0.56–0.67 (0.60); PSL 0.11–0.13 (0.12); PTL 0.07–0.09 (0.08); PTH 0.19–0.23 (0.21); PTW 0.12–0.15 (0.14); PPL 0.12–0.15 (0.13); PPH 0.17–0.20 (0.19); PPW 0.18–0.22 (0.20); CI 88–91 (90); SI 60–66 (64); OI 28–31 (29); DMI 58–62 (60); LMI 36–38 (38); PSLI 22–26 (23); PeNI 35–39 (38); LPeI 37–43 (41); DPeI 156–171 (162); PpNI 51–56 (54); LPpI 68–75 (72); DPpI 138–152 (146); PPI 141–152 (145).
Head much longer than wide (CI 88–91); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae very weakly developed, only feebly raised, usually ending shortly after posterior eye margin or merging with cephalic sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes very weak to absent, very shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 60–66). Eyes very large (OI 28–31). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and long (LMI 36–38), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove very weak to absent. Propodeal spines moderately long, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 22–26), propodeal lobes triangular and short, always much shorter than propodeal spines, in profile spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node thinly cuneiform and moderately squamiform, in profile around 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37–43), anterior and posterior faces not parallel, anterodorsal margin usually situated higher and more strongly angled than posterodorsal margin, petiolar dorsum relatively flat to weakly convex and tapering backwards posteriorly; node in dorsal view between 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156–171), in dorsal view pronotum around 2.6 to 2.8 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 35–39). Postpetiole in profile globular, between 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than long (LPpI 68–75); in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPpI 138–152), pronotum around 1.8 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 51–56). Postpetiole in profile appearing shorter and thicker than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 141–152). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus weakly irregularly longitudinally rugulose, median rugula usually present but rarely fully developed, one or two mostly broken lateral rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugulose with eight to eleven fine rugulae, rugulae usually running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often irregularly shaped, interrupted or with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head mainly longitudinally rugulose to reticulate-rugulose, but larger areas often only weakly sculptured and appearing fairly smooth and shiny. Ground sculpture on head variable, ranging from weakly developed or absent to moderately punctate. Dorsum of mesosoma mostly longitudinally rugulose; lateral mesosoma mostly unsculptured with smaller, irregularly longitudinally rugulose or reticulate-rugulose areas. Ground sculpture on mesosoma very weak to absent. Forecoxae usually unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; pilosity on dorsal mesosoma variable: southern populations with at least seven pairs on pronotum and mesonotum, propodeum sometimes with one pair anteriorly, and northern populations with only two pairs, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum; waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs; first gastral tergite with short, dense, appressed (rarely decumbent) pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed to decumbent hairs. Body usually uniformly whitish yellow to light brown, very rarely darker.
The new species is named after the fictional character “Rumo” from Walter Moers’ fantasy novel “Rumo and His Miraculous Adventures”. Tetramorium rumo is a very bright species, almost white, with distinct propodeal spines reminiscent of “Rumo”, who is a white wolperting with short but acute horns. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letter, thus invariable.
The new species is another rainforest inhabitant mainly found in eastern Madagascar (Fig. 64). However, the distribution range is somewhat unusual since Tetramorium rumo is found in the southeast from Andohahela to Ranomafana, and then much further north from Perinet to Betampona. The reasons for this patchy distribution are unclear. Tetramorium rumo was mainly sampled in rainforests, rarely montane rainforests or littoral rainforests, at elevations ranging from 20 to 1250 m. In addition, Tetramorium rumo appears to live in leaf litter.
Tetramorium rumo is very unlikely to be confused with the much larger species Tetramorium freya, Tetramorium gladius, Tetramorium myrmidon, Tetramorium proximum, and Tetramorium tenuinode. All the latter species, except Tetramorium freya, also have very well developed frontal carinae, which contrast with the reduced and very weak frontal carinae seen in Tetramorium rumo. Tetramorium freya has weaker frontal carinae than the other four species, but in contrast to Tetramorium rumo this species does not have any standing pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum. Furthermore, Tetramorium gladius has very small eyes (OI 19–20) compared to Tetramorium rumo, which has very large eyes (OI 28–31). The remaining four species of the Tetramorium cognatum complex are morphologically much closer to Tetramorium rumo than the five species mentioned above. However, Tetramorium camelliae is easily separable from Tetramorium rumo on the basis of the petiolar node shape, which is strongly squamiform and transverse in the former (LPeI 33–36; DPeI 228–238), contrasting with the highly nodiform to thinly cuneiform node of the latter (LPeI 37–43; DPeI 156–171). Tetramorium aspis and Tetramorium karthala both have longer antennal scapes (SI 68–74), shorter propodeal spines (PSLI 18–22), thicker and lower petiolar nodes in profile (LPeI 46–54), and less transverse nodes in dorsal view (DPeI 146–161) compared to Tetramorium rumo (SI 60–66; LPeI 37–43; DPeI 156–171). In addition, Tetramorium aspis has propodeal spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other, an arrangement absent in Tetramorium rumo, and Tetramorium karthala is only found on the Comorian island of Grand Comore while Tetramorium rumo is distributed in Madagascar.
The last species of the Tetramorium cognatum complex, Tetramorium cognatum itself, is probably the closest relative of Tetramorium rumo within the complex, and without careful examination they could be confused in some cases. However, both differ clearly in propodeal spine length and petiolar node shape. Tetramorium rumo has relatively long and spinose propodeal spines (PSLI 22–26) which contrast with the much more reduced, short, and triangular teeth of Tetramorium cognatum (PSLI 12–16). Also, the thinly cuneiform petiolar node of Tetramorium rumo, which is 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37–43) and around 1.6 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156–171), discriminates it from Tetramorium cognatum, in which the node is 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 49–55) and around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 129–142).
Nonetheless, the species most similar to Tetramorium rumo is likely Tetramorium rala from the Tetramorium schaufussi complex. Both species share a very similar habitus. Compared to all other species of the Tetramorium schaufussi species group, they are smaller in size, have relatively longer propodeal spines, a high nodiform to thinly cuneiform petiolar node, lack standing pilosity on the waist segments, and possess very bright body colouration. We have placed them in different species complexes on the basis of the presence (Tetramorium rala) or absence (Tetramorium rumo) of standing pilosity on the first gastral tergite, but otherwise these two species could be easily confused. However, despite the very strong similarities, substantial differences separate these species from each other. Most obviously, the petiolar node of Tetramorium rumo is thinner and stronger anteroposteriorly compressed, in profile around 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37–43), and in dorsal view between 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156–171). By contrast, Tetramorium rala has a node in profile is 2.0 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–50), and in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times broader than long (DPeI 129–145). Also, Tetramorium rumo has larger eyes (OI 28–31) than Tetramorium rala (OI 26–28). In addition, their distribution ranges strongly overlap in central-eastern Madagascar and both species maintain their species identities without intermediate forms.
As mentioned above, there is some noteworthy variation in mesosomal pilosity in Tetramorium rumo. The populations in the southeast from Andohahela to Vevembe and the type locality Manombo all have at least seven pairs of long, standing hairs on the pronotum and mesonotum and the propodeum sometimes has one pair anteriorly, whereas the populations further north from Perinet to Betampona all have just two pairs of long, standing hairs (one on the anterior pronotum and one on the anterior mesonotum). Nevertheless, since both population groups are widely separated geographically and other character divides them, we consider this a clear case of geographical variation.
http://zoobank.org/4856B8A4-FBBA-4629-8619-21F62101BAA7
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_tenuinode
Figs 24B, 25C, 26A, 26B, 39, 64Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Parc National de Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21.29°S, 47.43333°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), collection code BLF08400, 27.–31.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0040115). Paratypes, 41 pinned workers with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0039644; CASENT0039646; CASENT0039651; CASENT0039655; CASENT0039660; CASENT0039664; CASENT0039668; CASENT0039671; CASENT0039673; CASENT0039737; CASENT0039739; CASENT0039745; CASENT0039749; CASENT0039750; CASENT0039754; CASENT0039759; CASENT0039761; CASENT0039809; CASENT0040000; CASENT0040020; CASENT0040023; CASENT0040035; CASENT0040036; CASENT0040090; CASENT0040092; CASENT0040096; CASENT0040099; CASENT0040105; CASENT0040106; CASENT0040112; CASENT0040123; CASENT0040181; CASENT0040279; CASENT0040284; CASENT0040285; CASENT0040293; CASENT0040296; CASENT0040304; CASENT0040306; CASENT0040311; CASENT0040317); and nine pinned workers with same data as holotype except collected ex rotten log and collection code BLF08488 (BMNH: CASENT0497623; CAS: CASENT0497621; MCZ: CASENT0497622).
Tetramorium tenuinode holotype worker (CASENT0040115). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, Forêt Ambanitaza, 26.1 km 347° Antalaha, 14.67933°S, 50.18367°E, 240 m, rainforest, 27.XI.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, 1 km W Andampibe, Cap Masoala, 15.69361°S, 50.18139°E, 125 m, lowland rainforest, 1.XII.1993 (G.D. Alpert); Fianarantsoa, 45 km S Ambalavao, 22.21667°S, 47.01667°E, 785 m, rainforest, 25.IX.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 45 km S Ambalavao, 22.21667°S, 47.01667°E, 720 m, rainforest edge, 31.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 2 km W Andrambovato, along river Tatamaly, 21.51167°S, 47.41°E, 1075 m, montane rainforest, 3.–5.VI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Rés. Andringitra, 43 km S Ambalavao, 22.23333°S, 47°E, 825 m, rainforest, 5.X.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe, 7.5 km ENE Ivohibe, 22.47°S, 46.96°E, 900 m, rainforest, 7.–12.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe, 8.0 km E Ivohibe, 22.48333°S, 46.96833°E, 1200 m, montane rainforest, 15.–21.X.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, 9.0 km NE Ivohibe, 22.42667°S, 46.93833°E, 900 m, rainforest, 17.XI.1997 (B.L. Fisher); Fianarantsoa, Réserve Speciale Manombo 24.5 km 228° Farafangana, 23.01583°S, 47.719°E, 30 m, lowland rainforest, 20.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana Nat. Park, Maharira forest, 21°S, 47°E, 1190 m, montane forest, 11.X.1992 (E. Rajeriarison); Fianarantsoa, Parc National de Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21.29°S, 47.43333°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 27.–31.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, Forêt de Vevembe, 66.6 km 293° Farafangana, 22.791°S, 47.18183°E, 600 m, rainforest, transition to montane forest, 23.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15.28833°S, 49.54833°E, 600 m, rainforest, 17.–21.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 6.3 km S Ambanizana, Andranobe, 15.6813°S, 49.958°E, 25 m, rainforest, 14.XI.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.77274°S, 49.26551°E, 450 m, rainforest, 20.–22.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.7633°S, 49.26692°E, 520 m, rainforest, 22.–24.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Réserve Spéciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato river, 16.81753°S, 49.29498°E, 360 m, rainforest, 25.–27.II.2010 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Forêt Ambatovy, 14.3 km 57° Moramanga, 18.85083°S, 48.32°E, 1075 m, montane rainforest, 21.III.2004 (Malagasy ant team); Toamasina, Ambatovy, 12.4 km NE Moramanga, 18.83937°S, 48.30842°E, 1080 m, montane rainforest, 4.–8.III.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Analamay, 18.80623°S, 48.33707°E, 1068 m, montane rainforest, 21.III.2004 (Malagasy ant team); Toamasina, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambatoharanana, 18.80388°S, 48.40506°E, 1013 m, rainforest, 12.–19.XII.2012 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambohibolakely, 18.76087°S, 48.37128°E, 1044 m, rainforest, 23.–28.XI.2012 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambohibolakely, 18.77898°S, 48.36375°E, 918 m, rainforest, 23.–28.XI.2012 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambohibolakely, 18.76131°S, 48.36437°E, 983 m, rainforest, 26.XI.2012 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Tsaravoniana, 18.76124°S, 48.42134°E, 939 m, rainforest, 2.–7.XII.2012 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Tsaravoniana, 18.76465°S, 48.41938°E, 1039 m, rainforest, 2.–7.XII.2012 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Station Forestière Analamazaotra, Analamazaotra 1.3 km S Andasibe, 18.38466°S, 48.41271°E, 980 m, montane rainforest, 11.–13.XII.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Andriantantely, 18.695°S, 48.81333°E, 530 m, rainforest, 4.–7.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.18833°S, 49.615°E, 470 m, rainforest, 8.–12.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.40829°S, 48.82107°E, 750 m, rainforest, 21.–26.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.4104°S, 48.8189°E, 855 m, rainforest, 22.–27.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina, 17.88667°S, 49.2025°E, 520 m, rainforest, 1.–3.XII.2005 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Rendrirendry, 34.1 km 332° Toamasina, 17.924°S, 49.19967°E, 390 m, rainforest, 28.XI.2005 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Didy, 18.19833°S, 48.57833°E, 960 m, rainforest, 16.–23.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Parc National Mananara-Nord, 7.1 km 261° Antanambe, 16.455°S, 49.7875°E, 225 m, rainforest, 14.XI.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 19 km ESE Maroantsetra, 15.48333°S, 49.9°E, 350 m, rainforest, 22.IV.1989 (P.S. Ward); Toamasina, 16 km S Moramanga, 19.08333°S, 48.23333°E, 950 m, rainforest, 18.XI.1990 (P.S. Ward); Toamasina, Moramanga, 18.94417°S, 48.23067°E, 922 m, urban/garden, 14.II.2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.04833°S, 49.09167°E, 450 m, rainforest, 18.–24.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Onibe River, 17.75908°S, 48.85468°E, 780 m, rainforest, 21.–23.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Tetezambatana forest, near junction of Nosivola and Manakambahiny rivers, 17.74298°S, 48.72936°E, 860 m, rainforest, 18.–19.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 10 km NW Enakara, 24.56667°S, 46.81667°E, 430 m, rainforest, 22.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Rés. Andohahela, 6 km SSW Eminiminy, 24.73333°S, 46.8°E, 330 m, rainforest, 4.II.1993 (G.D. Alpert & P.S. Ward); Toliara, Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, 24.76389°S, 46.75167°E, 900 m, montane rainforest, 21.–25.I.2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Andohahela, 24.77639°S, 46.70528°E, 320 m, 9.XII.2007 (A. Ballerio); Toliara, Grand Lavasoa, 25.9 km W Tolagnaro, 25.08767°S, 46.749°E, 450 m, rainforest, 30.XI.-2.XII.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
The following character set clearly distinguishes Tetramorium tenuinode from the remainder of the Tetramorium cognatum species complex: eyes relatively large (OI 25–27); antennal scapes very short (SI 66–70); frontal carinae well developed, noticeably raised, and approaching or ending at posterior head margin; petiolar node high rounded nodiform, in profile around 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–54), in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 125–143); mesosoma with only two pairs of long, standing hairs, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum.
(N=12). HL 0.62–0.75 (0.71); HW 0.58–0.70 (0.66); SL 0.40–0.47 (0.45); EL 0.16–0.18 (0.17); PH 0.30–0.36 (0.34); PW 0.42–0.54 (0.50); WL 0.76–0.94 (0.88); PSL 0.11–0.18 (0.14); PTL 0.13–0.17 (0.15); PTH 0.26–0.32 (0.30); PTW 0.16–0.21 (0.20); PPL 0.15–0.22 (0.20); PPH 0.25–0.32 (0.30); PPW 0.24–0.33 (0.30); CI 91–93 (92); SI 66–70 (68); OI 25–27 (26); DMI 55–59 (57); LMI 38–40 (39); PSLI 17–24 (20); PeNI 36–42 (39); LPeI 45–54 (49); DPeI 125–143 (133); PpNI 57–64 (61); LPpI 60–72 (67); DPpI 143–168 (153); PPI 148–167 (155).
Head longer than wide (CI 91–93); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly to moderately concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae well developed, noticeably raised, diverging posteriorly, approaching or ending at posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes weakly developed, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 66–70). Eyes relatively large (OI 25–27). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, moderately low and long (LMI 38–40), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove very weak to absent. Propodeal spines short to moderately long, usually elongate-triangular, and acute (PSLI 17–24), propodeal lobes short and triangular, always much shorter than propodeal spines. Petiolar node in profile high rounded nodiform and relatively thin, around 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–54), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins usually situated at about same height and moderately rounded, petiolar dorsum distinctly convex; petiolar node in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 125–143), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.4 to 2.8 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 36–42). Postpetiole in profile subglobular and weakly anteroposteriorly compressed, around 1.4 to 1.7 times higher than long (LPpI 60–72); in dorsal view between 1.4 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPpI 143–168), pronotum around 1.6 to 1.7 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 57–64). Postpetiole in profile appearing more voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 148–167). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus irregularly longitudinally rugose/rugulose with two to seven rugae/rugulae, median ruga rarely fully developed, usually broken, most other rugulae usually broken, sometimes merging with each other; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugose, usually with six to seven, rarely eight or nine rugae, rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often interrupted, splitting up or with cross-meshes, especially posteriorly; scrobal area partly unsculptured, but mostly merging with surrounding longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose sculpture present on lateral head. Ground sculpture on head weakly to moderately punctate. Dorsum and sides of mesosoma reticulate-rugose/rugulose to irregularly longitudinally rugose/rugulose, lateral pronotum sometimes only weakly sculptured and relatively smooth and shining. Forecoxae mostly unsculptured, smooth and shining, sometimes with traces of ground sculpture. Ground sculpture on mesosoma usually weak to absent. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; dorsum of mesosoma with two pairs only, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum; propodeum, waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs at all; first gastral tergite with very short, scarce, appressed pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae usually with appressed, rarely decumbent, hairs. Head, mesosoma, waist segments and gaster usually uniformly chestnut brown to very dark brown, sometimes of lighter reddish brown; appendages usually of slightly lighter brown than remainder of body.
The name of the new species is a combination of the Latin adjective “tenuis”, meaning thin, and the Latin noun “nodus”, meaning node.
Tetramorium tenuinode is widely distributed in eastern Madagascar (Fig. 64). It is found with few interruptions in an almost straight line from Grand Lavasoa and Andohahela in the southeast to Ambanitaza in the northeast. The new species clearly prefers rainforests and montane rainforests at elevations from 25 to 1200 m, even though it was also collected several times from guava forest and urban gardens. In addition, Tetramorium tenuinode appears to be a leaf litter inhabitant since almost all of the material was collected from this microhabitat.
This new species is easily identifiable within its species complex. The presence of well developed, raised, and long frontal carinae separates Tetramorium tenuinode from the species Tetramorium aspis, Tetramorium camelliae, Tetramorium cognatum, Tetramorium karthala, and Tetramorium rumo. These five species are generally also much smaller (WL 0.56–0.81) than Tetramorium tenuinode (WL 0.76–0.94). Also, Tetramorium tenuinode possesses much larger eyes (OI 25–27) than Tetramorium gladius (OI 19–20) and much shorter antennal scapes (SI 66–70) than Tetramorium myrmidon and Tetramorium proximum (SI 74–77). Lastly, the presence of two pairs of long, standing hairs on the dorsal mesosoma distinguishes Tetramorium tenuinode from Tetramorium freya, which lacks any standing hairs on the dorsal mesosoma. The latter species also displays weaker sculpture on the head and mesosoma than Tetramorium tenuinode.
It should be noted, however, that Tetramorium tenuinode is morphologically still very close to Tetramorium proximum, and on very superficial observation it is possible to confuse both. At the initial stage of the revision we considered Tetramorium tenuinode conspecific with Tetramorium proximum, a very variable species. However, after the detailed examination of more than five hundred pinned workers, it became apparent that the material consisted of these two fairly distinct species. Indeed, even though Tetramorium proximum is more broadly distributed than Tetramorium tenuinode, both co-occur in sympatry throughout most of their respective distribution ranges, and both are always very well distinguishable. The most obvious character to separate both species is pilosity on the dorsal mesosoma. In Tetramorium tenuinode this consists of two pairs of long, standing hairs only, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum, which contrasts with the usually five to six (rarely four or more than six) pairs found from anterior pronotum to posterior mesonotum in Tetramorium proximum. In addition to mesosomal pilosity and the shorter antennal scapes mentioned above, Tetramorium tenuinode usually also has a thinner petiolar node in profile, which is around 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–54), while the node of Tetramorium proximum is around 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 52–60). The identification key presented above might suggest that Tetramorium tenuinode can be easily confused with Tetramorium myrmidon, but this is not the case since the two species differ in a number of characters. Among others, Tetramorium tenuinode has a broader head (CI 91–93), shorter antennal scapes (SI 66–70), and a higher petiolar node (LPeI 45–54) than Tetramorium myrmidon (CI 88–91; SI 74–76; LPeI 58–60).
In contrast to the more variable Tetramorium proximum, Tetramorium tenuinode has little observed intraspecific variation. Some populations vary very slightly in propodeal spine length, thickness of the petiolar node, or body colouration.
Comments. This complex contains ten species, which are characterised and distinguishable from the Tetramorium cognatum species complex by their presence of standing pilosity on the first gastral tergite. All species are endemic to Madagascar, except Tetramorium schaufussii, which is also known from Reunion. Also, they inhabit rainforests or montane rainforests and are only occasionally found in other habitats. The taxonomy of this species complex is challenging. Some species like Tetramorium nassonowii, Tetramorium pseudogladius, Tetramorium rala or Tetramorium scutum are relatively easily recognisable due to species-specific character states, but this is not true for the rest of the complex. Tetramorium schaufussii and Tetramorium xanthogaster are especially widespread species with high degrees of intraspecific variation, which causes a number of problems for the delimitation of species boundaries for most member of the complex. Intriguingly, only two species of this complex have very limited distribution ranges: Tetramorium scutum is only known from Ivohibe and Tetramorium pseudogladius from Zahamena. The remainder are all much more widespread.
1 | Petiolar node relatively long and low, in profile around 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPeI 72–81) and in dorsal view between 1.0 to 1.2 times longer than wide (DPeI 87–98) (Fig. 40A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium nassonowii |
– | Petiolar node shorter and higher than above, in profile around 1.5 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–67) and in dorsal view between 1.1 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPeI 109–154) (Fig. 40B, C) | 2 |
2 | Eyes relatively small (OI 20) (Fig. 41A) [Madagascar]. | Tetramorium pseudogladius |
– | Eyes usually much larger than above (OI 25–28, rarely OI 22–24) (Fig. 41A, B, C) | 3 |
3 | Propodeal spines moderate to long (PSLI 22–24) and propodeal lobes relatively well developed, spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other (Fig. 42A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium scutum |
– | Character combination never as above, propodeal spines usually shorter than PSLI 18, if longer than PSLI 21, then propodeal spines and lobes not inclined towards each other (Fig. 42B, C, D) | 4 |
4 | Smaller species (HW 0.46–0.49; WL 0.58–0.64); propodeal spines relatively long (PSLI 21–25); petiolar node thinly cuneiform, in profile 2.0 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45–50); waist segments without long, standing pilosity; body colour whitish yellow to light brown (Fig. 43A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium rala |
– | Character combination never as above, larger species (HW 0.53–0.84; WL 0.70–1.20) with relatively short propodeal spines/teeth, which are always shorter than above (PSLI 8–18); petiolar node variably shaped but always lower than above, in profile around 1.5 to 1.9 times higher than long (LPeI 52–67); waist segments with or without long, standing pilosity; body colour variable (Fig. 43A, B, C) | 5 |
5 | Larger species (HW 0.71–0.84; WL 1.00–1.20); antennal scapes relatively long (SI 77–82); dorsum of promesonotum with seven to ten pairs of long, standing hairs; waist segments usually without any long, standing pilosity, rarely one pair present on petiole or postpetiole (Fig. 44A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium obiwan |
– | Character combination never as above; antennal scapes always shorter (SI 66–75); usually smaller species, but if body size in range above HW 0.70 and WL 1.00, then both waist segments with several pairs of long, standing hairs (Fig. 44B, C, D) | 6 |
6 | Dorsum of promesonotum usually with two to four pairs of long, standing hairs; propodeum and waist segments without any standing pilosity (Fig. 45A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium sikorae |
– | Dorsum of promesonotum always with more than four pairs of long, standing hairs; waist segments always with standing pilosity (Fig. 45B, C, D) | 7 |
7 | Bicoloured species, head and/or mesosoma very dark brown to black and strongly contrasting with yellow to light brown waist segments and gaster (rarely also mesosoma) (Fig. 46A, B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium xanthogaster (in parts) |
– | More or less uniformly coloured species, sometimes gaster darker than rest of body (Fig. 46C, D) | 8 |
8 | Head relatively long and thin (CI 86–90); clypeus always with well-developed and regular median longitudinal ruga (Fig. 47A, B) [Madagascar, Reunion] | Tetramorium schaufussii |
– | Head relatively shorter and thicker (CI 92–95); clypeus usually with either median area unsculptured or traces of median ruga present but weakly developed and irregularly shaped (Fig. 47C, D), very rarely with a well-developed longitudinal ruga (Fig. 47E) | 9 |
9 | Frontal carinae relatively better developed; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with nine to thirteen relatively regularly shaped, mostly unbroken rugae; propodeal spines short to medium-sized (PSLI 18–22) (Fig. 48A, B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium monticola |
– | Frontal carinae relatively more weakly developed; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae with six to ten relatively irregularly shaped, often meandering or broken rugulae; propodeal spines reduced to short to very short teeth/denticles (PSLI 8–16) (Fig. 48C, D) | 10 |
10 | Relatively smaller species (HW 0.54–0.69; WL 0.72–0.92); dorsum of propodeum usually with long, standing pilosity (Fig. 49A) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium xanthogaster (in parts) |
– | Relatively larger species (HW 0.69–0.79; WL 1.01–1.10); dorsum of propodeum without any long, standing pilosity (Fig. 49B) [Madagascar] | Tetramorium merina |
Waist segments in dorsal view. A Tetramorium nassonowii (CASENT0195504) B Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437232) C Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0218041).
Head in profile. A Tetramorium pseudogladius (CASENT0153605) B Tetramorium scutum (CASENT0189116) C Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0189134) D Tetramorium sikorae (CASENT0102402).
Mesosoma in profile. A Tetramorium scutum (CASENT0189116)B Tetramorium monticola (CASENT0077172) C Tetramorium schaufussii (CASENT0217760) D Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437226).
Head, mesosoma, and petiole in profile. A Tetramorium rala (CASENT0162115) B Tetramorium obiwan (CASENT0447245) C Tetramorium sikorae (CASENT0051946) D Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0006330).
Head, mesosoma, and waist segments in profile. A Tetramorium obiwan (CASENT0447245) B Tetramorium sikorae (CASENT0102402) C Tetramorium monticola (CASENT0152401) D Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437226).
Head, mesosoma, and waist segments in profile. A Tetramorium sikorae (CASENT0102402) B Tetramorium schaufussii (CASENT0474409) C Tetramorium monticola (CASENT0152401) D Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0189134).
Body in profile. A Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0485100) B Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0189134) C Tetramorium schaufussii (CASENT0152490) D Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437226).
Head in full-face view. A Tetramorium schaufussii (CASENT0474409) B Tetramorium schaufussii (CASENT0497951) C Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437232) D Tetramorium monticola (CASENT0152427) E Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0491748).
Head in full-face view. A Tetramorium monticola (CASENT0152427) B Tetramorium monticola (CASENT0497970) C Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437232) D Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0189134).
Body in profile. A Tetramorium xanthogaster (CASENT0218041) B Tetramorium merina (CASENT0437226).
http://zoobank.org/EDBCDB39-4EDB-439C-9812-7675585170BD
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_merina
Figs 20C, 40B, 42D, 44D, 46D, 47C, 48C, 49B, 50, 65Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72° NE Ankazobe, 18.22528°S, 47.28683°E, 1410 m, montane rainforest, ex rotten log, collection code BLF03710, 17.–22.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0437226). Paratypes, 13 pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0437223; CAS: CASENT0437222; CASENT0437228; CASENT0437229; CASENT0437230; CASENT0437231; CASENT0437232; CASENT0437233; MCZ: CASENT0437225).
Tetramorium merina holotype worker (CASENT0437226). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: no locality (Sikora); Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72° NE d Ankazobe, 18.22528°S, 47.28683°E, 1410 m, montane rainforest, 17.–22.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, Jardin Botanique, 24.1 km 59° NE d Ankazobe, 18.17139°S, 47.28182°E, 1620 m, montane rainforest, 17.–22.IV.2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 18.18762°S, 47.28576°E, 1580 m, montane forest, 8.III.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 18.22444°S, 47.2774°E, 1490 m, montane forest, 9.III.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, 3 km 41° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, 18.47333°S, 47.96°E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, 5.–13.XII.2000 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Stn. Forestiére Manjakatompo, 19.35°S, 47.31667°E, 1600 m, montane rainforest, 20.II.1993 (P.S. Ward); Antananarivo, Réserve Naturelle Sohisika, Sohisika 24.6 km NNE Ankazobe, 18.10322°S, 47.18692°E, 1464 m, gallery montane forest, 1.–2.VI.2008 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, 29 km SSW Ambositra, Ankazomivady, 20.77667°S, 47.165°E, 1700 m, disturbed montane forest, 10.–15.I.1998 (H.G. Robertson); Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Atsirakambiaty, 7.6 km 285° WNW Itremo, 20.59333°S, 46.56333°E, 1550 m, montane rainforest, 22.–26.I.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
The following character combination separates Tetramorium merina from the remaining species of the Tetramorium schaufussii complex: larger species (HW 0.69–0.79; WL 1.01–1.10); head longer than wide (CI 92–95); eyes relatively large (OI 26–28); frontal carinae usually weakly developed, only slightly raised, often not better developed than cephalic rugulae, and usually fading out halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin; propodeal spines reduced to very short triangular teeth/denticles (PSLI 8–11), propodeal lobes short and triangular, always appearing more voluminous than propodeal teeth, and spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node rounded nodiform to rounded high nodiform, in profile around 1.6 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 57–64), in dorsal view around 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 117–124); dorsum of promesonotum with at least ten pairs of long, fine, standing hairs, propodeum without standing pilosity, and both waist segments with few long pairs each; body uniformly light to dark brown, gaster often darker, appendages usually lighter.
(N=12). HL 0.75–0.84 (0.79); HW 0.69–0.79 (0.73); SL 0.51–0.57 (0.54); EL 0.18–0.21 (0.19); PH 0.37–0.40 (0.39); PW 0.52–0.57 (0.54); WL 1.01–1.10 (1.05); PSL 0.06–0.10 (0.08); PTL 0.16–0.20 (0.18); PTH 0.28–0.31 (0.30); PTW 0.19–0.24 (0.22); PPL 0.21–0.24 (0.22); PPH 0.28–0.30 (0.29); PPW 0.27–0.31 (0.29); CI 92–95 (93); SI 72–75 (74); OI 26–28 (26); DMI 50–53 (52); LMI 36–38 (37); PSLI 8–11 (10); PeNI 36–43 (40); LPeI 57–64 (61); DPeI 117–124 (120); PpNI 50–56 (53); LPpI 71–80 (75); DPpI 128–136 (131); PPI 125–142 (133).
Head longer than wide (CI 92–95); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae usually weakly developed, only slightly raised, often not better developed than cephalic rugulae, and usually fading out halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes present but weak, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 72–75). Eyes relatively large (OI 26–28). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and elongate (LMI 36–38), weakly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove very weakly developed to absent. Propodeal spines reduced to very short, triangular, and acute or blunt teeth/denticles (PSLI 8–11), propodeal lobes short, triangular, and acute or blunt, always appearing more voluminous than propodeal teeth, spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node in profile nodiform to high nodiform with well-rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins, around 1.6 to 1.8 times higher than long (LPeI 57–64), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height, petiolar dorsum weakly to moderately convex; petiolar node in dorsal view around 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 117–124), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.3 to 2.7 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 36–43). Postpetiole in profile globular, approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 71–80); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPpI 128–136), pronotum between 1.8 to 2.0 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 50–56). Postpetiole in profile appearing slightly lower or of same height but thicker than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 125–142). Mandibles unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus weakly longitudinally rugulose with two to five lateral rugulae, median area usually completely unsculptured or only weakly sculptured, median ruga usually absent, at most traces present, lateral rugulae often interrupted or irregularly shaped, but at least one lateral rugula well developed on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae irregularly longitudinally rugulose with eight to ten rugulae; rugulae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often meandering, broken or with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured and laterally merging with surrounding reticulate-rugose sculpture present on lateral head; ground sculpture on head weakly to moderately punctate. Dorsum of mesosoma reticulate-rugose, especially anteriorly, to irregularly longitudinally rugose, lateral mesosoma mostly irregularly longitudinally rugose; ground sculpture on mesosoma weak to absent. Forecoxae mainly unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Waist segments and gaster unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with numerous pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; dorsum of mesosoma with at least eleven or twelve pairs of long, standing hairs ranging from anterior pronotum to posterior mesonotum, propodeum without long, standing pilosity; petiole usually with two pairs and postpetiole with three to four pairs; first gastral tergite with short, scarce, appressed pubescence in combination with abundant, long, standing hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with decumbent to suberect hairs. Body uniformly light brown to dark brown, gaster often of darker brown, appendages usually lighter.
The new species is named for the Merina people of Madagascar, in honor of their culture and language. The distribution range of Tetramorium merina fits the boundaries of the traditional Merina kingdom very well. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters, thus invariant.
Tetramorium merina is only known from the Central Highlands of Madagascar (Fig. 65). Its distribution ranges from the two southern-most localities Atsirakambiaty and Ankazomivady through Manjakatompo north to Andranomay, Ambohitantely and Sohisika. All localities are montane rainforests situated at elevations of 1410 to 1700 m, where Tetramorium merina appears to live in leaf litter.
Tetramorium merina is only moderately distinct within the Tetramorium schaufussii complex, and can be confused with several other species. The possession of large eyes (OI 26–28) separates Tetramorium merina from Tetramorium pseudogladius (OI 20), and the petiolar node, which in dorsal view is around 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 117–124) distinguishes it from Tetramorium nassonowii since the petiolar node of the latter in dorsal view is between 1.0 to 1.2 times longer than wide (DPeI 87–98). Tetramorium merina with its very short propodeal teeth (PSLI 8–11) is also not likely to be mistaken for Tetramorium scutum, which possesses much longer propodeal spines (PSLI 22–24) and relatively well-developed propodeal lobes. Also, in Tetramorium scutum the propodeal spines and lobes are strongly inclined towards each other, a condition absent in Tetramorium merina. Tetramorium rala, which is also the smallest species of the complex (HW 0.46–0.49; WL 0.58–0.64), has relatively long propodeal spines (PSLI 21–25), and the body is very bright yellowish to light brown, and thus not confusable with Tetramorium merina. In addition, the latter has numerous pairs of long, fine, standing hairs on each waist segment distinguishing it from Tetramorium sikorae, which lacks any standing pilosity on the waist segments.
The species closest to Tetramorium merina are Tetramorium monticola, Tetramorium obiwan, Tetramorium schaufussii, and Tetramorium xanthogaster, and the differentiation between these is sometimes challenging. Tetramorium merina is a relatively large species (HW 0.69–0.79; WL 1.01–1.10) and could be confused with Tetramorium obiwan, which is in the same size range or even larger (HW 0.71–0.84; WL 1.00–1.20), or Tetramorium xanthogaster, which is usually smaller but reaches its upper size limit in the range of Tetramorium merina (HW 0.54–0.75; WL 0.72–1.05). However, Tetramorium obiwan has longer antennal scapes (SI 77–82), better-developed frontal carinae, and usually no standing pilosity on the waist segments contrasting with the shorter antennal scapes (SI 72–75), much weaker frontal carinae and the presence of several pairs of standing pilosity on the waist segments of Tetramorium merina. Furthermore, Tetramorium xanthogaster, despite being a very variable species throughout its range, can be easily separated from Tetramorium merina in the central Highlands where they are usually found occurring in sympatry. In this region Tetramorium xanthogaster is always strongly bicoloured with head and mesosoma very dark brown to black, strongly contrasting with the yellow to light brown waist segments and gaster. Also, Tetramorium xanthogaster usually has long, fine, standing pilosity on the propodeal dorsum while Tetramorium merina lacks any standing pilosity on the propodeum. Few other diagnostic characters separate both species, but the fact that they co-occur in sympatry in several localities without any intermediate forms is a good indication of their heterospecificity. Tetramorium monticola, which is found in the northeast and north of Madagascar, does not co-occur with Tetramorium merina, and both are relatively easy to differentiate. In Tetramorium monticola the frontal carinae are relatively better developed, the cephalic dorsum between them has nine to thirteen relatively regularly shaped, mostly unbroken rugae, and the propodeum is armed with short to medium-sized spines (PSLI 18–22) while Tetramorium merina has much weaker frontal carinae with eight to ten, often broken and irregular rugulae, and the propodeum is only armed with small teeth/denticles (PSLI 8–11).
The most difficult species to separate from Tetramorium merina is certainly Tetramorium schaufussii. As is the case with Tetramorium xanthogaster, Tetramorium merina is also found regularly in sympatry with Tetramorium schaufussii, and again, they are separable based on a few characters. Tetramorium merina is larger in size (HW 0.69–0.79; WL 1.01–1.10), has a broader head (CI 92–95), and longer (though not significantly so) antennal scapes (SI 72–75) than Tetramorium schaufussii (HW 0.51–0.68; WL 0.73–0.93; CI 86–90; SI 66–73). These differences seem difficult to assess without measuring, except for body size, which however, can vary from one population to another and therefore should only be used with caution. Nevertheless, where the two species are found in sympatry (often they are found within the same litter sample) they can be easily discriminated based on body size. In contrast to Tetramorium schaufussii and Tetramorium xanthogaster, which are both very variable species, Tetramorium merina is very stable in its morphological appearance.
http://zoobank.org/F1CDB914-B817-44BA-8825-013D6B9DFD96
http://species-id.net/wiki/Tetramorium_monticola
Figs 42B, 44C, 45C, 47D, 48A, 48B, 51, 65Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Betaolana Forest, along Bekona River, 14.52996°S, 49.44039°E, 880 m, rainforest, ex rotten log, collection code BLF22473, 4.III.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0152401). Paratypes, 1 pinned worker with same data as holotype (CAS: CASENT0152402); three pinned workers with same data as holotype except collection codes BLF22465, BLF22486, and BLF22504 (CAS: CASENT0151864; CASENT0151868; CASENT0152427); and four pinned workers with same data as holotype except collection date 5.III.2009 and collection codes BLF22612, BLF22644, and BLF22667 (BMNH: CASENT0151589; CAS: CASENT0151590; CASENT0151949; MCZ: CASENT0152285).
Tetramorium monticola holotype worker (CASENT0152401). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud, 9.2 km WSW Befingotra, 14.75°S, 49.46667°E, 1200–1280 m, montane rainforest, 6.–10.XI.1994 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Betaolana Forest, along Bekona River, 14.52996°S, 49.44039°E, 880 m, rainforest, 4.–5.III.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Makirovana forest, 14.17066°S, 49.95409°E, 415 m, rainforest, 29.IV.2011 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Makirovana forest, 14.16666°S, 49.95°E, 715 m, rainforest, 2.V.2011 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, R.S. Manongarivo, 14.5 km 220° SW Antanambao, 13.99833°S, 48.42833°E, 1175 m, montane rainforest, 20.X.1998 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, RNI Marojejy, 10.5km NW Manantenina, 14.43333°S, 49.75°E, 1625 m, montane rainforest, 6.–12.XI.1996 (E.L. Quinter); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, 14.43667, S, 49.775°E, 450 m, rainforest, 12.–15.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina, 14.435°S, 49.76°E, 775 m, rainforest, 17.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina, 14.44333°S, 49.74333°E, 1325 m, montane rainforest, 18.–21.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, 25.7 km 32° NNE Andapa, 10.3 km 314° NW Manantenina, 14.445°S, 49.74167°E, 1575 m, montane rainforest, 21.–25.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, 25.4 km 30° NNE Andapa, 10.9 km 311° NW Manantenina, 14.445°S, 49.735°E, 2000 m, montane rainforest, 23.XI.2003 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15.28833°S, 49.54833°E, 600 m, rainforest, 17.–21.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 6.9 km NE Ambanizana, Ambohitsitondroina, 15.56667°S, 50°E, 1000 m, montane rainforest, 8.XII.1993 (B.L. Fisher); Toamasina, Ambanizana, Parc National Masoala, 15.57167°S, 50.00611°E, 848–925 m, montane rainforest, 26.II.-2.III.2003 (D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.18833°S, 49.615°E, 470 m, rainforest, 8.–12.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15.17833°S, 49.635°E, 1100 m, montane rainforest, 12.–16.III.2003 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra, 18.04833°S, 49.09167°E, 450 m, rainforest, 18.–21.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Tetezambatana forest, near junction of Nosivola and Manakambahiny Rivers, 17.74298°S, 48.72936°E, 860 m, rainforest, 18.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, 17.73359°S, 48.72625°E, 950 m, rainforest, 19.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Parc National de Zahamena, Onibe River, 17.75908°S, 48.85468°E, 780 m, rainforest, 21.II.2009 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
The following character combination distinguishes Tetramorium monticola from the other species of the Tetramorium schaufussii complex: head longer than wide (CI 92–94); eyes relatively large (OI 24–28); antennal scapes very short (SI 67–74); propodeal spines of moderate length, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 8–11), propodeal lobes short, triangular, and usually blunt, always much smaller than propodeal spines, spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node high nodiform to high cuneiform, in profile around 1.7 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–60), node in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 124–133); both waist segments with long, standing pilosity; body uniformly dark yellow to orange light brown.
(N=12). HL 0.55–0.72 (0.62); HW 0.51–0.67 (0.58); SL 0.34–0.46 (0.40); EL 0.13–0.16 (0.15); PH 0.26–0.33 (0.29); PW 0.35–0.48 (0.41); WL 0.67–0.88 (0.77); PSL 0.10–0.15 (0.12); PTL 0.11–0.15 (0.12); PTH 0.20–0.26 (0.23); PTW 0.13–0.19 (0.16); PPL 0.14–0.18 (0.16); PPH 0.18–0.24 (0.21); PPW 0.19–0.26 (0.23); CI 92–94 (93); SI 67–74 (69); OI 24–28 (25); DMI 51–55 (54); LMI 35–39 (37); PSLI 18–22 (20); PeNI 37–42 (39); LPeI 50–60 (54); DPeI 124–133 (129); PpNI 54–60 (56); LPpI 71–78 (76); DPpI 131–153 (142); PPI 138–150 (143).
Head longer than wide (CI 92–94); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae usually well developed, moderately raised on anterior half, strongly diverging posteriorly, and usually approaching or ending at posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes usually weakly developed, shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins, sometimes scrobe better developed, slightly deeper and with weak posterior, and rarely even ventral margin. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 67–74). Eyes relatively large (OI 24–28). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and elongate (LMI 35–39), weakly marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove weakly to moderately developed, sometimes slightly impressed, but mostly moderately deep. Propodeal spines of moderate length, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 8–11), propodeal lobes short, triangular, and usually blunt, always much smaller than propodeal spines, spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node in profile high nodiform to high cuneiform, around 1.7 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 50–60), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal margin always higher and more angled than posterodorsal margin, petiolar dorsum usually weakly convex and tapering backwards posteriorly; petiolar node in dorsal view around 1.2 to 1.3 times wider than long (DPeI 124–133), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.4 to 2.7 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 37–42). Postpetiole in profile globular, approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 71–78); in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPpI 131–153), pronotum between 1.7 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 54–60). Postpetiole in profile appearing always lower and having less volume than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 138–150). Mandibles unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus usually longitudinally rugulose with two to six rugulae, median area usually either completely unsculptured without median rugula or only weakly sculptured with traces of median rugula, very rarely median rugula fully developed, lateral rugulae usually well developed and unbroken, sometimes irregularly shaped or broken; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugose with nine to thirteen rugae; rugae running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, generally very regularly shaped and only rarely broken or with cross-meshes; scrobal area partly unsculptured and laterally merging with surrounding longitudinally rugulose to reticulate-rugose sculpture present on lateral head; ground sculpture on head usually moderately punctate. Dorsum of mesosoma usually longitudinally rugose, sometimes irregularly so; lateral mesosoma irregularly longitudinally rugose to reticulate-rugose, sometimes lateral pronotum with less sculpture; ground sculpture on mesosoma weak to absent. Forecoxae always unsculptured, smooth and shining. Waist segments and gaster unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with numerous pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; dorsum of promesonotum with at least ten pairs of long, standing hairs ranging from anterior pronotum to posterior mesonotum, propodeum usually without long, standing pilosity, sometimes with one or two shorter pairs of hairs; petiole usually with at least two pairs and postpetiole with at least three to four pairs; first gastral tergite with short, scarce to abundant, decumbent to appressed pubescence in combination with abundant, long, standing hairs. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae usually with decumbent to suberect hairs. Body uniformly dark yellow to orange light brown, gaster sometimes of darker brown, appendages usually slightly lighter.
The name of the new species is a Latin noun and means “inhabitant of the mountains” referring to the fact that Tetramorium monticola is predominantly found in higher elevation montane forests. The species epithet is a nominative noun, and thus invariant.
Tetramorium monticola is distributed in the northeast and north of Madagascar (Fig. 65). The distribution ra