Citation: Nantarat N, Sutcharit C, Tongkerd P, Ablett J, Naggs F, Panha S (2014) An annotated catalogue of type specimens of the land snail genus Cyclophorus Monfort, 1810 (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) in the Natural History Museum, London. ZooKeys 411: 1–56. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.411.7258
The collection of land caenogastropod snails in the genus Cyclophorus Monfort, 1810 housed in the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), includes 52 type lots. Lectotypes have been designated for 43 available species-level names to stabilize existing nomenclature, two previously designated lectotype, two holotypes, one paratype, one syntype, one possible syntype and two paralectotypes are also listed. A complete catalogue of the Cyclophorus types in NHM, London is provided for the first time.
Gastropoda, type specimens, biohistory, NHM, taxonomy, land snails, Cyclophoridae, Cyclophorus
The Cyclophoridae Gray, 1847 are a family of caenogastropod land snails with a fossil history dating back to the Early Tertiary (
With about 22% of the species, Cyclophorus Monfort, 1810 is the most species rich genus in the Cyclophoridae amounting to about 180 nominal species (
Cyclophorus species level taxa were described solely on the basis of shell morphology and most of them were described without illustrations or designation of holotypes. The most prolific author of Cyclophorus species was O.F. Möllendorff, who described about 14% (26 taxa) of all Cyclophorus taxa. His type specimens housed in the Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt were catalogued and illustrated by
The Museum holds one of the largest collections of Mollusca in the world, rich in type specimens it is also one of the most important natural history collection. Dating back to 1753 the collections abound with historical material (
Specimens were photographed showing apertural, apical and umbilical views. Shell measurements were made for the adult specimen using digital calipers. The adult shell specimens are easy to be distinguished from juveniles by performing expanded and reflexed apertural lips. The specimen was measured accurately to 0.1 mm, and the expanded lip of aperture was included. Shell height (H) was measured along the columellar axis passing through apex to apertural base. Shell width (W) is the maximum width perpendicular to columella axis (
Abbreviations: Material was examined from the following institutions: NHM, The Natural History Museum, London (NHM registered specimens are cited as NHMUK); MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge. Others abbreviations used are: D, shell diameter; H, shell height; W, number of whorls.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_aborensis
Rotung, 2000 ft., near Egar stream; Kalek and Renging, 2000 ft.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.3051 from Renging (Fig. 2A; D=52.5 mm, H=40.2 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 1903.7.1.3048 from Kalek (2 shells; Fig. 2B; D=49.1 mm, H=34.0 mm, W=5; D=48.6 mm, H=36.0 mm, W=5). NHMUK 1903.7.1.3049 from Rami Dambang, Abor (2 shells; D=33.0 mm, H=24.4 mm, W=5; D=29.6 mm, H=21.8 mm, W=5).
Godwin-Austen clearly states that this taxon was based on five lots of specimens from various localities. The original description included illustrations of two specimens from different localities, but only one set of measurement was given. In addition, the author clearly stated that two lots of the type series were kept in the Indian Museum, and the remaining three type lots were housed in the NHM. The specimen NHMUK 1903.7.1.3051 with Godwin-Austen handwriting label stating “Co-type” and figured in the original description (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_affinis
Maulmein [Mawlamyine, Myanmar].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.1454 (Fig. 2C; D=34.9 mm, H=28.7 mm, W=5).
The original description stated this taxon was based on two individuals, and gave the dimensions of both specimens. The single specimen from the Godwin-Austen collection, purchased from Theobald, closely matches the larger of the two measurements given in the original description and figured in
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_amoenus
unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130113/1 (Fig. 3A; D=30.0 mm, H=23.5 mm, W=4½), paralectotype NHMUK 20130113/2 (1 shell; Fig. 3B; D=26.0 mm, H=22.5 mm, W=4½).
This species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection. In the original description only one set of specimen measurements was given. In 1854,
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_appendiculatus
Insulis Philippinis [Philippines].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130079/1 (Fig. 3C; D=34.3 mm, H=20.1 mm, W=4½), paralectotypes NHMUK 20130079/2-3 (2 shells, Fig. 3D; D=32.1 mm, H=19.8 mm, W=4½ and D=34.4 mm, H=21.8 mm, W=4½).
This species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection. In the original description only one set of specimen measurements was given. In 1854,
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_aquilus
Singapore.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20110225/1 (Fig. 3E; D=39.9 mm, H=31.7 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 20110225/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 3F; D=38.7 mm, H=29.5 mm, W=5, and D=39.9 mm, H=31.2 mm, W=5).
A figure was not provided in the original description but a figure in “Thes. Conch. part 3, pl. 27, fig. 131” was cited. The original description states ‘Found in the Woods at Singapore under decayed leaves by H. Cuming’. There are three specimens from the Cuming collection with an original label, possibly in Sowerby’s handwriting that states ‘Singapore in the wood under decayed leaves’. We therefore recognize these specimens as syntypes and the figured specimen (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_bapuensis
Abor Hills, vicinity of Bapu. [Arunachal Pradesh, India].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.3108/1 (Fig. 4A; D=32.3 mm, H=23.7 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 1903.7.1.3108/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 4B; D=30.3 mm, H=22.3 mm, W=5, and D=30.0 mm, H=22.4 mm, W=5).
The original description stated “Type no. 3108 Brit. Mus.” There are three specimens in the type lot number 3018 from the Godwin-Austen collection. The specimen figured in the original description corresponds to the measurements given in the original description and is here designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_beddomeanus
Naga Hills [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, India].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1936.4.15.22 (Fig. 4C; D=53.8 mm, H=44.0 mm, W=5).
The original description gives a range of shell dimensions so this species is clearly based on more than one specimen. Preston mentions a “white-lipped variety” that was included in the type series but which could not be located in the NHM collections. The specimen 1936.4.15.22 is the one figured in the original description and is designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_bensoni
unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130115 (Fig. 4D; D=42.8 mm, H=35.5 mm, W=5).
This species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection. In the original description only one set of specimen measurements was given. In 1853,
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_cochranei
Niah Hills [Sarawak, Malaysia].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1889.12.7.5 (Fig. 5A; D=40.8 mm, H=29.9 mm, W=5).
In the original description, Godwin-Austen states there were three specimens, one from Niah Hills and two from Busan Hills. The NHM collections contain a single specimen from Busan Hills with a “T.” written on the shell. It matches the measurements given in the original description and is designated as the lectotype. The two other specimens (one from Busan, one from Niah Hills) could not be located in the NHM collections.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_consociatus
Annam [Central Vietnam].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1893.2.26.8 (Fig. 5B; D=39.0 mm, H=34.0 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 1893.2.26.9-10 (2 shells; Fig. 5C; D=36.9 mm, H=31.0 mm, W=5, and D=26.1 mm, H=21.8 mm, W=5).
There are three specimens in the type lot with original labels in Smith’s handwriting including a label stating “type”, and subsequently changed to read “holotype red spot”. The original description gives the measurements of only one shell which matches those of the NHM specimen with the red spot. This specimen is designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_crassalabella
Shan Hills [Shan State, Myanmar].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1911.6.10.8 (Fig. 5D; D=41.5 mm, H=30.7 mm, W=5).
The original description gives the measurements of only one shell which matches those of the NHM specimen. The original label also states “P.Z.S. 1888 TYPE” in Godwin-Austen’s hand writing. This specimen is designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_cucullata
Mergui Archipelago [Myanmar].
Lectotype MCZ 169108, paralectotypes MCZ 169109 (1 shell) and NHMUK 20130116 (2 shells; Fig. 6A, B; D=27.2 mm, H=20.1 mm, W=5; D=26.5 mm, H=21.8 mm, W=5).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_eudeli
Annam [Central Vietnam].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1893.2.26.5 (Fig. 6B; D=40.0 mm, H=33.0 mm, W=5½), paralectotypes NHMUK 1893.2.26.6-7 (2 shells: 1 adult and 1 juvenile; Fig. 6C; D=40.1 mm, H=32.1 mm, W=5½).
The original description was clearly based on more than one specimen since it states “in examplis” (“in examples”) although only one set of shell measurements was given. There are three specimens in the NHM lot with an original label in Smith’s handwriting. The specimen that most closely matches measurements given in the description is designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_everetti
Barit Mountain [north of Borneo, Malaysia].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1892.7.20.103 (Fig. 6D; D=36.7 mm, H=20.1 mm, W=4½), paralectotypes NHMUK 1892.7.23.1-2 (2 shells: 1 adult and 1 juvenile; Fig. 6E; D=33.6 mm, H=20.2 mm, W=4½).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_exaltatus
Hong Kong, China.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1980041/1 (Fig. 7A; D=25.1 mm, H=25.3 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 1980041/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 7B; D=24.6 mm, H=24.4 mm, W=5 and D=23.3 mm, H=23.4 mm, W=5).
The NHM type lot was collected by Mr. Fortune and is from Cuming’s collection as stated in the original description. It has an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting giving the species name and collection locality. The specimen that most closely matches measurements given in the original description is here designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_excellens
Unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130084/1 (Fig. 7C; D=52.5 mm, H=35.9 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 20130084/2 (1 shell; Fig. 7D; D=44.0 mm, H=31.3 mm, W=5).
This species was described based on material from the Cuming collection, and only one set of shell measurement was given. Later,
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_expansus
unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130086/1 (Fig. 7E; D=30.1 mm, H=25.5 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 20130086/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 7F; D=29.9 mm, H=25.8 mm, W=5; D=27.3 mm, H=23.7 mm, W=5).
The original description did not include an illustration or collection locality. Pfeiffer subsequently (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_fulguratus
unknown
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130117/1 (Fig. 8A; D=28.6 mm, H=25.4 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 20130117/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 8B; D=27.4 mm, H=25.1 mm, W=5; D=29.7 mm, H=25.7 mm, W=5).
The original description by Pfeiffer did not give an illustration of the species or a collection locality.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_fultoni
Khasi Hills [Meghalaya, India].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1894.6.20.1 (Fig. 8C; D=49.2 mm, H=32.8 mm, W=5).
Godwin-Austen stated that he received three specimens from Mr. Fulton. Only one specimen from Hugh Fulton could be located in the NHM collections. The specimen has an original Godwin-Austen label stating “Type” and the shell closely matches with the measurements given in the original description. It is here designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_fuscicolor
Dafla Hills [Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, India].
lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.1452/1 (Fig. 9A; D=57.5 mm, H=44.8 mm, W=6), paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1452/2 (1 shell; Fig. 9B; D=50.1 mm, H=40.5 mm, W=6).
The original description stated “in some specimens”, which implied that this taxon was based on more than one specimen. There are two specimens from the Godwin-Austen collection with “Type” written on the original label. The specimen figured in the original description is here designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_haughtoni
Maulmein [Mawlamyine, Myanmar].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1888.12.4.1953 (Fig. 10A; D=42.0 mm, H=36.9 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 1888.12.4.1954 (1 shell; Fig. 10B; D=41.8 mm, H=32.4 mm, W=5).
This species was based on more than one specimen, from Theobald’s collection but only one set of measurement was given. The original description did not include an illustration but subsequently,
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_himalayanus
Himalayâ [Himalaya, India].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130118 (Fig. 10C; D=48.0 mm, H=41.1 mm, W=5).
This species was described from specimens in the Cuming collection and only one set of shell measurements was given in the original description.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_ibyatensis
Insula Ibyat “Bashee group” [Itbayat Island, Batanes Islands, Philippines].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130081/1 (Fig. 11A; D=23.0 mm, H=17.7 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 20130081/2 (1 shell; Fig. 11B; D=22.0 mm, H=17.9 mm, W=5).
This species was described from specimens in the Cuming collection and only one set of shell measurements was given in the original description.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_implicatus
Muong Bo, Binh-Lu [Vietnam].
Paralectotype NHMUK 20130087 from Muong-Bo (Fig. 11C; D=36.5 mm, H=26.4 mm, W=5).
The original description does not include an illustration but later,
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_kinabaluensis
Kina Balu, N. Borneo
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1894.7.20.38 (Fig. 11D; D=45.1 mm, H=31.1 mm, W=4½), paralectotype NHMUK 1893.6.8.31 (1 shell; Fig. 11E; D=43.7 mm, H=27.3 mm, W=4½).
There are two shells in the NHM collections with Smith’s handwriting on the original label. One specimen has a small label with “Type” written on it attached inside the aperture. This specimen corresponds to the figured specimen and the measurements given in the original description and is here designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_koboensis
Abor Hills, Kobo, on right bank of Tsanspu or Brahmaputra.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.3579/1 from Kobo, R.B. Brahmaputra, Assam (Fig. 12A; D=30.3 mm, H=21.2 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 1903.7.1.3579/2-4 from Kobo, R.B. Brahmaputra, Assam (3 shells; Fig. 12B; D=31.3 mm, H=22.2 mm, W=5; D=32.4 mm, H=22.1 mm, W=5; D=30.6 mm, H=20.7 mm, W=5), NHMUK 1903.7.1.3045 from Ponging, Abor Hills (3 shells; D=33.4 mm, H=21.6 mm, W=5; D=34.1 mm, H=23.5 mm, W=5; D=31.0 mm, H=20.6 mm, W=5), NHMUK 1903.7.1.3117 from Yamney Valley, Abor Hills (2 shells; D=29.5 mm, H=18.6 mm, W=5; D=30.3 mm, H=19.7 mm, W=5).
Godwin-Austen’s description was based on five specimen lots with figures of shells from different lots provided in the original description. Three lots were listed as being housed in the NHM, and two lots in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Each of the three NHM has original labels in Godwin-Austen’s handwriting stating species name, collection locality and catalogue numbers. The figured specimen from the lot 1903.7.1.3579 labelled “cotype” is here designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_labiosus
Unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130080 (Fig. 12C, D=42.2 mm, H=30.4 mm, W=5).
This species was described from material in the Cuming collection, and the original description does not include an illustration. Later,
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_linguiferus
Lobock, insulae Bohol [Loboc, Bohol, Philippines].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20110269/1 from Loboc, Bohol Island, Philippines, (Fig. 12D; D=35.4 mm, H=31.5 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 20110269/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 12E; D=33.1 mm, H=26.6 mm, W=5; D=31.1 mm, H=26.9 mm, W=5).
The original description included three varieties indicated with “var. a”, “var. b” and “var. c”. Sowerby I subsequently published Thesaurus Conchyliorum (
Measurements of specimens in the lots previously recognized as “var. b” to “var. c” are given for future reference:
“var. b.” NHMUK 20110270 from Loboc, Bohol Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=32.6 mm, H=29.3 mm, W=5; D=32.1 mm, H=28.0 mm, W=5; D=30.1 mm, H=25.4 mm, W=5).
“var. c” NHMUK 20110271 from Loboc, Bohol Island [Philippines] (1 shell; D=30.3 mm, H=27.3 mm, W=5).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_lingulatus
Island of Siquijod [Siquijor, Philippines]; Deleguete, Zebu Island [Cebu Island, Philippines]; Sibonga, Zebu Island [Cebu Island, Philippines]; Loboc, Bohol Island [Loboc, Bohol, Philippines]; Argao, Zebu Island [Argao, Cebu Island, Philippines].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20110272/1 from island of Siquijod (Fig. 12F; D=21.3 mm, H=16.9 mm, W=4½), paralectotypes NHMUK 20110272/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 12G; D=20.9 mm, H=17.5 mm, W=4½; D=20.0 mm, H=17.2 mm, W=4½).
The original description included eight varieties indicated as “var. a” to “var. h.”, based on samples from various localities sampled by H. Cuming and cites an illustration in “Thesaurus Conchyliorum part 3, pl. 30, fig. 208”. This illustration matches the specimens in Cuming collection labelled as “var. a”. Therefore we believe this implies that “var. a” is the type series of Cyclostoma linguiferum s.s. and the specimens labelled as “var. b” to “var. h” are distinct variants and are therefore excluded from the type series of this nominal species (
Measurements of specimens in the lots previously recognized as “var. b” to “var. h” are given here for future reference:
“var. b.” NHMUK 20110273 from Siquijod Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=19.9 mm, H=15.8 mm, W=4½; D=20.6 mm, H=16.5 mm, W=4½; D=20.4 mm, H=16.1 mm, W=4½).
“var. c” NHMUK 20110274 from Deleguete, Zebu Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=26.0 mm, H=20.9 mm, W=4½; D=23.6 mm, H=18.4 mm, W=4½; D=23.5 mm, H=18.5 mm, W=4½).
“var. d” NHMUK 20110275 from Deleguete, Zebu Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=24.1 mm, H=18.6 mm, W=4½; D=24.5 mm, H=19.9 mm, W=4½; D=24.5 mm, H=18.2 mm, W=4½).
“var. e” NHMUK 20110276 from Sibonga, Zebu Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=24.4 mm, H=19.3 mm, W=4 ½; D=22.4 mm, H=19.8 mm, W=4 ½; D=24.4 mm, H=19.6 mm, W=4 ½).
“var. f” NHMUK 20110277 from Loboc, Bohol Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=25.6 mm, H=20.1 mm, W=4½; D=25.4 mm, H=20.4 mm, W=4½; D=24.9 mm, H=19.3 mm, W=4½).
“var. g” NHMUK 20110278 from Argao, Zebu Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=24.4 mm, H=18.6 mm, W=4½; D=23.6 mm, H=19.8 mm, W=4½; D=23.4 mm, H=19.4 mm, W=4½).
“var. h” NHMUK 20110279 from Loboc, Bohol Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=25.1 mm, H=19.6 mm, W=4½; D=25.6 mm, H=20.6 mm, W=4½; D=26.4 mm, H=20.9 mm, W=4½).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_malayanus
In montibus vallibusque Insularum Penang et Lancavi, necnon in Peninsula Malayana [In the mountains, the valleys of the islands of Penang and Langkawi, as well as the Peninsula Malaysia]
Syntypes NHMUK 20130089 (2 shells; Fig. 13A; D=43.5 mm, H=32.1 mm, W=5; D=47.0 mm, H=37.3 mm, W=5)
The original description did not include an illustration but
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_monachus
Cochinchina [Saigon, Vietnam].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1893.2.4.499 (Fig. 13B; D=38.2 mm, H=23.7 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 1893.2.4.500 (1 shell; Fig. 13C; D=35.2 mm, H=22.1 mm, W=5).
The original description did not include an illustration and only one set of shell measurements was given. There are two specimens in the NHM collections with an original label stating “Type” and giving the reference of the original description. The shell that most closely matches with the measurement in the original description and with an “x” written in the aperture is here designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_muspratti
Naga Hills, and Maokokehung, Naga Hills [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, India].
Holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1427/1 from Naga Hills (Fig. 14A; D=48.7 mm, H=36.4 mm, W=5), paratypes NHMUK 1903.7.1.1427/2-4 (3 shells: 2 adults and 1 juvenile; Fig. 14B; D=50.2 mm, H=38.1 mm, W=5; D=47.7 mm, H=38.1 mm, W=5).
The original description included two sets of shell measurements (the type and the largest specimen), and Godwin-Austen explicitly stated there to be a unique name-bearing type. The NHM collections contain a lot of four shells from the Godwin-Austen collection (ex. Doherty collection) and have his original handwritten label stating “Type”. The specimen with ‘type’ written on the shell most closely matches with the ‘type’ shell dimensions given in the original description and is here considered to be the holotype, the remaining three shells being paratypes.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_nagaensis
Naga Hills, near Khonoma and Kigwema, 5000–6000 feet; Maokokehung [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, India].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.1456/1 from Naga Hills (Fig. 15A; D=45.2 mm, H=35.5 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 1903.7.1.1456/2-4 (3 shells; Fig. 15B; D=43.9 mm, H=34.1 mm, W=5; D=44.7 mm, H=35.7 mm, W=5; D=42.3 mm, H=32.7 mm, W=5).
The NHM collections contain a lot of four shells from the Godwin-Austen collection (ex. Doherty collection) and have his original handwritten label stating “Type”. The specimen that most closely matches the original description and the measurements given by Godwin-Austen is designated as the lectotype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_niahensis
Niah Hills [Sarawak, Malaysia].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1889.12.7.3 (Fig. 15C; D=44.0 mm, H=28.0 mm, W=4), paralectotype NHMUK 1889.12.7.4 (2 shells: 1 adult and 1 juvenile; Fig. 15D; D=41.1 mm, H=24.8 mm, W=4).
The use of the term “holotype” in
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_cochranei_ochraceus
Busan Hills [Sarawak, Malaysia].
Lectotype NHMUK 1889.12.7.6 (Fig. 16A; D=41.7 mm, H=27.4 mm, W=5).
The original description clearly stated the taxon was based on two specimens from Busan Hills, and the unique name-bearing type was not stated. However, there is only one remaining specimen from the Godwin-Austen type lot in the NHM collections. Subsequent use of the term “holotype” in
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_phlegethon
Molu Hills [Sarawak, Malaysia].
Holotype NHMUK 1998011 (Fig. 16B; D=39.1 mm, H=23.3 mm, W=4).
Godwin-Austen clearly stated that this taxon was described based on only one specimen, therefore we recognise this specimen as the holotype fixed by monotypy (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_picturatus
Unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.) NHMUK 20130082/1 (Fig. 16C, D; D=29.1 mm, H=22.5 mm, W=4½), paralectotypes NHMUK 20130082/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 16D, D=30.0 mm, H=23.1 mm, W=4½; D=30.4 mm, H=20.8 mm, W=4½).
This species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_poeciloneurus
Lahúpa Naga Hills, Munipur, and eastward to the Dihing [India].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.1522/1 from Lahúpa Naga Hills (Fig. 16E; D=31.1 mm, H=24.9 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1522/2 (1 shell; Fig. 16F; D=27.3 mm, H=20.2 mm, W=5).
The authors indicated that four lots of specimens were examined in the original description (from the Godwin-Austen, Ogel, Doherty and Beddome collections). In addition, the authors stated “Type” in relation to the specimens from the Godwin-Austen collection, which consist of two shells. The original description did not include an illustration, and only one set of shell measurement was given. The specimen that has a small label stating “Type” glued inside the aperture, and which matched the measurements given in original description is here designated as the lectotype. The paralectotypes from the Ogel, Doherty, and Beddome collections were not found.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_fulguratus_rangunensis
Inter Thyet-Mio et Rangoon Birmanorum, Pegu [between Thayet District and Yangon in Myanmar, Bago].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130091/1 (Fig. 17A; D=34.7 mm, H=30.3 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 20130091/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 17B; D=27.4 mm, H=23.4 mm, W=5; D=27.1 mm, H=23.2 mm, W=5).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_eximus_rouyeri
Mount Singalong [Mount Singgalang, West Sumatra, Indonesia].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1906.1.16.51 (Fig. 17C; D=50.1 mm, H=40.5 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 20130078 (1 shell; Fig. 17D; D=50.1 mm, H=40.5 mm, W=5).
The original description was clearly based on more than one specimen, but only one set of measurements and illustrations were given. There are two shells, from two lots in the NHM collections which are both considered to be part of the original type series. The specimen figured in the original description is here designated as the lectotype
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_saturnus
Camboja [Cambodia].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130119/1 (Fig. 18A; D=63.1 mm, H=46.5 mm, W=5½), paralectotypes NHMUK 20130119/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 18B; D=57.7 mm, H=43.2 mm, W=5½; D=60.0 mm, H=46.8 mm, W=5½).
This species was described based on a specimen collected by M. Mouhot from the Cuming collection, and only one set of shell measurements and one specimen was illustrated in the original description. There are three shells in the NHM collections from the Cuming collection with an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting stating the taxon name, collector and collection locality. The figured specimen with an “x” written inside the aperture is here designated as the lectotype. The type locality of Cambodia applied to contemporaneous boundaries but Mouhot also collected in an area that now comes within the boundary of southern Vietnam.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_schepmani
Sinabang, Simalur Island, West Sumatra.
Paratype NHMUK 1957.11.18.7 (1 shell; Fig. 19A; D=44.4 mm, H=35.7 mm, W=5 ½).
The authors indicated that four lots of specimens were examined in the original description. The original description did not include an illustration, and two set of shell measurement were given. However, the holotype was clearly designated and is housed in the Leiden Museum, Netherlands (now Naturalis Biodiversity Centre). The NHM registration records show that this specimen was purchased from Laidlaw, ex. Dr. Jacobson collection, and the original label states ‘paratype’. The locality given by Laidlaw was “2 ex. July; Sinabang” match with the specimen. We therefore consider the single specimen as paratype.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_serratizona
Upper Salwen [Myanmar].
Possible syntypes NHMUK 88.12.4.1955 (3 shells, Fig. 19B; D=37.1 mm, H=30.0 mm, W=5; D=39.9 mm, H=30.8 mm, W=5; D=40.7 mm, H=32.9 mm, W=5).
This taxon was described based on specimens from the Theobald collection.
The locality given by Hanley and Theobald was Upper Salwen (Salween or currently Thanlwin). However, the material identified as the syntype series carries labels giving Moulmein (currently Mawlamyine), farm (=from?) caves, as the locality, which is at the mouth of the Salween. As the Salween is close to 3, 000 km in length and the river originates from the Tibetan Plateau, it is clear that ‘Upper Salwen’ is inaccurate. It is conceivable that the intended record was Upper Myanmar but on current evidence we conclude that the Mawlamyine is the type locality.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_siamensis
Siam [Thailand].
lLectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130088/1 (Fig. 20A; D=51.2 mm, H=40.0 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 20130088/2 (1 shell; Fig. 20B; D=49.8 mm, H=39.5 mm, W=5).
The original description as well as those in
It should be noted that
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_spironema
India.
Lectotypes (design. n.), NHMUK 20130083/1 (Fig. 21A; D=27.9 mm, H=19.8 mm, W=4), paralectotypes NHMUK 20130083/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 21B; D=26.8 mm, H=21.4 mm, W=4; D=28.2 mm, H=20.9 mm, W=4).
This species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection. The NHM collections contain three shells from the Cuming collection with an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting giving the taxon name and collection locality. The specimen figured in
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_subblaevigatus
haud procul a Bhamo, ad ripas fluminis Iravadi [not far from the Bhamo, on the banks of the Iravadi River, Myanmar].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 196550 (Fig. 21C; D=46.1 mm, H=30.8 mm, W=5).
The term “nonnunquam” (“sometimes”) in the original description of shell shape appears to imply that this taxon was based on more than one specimen although only one set of measurements was given in the original description. The use of “the type” in
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_taeniatus
Sumatra.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20130120 (Fig. 21D; D=28.1 mm, H=23.6 mm, W=5).
This species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection. The NHM collections contain a single specimen from the Cuming collection with an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting giving the taxon name and collection locality. This single specimen closely matches with the measurements given in the original description and the illustration in
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_talboti
Busan Hills [Sarawak, Malaysia].
Lectotype, NHMUK 1889.12.7.7 (Fig. 21E; D=40.1 mm, H=27.5 mm, W=5)
Godwin-Austen stated that this taxon was named after Captain Talbot and based on specimens from the collection of A. Everett. The NHM collections contain a lot of three specimens mounted on a single specimen board. The specimen labelled 1889.12.7.7 is marked with the word type, and the original description details. The two other specimens are from the W. Jeakes Esq. (NHMUK 1859.3.30.12) and C. Hose Esq. (1893.3.10.3) collections and have no associated locality data and are therefore excluded from the type series. The use of the term “holotype” in
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_tigrinus
Unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20110231/1 (Fig. 22A; D=32.1 mm, H=28.2 mm, W=6), paralectotypes NHMUK 20110231/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 22B; D=28.0 mm, H=25.5 mm, W=6; D=30.4 mm, H=26.2 mm, W=6).
The original description of this species included seven varieties indicated with “var. a” to “var. g” from the Cuming Collection. Latin and English descriptions associated with illustrations were then published in the “Thesaurus Conchyliorum” (
Measurements of specimens in “var. b” are given for future reference:
“var. b.” NHMUK 20110232 from Guimaras Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=30.5 mm, H=26.5 mm, W=6; D=28.0 mm, H=26.6 mm, W=6; D=27.2 mm, H=22.3 mm, W=6).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_tuba
prope Montem Ophir, Malaccae [Gunung Ledang, Johor, Malaysia].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20120064/1 (Fig. 22C; D=51.1 mm, H=35.7 mm, W=5), paralectotype NHMUK 20120064/2 (1 shell; Fig. 22D; D=48.1 mm, H=33.4 mm, W=5).
The original description of this species included two un-named varieties from the Cuming Collection. The NHM collection contain two lots from the Cuming collection with the original labels giving the taxon name, type locality and varietal names stated as “var. a” and “var. b”. Latin and English descriptions associated with illustrations were then published in the “Thesaurus Conchyliorum” (
Measurements of specimens in “var. b” are given for future reference:
“var. b.” NHMUK 20120065 from Mountain Ophir, Malaccae [Malaysia] (3 shells; D=50.4 mm, H=33.8 mm, W=5; D=50.1 mm, H=35.5 mm, W=5; D=48.1 mm, H=34.0 mm, W=5).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_turgidus
Liew Kiew [Ryukyu Islands, Japan].
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20040591/1 (Fig. 23A; D=27.1 mm, H=23.1 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 20040591/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 23B; D=25.9 mm, H=21.3 mm, W=5; D=25.2 mm, H=20.5 mm, mm, W=5).
The name Cyclostoma turgidum Pfeiffer, 1851 was presented as a replacement name for Cyclostoma crassum Pfeiffer, 1853, a junior homonym. However since the “crassum” description was not published until 1853 (in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1851 volume, see
Measurements of the specimens “var. minor” are given for future reference:
“var. minor” NHMUK 20040590 from Ibayat, Bashee Island [Batan, Island, Philippines] (3 shells; D=20.5 mm, H=16.8 mm, W=5; D=21.0 mm, H=17.9 mm, W=5; D=20.8 mm, H=16.3 mm, W=5).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyclophorus_validus
Island of Leyte, island of Luçon, island of Samar and island of Mindanao, Philippines.
Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20110280/1 from island of Leyte (Fig. 23C; D=47.9 mm, H=40.4 mm, W=5), paralectotypes NHMUK 20110280/2-3 (2 shells; Fig. 23D; D=46.7 mm, H=39.9 mm, W=5; D=44.0 mm, H=37.6 mm, W=5).
The original description of this species included four varieties indicated “var. a” to “var. d”, without illustration from the Cuming Collection. Subsequent authors (including
Measurements of specimens in “var. b” to “var. d.” are given for future reference:
“var. b.” NHMUK 20110281 from Tayabas Province, Luzon [Philippines] (3 shells; D=39.2 mm, H=35.8 mm, W=5; D=38.2 mm, H=33.9 mm, W=5; D=36.8 mm, H=34.2 mm, mm, W=5).
“var. c.” NHMUK 20110282 from Catbalonga and Basay, Samar Island [Philippines] (3 shells; D=43.5 mm, H=34.8 mm, W=5; D=43.8 mm, H=34.6 mm, W=5; D=44.5 mm, H=34.9 mm, W=5).
“var. d.” NHMUK 20110283 from Cagayan, Misamis Province, Mindanao Island, Luzon [Philippines] (3 shells; D=35.6 mm, H=28.4 mm, W=5; D=33.1 mm, H=26.1 mm, W=5; D=32.7 mm, H=25.4 mm, mm, W=5).
A Original labels of Cyclophorus bapuensis bearing the author’s, H.H. Godwin-Austen handwriting B Original labels of Cyclophorus consociatus bearing the author’s, E.A. Smith handwriting. Note that the strikethrough on the “type” and “Holotype red spot” with blue pen are possibly added later by the NHM assistant C The original label of Cyclophorus cucullatus marked with “Type” is not frequently occurred in Cuming collection, which the possibly indicates specimen received from A.A. Gould D The small glued-label written with blue ink on “excellens Pfr” and “allied to pirrieanum” are Pfeiffer’s handwritten.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus aborensis Godwin-Austen, 1915 A lectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.3051 and B paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.3048 C Cyclophorus affinis Theobald, 1858, lectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1454.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus amoenus (Pfeiffer, 1854) A lectotype NHMUK 20130113/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20130113/2 C, D Cyclophorus appendiculatus (Pfeiffer, 1854) C lectotype NHMUK 20130079/1, and D paralectotype NHMUK 20130079/2-3 E, F Cyclophorus aquilus (Sowerby I, 1843) E lectotype NHMUK 20110225/1, and F paralectotype NHMUK 2011225/2-3.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus bapuensis Godwin-Austen, 1915 A lectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.3108/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.3108/2-3 C Cyclophorus beddomeanus Preston, 1914 lectotype NHMUK 1936.4.15.22 D Cyclophorus bensoni (Pfeiffer, 1854) lectotype NHMUK 20130115.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A Cyclophorus cochranei Godwin-Austen, 1889 lectotype NHMUK 1889.12.7.5 B, C Cyclophorus consociatus Smith, 1893 B lectotype NHMUK 1893.2.26.8, and C paralectotype NHMUK 1893.2.26.9-10 D Cyclophorus crassalabella Godwin-Austen, 1888 lectotype NHMUK 1911.6.10.8.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A Cyclophorus cucullatus (Gould, 1856) paralectotypes NHMUK 20130116 B, C Cyclophorus eudeli Smith, 1893 B lectotype NHMUK 1893.2.26.5, and C paralectotype NHMUK 1893.2.26.6-7 D, E Cyclophorus everetti Smith, 1892 D lectotype NHMUK 1892.7.20.103, and E paralectotype NHMUK 1892.7.23.1-2.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus exaltatus (Pfeiffer, 1855) A lectotype NHMUK 1980041/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 1980041/2-3 C, D Cyclophorus excellens (Pfeiffer, 1855) C lectotype NHMUK 20130084/1, and D paralectotype NHMUK 20130084/2 E, F Cyclophorus expansus (Pfeiffer, 1853) E lectotype NHMUK 20130086/1, and F paralectotype NHMUK 20130086/2-3.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus fulguratus (Pfeiffer, 1854) A lectotype NHMUK 20130117/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20130117/2-3 C Cyclophorus fultoni Godwin-Austen & Beddome, 1894, lectotype NHMUK 1894.6.20.1.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus fuscicolor Godwin-Austen, 1876 A lectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1452/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1452/2.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus haughtoni Theobald, 1858 A lectotype NHMUK 1888.12.4.1953, and B paralectotypes NHMUK 1888.12.4.1954 C Cyclophorus himalayanus (Pfeiffer, 1853), lectotype NHMUK 20130118.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus ibyatensis (Pfeiffer, 1854) A lectotype NHMUK 20130081/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20130081/2 C Cyclophorus implicatus Bavay and Dautzenberg, 1908, paralectotype NHMUK 20130087 D, E Cyclophorus kinabaluensis Smith, 1895 D lectotype NHMUK 1894.7.20.38, and E paralectotype NHMUK 1893.6.8.31.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus koboensis Godwin-Austen, 1915 A lectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.3579/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.3579/2-4 C Cyclophorus labiosus (Pfeiffer, 1854), lectotype NHMUK 20130080 D, E Cyclophorus linguiferus (Sowerby I, 1843) D lectotype NHMUK 20110269/1, and E paralectotype NHMUK 20110269/2-3 F, G Cyclophorus lingulatus (Sowerby I, 1843) F lectotype NHMUK 20110272/1, and G paralectotype NHMUK 20110272/2-3.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A Cyclophorus malayanus (Benson, 1852), syntype NHMUK 20130089 B, C Cyclophorus monachus (Morelet, 1866) B lectotype NHMUK 1893.2.4.499, and C paralectotype NHMUK 1893.2.4.500.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus muspratti Godwin-Austen & Beddome, 1894 A holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1427/1, and B paratype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1427/2-4.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus nagaensis Godwin-Austen & Beddome, 1894 A lectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1456/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1456/2-4 C, D Cyclophorus niahensis Godwin-Austen, 1889 C lectotype NHMUK 1889.12.7.3, and D paralectotype NHMUK 1889.12.7.4.
Types of Cyclophorus subspecies. A Cyclophorus cochranei ochraceus Godwin-Austen, 1889, lectotype NHMUK 1889.12.7.6. Types of Cyclophorus species B Cyclophorus phlegethon Godwin-Austen, 1889, holotype NHMUK 1998011 C, D Cyclophorus picturatus (Pfeiffer, 1854) C lectotype NHMUK 20130082/1, and D paralectotype NHMUK 20130082/2-3 E, F Cyclophorus poeciloneurus Godwin-Austen & Beddome, 1894 E lectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1522/1, and F paralectotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1522/2.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus fulguratus rangunensis Kobelt, 1908 A lectotype NHMUK 20130091/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20130091/2-3 C, D Cyclophorus eximus rouyeri Bullen, 1906 C lectotype NHMUK 1906.1.16.51, and D paralectotype NHMUK 20130078.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus saturnus Pfeiffer, 1862 A lectotype NHMUK 20130119/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20130119/2-3.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A Cyclophorus schepmani Laidlaw, 1957, paratype NHMUK 1957.11.18.7 B Cyclophorus serratizona Hanley and Theobald, 1876, possible syntypes NHMUK 88.12.4.1955.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus siamensis (Sowerby I, 1850) A lectotype NHMUK 20130088/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20130088/2.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus spironema (Pfeiffer, 1855) A lectotypes NHMUK 20130083/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20130083/2-3 C Cyclophorus subblaevigatus Blanford, 1869, lectotype NHMUK 196550 D Cyclophorus taeniatus (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHMUK 20130120 E Cyclophorus talboti Godwin-Austen, 1889, lectotype NHMUK 1889.12.7.7.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus tigrinus (Sowerby I, 1843) A lectotype NHMUK 20110231/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20110231/2-3 C, D Cyclophorus tuba (Sowerby I, 1842) C lectotype NHMUK 20120064/1, and D paralectotype NHMUK 20120064/2.
Types of Cyclophorus species. A, B Cyclophorus turgidus (Pfeiffer, 1851) A lectotype NHMUK 20040591/1, and B paralectotype NHMUK 20040591/2-3 C, D Cyclophorus validus (Sowerby I, 1842) C lectotype NHMUK 20110280/1, and D paralectotype NHMUK NHMUK 20110280/2-3.
This research was funded by The Thailand Research Fund, through The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (PHD/0315/2550), and the UNITAS Malacologica Student Research Awards. The main funding was provided by The TRF Senior Research Scholar RTA5580001 from The Thailand Research Fund. We thank the staff of MCZ for their invaluable help with our work.