Research Article |
Corresponding author: Bardh L. Xërxa ( bxerxa@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ben Price
© 2019 Bardh L. Xërxa, Michel Sartori, Agim Gashi, Jean-Luc Gattolliat.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Xërxa BL, Sartori M, Gashi A, Gattolliat J-L (2019) First checklist of mayflies (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from Kosovo. ZooKeys 874: 69-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.874.38098
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This research provides the first systematic contribution to the mayfly (Ephemeroptera) Fauna of Kosovo. This investigation was conducted from March to November in 2017 and 2018; 32 sites were sampled covering the different freshwater ecosystems of the country. The first checklist of mayflies of Kosovo is provided. During this survey, we found 48 species belonging to 20 genera and nine families. The highest number of species belongs to the following two families, Heptageniidae (24) and Baetidae (9). This investigation is a contribution to the knowledge about taxonomy, biogeography, and ecology of mayflies of the Balkan Peninsula by giving new data on species composition and distribution range in Kosovo.
Aquatic insects, Balkan Peninsula, freshwater fauna, Kosovo, taxonomy
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are an ancient insect lineage dating back over 300 million years and are believed to be the most primitive group of extant winged insects (
Faunistics and taxonomy of mayflies in the Balkans is still in progress and the level of knowledge varies between different countries. Neighbouring mayfly fauna is relatively well known, mostly thanks to studies in Croatia (
Kosovo is a small landlocked country in the centre of Balkan Peninsula and is divided into two ecoregions: Dinaric Western Balkan (ER5) and Hellenic Western Dinaric (ER6) (
Published data on mayflies from Kosovo are scarce. However, as a part of former Yugoslavia, there are some records published by different authors:
Most of the studied material for this research was collected during the two-year sampling period from March to November 2017/2018. Mayflies were sampled every month at 21 sites while at the remainder of sites, sampling was usually performed only once during this time. Specimens were collected in freshwater habitats (mainly lotic and some lentic) in over 32 sites throughout Kosovo’s territory (Fig.
The detailed list of the 32 sampling site names with number codes (site ID), altitude, latitude and longitude are presented in Table
Code | Sampling site | Altitude | Latitude / Longitude | Ecoregion | Sea basin | Habitat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | Radavcë | 1170 m | 42°44.14'N, 20°18.51'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L2 | Çakorr | 1242 m | 42°41.31'N, 20°04.38'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L3 | Mirusha | 370 m | 42°31.25'N, 20°34.50'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L4 | L. Deçanit-Manastiri | 903 m | 42°54.71'N, 20°26.66'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L5 | L. Erenik-Botusha | 874 m | 42°30.00'N, 20°14.47'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L6 | L. Erenik-Devë | 567 m | 42°28.42'N, 20°16.53'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L7 | L. Erenik-Travë | 345 m | 42°22.32'N, 20°24.15'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L8 | L. Prizren-Vlashnje | 364 m | 42°10.02'N, 20°31.05'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L9 | Prizren-Reçan | 532 m | 42°17.03'N, 21°21.74'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L10 | Prevall | 1664 m | 42°16.10'N, 20°95.33'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L11 | Piran (L.Toplluha) | 394 m | 42°28.81'N, 20°67.17'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Adriatic | Lotic |
L12 | Blinaja | 721 m | 42°51.85'N, 20°97.88'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lentic |
L13 | Shtërpcë (Brod) | 692 m | 42°16.26'N, 21°07.73'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Aegean | Lotic |
L14 | Nerodime E. Jezercë | 810 m | 42°21.22'N, 21°01.14'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Aegean | Lotic |
L15 | Viti | 520 m | 42°30.62'N, 21°36.20'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L16 | Mbi Zhegër | 660 m | 42°29.51'N, 21°54.58'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L17 | Stanqiq | 800 m | 42°25.50'N, 21°55.02'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L18 | Lugu i Kopilaqës | 1175 m | 42°24.60'N, 21°43.11'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L19 | Sanakov | 625 m | 42°25.90'N, 21°34.33'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L20 | Letnicë | 662 m | 42°28.72'N, 21°45.73'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L21 | Slivovë | 646 m | 42°36.70'N, 21°18.19'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L22 | Binçë (Debelldeh +Buzovik) | 566 m | 42°29.48'N, 21°37.17'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L23 | Mramor | 635 m | 42°37.84'N, 21°16.47'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Black | Lotic |
L24 | Keçekoll | 754 m | 42°43.45'N, 21°18.50'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Black | Lotic |
L25 | Makovcë | 626 m | 42°41.92'N, 21°14.23'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Black | Lotic |
L26 | Dermjak | 606 m | 42°17.22'N, 21°31.57'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L27 | Stanishor | 622 m | 42°36.70'N, 21°18.19'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L28 | Shushtë-Kabash | 525 m | 42°28.11'N, 21°35.91'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L29 | Mjak | 735 m | 42°25.36'N, 21°34.76'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L30 | Korbiliq | 730 m | 42°22.98'N, 21°33.58'E | ER6 (Hellenic) | Black | Lotic |
L31 | Ibri-Leposaviç | 544 m | 42°59.66'N, 20°48.97'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Black | Lotic |
L32 | Ligatina e Hencit | 545 m | 42°51.85'N, 20°97.88'E | ER5 (Dinaric) | Black | Lentic |
Mayflies were found at all 32 sampled localities (Fig.
The current research produced the first comprehensive contribution of mayfly taxa inhabiting Kosovo’s freshwater habitats. In 32 sampling stations, a total of 7564 individuals of mayfly larvae and adults was collected in rivers, streams and some lentic habitats. Sampling sites included a wide range of elevation with lowest L7 at 345 m and highest L10 at 1664 m (Table
Based on the analysed data, in total, 48 species distributed into 20 genera and nine families were recorded (Table
Family | Number of genera | % Genus | Number of species | % Species |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ameletidae | 1 | 5.00 | 1 | 2.08 |
Baetidae | 4 | 20.00 | 9 | 18.75 |
Oligoneuriidae | 1 | 5.00 | 1 | 2.08 |
Heptageniidae | 4 | 20.00 | 24 | 50.00 |
Leptophlebiidae | 3 | 15.00 | 3 | 6.25 |
Potamanthidae | 1 | 5.00 | 1 | 2.08 |
Ephemerellidae | 4 | 20.00 | 4 | 8.33 |
Ephemeridae | 1 | 5.00 | 2 | 4.16 |
Caenidae | 1 | 5.00 | 3 | 6.25 |
20 | 100 | 48 | 100 |
The most frequently encountered species was Baetis rhodani which was recorded from 21 of the 32 sites. Baetis alpinus and Ephemera cf. parnassiana were found at 14 and seven different sites, respectively (Table
The highest taxa richness was found along sampling site L21-Slivovë (17 species) and L12-Blinajë (16 species) and the lowest species richness (two species) was observed at site L8. Of the total mayfly species (48) for the three Sea Basins, 42 species were discovered for the Black Sea Basin, 29 species for the Adriatic Sea Basin, and only two species in the Aegean Sea Basin.
Due to the absence of consistent data and research on mayfly fauna as well as of their habitat preferences in Kosovo, this study provides the first global contribution to the mayflies of Kosovo with 48 recorded mayfly taxa. However, out of 48 species, three were previously recorded and not found in the present study: by
Kosovo mayfly fauna: first checklist of species with distribution. Key: NR: new records for Kosovo; ▲: data from literature only (
Ephemeroptera taxa | Adriatic Sea basin | Black Sea basin | Aegean Sea basin | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family: Ameletidae McCafferty, 1991 | ||||
Genus: Metreletus Demoulin, 1951 | ||||
1. Metreletus balcanicus (Ulmer, 1920) | NR | L12, L24 | ||
Family: Baetidae Leach, 1815 | ||||
Genus: Baetis Leach, 1815 | ||||
2. Baetis rhodani (Pictet, 1843) | L3–L11 | L12, L15, L16, L17, L20, L21, L23, L24, L25, L28, L29, L30 | ||
3. Baetis alpinus (Pictet, 1843) | L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L9, L10 | L28, L29, L30 | L13, L14 | |
4. Baetis buceratus Eaton, 1870 | NR | L3 | L16, L21, L23 | |
5. Baetis melanonyx (Pictet, 1843) | NR | L4, L5, L6, L9 | L13, L14 | |
6. Baetis pentaphlebodes Ujhelyi, 1966 | NR | L12, L21, L32 | ||
Genus: Alainites Waltz & McCafferty, 1984 | ||||
7. Alainites muticus (Linnaeus, 1758) | NR | L1, L5, L6 | L32 | |
Genus: Cloeon Leach, 1815 | ||||
8. Cloeon dipterum (Linnaeus, 1761) | NR | L11 | L12, L32 | |
9. Cloeon cf. dipterum (Linnaeus, 1761) | NR | L12, L32 | ||
Genus: Procloeon Bengtsson, 1915 | ||||
10. Procloeon cf. pulchrum (Eaton, 1885) | NR | L12 | ||
Family: Oligoneuriidae Ulmer, 1914 | ||||
Genus: Oligoneuriella Ulmer, 1924 | ||||
11. Oligoneurella rhenana (Imhoff, 1852) | NR | L6, L7 | L21 | |
Family: Heptageniidae Needham, 1901 | ||||
Genus: Epeorus Eaton, 1881 | ||||
12. Epeorus assimilis Eaton, 1885 | L6, L9 | L25, L28 | ||
13. Epeorus yougoslavicus (Šamal, 1935) | NR | L2, L9 | ||
Genus: Ecdyonurus Eaton, 1871 | ||||
14. Ecdyonurus graecus Braasch, 1984 | NR | L1 | L20, L30 | |
15. Ecdyonurus cf. epeorides Demoulin, 1955 | NR | L3 | L21, L22, L26, L27 | |
16. Ecdyonurus cf. puma Jacob & Braasch, 1986 | NR | L16, L17 | ||
17. Ecdyonurus macani Thomas & Sowa, 1970 | NR | L1 | L12, L21 | |
18. Ecdyonurus starmachi Sowa, 1971 | NR | L3 | L12, L19, L21, L22 | |
19. Ecdyonurus vitoshensis Jacob & Braasch, 1984 | NR | L18, L24, L31 | ||
20. Ecdyonurus venosus (Fabricius, 1775) | NR | L1, L3 | L15, L21, L20, L24 | |
21. Ecdyonurus submontanus Landa, 1969 | NR | L3, L5 | L22 | |
22. Ecdyonurus cf. krueperi (Stein, 1863) | NR | L21, L22 | ||
23. Ecdyonurus cf. siveci Hefti, Tomka & Zurwerra, 1986 | NR | L2 | ||
24. Ecdyonurus sp. | L12, L21 | |||
25. Ecdyonurus insignis (Eaton, 1870) | ▲ | – | – | – |
26. Ecdyonurus subalpinus (Klapálek, 1907) | ▲ | – | – | – |
Genus: Rhithrogena Eaton, 1881 | ||||
27. Rhithrogena braaschi Jacob, 1974 | NR | L2, L9 | L21 | |
28. Rhithrogena gr. sowai Puthz, 1972 | NR | L9 | L21 | |
29. Rhithrogena cf. bulgarica Braasch, Soldán & Sowa, 1985 | NR | L9 | L16, L25, L28, L29, L30 | |
30. Rhithrogena gr. hercynia Landa, 1969 | NR | L9 | L25 | |
31. Rhithrogena gr. semicolorata (Curtis, 1834) | NR | L9, L10 | L25 | |
32. Rhithrogena gr. diaphana Navàs, 1917 | NR | L9 | L15, L21, L24 | |
33. Rhithrogena germanica Eaton, 1885 | ▲ | – | – | – |
Genus: Electrogena Zurwerra & Tomka, 1985 | ||||
34. Electrogena cf. mazedonica (Ikonomov, 1954) | NR | L12 | ||
35. Electrogena sp. | L11 | L12 | ||
Family: Leptophlebiidae (Banks, 1900) | ||||
Genus: Habrophlebia Eaton, 1881 | ||||
36. Habrophlebia eldae Jacob & Sartori, 1984 | NR | L12, L24 | ||
Genus: Habroleptoides Schoenemund, 1929 | ||||
37. Habroleptoides confusa Sartori & Jacob, 1986 | NR | L5, L6 | L21, L23, L25 | |
Genus: Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 | ||||
38. Paraleptophlebia submarginata (Stephens, 1836) | NR | L13, L15, L20, L21, L28 | ||
Family:Potamanthidae Albarda, 1888 | ||||
Genus: Potamanthus Pictet, 1843 | ||||
39. Potamanthus luteus (Linnaeus, 1767) | NR | L20 | ||
Family: Ephemerellidae Klapálek, 1909 | ||||
Genus: Torleya Lestage, 1917 | ||||
40. Torleya mayor (Klapalek, 1905) | NR | L11 | L21, L25, L28 | |
Genus: Serratella Edmunds, 1959 | ||||
41. Serratella ignita (Poda, 1761) | NR | L3, L5, L6, L8, L11 | L21 | |
Genus: Quatica Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008 | ||||
42. Quatica ikonomovi (Puthz, 1971) | L8, L9 | L12, L15 | ||
Genus: Ephemerella Walsh, 1863 | ||||
43. Ephemerella mucronata (Bengtsson, 1909) | NR | L11 | L32 | |
Family: Ephemeridae Latreille, 1810 | ||||
Genus: Ephemera Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||
44. Ephemera cf. parnassiana Demoulin, 1958 | NR | L12, L17, L20, L21, L23, L24, L29 | ||
45. Ephemera vulgata Linnaeus, 1758 | NR | L12 | ||
Family: Caenidae Newman, 1853 | ||||
Genus: Caenis Stephens, 1836 | ||||
46. Caenis macrura (Stephens, 1835) | NR | L11 | L12, L32 | |
47. Caenis horaria (Linnaeus, 1758) | NR | L12 | ||
48. Caenis cf. strugaensis Ikonomov, 1961 | NR | L12 |
In comparison with the neighbouring countries and with consideration of their surface areas, the recorded Ephemeroptera diversity in Kosovo could be characterised as intermediate. The highest number of species was listed for Bulgaria with 102 taxa (
During our research, the highest number of species (17) were recorded from sample site L21-Slivovë and 16 species from the L12-Blinajë. On the other hand, high elevation sites (L2, L10, and L18) had the lowest number of mayfly species (two) as well as one sample site L8 at a low elevation with only two species. Sample sites L12 and L21 were high in species diversity because they were covered with macrophytic vegetation and different substrates in a clean habitat with altitudes of approximately 700 m. On the other hand, L8 was low on species diversity because it is affected by pollution from outside the large town and is well subjected to long-term anthropogenic stress from discharged urban sewage. The majority of Kosovo mayflies belong to the south European, central European, and Mediterranean faunas. For each species, their geographical distribution is presented as well as the sample site at which it was collected (Tables
The new records include some morphologically interesting taxa and difficult complex of species (Cloeon gr. dipterum, Rhithrogena gr. sowai, and Ecdyonurus gr. venosus). As two of the most similar mayfly assemblages of the neighbouring countries (N. Macedonia, Serbia) have several taxa that could also inhabit Kosovo habitats (e.g., Baetis vardarensis Ikonomov, 1962, Baetis liebenauae Keffermüller, 1974, Cloeon simile Eaton, 1870), but were not yet recorded, due to the lack of regular sampling in all seasons, future research should include seasonal sampling of a higher number of sites and habitat types. Further study is required at new sampling sites to determine the distribution of seven species recorded only at a single sampling site (Potamanthus luteus, Electrogena cf. mazedonica, Procloeon cf. pulchrum, Ecdyonurus cf. siveci, Ephemera vulgata, Caenis horaria, and Caenis cf. strugaensis).
Mayflies are generally diverse in lotic ecosystems as the majority of species prefer well-oxygenated habitats (
The present study is a significant contribution to the understanding of the mayfly fauna in Kosovo and the Balkan Peninsula, with the country’s first checklist along with some rare species records. Therefore, the current study adds to a stronger knowledge of Kosovo’s mayfly fauna and may promote the development of regional biological water quality indicators.
Some interesting taxa with restricted European and local distributions were recorded (e.g., Rhithrogena cf. bulgarica, Metreletus balcanicus, and Epeorus yugoslavicus). Considering these species were collected in a limited number of sites in this study, they could be considered as rare. Future studies on the conservation status and ecological features of these species are necessary.
As there was essentially no systematic research on mayfly fauna (species diversity and distribution) in Kosovo, this research is the first contribution toward mayfly inventory of this part of the Balkan Peninsula based on larvae and adult specimen collections. Kosovo’s mayfly fauna comprises 9 families, 20 genera, and 48 species. Out of 48 mayfly taxa, 45 species are new records from Kosovo. The present research gives the record of Kosovo mayflies which belong to the West Palearctic, Central South European, Balkan, and Mediterranean species. Of 48 taxa, approximately half of the species were present in both Ecoregions (ER5 and ER6). Nonetheless, several habitats have been poorly investigated, such as high altitude habitats (above 1800 m). Further, emphasis on lentic habitats will be made as taxa such as Caenis spp. and Cloeon spp. are still under-sampled. Therefore, this research constitutes a first contribution to mayfly fauna of Kosovo and is far from complete.
The updating of this first mayfly checklist is highly expected with new investigations. Furthermore, the recorded diversity of Ephemeroptera in Kosovo could be defined as intermediate compared to neighbouring countries, taking into account their surface areas. The highest diversity was observed in submontane regions, while the lowest was detected in rivers and the majority of species collected in this research belong to grazers–scrapers and gatherers–collectors. The future challenges will be to identify the cryptic species within a difficult complex of species (Cloeon gr. dipterum, Rhithrogena gr. sowai, and Ecdyonurus gr. venosus) with careful taxonomical examination and the use of DNA barcoding.
This first checklist of mayflies and their distribution are intended to serve as a foundation and stimulation for further research since the records of many species and their distribution patterns within Kosovo can surely be amended in the future. Moreover, given the high diversity of freshwater habitats within four river basins and the scarce research on mayflies, finding species new for the country (or even new to science) are highly expected.
Finally, further research could clarify the ecological preferenda of each species and their degree of vulnerability in Kosovo to offer an essential tool for running water management and river quality assessments. New knowledge about the Ephemeroptera diversity and distribution in Kosovo will be highly beneficial for further investigation and biomonitoring of the environmental changes in freshwater habitats including the evaluation of other anthropogenic impacts.
This research was conducted as a part of the Ph.D. thesis of the first author under the supervision of mentor’s Professor Agim Gashi and Michel Sartori. The authors would like to thank Professor Halil Ibrahimi for his proofreading of the paper and his positive remarks. We also thank Astrit Bilalli for the collection of a part of the material. Finally, we are grateful to the two reviewers, Inês Corrêa Gonçalves (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and Ina Ferreira (Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa), for their valuable comments and improvements of the manuscript.