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Research Article
One new species and three newly recorded species of Neopallodes Reitter from China (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae, Nitidulinae)
expand article infoXiaoXiao Chen‡, Min Huang‡
‡ Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China

Corresponding author: Min Huang ( huangmin@nwsuaf.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Alexander Kirejtshuk
© 2019 XiaoXiao Chen, Min Huang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Chen X, Huang M (2019) One new species and three newly recorded species of Neopallodes Reitter from China (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae, Nitidulinae). ZooKeys 880: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.880.38033
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E08075BE-DC8D-4260-9EB4-50EF6F699167
Open Access

Abstract

One new species of the sap beetle genus Neopallodes, N. nigrescens sp. nov., is described and illustrated. New information on the distribution and illustrations of three species, N. dentatus Kirejtshuk, 1994, N. falsus Grouvelle, 1913 and N. vietnamicus Kirejtshuk, 1987, which are newly recorded from China, are also supplemented. A key to species of the genus Neopallodes from China is provided.

Keywords

Chinese fauna, Cucujoidea, Cyllodes-complex, Cyllodini, distribution

Introduction

The genus Neopallodes Reitter, 1884 was proposed for three species from Japan (Reitter 1884). Grouvelle (1892, 1902, 1903) later described another three species in this group although this taxon was treated as a synonym by Grouvelle (1913a). However, C.T. Parsons (1943) regarded Neopallodes as a valid genus. Five species from Japan and one species from Chejudo Island, Korea, were recorded by Y. Kurosawa et al. (1985) and M. Chûjô and C.E. Lee (Chûjô and Lee 1992), respectively. Kirejtshuk (1987, 1994, 2011) described 16 species and revised the Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan species. Later, Kirejtshuk (1992) distinguished Neopallodes from Pallodes Erichson, 1843, based on the exposed male anal sclerite from under the transverse pygidial apex, and proposed some additional diagnostic characters for these taxa. Twenty-one species previously placed in Pallodes Erichson, 1843 by Grouvelle (1896, 1906) and Reitter (1877) were also transferred to Neopallodes by Kirejtshuk (1994). Kirejtshuk (2008) gave a complete species checklist of Neopallodes, including 40 East Asian species (mostly in the Palaearchearctic or East-Chinese Province of the Palearctic Region, Indo-Malayan, and Malgassy regions.

Prior to our studies, only three species, Neopallodes hilleri Reitter, 1877, N. inermis Reitter, 1884, and N. vicinus Grouvelle, 1892, have been recorded from China (Kirejtshuk 1992, 1994). Here, we describe one new species and newly record three species from China. A key to the Chinese species of Neopallodes is presented.

Materials and methods

All materials for this study are deposited in the Entomological Museum of Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, China. Most samples were preserved in 99% ethanol, although some were preserved as dried specimens. All photographs were taken using a Leica M205A microscope with a Leica DFC camera, and image stacking was done using LAS (Leica Application Suite) V3.7. Images were retouched with Adobe Photoshop CS6. Illustrations were drawn using Adobe Illustrator CS4.

Morphological terminology follows Kirejtshuk (1994, 2011). Body length measures from the anterior edge of clypeus to the posterior apex of pygidium; body width refers to the maximum width of elytra.

Taxonomy

Neopallodes Reitter, 1884

Neopallodes Reitter 1884: 269; Grouvelle 1892: 849, 1902: 17; Kirejtshuk 1987: 152; 1994: 225; 2008: 119; 2011: 287. Type species: Pallodes hilleri Reitter, 1877 (subsequent designation by Kirejtshuk 1994)

Diagnosis

The genus Neopallodes can be distinguished from other genera of the Cyllodes complex by the following features: distance between metacoxae wider than that between procoxae and mesocoxae; tarsomeres simiple on all legs; male anal sclerite exposed from under truncate pygidial apex. This genus is similar to other cyllodin genera in East Asia, such as Pallodes, Coxollodes Kirejtshuk 1987, and Cyllodes Erichson 1843, but it can be easily distinguished from Pallodes and Coxollodes in having the exposed male anal sclerite from under the transverse pygidial apex, and from Cyllodes in having simple tarsomeres and axillary sclerites absent on the mesoventrite.

Remarks

Congeners of Neopallodes are mycophagous, and their adults are associated with the sporocarps and thalli of Agaricaceae (Basidiomycetes). So far, larvae are known to be found on the mycelia of these fungi or in their fruiting bodies (Hayashi 1978; Kirejtshuk 1994; Leschen 1999; Yamashita and Hiji 2007). Yunnan Province accounts for 90% of the wild mushroom species in China (Liu 2014), and, the species in this genus so far collected in China are all distributed in Yunnan Province. This suggests that the abundance of fungi may potentially harbor undiscovered species of this genus.

Key to the species of Neopallodes from China1

1 Dorsal surface without color spots (Figs 1, 3, 18) 2
– Dorsal surface with dark spots (Figs 19, 20) 4
2 Outer apical angle of protibia without distinctly raised tooth (Fig. 9); scutellum subtriangular with round apex (Figs 1, 3); prosternum slightly carinate with moderately subflattened process slightly widened at subtruncate apex and not bend to mesoventrite between mesocoxa; abdominal ventrite 1 much longer than hypopygidium (Figs 2, 4) 3
– Outer apical angle of protibia with distinctly raised tooth; scutellum trapezoidal (Fig. 18); prosternum strongly carinate with process extremely widened at round apex and bend to mesoventrite between mesocoxa; abdominal ventrite 1 scarcely longer than hypopygidium N. dentatus Grouvelle, 1892
3 Base of pronotum nearly three times as wide as long; antennal club subequal with or wider than prosternal process, antennal club subequal in length with antennomeres 2–8 together, antennomere 11 about as long as wide, antennomere 9 subequal in length with antennomere11; metaventrite without punctures in the middle and with fine and sparse punctures laterally N. inermis (Reitter, 1885)
– Base of pronotum nearly 2.4 times as wide as long (Figs 1, 3); antennal club narrower than prosternal process; antennal club distinctly shorter than antennomeres 2–8 together, antennomere 11 wider than long, antennomere 9 shorter than antennomere11 (Fig. 8); metaventrite with fine punctures in the middle and large, sparse punctures laterally (Figs 2, 4) N. nigrescens sp. nov.
4 Outer apical angle of protibia without distinctly raised tooth; antennal club distinctly shorter than antennomeres 2–8 together; dorsal surface usually without color spots N. vicinus Grouvelle, 1892
– Outer apical angle of protibia with distinctly raised tooth; antennal club longer than or subequal with antennomeres 2–8 together; dorsal surface usually with distinct, large, blackish spots 5
5 Prosternal process flat apically; pronotum without dark spots at base; elytral surface with not quite regular longitudinal rows of punctures N. hilleri (Reitter, 1877)
– Prosternal process carinate apically; pronotum with distinct, dark spots at base; elytral surface with distinctly regular longitudinal rows of punctures 6
6 Antennal club longer than antennomeres 2–8 together; elytra with longitudinal rows of punctures not quite regular at basal third; elytra with large, blackish spots at humeral angles; pronotum with two subcircular, blackish spots; protibia with strongly raised tooth. (Fig. 20) N. vietnamicus (Kirejtshuk, 1987)
– Antennal club subequal in length with antennomeres 2–8 together; elytra with clearly longitudinal rows of punctures, including their basal third; elytra without spots at humeral angles; pronotum with two subtriangular, blackish spots; protibia with moderately raised tooth. (Fig. 19) N. falsus (Grouvelle, 1913)

Neopallodes nigrescens Chen & Huang, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/C50B513E-2F59-4C59-9199-EF629E6C36F3
Figs 1–17

Type material

Holotype , ♂: China: Yunnan Province, Chuxiong City, Zixi Mountain, 2450 m a.s.l., 13-VII-2018, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU). Paratypes, 5♂♂: Yunnan Province, Dali City, Cangshan Mountain, 2610 m a.s.l., 25°39'51"N, 100°07'10"W, 05-VI-2018, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU); 1♂: Yunnan Province, Qujing City, Junzi Mountain, 2310 m a.s.l., 30-VII-2018, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU); 2♂♂: Yunnan Province, Qujing City, Yehuagou, 1980 m a.s.l., 05-VII-2018, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU); 3♂♂, 8♀♀: Same as holotype; 2♂♂: Guizhou Province, Bijie City, Shangdi Mountain, 2240 m a.s.l., 26°52'13"N, 104°18'02"W, 06-VII-2018, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU).

Description

Body size (♂): length 2.7–3.7, width 2.1–3.1 mm.

Body : Body shiny, dorsum glabrous, abdomen with sparse and inconspicuous hairs, moderately convex dorsally and ventrally. Dorsal and ventral surface blackish with antennae and tarsi lighter, or dorsal surface blackish with elytra brightly brownish orange, ventral surface yellowish brown with metaventrite darker (Figs 1–4).

Dorsal habitus : Head somewhat depressed with medium-sized eyes, punctures larger than eye-facets. Lobes of labrum clearly exposed with short excision (Fig. 5). Mandible exposed from under lobes of labrum, with four small teeth on apical edge (Fig. 15). Length of antenna subequal with head width, scape subcylindrical, slightly curved and about 1.5 times as long as wide, pedicel approximately subcylindrical and nearly 1.5 times as long as wide, antennomere 3 narrowed basally, antennomeres 3 and 4 longer than wide, antennomere 4 longer than antennomere 5, each of antennomeres 5–8 wider than long, antennal club compact and asymmetrical, with length nearly 0.6 times of total antennal length, antennomere 11 shorter than antennomeres 9–10 together (Fig. 8). Pronotum widest at base and arcuately narrowed to apex; anterior edge deeply emarginate; posterior edge vaulted with clear projection covering base of scutellum, anterior and posterior angles blunt; surface with punctures round, slightly smaller than eye-facets and separated by 2.7–5.7 puncture diameters; interspaces smooth to alutaceous. Scutellum subtriangular with round apex, with punctures scattered and separated by 0.7–1.9 puncture diameters. Elytra about 0.9 times as long as wide together, widest at basal 1/3; surface with regular longitudinal rows of large punctures separated by 0.8–1.3 diameters in rows; rows separated from each other by 5.3–6.9 puncture diameters; interspaces microreticular, between rows of large punctures with irregular row of very fine and sparse punctures. Pygidium markedly wider than long, subtruncate at apex and with dense punctures subequal to those on pronotum (Fig. 6). Anal sclerite slightly wider than long (Fig. 7).

Ventral habitus : Terminal maxillary palpomere elongate and subconical (Fig. 16). Terminal labial palpomere narrowing apically. Mentum pentagonal with sparse, large punctures along posterior edge (Fig. 13). Antennal grooves strongly convergent behind mentum. Prosternum convex medially, with moderately subflattened process, slightly widened at subtruncate apex, and about 1.7 times as wide as scape. Mesoventrite moderately carinate. Metaventrite with finer punctures in middle and coarser punctures laterally. Metepisternum somewhat narrower than antennal club and with distinct, large punctures. Epipleura almost 0.6 times as wide as antennal club long. Abdominal ventrite 1 longest, about 1.6 times as long as hypopygidium and 2.1 times longer than each of ventrites 2–4. Hypopygidium rounded at apex. Submesocoxal line almost rectilinearly deviating from posterior edge of mesocoxal cavity (Figs 2, 4). Distance between metacoxae more than three times as great as that between procoxae, and about twice as great as that between mesocoxae.

Protibia artcuately curved, about as wide as antennal club, with rounded outer apical angle and with apical angle round (Fig. 9); meso- and metatibiae almost subtriangular and slightly narrower than protibia, both with rows of dense setae along outer edge. Femora 1.8 times as wide as corresponding tibiae. Metatarsus shorter than corresponding tibia.

Male genitalia : Tegmen narrow, strongly sclerotized and rounded apically, about 4.3 times as long as wide, with short setae disposed along middle of tegmen and forming an X-like figure; also with long setae along sides and at apex (Fig. 10). Penis trunk about 2.1 times as long as wide and 0.4 times long as tegmen, with apex widely rounded and with two wide apical lobes narrowed apically (Fig. 11).

Female : Body size: length 2.9–3.5, width 2.1–2.8 mm. Ovipositor moderately sclerotized, gonocoxal apex acuminate (Fig. 14).

Variability

Some variation is observable in coloration and punctures. The holotype and paratypes from Chuxiong City, Zixi Mountain, and Qujing City, Yehuagou (all Yunnan Province) are subunicolorous black, while the paratypes from Dali City, Cangshan Mountain, and Qujing City, Junzi Mountain (all Yunnan Province) and from Bijie City, Shangdi Mountain (Guizhou Province) are blackish with brightly brownish elytra.

Diagnosis

Neopallodes nigrescens can be distinguished from other species of the genus Neopallodes by its unique body color (dorsal surface blackish or with elytra brightly brownish orange), elytra with regular longitudinal rows of large punctures and not quite regular longitudinal rows of small punctures arranged alternately and tegmen with short setae forming an X-like figure. This taxon is similar to N. inermis, but differs from it in: antennal club distinctly shorter than antennomeres 2–8 combined; metaventrite with fine punctures in the middle and with large, sparse punctures laterally; tegmen with short setae forming an X-like figure; penis trunk with round apex.

Name derivation

The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word “nigrescens” (= blackening) referring to the color of dorsal surface of most specimens.

Figures 1–17. 

Neopallodes nigrescens sp. nov. (male) 1, 3 body, dorsal 2, 4 body, ventral 5 head, dorsal 6 pygidium 7 anal sclerite, ventral 8 left antenna, dorsal 9 left profemur and protibia, dorsal 10 tegmen, dorsal 11 penis trunk, dorsal 12 ovipositor, ventral 13 mentum and inner edges of antennal grooves, ventral 14 prosternal process, ventral 15 left mandible, dorsal 16 left maxillary palpus, ventral 17 anterior part of mesoventrite, ventral 1–2, 5–17 specimen from “Yunnan Province, Chuxiong City, Zixi Mountain” 3, 4 specimen from “Yunnan Province, Dali City, Cangshan Mountain” Scale bars: 1 cm (1–4); 0.2 cm (5–12); 0.2 cm (13–16); 0.2 cm (17).

Neopallodes dentatus Grouvelle, 1892

Figs 18, 21, 22

Neopallodes dentatus Grouvelle 1892: 849

Neopallodes dentatus Kirejtshuk 1994: 230

Material examined

26♂♂, 22♀♀, China: Yunnan Province, Chuxiong City, Zixi Mountain, 2450 m a.s.l., 25°00'59"N, 101°24'10"W, 13-VIII-2018, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU); 2♂♂: Shaanxi Province, Ziyang County, Fenghuang Mountain Bell and Drum Tower Scenic Area, 27-VI-2018, Yuru YANG (NWAFU).

Distribution

China (Yunnan, Shaanxi), Myanmar

Neopallodes falsus Grouvelle, 1913

Figs 19, 23, 24

Pallodes harmandi Grouvelle 1903:117, non Grouvelle 1902: 17; Grouvelle 1908: 392; Grouvelle 1913:169

Pallodes falsus Grouvelle, 1913b: 398

Neopallodes lindskogi Kirejtshuk 1987: 158

Neopallodes falsus Kirejtshuk 1994: 237

Material examined

3♂♂, China: Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Ailao Mountain, 2200 m a.s.l., 20-VII-2017, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU); 7♂♂, 6♀♀, China: Yunnan Province, Qujing City, Junzi Mountain, 2150 m a.s.l., 14-VII-2017, 30-VII-2018, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU).

Distribution

China (Yunnan), India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal

Neopallodes vietnamicus Kirejtshuk, 1987

Figs 20, 25, 26

Neopallodes vietnamicus Kirejtshuk 1987: 152.

Material examined

1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Mopanshan Forest Park, 2300 m a.s.l., 22-VI-2016, Meike LIU (NWAFU); 2♂♂, China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Ailao Mountain, 2220 m a.s.l., 20-VII-2017, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU); 1♂, China: Yunnan, Qujing City, Junzi Mountain, 2300 m a.s.l., 14-VII-2017, Xiaoxiao CHEN (NWAFU).

Distribution

China (Yunnan), India, Myanmar, Vietnam

Figures 18–26. 

Neopallodes dentatus, N. falsus, and N. vietnamicus 18, 21, 22 N. dentatus (male): 18 dorsal view 21 tegmen, dorsal 22 penis trunk, dorsal. 19, 23, 24 N. falsus (male): 19 dorsal view 23 tegmen, dorsal 24 penis trunk, dorsal. 20, 25–26 N. vietnamicus (male): 20 dorsal view 25 tegmen, dorsal 26 penis trunk, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 cm (18–20); 0.2 cm (21–26).

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Chinese Central Universities (Z109021305). We would like to express our gratitude to Prof. A.G. Kirejtshuk (Russian Academy of Sciences) for providing us with important literature and for helping us in the identification of specimens. We also thank Prof. John Richard Schrock (Emporia State University, USA) for proofreading of the manuscript and giving us with valuable advice before submission. We also greatly appreciate the members of our lab for helping collect specimens. In addition, we thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve the manuscript.

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1 after Kirejtshuk 1994.
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