Citation: Tang L, Li L-Z, He W-J (2014) The genus Scaphidium Olivier in East China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae). ZooKeys 403: 47–96. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.403.7220
A review of 21 species of Scaphidium Olivier from East China is presented, including 6 new species: S. jinmingi sp. n. (Zhejiang, Anhui, Chongqing), S. crypticum sp. n. (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi), S. varifasciatum sp. n. (Zhejiang, An’hui), S. robustum sp. n. (Fujian, Guizhou, Chongqing, Guangxi, Yunnan), S. connexum sp. n. (Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi), and S. bayibini sp. n. (An’hui). New province records for S. comes Löbl, S. grande Gestro, S. sauteri Miwa & Mitono, S. formosanum Pic, S. carinense Achard, S. sinense Pic, S. delatouchei Achard, S. biwenxuani He, Tang & Li, S. klapperichi Pic, S. stigmatinotum Löbl, S. wuyongxiangi He, Tang & Li, and S. direptum Tang & Li as well as some biological notes are reported. Habitus and diagnostic characters of all species are photographed and a key to Scaphidium species of East China is provided.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae, Scaphidium, new species, East China
Scaphidium Olivier (1790) is a large genus of the subfamily Scaphidiinae, with 338 species (including two fossil species) known world-wide (
The collecting data suggest that the most species-rich areas in East China are Tianmushan (North Zhejiang) and Wuyishan (border of Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi). Most species have been found there and especially worthy to note is Wuyishan which has two endemic species, Scaphidium fukiense and Scaphidium vernicatum. The Yaoluoping Natural Reserve in Dabieshan in West Anhui is also worth special attention: two unique species, Scaphidium spinatum and Scaphidium bayibini, are known only from there while their close relatives, Scaphidium grande and Scaphidium klapperichi are widespread.
Specimens examined during the preparation of this paper were mainly collected from East China and killed with ethyl acetate. For examination of male genitalia, the last two abdominal segments were detached from the body after softening specimens in hot water. The aedeagi were mounted in Euparal (Chroma Gesellschaft Schmidt, Koengen, Germany) on plastic slides. Photos of the aedeagi were taken with a Canon G7 attached to Olympus SZX 16 stereomicroscope; photos of the antennae, front legs and habitus were taken with a Canon macro photo lens MP-E 65mm attached to a Canon EOS7D camera.
The type specimens and additional material treated in this study are deposited in the following public and private collections:
CBWX Private collection of Wen-Xuan BI, Shanghai, P. R. China
CZTX Private collection of Tie-Xiong Zhao, Zhuji, Zhejaing, P. R. China
HBUM Museum of Hebei University, P. R. China (Guo-Dong Ren)
IOZ Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hong-Bin Liang)
MHNG Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland (Ivan Löbl)
NHRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden (Bert Gustafsson)
NMPC Narodní Muzeum, Entomologické odd., Praha, Czech Republic (Martin Fikáček)
SEM Shanghai Entomology Museum, the Chinese Academy of Science, P. R. China (X.-W. Liu)
SHNU Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, P. R. China (Liang Tang)
SYSU Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China (Feng-Long Jia)
TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan (Chi-Feng Lee)
The abbreviation BL is used for the body length, measured from the anterior margin of the clypeus to the apex of the abdomen.
http://zoobank.org/F0FFD88F-6CB7-4E04-87FB-C49286D55880
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_jinmingi
Figs 1, 2, 58–61Holotype. Zhejiang: ♂, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan, alt. 1400 m, 10.VII.2008, Y.-X. Wu & M. Jin leg. “Holotype / Scaphidum jinmingi/ Tang & Li” [red handwritten label] (SHNU). Paratypes. Zhejiang: 3♂♂3♀♀, same data as the holotype (1 pair in MHNG, remaining in SHNU); 2♂♂1♀, Anji County, Longwangshan, N 30°24', E 119°21', alt. 1200–1500m, 8.IV.2012, Bi, Hu & Yin leg. (1♂ in CBWX, remaining in SHNU); 2♀♀, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan, alt. 1500 m, 17–18.V.2008, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 1♂3♀♀, Anji County, Longwangshan, N 30°23', E 119°26', alt. 1450m, 14.V.2013, C.-C. Dai leg. (SHNU). Anhui: 3♂♂2♀♀, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping N. R., Duozhijian, 30°58'38"N, 116°6'59"E, alt. 1650m, 19.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU). Chongqing: 1♂, Chengkou County, East Daba Shan, lower Huang’an Gou, 31°51'227"N, 109°7'174"E, alt. 2039m, 22–23.IV.2008, H. Huang & W. Xu leg. (SHNU).
BL: 4.1–4.8 mm.
Body black with distinct blue to violet metallic luster, labrum light brown, antennal club (Fig. 60) blackish, tarsi dark brown.
Frons coarsely and densely punctate, punctures near inner side of eyes relatively small and a little confluent.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, not interrupted at middle, with punctures very coarse and more or less longitudinal; discal punctation almost evenly coarse and rather dense, consisting of deep punctures, a little coarser than those on frons, puncture intervals mostly 0.8 to 1.5 times as large as their diameters.
Elytra with sides relatively parallel. Disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum, punctures coarse on middle portion and less coarse on lateral portion and near suture; discal puncture row absent; basal stria row with punctures about as coarse as those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven, with fine and very sparse punctures, without microsculpture.
Mesepisterna with very fine and sparse punctures.
Abdominal tergites with relatively coarse and dense punctures. Sternite III with dense micropunctures on basal half and lateral portions, remaining sternites with dense micropunctures only on lateral parts. Reticular microsculpture appearing rarely and irregularly on sternites.
Legs relatively short, mesotibiae and metatibiae slightly curved.
Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 2) as in female, without setiferous patch. Protibiae (Fig. 61) with ventral side weakly expanded at apical 1/4 forming a tiny blunt angle. Segments 1 to 3 of protarsi widened with dense pubescence on ventral side. Median lobe of aedeagus (Fig. 58) with sclerotized internal sac (Fig. 59) consisting of two apical sclerotized rods and subapical transverse sclerite.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 1, 2 Scaphidium jinmingi 3, 4 Scaphidium jizuense (Holotype). Scales = 1 mm.
China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Chongqing).
The new species is unique within Chinese Scaphidium by the male metaventrite lacking a setiferous patch. The new species is very similar to Scaphidium jizuense Löbl, 1999 from Yunnan and Scaphidium cyanellum Oberthür, 1884 from Nepal and India in general appearance. It can be distinguished from Scaphidium jizuense by a stouter terminal antennal segment, less distinct blunt angle of the male protibiae, prohypomera without microsculpture, and with fine punctures (in Scaphidium jizuense prohypomera are microsculptured and without punctures), from Scaphidium cyanellum by the stouter terminal antennal segment and the coarser elytral punctation.
This species is named in honor of Mr. Ming Jin, who firstly collected specimens of the new species.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_comes
Figs 5, 6, 62–65, 142–144Zhejiang: 1♂5♀♀, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan, alt. 350m, 1.V.2006, Y.-X. Wu leg. (SHNU); 1♂2♀♀, same locality but alt. 300m, 29.V.2008, Huang & Yan leg. (SHNU). Hunan: 4♂♂6♀♀, Xiangtan City, Zhaoshan County, 30.I.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU). Hubei: 1♂1♀, Wufeng County, Houhe N. R., 30°5'7"N, 110°33'11"E, 9.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 6♂♂7♀♀, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan N. R., 300–400m, 23.IV.2011, Zhai, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU). Hainan: 1♂, Baishan County, Yinggeling N. R., 3.XII.2007, G.-Y. Yang leg. (SHNU)
China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Hainan), North Korea.
These are new records to Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and Hainan. The species is similar to Scaphidium jinmingi, but it can be easily recognized by the entirely black coloration which is metallic blue in Scaphidium jinmingi. The coloration of the femora is variable, being reddish in a few specimens from Zhejiang and more than half of the specimens from Hunan.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 5, 6 Scaphidium comes 7, 8 Scaphidium fukiense. Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_fukiense
Figs 7, 8, 66–69Lectotype. Fujian: 1♂, Kuatun, 1.VIII.1946. (NHRS).
Fujian: 1♂2♀♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun Vil., 27°44'N, 117°38'E, alt. 1200–1300m, 24.V.2012, Dai, Peng & Song leg. (SHNU).
China (Fujian).
The species is similar to Scaphidium biseriatum Champion, 1927 and its allies, but can be distinguished from them by the smaller body size and the reddish femora. It is possibly endemic to Wuyishan.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_grande
Figs 9, 10, 70–73, 145–150Chongqing: 1♂, Jiangjin, Simianshan, 10.VII.2005, W.-W. Zhang leg. (SHNU). Sichuan: 1♀, Luding, Moxi, alt. 1300m, 20.V.2009, W.-J. He leg. (SHNU). Guizhou: 1♀, Fanjingshan, Heiwan Reiver, 800m, 3.VIII.2001, Dong leg. (IOZ). Hunan: 1♀, Tongdao County, Shangyan, 24.VII.2004, J.-L. Wang (HBUM); 3♂♂2♀♀, Yanling County, Taoyuandong Park, 26°29'14"N, 114°0'42"E, alt. 770m, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Zhejiang: 1♂1♀, Kaihua County, Gutianshan, N29°15, E118°7', alt. 770m, 16.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Fujian: 1♂, Yong’an County, Xiyang, 19.IV.1962, G.-Y. JIN leg. (NO. 24110832, SEM); 1♀, Fuzhou City, Shoushan, Beifeng, V.2004, M. Li leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Wuyishan, 27.V.2002, Li Li- Zhen leg. (SHNU); 2♀♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun, 27°44'N, 117°38'E, alt. 1000–1300m, 29–30.V.2012, Song, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU). Guangdong: 1♂, Nanxiong City, Yuntan street, 3.V.2007, B.-P. Huang leg. (SHNU). Yunnan: 1♂, Menla, alt. 670m, 21.IV.1982, Yu leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Jinghong City, 11.VI.1973, G.-T. Jin leg. (NO. 24038143, SEM); 1♂, Jinghong City, Nabanhe N. R., Manfei, alt. 630 m, 29.VII.2005, LI & LI leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Menlun, Xipian, alt. 985m, 1.IV.2009, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Menla, Wangtianshu, alt. 600m, 5.IV.2009, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Menla, Nanman Vil., alt. 900m, 7.IV.2009, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂, Xishuangbanna botanical garden, 20.IV.2010, X.-Y. Zhu leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 1♂, Rong’an County, Xishan Forest Farm, Hongchagou, 26.VII.2006, Yang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Shangsi County, Pinglongshan, 6.IV.2002, alt. 350–500m, A.-M. Shi leg. (HBUM); 7♂♂9♀♀, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan, alt 300–500m, 23–25.IV.2011, Zhai, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 13♂♂7♀♀, Xing’an County, Mao’ershan, Gaozhai, alt. 440m, 7.8.VII.2011, He, Tang, Peng, Ma, Chen & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂4♀♀, Jinxiu County, Yinshan Bohuzhan, alt. 1200m, 22–27.VII.2011, Peng, Hu & Yin leg. (SHNU); 2♀♀, Jinxiu County, Shengtangshan, alt. 700–900m, 28–29.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU) Hainan: 1♀, Lingshui County, Diaoluoshan, 1100m, 29.III.1999, W.-Y. Zhou leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Wuzhishan City, Shuiman, 23–25. May.2007, Ba & Lang leg. (HBUM); 1♂, Limushan, alt. 800m, 20.IV.2009, X.-Y. Zhu leg. (SHNU); 6♂♂3♀♀, Linshui County, Diaoluoshan, alt. 1000m, 18–23.IV.2010, Z.-W. Yin leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂2♀♀, Changjiang County, Bawangling, alt. 1000m, 10.IV.2010, B.-P. Huang leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂3, Ledong County, Jianfengling, alt. 1000m, 17–24.V.2011, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU).
China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan?), Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia.
This is new record to Zhejiang. The species is one of the most widely distributed species in China while its relatives are restricted to rather smaller areas. The main differences between these species affect the male characters (see
Habitus of Scaphidium. 9, 10 Scaphidium grande 11, 12 Scaphidium spinatum. Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_spinatum
Figs 11, 12, 74–77, 163Holotype. Anhui: ♂, Yuexi Couty, Yaoluoping Vil., 17.VII.2007–4.VIII.2007, Ba, Lang & Wang leg. (HBUM). Paratypes. 6♂♂12♀♀, same data as for the holotype (1♂1♀ in SHNU, remaining in HBUM).
Anhui: 3♂♂9♀♀, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping, alt. 1050–1650m, 17–21.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU).
China (Anhui).
The species can be distinguished from it allies by a spine on the male profemur.
http://zoobank.org/DF2BCA13-FB3A-4656-A697-36F1906E4191
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_crypticum
Figs 13–16, 78–81, 151, 152Holotype. Zhejiang: ♂, Longquan City, Fengyangshan, alt. 1100 m, 5.VI.2008, W.-X. Bi leg. “Holotype / Scaphidium crypticum/ Tang & Li” [red handwritten label] (SHNU). Paratypes. Zhejiang: 3♂♂, same data as for the holotype (SHNU); 1♀, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu, 8.VII.2009, Z.-W. Yin leg. (SHNU). Fujian: 2♂♂3♀♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun Vil., 27°44'N, 117°38'E, alt 1100–1500m, 25–29.V.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (1 pair in MHNG, remaining in SHNU); 1♂, Wuyishan City, Guadun Vil., 27°44'27"N, 117°37'57"E, alt 1200–1300m, 29.V.2012, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU). Jiangxi: 2♂♂1♀, Yichun City, Fengxin County, Baizhang Vil., 28°41'18"N, 114°46'13"E, alt. 840–860m, 15.VII.2013, Hu & Lv leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 1♂, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan, alt. 300–500m, 4.V.2011, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., alt. 1200m, 13.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Jinxiu County, 16km away, alt. 900m, 29.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU).
BL: 4.4–5.1 mm.
Body reddish-yellow. Frons with a triangular blackish median fascia (Fig. 16) on vertex. Antennal club (Fig. 80) blackish with terminal segment slightly lighter in basal 2/3 and distinctly lighter in apical 1/3. Pronotum with two longitudinal black fasciae. Each elytron with one small black humeral spot, one large black median fascia and blackish suture. Prohypomera blackish along the inner side. Prosternum, mesoventrite and metaventrite black. Abdominal sternite III widely black on median portion. Trochanter more or less blackish. Femora blackish except ventral side reddish yellow. A specimen from Guangxi (Fig. 15) with slightly variable coloration: prohypomera and prosternum yellow, mesoventrite and trochanter reddish, femora yellow.
Scaphidium spp. 13, 14 habitus of Scaphidium crypticum (Zhejiang) 15 habitus of Scaphidium crypticum (Guangxi) 16 head of Scaphidium crypticum 17 pronotum of Scaphidium varifasciatum. Scales = 1 mm.
Frons finely and sparsely punctate, punctures of vertex coarser than those on remaining surface.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation similar to that of vertex, intervals as broad as 1.5 to 2 puncture diameter.
Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except that on apical impression which is very coarse and dense; each elytron with 3 long discal puncture rows consisting of very coarse punctures, 1st row more or less indistinct, 2nd and 3rd rows distinct; basal stria row with punctures slightly coarser than those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven, with moderately coarse and very shallow punctures.
Mesepisterna finely, sparsely and very shallowly punctate.
Abdominal tergites with relatively fine and sparse punctures. Sternite III with distinct micropunctures on median portions, remaining sternites on basal half with dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.
Legs relatively long, mesotibiae and metatibiae moderately curved.
Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 14) impressed at middle, with long and suberect pubescence. Protibiae (Fig. 81) almost straight with small tubercles along ventral sides. Median lobe of aedeagus (Fig. 78) with sclerotized internal sac (Fig. 79) consisting of two apical sclerotized rods, x-shaped median sclerite and two basal sclerotized rods.
China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi).
The species is similar to Scaphidium biwenxuani in its fascia pattern, but can be distinguished from the latter by the elytra lacking the inner basal black dot and the posterior portion of the head in having a black spot.
The Latin adjective “crypticum” means mysterious.
http://zoobank.org/73435331-5B55-4AFC-A858-DAB6CABA2F1A
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_varifasciatum
Figs 17–19, 82–85Holotype. Zhejiang: ♂, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan, alt. 1000 m, 18.VIII.2011, L. Tang leg. “Holotype / Scaphidium varifasciatum / Tang & Li” [red handwritten label] (SHNU). Paratypes. Zhejiang: 2♂♂2♀♀, same data as for the holotype (1 pair in MHNG, remaining in SHNU); 1♂, Anji City, Longwangshan, 30°27'N, 119°26'E, alt. 300–500m, 7.VI.2012, Hu & Yin leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Anji City, Tonghanggang, 30°24'N, 119°26'E, alt. 1480m, 10.VI.2012, J.-Q. Zhu leg. (SHNU). Anhui: 1♂, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping N. R., Ximianzi Vil., 30°58'55"N, 116°3'49"E, alt. 1050m, 21.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU).
BL: 3.7–4.6 mm.
Body reddish. Antennal club (Fig. 84) blackish with terminal segment slightly lighter in basal half and distinctly lighter in apical half. Pronotal fasciae variable, with pair of faint dots (Fig. 18) to two pairs of black dots, the apical dots sometimes connected to basal dots by black stripe (Fig. 17). Inner halves of prohypomera blackish. Prosternum, mesoventrite and metaventrite black. Abdominal sternite III widely black on median portion. Trochanters more or less blackish. Femora varied from reddish-brown to blackish and tibia varied from reddish to dark brown.
Frons finely and sparsely punctate, punctures on vertex coarser than those on remaining surface.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation similar to that of vertex, puncture intervals as broad as 1.5 to 3 puncture diameter.
Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except that on apical impression which is very coarse and dense; each elytron with 3 long discal puncture rows consisting of very coarse punctures, 1st row short and more or less indistinct, 2nd and 3rd rows long and distinct, rarely the presence of an additional row between 1st row and sutural stria rows may be recognized; basal stria row with punctures slightly coarser than those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven, with few indistinct punctures on posterior portion.
Mesepisterna smooth.
Abdominal tergites with relatively fine and sparse punctures. Sternite III with distinct micropunctures on median portions, remaining sternites on basal half with dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.
Legs relatively long, mesotibiae and metatibiae moderately curved.
Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 19) impressed at middle, with long and suberect pubescence. Protibiae (Fig. 85) almost straight with small tubercles along ventral sides. Median lobe of aedeagus (Fig. 82) with sclerotized internal sac (Fig. 83) consisting of two apical sclerotized rods, x-shaped median sclerite and two basal sclerotized rods.
China (Zhejiang, Anhui).
The species is distinctive for its unique coloration.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 18, 19 Scaphidium varifasciatum 20, 21 Scaphidium sauteri. Scales = 1 mm.
The Latin adjective “varifasciatum” refers to the variable fasciae of the pronotum.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_sauteri
Figs 20, 21, 86–89Fujian: 1♂1♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun Vil., 27°43'59"N, 117°39'3"E, alt. 1000–1100m, 27.V.2012, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU); 1♂: ibidem, 27°44'25"N, 117°38'9"E, alt. 1200–1300m, 26.V.2012, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU). Anhui: 1♀, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping N. R., Ximianzi Vil., 30°58'55"N, 116°3'49"E, alt. 1050m, 21.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU). Zhejiang: 1♂, Kaihua County, Gutianshan, 29°14'N, 118°6'E, alt. 320m, 20.V.2013, J.-Y. Hu leg. (SHNU); ibidem, 29°14'N, 118°8'E, alt. 400–500m, 19.VI.2013, Lv & Xie leg. (SHNU). Jiangxi: 1♂3♀♀, Jinggangshan City, Ciping, alt. 850m, 18.X.2010, Peng, Zhai & Zhu leg. (SHNU). Guangdong: 1♀, Shaoguan City, Ruokeng, 30.VIII.2008, B.-P. Huang leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 1♀, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., 28.X.2009, Y. Liu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., Anjiangping, alt. 1200m, 13.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU)
China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan).
The type depository of the species is TARI and the photo of the type specimen was sent to us by Dr. Chi-Feng Lee. Each pronotal fascia of the type extends to lateral side basally along the antebasal puncture row, which is absent in specimens from mainland China; this is temporarily considered as intra-specific variability. In the habitus photo, there is a black spot on the vertex similar to that in Fig. 16, which is covered by the pronotum.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_formosanum
Figs 22–25, 90–93Jiangxi: 1♀, Kiangsi, 1929, J Sedlacek Collection (MHNG). Fujian: 1♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun Vil., 27°43'1"N, 117°39'26"E, alt. 1000–1100m, 31.V.2012, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU). Guangdong: 1♀, Ruyuan County, Nanling N. R., alt. 1050m, 15.VII.2012, L. Ning leg. (SHNU). Yunnan: 1♀, Baoshan City, Baihualing, 25°16'46"N, 98°47'20"E, alt. 1350–1450m, 22.IV.2013, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 1♂, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan N. R., alt. 300–700m, 24.IV.2011, Zhai, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 3♂♂2♀♀, Jinxiu County, Shengtangshan, alt. 700m, 28.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Damingshan, 23°23'N, 108°29'E, alt. 1200–1300m, 30.VII.2012, Hu & Song leg. (SHNU). Taiwan: 1♂, Fuliosha, 09.VIII. (NMPC). Hainan: 1♂1♀, Changjiang County, Bawangling, alt. 1000m, 10.IV.2010, B.-P. Huang leg. (SHNU); 6♂♂1♀, Ledong County, Jianfengling N. R., alt. 1000m, 18.V.2011, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Wuzhishan City, Shuiman, Wuzhishan, alt. 700m, 18.IV.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU); 9♂♂1♀, Ledong County, Jianfengling N. R., Mingfenggou, 18°44'N, 108°50'E, alt. 950m, 29.IV.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU)
China (Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan).
These are new province records to Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan. Specimens from Hainan (Figs 24, 25) have smaller black marks, especially on the ventral side and legs, the second inner black spot is absent in approximately half of the specimens. However, no differences are found in sexual characters, suggesting that the Hainan population may represent a new subspecies. The species is very similar to Scaphidium baconi Pic, 1915 (see
Habitus of Scaphidium formosanum. 22, 23 (Guagnxi) 24, 25 (Hainan). Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_carinense
Figs 26, 27, 94–97, 153Lectotype. Myanmar: ♀, Carin Cheba. (NMPC).
Hubei: 2♂♂5♀♀, Wufeng County, Houhe N. R., 30°5'7"N, 110°33'11"E, alt. 1200m, 9.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Fujian: 12♂♂8♀♀, Guadun, Wuyishan, 27°44'N, 117°38'E, alt. 1000–1400m, 26–29.V.2012, Peng, Dai & Song leg. (SHNU). Sichuan: Shimian County, Liziping, Zima Vil., 28°59'N, 102°16'E, alt. 1800m, 16.VII.2012, Peng, Dai & Yin leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 56♂♂17♀♀, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., Anjiangping, alt. 1200–1300m, 13–18.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU); 16♂♂5♀♀, Jinxiu County, l6km away, alt. 900m, 29–31.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU); 10♂♂6♀♀, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan, alt. 300–700m, 24.25.IV.2011, Zhai, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU). Yunnan: 10♂♂3♀♀, Menla, Wangtianshu, alt. 600m, 6.VI.2009, Wen-Xuan Bi leg. (SHNU). Hainan: 2♂♂5♀♀, Lingshui County, Diaoluoshan, 18°43'N, 109°51'E, alt. 1000m, 24.IV.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU); 13♂♂12♀♀, Wuzhishan City, Wuzhishan, 18°44'N, 108°50'E, alt. 950m, 29.IV.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU).
China (Hubei, Fujian, Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan), Myanmar.
This is a new province record to Hubei. The species is similar to Scaphidium formosanum Pic and can be distinguished from the latter by its elytra bearing two additional inner puncture rows between the long outer puncture rows and the sutural puncture row.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 26–28 Scaphidium carinense 29 Scaphidium sinense (Zhejiang). Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_sinense
Figs 28–33, 98–101, 154Zhejiang: 1♂, Lin’an City, Tianmushan, alt. 1100m, 2.V.2005, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, alt. 1200m, 6.V.2007, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, 15.VIII.2007, Y.-X. Wu leg. (SHNU); 4♂♂4♀♀, ibidem, alt. 1000m, 7–15.VIII.2010, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, alt. 250m, 15.VIII.2010, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂7♀♀, ibidem, alt. 1000–1200m, 18–21.VIII.2011, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, 30°19'10"N, 119°26'51"E, alt. 410m, 21.X.2013, Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Lin’an City, Pingxi, 30°23'N, 119°28'E, alt. 1000–1100m, 9.VI.2012, J.-Q. Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu, alt. 900–1400m, Hu, Tang & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Kaihua County, Gutianshan, 29°15'N, 118°8'E, 21.VI.2013, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU). Jiangxi: 1♂, Yushan County, Sanqingshan, Fenshui, alt. 400m, 12.X.2010, Peng, Zhai & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Jiulianshan N. R., 27–28.VI.2012, Li leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Yichun City, Mingyueshan Park, 27°35'32"N, 114°17'13"E, alt. 1200–1600m, 12.VII.2013, Song, Yin & Yu leg. (SHNU); 3♂♂5♀♀, Luxi County, Yangjialing, 27°35'3"N, 114°15'2"E, alt. 820m, 15.VII.2013, Song, Yin & Yu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Pingxiang City, Gaozhou County, Gaotianyan, 27°23'51"N, 114°0'54"E, alt. 1025m, 23.VII.2013, Song, Yin & Yu leg. (SHNU). Hunan: 3♀♀, Yanling County, Taoyuandong Park, 26°29'14"N, 114°0'42"E, alt. 770m, 16.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU); 3♂♂3♀♀, Liuyang City, Daweishan, 28°25'28"N, 114°4'52"E, alt. 830m, 22.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂7♀♀, ibidem, 28°25'37"N, 114°7'43"E, alt. 1430m, 21.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 20♂♂20♀♀, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan, alt 300–500m, Zhai, Peng, Zhu & Tang leg. (SHNU); 5♂♂17♀♀, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., Anjiangping, alt. 1200–1300m, 13–16.VII.2011, Ma, Chen, Zhu, Peng, Tang & He leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Jinxiu County, 16km away, alt. 900m, 31.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU).
China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi).
These are new records to Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi. The fascia pattern of pronotum is variable (Figs 29, 30, 32, 33) and the usually bicolored legs are entirely darkened in some individuals. The color pattern is related to geographical populations as suggested by following: approximately half of the specimens from Hunnan, Jiangxi and North Guangxi have the sub-basal and subapical fasciae of the elytra joined along the suture (Fig. 32); in specimens from Shiwandashan in South Guangxi (Fig. 33), the pronotal fasciae tends to indistinct, the sub-basal and subapical fasciae of elytra are round on their inner corners; the body size of the Guangxi population is larger on average (4.4–5.9 mm) than that of other populations (4.1–5.3 mm). The species is similar to Scaphidium harmandi Achard, 1920 (see
Habitus of Scaphidium sinense. 30, 31 (Zhejiang) 32 (Guangxi, Huaping) 33 (Guangxi, Shiwandashan). Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_delatouchei
Figs 34–36, 102–105, 155Zhejiang: 2♂♂, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan, alt. 250m, 15.VIII.2010, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, alt. 1000m, 7.VIII.2010, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, alt. 1000–1200m, 18.VIII.2011, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Anji County, Tonghanggang, 30°24'N, 119°26'E, alt. 1480m, 10.VI.2012, J.-Q. Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, 30°25'N, 119°26'E, alt. 1100m, 11.VI.2012, Hu & Yin leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Anji County, Longwangshan, Qianmutian, 30°24'N, 119°21'E, alt. 1050–1250m, 8.VI.2012, Hu & Yin leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, ibidem, 30°23'59"N, 119°26'26"E, alt. 1350m, 14.V.2013, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU). Hunan: 1♂, Pingliang County, Mufushan, 28°58'18"N, 113°49'55"E, alt. 850m, 25.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Taoyuandong Park, 26°29'14"N, 114°0'42"E, alt. 770m, 16.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU); 2♀♀, Liuyang City, Daweishan, 28°25'37"N, 114°7'43"E, alt. 1430m, 21.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Hubei: 1♀, Wufeng County, Houhe N. R., 37°5'9"N, 110°33'5"E, alt. 1160m, 8.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Anhui: 1♂2♀♀, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping, alt. 1050–1430m, 17–21.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU). Sichuan: 1♂, Qingchengshan, alt. 1100m, 8.VIII.2009, Tang & He leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Tianquan County, Lianglu, Shaochaigou, alt. 1530m, 11.IX.2011, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Tianquan County, Laba River, 30°4'N, 102°25'E, alt. 1400m, 12.VII.2012, Peng, Dai & Yin leg. (SHNU). Yunnan: 2♀♀, Gongshan County, Bingzhongluo, Niwaluo, alt. 1862m, 28°3'287"N, 98°56'995"E, 15.VIII.2006, Y. Liu leg. (SHNU); 7♂♂6♀♀, Binchuan County, Jizushan, alt. 2400m, 18.VII.2010, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂2♀♀, Lijiang City, Hutiaoxia, alt. 1700m, 1.VIII.2010, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Baoshan City, Baihuailing, 25°16'46"N, 98°47'20"E, alt. 1350–1450m, 22.IV.2013, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 1♀, Damingshan, 23°23'N, 108°29'E, alt. 1200–1300m, 30.VII.2012, Hu & Song leg. (SHNU).
China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong).
These are new records to Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan and Guangxi. Most specimens from Jizushan and Hutiaoxia of Central Yunnan have the subapical fascia of elytra reduced to a spot (Fig. 36). The species is distinctive by its coloration and body size.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 34–36 Scaphidium delatouchei 37 Scaphidium biwenxuani (Yunnan). Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_biwenxuani
Figs 37–39, 106–109, 156–162Holotype. Zhejiang: ♂, Anji County, Longwangshan, alt. 950–1200m, 25.IV.2006, Bi & Tang leg. (SHNU).
Zhejiang: 5♂♂2♀♀, same data as for the holotype (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Lin’an City, Tianmushan, alt. 1100m, 24.VIII.2006, Bi & Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, ibidem, 18.IV.2007, Y.-X. Wu leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, 15.VIII.2007, H. Huang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, 2-VIII-2006, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU). Anhui: 4♀♀, Guniujiang, alt. 950–1050m, 28.IV.2005, Hu & Tang leg. (SHNU).
Zhejiang: 10♂♂13♀♀, Lin’an City, Tianmushan, alt. 1000m, 7.VIII.2010, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂, ibidem, alt. 1000m, 19. III.2009, M. Jin leg. (SHNU); 9♂♂8♀♀, ibidem, alt. 1000–1200m, 18–21.VIII.2011, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂5♀♀, ibidem, 12.V.2012, Li leg. (SHNU); 5♂♂8♀♀, Anji County, Longwangshan, alt. 1000–1500m, 8–10.VI.2012, Zhu, Hu & Yin leg. (SHNU); 26♂♂18♀♀, ibidem, alt. 1300–1500m, 14–19.V.2013; Tang, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu, alt. 1500m, 23.IX.2008, L. Tang leg. (SHNU). Sichuan: 1♂2♀♀, Tianquan County, Laba River, 30°4'N, 102°25'E, alt. 1400m, 12.VII.2012, Peng, Dai & Yin leg. (SHNU). Hunan: 1♂, Yanling County, Taoyuandong Park, 26°29'14"N, 114°0'42"E, alt. 770m, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU). Hubei: 1♂4♀♀, Wufeng County, Houhe N. R., 30°5'7"N, 110°33'11"E, alt. 1200m, 9.VII.2013, Dai, Peng & Xie leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, 3.VIII.2013, H. Huang leg. (SHNU). Jiangxi: 1♂4♀♀, Yichun City, Mingyueshan Park, 27°35'32"N, 114°17'13"E, alt. 1200–1600m, 12.VII.2013, Song, Yin & Yu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, 27°35'44"N, 114°16'26"E, alt. 1140m, 23.X.2013, Song, Yin & Yan leg. (SHNU). Guizhou: 1♀, Leishan County, Leigongshan, Lianhuaping, 13.VIII.2011, H. Xu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Suiyang County, Kuankuoshui N. R., Gongtonggou, alt. 1550m, 9.VI.2010, Yin, Zhai & Liu leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 3♂♂, Jinxiu County, Shengtangshan, alt. 1900m, 25.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU); 2♀♀, Jinxiu County, Yinshan Baohuzhan, alt. 1200m, 23.VII.2011, Zhu, Hu & Song leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan, alt. 300–700m, 23.IV.2011, Zhai, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., Anjiangping, alt. 1200m, 13.VII.2011, Tang & He leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Damingshan, 23°23'N, 108°29'E, alt. 1200–1300m, 30.VII.2012, Hu & Song leg. (SHNU). Yunnan: Daweishan N. R., Yuping, alt. 2000m, 20.V.2009, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU).
China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi).
These are new records to Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan. The pattern of the fasciae in this species is rather invariable though it is distinctly bold in the specimen from Yunnan (Fig. 37). The species is similar to Scaphidium robustum sp. n., for differences see remarks below.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 38, 39 Scaphidium biwenxuani (Zhejiang) 40, 41 Scaphidium robustum. Scales = 1 mm.
http://zoobank.org/D8B83013-0ED1-47A6-8B66-FBD104B785D7
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_robustum
Figs 40, 41, 110–113Holotype. Fujian: ♂, Wuyishan City, Guadun Vil., 27°44'N, 117°37'E, alt. 1200–1500m, 28.V.2012, Peng & Dai leg. “Holotype / Scaphidium robustum / Tang & Li” [red handwritten label] (SHNU).
Fujian: 1♀, same data as for the holotype (SHNU); 1♂3♀♀, ibidem, 27°44'N, 117°38'E, alt. 1100–1500m, 27.V.2012, Dai, Peng & Song leg. (1 pair in MHNG, remaining in SHNU). Chongqing: 2♂♂, Nanchuan, Jinfoshan, 29°2'N, 107°11'E, alt. 1000–1300m, 8.IV.2012, H. Huang leg. (SHNU). Guizhou: 1♂, Leishan County, Leigongshan, Lianhuaping, 15.IX.2005, Y. Liu leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 1♂, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., Anjiangping, alt. 1400–1700m, 14.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Jinxiu County, l6km away, alt. 900m, 31.VII.2011, Z. Peng leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Jinxiu County, Shengtangshan, alt. 1200–1400m, 25.VII.2011, Hu & Yin leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Nanning City, Damingshan, alt. 1200m, 21–23.IV.2012, Li leg. (SHNU). Yunnan: 1♂, Lushui County, Pianma, 9–11.V.2004, Yang & Liu leg. (HBUM).
BL: 5.7–6.4 mm.
Body mostly reddish-brown with ventral side, except head and sternites, slightly darker. Antennal club (Fig. 112) blackish with terminal segment entirely yellowish. Pronotum with two longitudinal black fasciae, each fascia usually extends laterally basally along the antebasal puncture row, sometimes reduced to longitudinal fascia at middle and separated small lateral spot. Elytra blackish, each with two orange fasciae. Subhumeral fascia tridentate anteriorly and bidentate posteriorly. Subapical fascia curved towards base with apicolateral part extending to apicolateral corner of elytron.
Frons finely, sparsely and very shallowly punctate, punctures of vertex coarser than those of remaining portion.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, continuous in middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation similar to that of vertex, puncture intervals as broad as 1.5 to 4 puncture diameter.
Elytra with disc almost even apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except on coarser and more densely punctuated apical portion; each elytron with one indistinct discal puncture rows consisting of slightly coarser punctures; basal stria row with punctures similar to those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven and smooth.
Mesepisterna finely, sparsely and very shallowly punctate.
Abdominal tergites with relatively fine and sparse punctures and very dense micropunctures. Sternite III with distinct micropunctures especially on median portions, remaining sternites with dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.
Legs relatively long, mesotibiae and metatibiae moderately curved.
Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 41) impressed at middle, with long and suberect pubescence. Protibiae (Fig. 113) slightly sinuate. Median lobe of aedeagus (Fig. 110) with longitudinal bands well developed, sclerotized internal sac (Fig. 111) consisting of one x-shaped apical sclerite and a complex of basal sclerites.
China (Fujian, Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan).
The new species is similar to Scaphidium biwenxuani, but can be distinguished from the latter by its larger and broader body, the smaller inner black dot near scutellum, the slender antennal club and the terminal antennal segment entirely yellowish, while in Scaphidium biwenxuani it is yellowish in apical third.
The Latin adjective “robustum” refers to the robust body form.
http://zoobank.org/5C421CE6-1019-4E21-9BF1-1681FCE7FA5C
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_bayibini
Figs 42, 43, 114–117Holotype. Anhui: ♂, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping N. R., Ximianzi Vil., 30°58'55"N, 116°3'49"E, alt. 1050m, 21.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. “Holotype / Scaphidum bayibini / Tang & Li” [red handwritten label] (SHNU).
Anhui: 1♀, same data as for the holotype (SHNU); 1♂, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping, Xiaoqiling, 18–19.VII.2007, Ba, Lang & Wang leg. (HBUM); 1♀, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping Vil., 30.VII–4.VIII.2007, Ba, Lang & Wang leg. (HBUM).
BL: 6.8–7.5 mm.
Body black with antennal segments I–VI and tarsi brownish. Antennal club (Fig. 116) blackish with terminal segment slightly lighter in apical 1/3. Elytra each with two reddish fasciae. Basal fascia large, touching basal and lateral margins and suture of elytron, bidentate posteriorly. Two black dots entirely sealed in basal fascia with inner black dot smaller and separated from basal stria. Subapical fascia tridentate anteriorly and bidentate posteriorly.
Frons coarsely and densely punctate, punctures on vertex denser than those on remaining surface.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, more or less interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and somewhat elongate; discal punctation coarser than that on vertex, puncture intervals mostly as broad as half puncture diameters.
Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation slightly sparser than that of pronotum except that on basal fascia which is distinctly finer and sparser; basal stria row with punctures similar to those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven, with relatively fine and very shallow punctures, especially on outer half.
Mesepisterna finely, sparsely and shallowly punctate.
Abdominal tergites with relatively coarse and dense punctures and distinct microsculpture consisting of micropunctures. Sternites with fine and shallow punctures and relatively faint microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.
Legs moderately long, mesotibiae and metatibiae moderately curved.
Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 43) impressed at middle, with long and suberect pubescence. Profemur (Fig. 117) with ventral side moderately expanded, forming two ridges. Protibia (Fig. 117) gradually widened starting from basal 1/3, forming blunt protuberance at widest point, narrowed toward apex. Median lobe of aedeagus (Fig. 114) with distinct longitudinal bands, sclerotized internal sac (Fig. 115) consisting of two apical longitudinal sclerotized rods and two basal transverse sclerotized rods.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 42, 43 Scaphidium bayibini 44, 45 Scaphidium klapperichi. Scales = 1 mm.
China (Anhui).
The new species is extremely similar to Scaphidium klapperichi and can be distinguished by the broader antennal club, the elytra with the inner black dot of basal fascia separated from basal stria, and the distinctive shape of the aedeagal sclerites.
This species is named in honor of Mr. Yi-Bin Ba, who firstly collected specimens of the new species.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_klapperichi
Figs 44, 45, 118–121, 164, 165Zhejiang: 3♂♂, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu, alt. 1500m, 23.IX.2008, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan, alt. 300m, 26.IV.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Anji County, Longwangshan, alt. 1000m, 25.V.2012, J.-Q. Zhu leg. (SHNU). Fujian: 6♂♂9♀♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun, alt. 1100–1500m, 25–29.V.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU).
China (Zhejiang, Fujian).
This is new record to Zhejiang. The species is extremely similar to Scaphidium bayibini and can be distinguished by the slender antennal club, the elytra each with the inner black dot of basal fascia touching basal stria and the different shape of the aedeagal sclerites.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_stigmatinotum
Figs 46, 47, 122–125Shaanxi: 2♂♂6♀♀, Zhouzhi County, Qinling, Houzhenzi, 33°50'613"N, 107°50'183"E, alt. 1336m, 17–19.VII.2009, Huang & Xu leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂, Zhashui County, Yingpan Town, Hongmiaohe Vil., 33°82'189"N, 108°98'289"E, alt. 1110m, 3.VI.2007, H.-L. Shi leg. (IOZ). Hunan: 1♂, Mangshan, 25.IV.1977, J.-Y. Wu leg. (SEM) Anhui: 5♂♂8♀♀, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping, alt. 1050–1650m, 16–19.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU) Jiangsu: 1♀, Nanjing City, Zijinshan, 10.VII.2005, Y. Huang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Nanjing City, Zijinshan, 14.V.2006, L. Tang leg. (SHNU) Zhejiang: 1♀, Lin’an City, Tianmushan, alt. 300m, 10.VI.2007, Y.-X. Wu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, 30°19'10"N, 119°26'51"E, alt. 410m, 21.X.2013, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Xianju County, Danzhu, alt. 450–600m, 2.VI.2006, Li & Shen leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Zhuji City, Caotazheng, Qiandashan, 29°39'04"N, 120°08'19"E, alt. 140m, under moss, 17.III.2012, T. X. Zhao leg. (CZTX); 1♂2♀♀, ibidem, from fungi, 30.IV.2012, T. X. Zhao leg. (CZTX); 1♂, ibidem, from fungi, 13.V.2012, T. X. Zhao leg. (CZTX); 1♀, Kaihua County, Gutianshan, 29°15'N, 118°8'E, 21.VI.2013, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU) Fujian: 1♂, Jianning, Jinraoshan, 11.VI.1959, Jin & Lin leg. (SEM); 1♂1♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun, 24°44'2"N, 117°38'15"E, alt. 1200–1300m, 28.V.2012, X.-B. Song, leg. (SHNU) Guangdong: 1♀, Ruyuan County, Nanling N. R., alt. 1050m, 15.VII.2012, Ning & Yu leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, 1.VII.2009, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, 23.VIII.2009, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Shixing County, Chebaling, Xianrendong Vil., N24°73'478, E114°20'727", alt. 1508m, 26.VII.2008, H.-B. Liang leg. (IOZ); 1♂, Lian County, Nanling, Dadongshan, 3.VI.1998, Ouyang leg. (SYSU); 1♂, ibidem, 1.VIII.2007, H.-D. Chen leg. (SYSU); 1♂, ibidem, 26.VI.2009, R.-X. Jiang leg. (SYSU) Guangxi: 2♂♂1♀, Lingui County, Huaping N. R., Anjingping, alt. 1320m, 12.VII.2011, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Damingshan, 23°23'N, 108°29'E, alt. 1200–1300m, 30.VII.2012, J.-Y. Hu & X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU).
China (Shaanxi, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan).
This is new record to Anhui. The type locality: Yizu shan in original description is a typo error, which should be Jizushan of Central Yunnan. The species is characterized by the extremely dense punctation on the dorsum of the body and by one black dot entirely sealed in the basal fascia of the elytra.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 46, 47 Scaphidium stigmatinotum 48, 49 Scaphidium wuyongxiangi. Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_wuyongxiangi
Figs 48, 49, 126–129, 166Holotype. Zhejiang: ♂, Lin’an City, Tianmushan, 15~28.VIII.2003, Tang & Hu leg. (SHNU) Paratypes. Zhejiang: 1♂, Anji County, Longwangshan, 27.IV.2006, Tang & He leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Lin’an City, Tianmushan, alt. 300–400m, 11–15.VI.2007, HU Jia-Yao & WANG Yong-Yin leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, alt. 1000m, 19.V.2006, L. Ding leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂, Changhua Town, Qingliangfeng N. R., alt. 900m, 13.V.2008, BI Wen-Xuan leg. (SHNU) Anhui: 1♂7♀♀, Guniujiang, alt. 950–1050m, 28.IV.2005, Tang & Hu leg. (SHNU).
Anhui: 1♂1♀, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping, alt. 1050–1650m, 17–19.VI.2013, Dai & Peng leg. (SHNU) Zhejiang: 1♂, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan, 5.VI.2008, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU); 3♂♂1♀, ibidem, alt. 1000m, 7.VIII.2010, L. Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, ibidem, 12.V.2012, Li leg. (SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, 30°23'N, 119°25'E, alt. 1450m, 8.IX.2012 (SHNU); 2♂♂2♀♀, Lin’an City, East Tianmushan, alt. 1050–1150m, 13.IV.2011, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♂1♀, Anji County, Tonghanggang, 30°24'N, 119°26'E, alt. 1480m, 10.VI.2012, J.-Q. Zhu leg. (SHNU); 2♂♂1♀, Anji County, Longwangshan, Qianmutian, 30°24'N, 119°25'E, alt. 1050–1250m, 7.VI.2012, Hu, Yin & Ning leg. (SHNU); 3♂♂4♀♀, ibidem, 30°23'59"N, 119°26'26"E, alt. 1350m, 14.V.2013, Song & Tang leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Qingliangfeng, Longtangshan, Jiupu Vil., alt. 600–1000m, 19.VII.2009, Z.-W. Yin leg. (SHNU); 1♀, Longquan City, Fengyangshan, alt. 1500m, 10.VIII.2008, W.-X. Bi leg. (SHNU) Fujian: 3♂♂1♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun, N 27°45', E117°28', alt. 1800 m, 1.VI.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU) Jiangxi: 2♀♀, Yichun City, Mingyueshan, 27°35'44"N, 114°16'26"E, alt. 1140m, 23.X.2013, Peng, Shen & Yan leg. (SHNU); 4♂♂, Luxi County, Yangshimu, 27°33'58"N, 114°14'24"E, alt. 1230m, 25.X.2013, Peng, Sheng & Yan leg. (SHNU); 15♂♂9♀♀, Luxi County, Wugongshan, 27°27'55"N, 114°10'10"E, alt. 1280m, 28.X.2013, Peng, Shen & Yan leg. (SHNU) Sichuan: 1♂1♀, Mingshan County, Mendingshan, alt. 1400m, 6.VIII.2009, Tang & He leg. (SHNU).
China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan).
This is new record to Jiangxi. The species is characterized by its dumbbell-shaped fascia of elytra.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_vernicatum
Figs 50, 51, 130–133Paralectotype. Fujian: 1♀, Kuatun, 4.V.1946. (MHNG).
Fujian: 3♂♂2♀♀, Wuyishan City, Guadun, alt. 1100–1500m, 29.V.–1.VI. 2012, Song, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU)
China (Fujian, Jiangxi).
The species is the largest species in China, with the BL 8.7–14.3 mm. It is extremely similar to Scaphidium perpulchrum Csiki, 1909 from Vietnam and no striking difference is known between them, though an immature male specimen of Scaphidium perpulchrum identified by Löbl has larger elytral fascia and faint coloration of body. The species is also similar to Scaphidium direptum Tang & Li, 2010 and Scaphidium connexum sp. n., but differs from them by the larger body size and bicolored legs, and from Scaphidium connexum also by the subhumeral fascia consisting of two separated yellow dots which are connected in Scaphidium connexum.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 50, 51 Scaphidium vernicatum 52, 53 Scaphidium perpulchrum. Scales = 1 mm.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_direptum
Figs 54, 55, 134–137Holotype. Guangdong: ♂, Shixing County, Chebaling N. R., alt. 365–500m, 23–26. VII.2008, X.-Y. Zhu leg. (SHNU).
Guangdong: 1♂1♀, same data as for the holotype. (SHNU) Fujian: 1♀, Wuping County, Liangyeshan N. R., alt. 510m, 19.XI.2006, W.-J. He leg. (SHNU).
Guangdong: 1♂, Leqing County, Bijiashan, alt. 120–200m, 16–18.X.2003, K.-B. Deng leg. (SYSU) Guangxi: 1♀, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan, alt. 300–500m, 25.IV.2011, Zhai, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU)
China (Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi).
This is a new record for Guangxi. The species is similar to Scaphidium vernicatum, Scaphidium perpulchrum and Scaphidium connexum; for differences see remarks under Scaphidium vernicatum.
Habitus of Scaphidium. 54, 55 Scaphidium direptum 56, 57 Scaphidium connexum. Scales = 1 mm.
http://zoobank.org/C0043E72-CCA0-4FED-AF4F-71BED5D27885
http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_connexum
Figs 56, 57, 138–141Holotype. Zhejiang: ♂, Kaihua County, Gutianshan, 29°15'N, 118°8'E, alt. 800m, 21.VI.2013, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU).
Zhejiang: 3♂♂1♀, same data as for the holotype (1 pair in MHNG, remaining in SHNU); 1♂, ibidem, 29°14'N, 118°8'E, alt. 400–500m, 19.VI.2013, X.-B. Song leg. (SHNU). Fujian: 1♀, Fuzhou City, Beifeng, 4.III.2004, M. Li leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Wuyishan, Guadun, alt. 1200m, 9.VI.2009, Y. Huang leg. (SHNU); 3♀♀, ibidem, N27°44', E117°38", alt. 1300–1500m, 27–29.V.2012, Peng & Dai leg. (SHNU). Guangxi: 1♂, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan, alt. 300–500m, 23.IV.2011, Zhai, Peng & Zhu leg. (SHNU); 1♂, Xing’an County, Maoershan, 25°48'N, 110°24'E, alt. 450m, 25.VII.2012, J.-Y. Hu leg. (SHNU).
BL: 5.4–7.1 mm.
Body dark brown with antennal segments I–VI and tarsi lighter. Antennal club (Fig. 140) blackish with terminal segment slightly lighter in apical 1/3. Each elytron with two yellowish fasciae: dumbbell-shaped subhumeral fascia and round subapical fascia.
Frons coarsely and densely punctate, punctures on vertex coarser and denser than those on remaining surface, puncture intervals of vertex mostly smaller than half puncture diameter.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, more or less interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation coarser than that of vertex, puncture intervals as broad as 0.5 to 1.5 puncture diameters.
Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed, without discal puncture row; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except on slightly denser punctuated apical impression; basal stria row with punctures slightly coarser than those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row very fine.
Prohypomera moderately uneven, with relatively coarse, sparse and shallow punctures.
Mesepisterna sparsely and distinctly punctate.
Abdominal tergites and sternites with relatively coarse and dense punctures. and dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.
Legs moderately long, mesotibiae and metatibiae moderately curved.
Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 57) impressed at middle, with long and suberect pubescence. Profemur (Fig. 141) with ventral side roundly expanded in basal 1/5 to basal 3/5, forming two ridges. Protibia (Fig. 141) gradually wider starting from basal 1/3, without distinct protuberance at widest point, slightly narrowed toward apex. Median lobe of aedeagus (Fig. 138) with sclerotized internal sac (Fig. 139) consisting of apical and basal complex of sclerites.
China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi).
The new species was once misidentified as Scaphidium vernicatum in
The Latin adjective “connexum” refers to its subhumeral fascia of elytra consisting of two connected yellow dots.
1 | Body entirely black, sometimes with bluish metallic tint, without fascia | 2 |
– | Body coloration different, pronotum and/or elyta with fasciae or uniformly reddish | 6 |
2 | Larger species, BL≥5.9 mm; meso- and metafemora black with reddish fasciae | 3 |
– | Smaller species, BL≤5.1 mm; meso- and metafemora blackish or reddish without fascia | 4 |
3 | Larger species, BL: 7.3–9.7 mm; male profemora and protibiae (Fig. 73) without angle. Habitus (Figs 9, 10), characters (Figs 70–73). China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan?), Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia | Scaphidium grande |
– | Smaller species, BL: 5.9–7.3 mm; male profemora (Fig. 77) with an acute angle at apical third, protibiae (Fig. 77) with a blunt angle before apical angle. Habitus (Figs 11, 12), aedeagus (Figs 74–77). China (Anhui) | Scaphidium spinatum |
4 | Body form elongate with lateral sides somewhat parallel; elytra evenly punctate without puncture row. | 5 |
– | Body form oval; elytra with a puncture row consisting of coarse punctures. BL: 4.1–4.5 mm. Habitus (Figs 7, 8), characters (Figs 66–69). China (Fujian) | Scaphidium fukiense |
5 | Body black without metallic luster; male metaventrite with setiferous patch. BL: 3.5–4.4 mm. Habitus (Figs 5, 6), characters (Figs 62–65). China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Hainan), North Korea | Scaphidium comes |
– | Body black with strong bluish metallic luster; male metaventrite without setiferous patch. BL: 4.1–4.9 mm. Habitus (Figs 1, 2), characters (Figs 58–61). China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Chongqing) | Scaphidium jinmingi |
6 | Elytra reddish-brown and without fascia, pronotum usually with black dots. BL: 3.7–4.6 mm. Habitus (Figs 18, 19), characters (Figs 17, 82–85). China (Zhejiang, Anhui) | Scaphidium varifasciatum |
– | Elytra with fasciae, pronotum with or without fasciae | 7 |
7 | Pronotum reddish-yellow with pair of black fasciae or at least blackish at base | 8 |
– | Pronotum blackish or brownish without fascia | 14 |
8 | Elytra each with a humeral black dot | 9 |
– | Elytra without humeral black dot. BL: 3.4–4.3 mm. Habitus (Figs 20, 21), characters (Figs 86–89). China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi) | Scaphidium sauteri |
9 | Elytra each with a inner basal black dot | 10 |
– | Elytra without inner basal black dot | 11 |
10 | Body larger, BL: 5.7–6.4 mm; terminal antennal segment entirely yellowish. Habitus (Figs 40, 41), characters (Figs 110–113). China (Fujian, Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan) | Scaphidium robustum |
– | Body smaller, BL: 4.6–5.7 mm; terminal antennal segment yellowish in apical third. Habitus (Figs 37–39), characters (Figs 106–109). China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi) | Scaphidium biwenxuani |
11 | Pronotum reddish-yellow with basal portion blackish, pronotal fasciae usually appeared. BL: 4.1–5.9 mm. Habitus (Figs 29–33), characters (Figs 98–101). China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi) | Scaphidium sinense |
– | Pronotum entirely reddish-yellow with pair of pronotal fasciae | 12 |
12 | Elytra each with a black humeral dot and a large oval black mark on median portion. BL: 4.4–5.1 mm. Habitus (Figs 13–15), characters (Figs 16, 82–85). China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi) | Scaphidium crypticum |
– | Elytra each with 4 or 5 black dots | 13 |
13 | Elytra each with 2 long puncture rows. BL: 5.1–6.1 mm. Habitus (Figs 22–25), characters (Figs 90–93). China (Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan) | Scaphidium formosanum |
– | Elytra each with 2 long puncture rows and 2 short rows between long puncture rows and sutural puncture row. BL: 4.2–5.9 mm. Habitus (Figs 26–28), characters (Figs 94–97). China (Hubei, Fujian, Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan), Myanma. | Scaphidium carinense |
14 | Larger species, BL≥5.4 mm; pronotal punctation dense and deep | 15 |
– | Smaller species, BL: 4.8–5.8 mm; pronotal punctation sparse and shallow. Habitus (Figs 34–36), characters (Figs 102–105). China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong) | Scaphidium delatouchei |
15 | Elytra with one or two black dots entirely sealed in basal fascia | 16 |
– | Elytra without black dot sealed in subhumeral fascia | 18 |
16 | Elytra each with 1 black dot sealed in basal fascia. BL: 6.0–8.2 mm. Habitus (Figs 46, 47), characters (Figs 122–125). China (Shaanxi, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan) | Scaphidium stigmatinotum |
– | Elytra each with 2 black dots sealed in basal fascia | 17 |
17 | Inner black dot near scutellum reaching basal stria. BL: 6.8–8.6 mm. Habitus (Figs 44, 45), characters (Figs 118–121). China (Zhejiang, Fujian) | Scaphidium klapperichi |
– | Inner black dot near scutellum departing from basal stria. BL: 6.8–7.5 mm. Habitus (Figs 42, 43), characters (Figs 114–117). China (Anhui) | Scaphidium bayibini |
18 | Elytra with subapical fascia transverse and tridentate anteriorly. BL: 5.9–8.0 mm. Habitus (Figs 48, 49), characters (Figs 126–129). China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan) | Scaphidium wuyongxiangi |
– | Elytra with subapical fascia round | 19 |
19 | Elytra with subhumeral fascia consisting of two connected yellow dots. BL: 5.4–7.1 mm. Habitus (Figs 56, 57), characters (Figs 138–141). China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi) | Scaphidium connexum |
– | Elytra with subhumeral fascia consisting of two separate yellow dots | 20 |
20 | Body blackish-brown, each femur black with narrow reddish fascia. BL: 8.7–14.3 mm. Habitus (Figs 50–51), characters (Figs 130–133). China (Fujian, Jiangxi) | Scaphidium vernicatum |
– | Body reddish-brown, femora entirely dark reddish-brown. BL: 6.9–7.8 mm. Habitus (Figs 54, 55), characters (Figs 134–137). China (Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi) | Scaphidium direptum |
Characters of Scaphidium. 58–61 Scaphidium jinmingi 62–65 Scaphidium comes 58, 59, 62, 63 aedeagus 60, 64 antenna 61, 65 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (58, 59, 62, 63); scales = 1 mm (60, 61, 64, 65).
Characters of Scaphidium. 66–69 Scaphidium fukiense 70–73 Scaphidium grande 66, 67, 70, 71 aedeagus 68, 72 antenna 69, 73 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (66, 67, 70, 71); scales = 1 mm (68, 69, 72, 73).
Characters of Scaphidium. 74–77 Scaphidium spinatum 78–81 Scaphidium crypticum 74, 75, 78, 79 aedeagus 76, 80 antenna 77, 81 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (74, 75, 78, 79); scales = 1 mm (76, 77, 80, 81).
Characters of Scaphidium. 82–85 Scaphidium varifasciatum 86–89 Scaphidium sauteri 82, 83, 86, 87 aedeagus 84, 88 antenna 85, 89 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (82, 83, 86, 87); scales = 1 mm (84, 85, 88, 89).
Characters of Scaphidium. 90–93 Scaphidium formosanum 94–97 Scaphidium carinese 90, 91, 94, 95 aedeagus 92, 96 antenna 93, 97 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (90, 91, 94, 95); scales = 1 mm (92, 93, 96, 97).
Characters of Scaphidium. 98–101 Scaphidium sinense 102–105 Scaphidium delatouchei 98, 99, 102, 103 aedeagus 100, 104 antenna 101, 105 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (98, 99, 102, 103); scales = 1 mm (100, 101, 104, 105).
Characters of Scaphidium. 106–109 Scaphidium biwenxuani 110–113 Scaphidium robustum 106, 107, 110, 111 aedeagus 108, 112 antenna 109, 113 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (106, 107, 110, 111); scales = 1 mm (108, 109, 112, 113).
Characters of Scaphidium. 114–117 Scaphidium bayibini 118–121 Scaphidium klapperichi 114, 115, 118, 119 aedeagus 116, 120 antenna 117, 121 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (114, 115, 118, 119); scales = 1 mm (116, 117, 120, 121).
Characters of Scaphidium. 122–125 Scaphidium stigmatinotum 126–129 Scaphidium wuyongxiangi 122, 123, 126, 127 aedeagus 124, 128 antenna 125, 129 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (122, 123, 126, 127); scales = 1 mm (124, 125, 128, 129).
Characters of Scaphidium. 130–133 Scaphidium vernicatum 134–137 Scaphidium direptum 130, 131, 134, 135 aedeagus 132, 136 antenna 133, 137 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (130, 131, 134, 135); scales = 1 mm (132, 133, 136, 137).
Characters of Scaphidium connexum. 138, 139 aedeagus 140 antenna 141 male foreleg. Scales = 0.25 mm (138, 139); scales = 1 mm (140, 141).
142 Habitat and host fungi of Scaphidium comes (Photo by Mr. Zhong Peng from Hunnan, Xiangtan City, Zhaoshan County at 30.I.2011) 143, 144 Host fungi and Scaphidium comes (Photo by Mr. Jian-Qing Zhu from Guangxi, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan at 23.IV.2011) 145, 146 Host fungi and Scaphidium grande (Photo by Mr. Jia-Yao Hu from Guangxi, Dayaoshan at 22.VII.2011) 147 Habitat and host fungi of Scaphidium grande (Photo by Mr. Jian-Qing Zhu from Guangxi, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan at 23.IV.2011) 148 Host fungi and Scaphidium grande (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Guangxi, Xing’an County, Mao’ershan at 7.VII.2011) 149, 150 Larvae of Scaphidium grande (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Guangxi, Xing’an County, Mao’ershan at 8.VII.2011) 151 host fungi of Scaphidium crypticum (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Guangxi, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan at 4.V.2011); 152 host fungi of Scaphidium crypticum (Photo by Mr. Zi-Wei Yin from Zhejiang, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu at 8.VII.2009) 153 Larva of Scaphidium carinense (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang in lab at 18.VII.2011, larva collected from Guangxi, Xing’an County, Mao’ershan) 154 Larva of Scaphidium sinense (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan at 10.VIII.2010) 155 Host fungi of Scaphidium delatouchei (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan at 4.VIII.2010).
156 Habitat of Scaphidium biwenxuani (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Anji County, Longwangshan at 14.V.2013) 157 host fungi of Scaphidium biwenxuani (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan at 22.VIII.2009) 158, 159 overwinter population of Scaphidium biwenxuani in cerambycid galleries (Photo by Mr. Wen-Xuan Bi from Zhejiang, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan at 29.I.2009) 160 host fungi of Scaphidium biwenxuani (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu at 23.IX.2008) 161, 162 Prepupa and pupa of Scaphidium biwenxuani (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Lin’an City, West Tianmushan at 9.VIII.2010); 163 larva of Scaphidium spinatum (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang in lab at 2.VII.2013, larva collected from Zhejiang, Yuexi County, Yaoluoping) 164, 165 host fungi of Scaphidium klapperichi (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu at 23.IX.2008) 166 host fungi and Scaphidium wuyongxiangi (Photo by Mr. Liang Tang from Zhejiang, Anji County, Longwangshan at 14.V.2013)
The most abundant species of Scaphidium in East China are Scaphidium biwenxuani (Fig. 156) and Scaphidium wuyongxiangi, both also distributed in western and southern parts of China, but apparently as smaller populations. Scaphidium grande is probably the most widely distributed species in Asia, thriving in only South China and present in middle-latitude zones as small scattered populations. Almost 20 specimens of Scaphidium grande from Mao’ershan (Guangxi) collected from a large pile of logs along a road far from lush forests indicates its strong dispersal ability. Scaphidium stigmatinotum is the most widely distributed species in China, but always found in small populations. This species was even collected in some depauperate secondary forests at low altitude and near cities, e.g. Nanjing and Zhuji, where none of other species has been found, and this may imply its strong endurance of adverse environments.
Most species of Scaphidium from East China live in mountain areas, above 800m altitudes, especially during mid and late summer (July and October) which may be hot (sometimes reaching 38 °C) and dry in the lowlands. Only few specimens of Scaphidium comes, Scaphidium delatouchei, Scaphidium sinense and Scaphidium wuyongxiangi were recorded during this period from the lowlands (about 300m altitudes), while many more species occur in the highlands (about at 1000m altitudes), and in relatively larger numbers. There are also few records of Scaphidium comes, Scaphidium klapperichi, Scaphidium sinense and Scaphidium stigmatinotum from the lowlands and found in spring or autumn. In several attempts at rearing Scaphidium biwenxuani and Scaphidium sinense, larvae were successfully matured at 28–33 °C, showing that at least some species can support such temperatures. Obviously, habitat preferences are determined by the presence of fungi, which depend on temperature and moisture.
Both adults and larvae of Scaphidium feed on polyporaceous fungi (Figs 142–166) and usually can be found by searching logs with fungi; two specimens of Scaphidium delatouchei (Fig. 155) were collected from possibly different, undetermined fungi. The fungi and habitat preferences of Scaphidium jinmingi and Scaphidium comes seem to be somewhat different from other species, as most of these two species were gathered on fungus under bark.
Adults ofScaphidium are lucifugous. During the daytime the adults are mostly observed on shaded fungi. Few specimens of Scaphidium wuyongxiangi and Scaphidium jinmingi were collected by sweeping which indicates the adults may fly and repose on vegetation during the day. In very dense forests or after nightfall, they are active and reckless. Scaphidium delatouchei was observed slowly flying and hovering at dusk. Many adults may be found during night walking on exposed fungi. At that time, they are usually very calm, even under the flashlights and collectors are invisible to them. None was found to be attracted by lamp traps. Larvae are also sensitive to lights. They hide during the day in fecal retreats (see
The reaction of adults towards threats is different between the species, and depends also on temperature. Generally, adults tend to catalepsy and drop into leaf litter below at lower temperatures while they rather more frequently fly away at higher temperature. The length of catalepsy also depends on temperature. Usually it lasts briefly, but can be much longer at lower temperature. Some species are more alert than others. Scaphidium grande can notice a collector from meters away and may rapidly fly away, like flies (Figs 145, 146). It is very common to find Scaphidium sinense and Scaphidium biwenxuani on the same log in Tianmushan, and individuals of Scaphidium sinense are always more active and fly away first while Scaphidium biwenxuani prefers to hide on the opposite side of the log or in cavities. Disturbed adults of Scaphidium usually fly for few meters only to rest on surrounding vegetation. They usually fly back to the host fungi after few minutes, if not further disturbed.
The occurrence of larvae is irregular in East China and they may be found consistently from late spring to earlier autumn. Prepupa and pupa of Scaphidium biwenxuani (Figs 161, 162) were found under loose bark during summer. Several species were successfully reared from larvae to adults. Their photos (Figs 149, 150, 153, 154, 163) are provided in this paper as preliminary information. The adults overwinter usually hidden under bark. Several individuals of Scaphidium wuyongxiangi from Longwangshan (Zhejiang) were collected under bark in spring when they were still in hibernation. Many specimens of Scaphidium comes from Hunan were collected in January on fungi under the bark of a coniferous tree trunk (Fig. 142). Scaphidium biwenxuani was found in January, gathering in galleries of Cerambycidae (Figs 158, 159).
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Ivan Löbl (Geneva) for guidance in our study, to Dr. Martin Fikáček (Prague) for inviting the first author to study the staphylinid material contained in NMPC, to Dr. Chi-Feng Lee (Wufeng) and Mr. Chang-Chin Chen (Tianjin) for sending the photos of the type of Scahidium sauteri, to Mr. Wen-Xuan Bi (Shanghai) for donating many specimens to us and sharing photographing and collecting skills, to Dr. Hong-Bing Liang (Beijing) and Dr. Feng-Long Jia (Guangdong) for the loan of specimens, to Dr. Zhong Peng (Shanghai) for leading many collecting trips and collecting numerous specimens treated in this paper, and to all the collectors mentioned in the paper, especially Mr. Xiao-Bin Song and Mr. Cong-Chao Dai (Shanghai). The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31101659 and No. 31172134), the National Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 10ZR1421600), and the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 12YZ077).