Monograph |
Corresponding author: Mostafa R. Sharaf ( antsharaf@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Marek Borowiec
© 2019 Mostafa R. Sharaf, Abdulrahman S. Aldawood, Francisco Hita Garcia.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sharaf MR, Aldawood AS, Hita Garcia F (2019) Review of the Arabian Crematogaster Lund (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), synoptic list, distribution, and description of two new species from Oman and Saudi Arabia. ZooKeys 898: 27-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.898.37531
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The genus Crematogaster is one of the most species-rich and widespread groups of ants. Despite their often-high local abundance and important ecological interactions, the taxonomy of the genus is fragmentary and in great need of modern revisionary studies. As a first step towards a revision for the Arabian fauna of Crematogaster, a review of all known species with synoptic species accounts is provided. Seventeen species are recognized and illustrated from the Arabian Peninsula, of which two new species are described: C. jacindae Sharaf & Hita Garcia, sp. nov. from the Dhofar Governorate, Oman, and C. gryllsi Sharaf & Hita Garcia, sp. nov. from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) based on the worker caste. Crematogaster jacindae sp. nov. is easily separated from the remainder of the Arabian Crematogaster fauna due to its complete lack of propodeal spines, slit-shaped propodeal spiracles, and its distinct bicoloration, whereas C. gryllsi sp. nov. is readily distinguished by its unlobed postpetiolar dorsum. Furthermore, new country records are presented: C. acaciae Forel for the KSA and Yemen, and C. delagoensis Forel and C. jehovae Forel for the KSA C. antaris for Qatar, whereas C. luctans Forel is excluded from the Arabian fauna. In addition, on the basis of morphological examination of original type material, C. affabilis Forel is proposed as junior synonym of C. chiarinii Mayr, and C. striaticeps is elevated to species rank stat. nov. Furthermore, a new identification key for the Arabian species is provided, as well as distribution maps for all species.
Arabian Peninsula, Asir Mountains, Dhofar Governorate, Middle East, new records, new species, new status, new synonymy, Qatar, taxonomy
The myrmicine ant genus Crematogaster Lund, 1831 is one of the most species-rich genera of the family Formicidae with 500 described species, 269 valid subspecies and two fossil species (
Despite the remarkable diversity, ecological importance, and often high local abundance of the genus, it is one of the most taxonomically neglected hyper-diverse ant genera. Presently, the taxonomic situation is only moderate to satisfactory for a few regions, such as North America (
There are numerous, scattered, records of Crematogaster on the Arabian Peninsula. Prior to this study, the total number of species was 15 (plus one subspecies), recorded from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (
The taxonomy of Arabian Crematogaster is even more challenging than in other parts of the world due to the geographic location of the Arabian Peninsula, which connects sub-Saharan Africa or the Afrotropical region with the Mediterranean/Middle East or Palaearctic region (
We present a synoptic list, species accounts for all species that include detailed taxonomic histories, as well as data and maps showing the currently known distribution ranges. In addition, we also present a new identification key to the Arabian species of Crematogaster and describe two new species: C. jacindae sp. nov. from Oman and C. gryllsi sp. nov. from the Asir Mountains, KSA. Furthermore, we examine and propose some status changes for Arabian taxa and discuss doubts about identifications and species records for some species.
Species names in this work follow the online catalogue of
The terminology used to describe surface sculpture is based on (
EL Eye length; maximum diameter of compound eye in profile.
HL Head length; maximum distance from the midpoint of anterior clypeal margin to midpoint of posterior margin of head, measured in full-face view.
HW Head width: maximum width of head behind eyes in full-face view.
LHT Length of metatibia, excluding the proximomedial condyle.
ML Mesosomal length; diagonal length of mesosoma in profile from posteroventral margin of propodeal lobe to anterior most point of pronotal slope, excluding neck.
PTH Petiole height; measured from petiole sternum to apex in profile.
PPL Postpetiole length: maximum length of postpetiole measured in dorsal view.
PPW Postpetiole width: maximum width of postpetiole measured in dorsal view.
PRW Pronotal width: maximum pronotal width in dorsal view.
PTL Petiole length: measured in profile as distance from dorso-posterior margin of segment to anterior inflection point where petiole curves up to condyle.
PTW Petiole width: maximum width of dorsal face of petiole node measured in dorsal view.
SL Scape length; maximum scape length excluding basal condyle and neck.
OI Ocular index: EL / HW × 100
CI Cephalic index: HW / HL × 100
SI Scape index: SL / HW × 100
PTHI Petiole height index: PTH / PTL × 100
PTWI Petiole width index: PTW / PTL × 100
LBI Leg-body index: WL / LHT × 100
PPI Postpetiole index: PPW / PTW × 100
Throughout the text, ‘w’ stands for ‘worker’ or ‘workers’, ‘q’ for queen, ‘m’ for male, ‘BS’ for beating sheet, ‘ML’ for Malaise trap, and ‘SF’ sifting.
The abbreviations of natural history collections follow
OUMC Oxford University Museum, Oxford, U.K.
Crematogaster acaciae Forel, 1892
Crematogaster aegyptiaca Mayr, 1862
Crematogaster antaris Forel, 1894b
Crematogaster auberti Emery, 1869a
Crematogaster chiarinii Emery, 1881
= Crematogaster affabilis Forel, 1907b syn. nov.
Crematogaster delagoensis Forel, 1894a
Crematogaster flaviventris Santschi, 1910
Crematogaster gryllsi Sharaf & Hita Garcia sp. nov.
Crematogaster inermis Mayr, 1862
Crematogaster jacindae Sharaf & Hita Garcia sp. nov.
Crematogaster jehovae Forel, 1907c
Crematogaster laestrygon Emery, 1869b
Crematogaster striaticeps Forel, 1909, stat. nov.
Crematogaster melanogaster Emery, 1895
Crematogaster mimosae Santschi, 1914a
Crematogaster oasium Santschi, 1911
Crematogaster senegalensis Roger, 1863
1 | Postpetiole not bilobed dorsally (Figs |
C. gryllsi sp. nov. |
– | Postpetiole bilobed dorsally (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Propodeal spines completely absent (Fig. |
3 |
– | Propodeal spines present, ranging from small denticles to long spines (Fig. |
4 |
3 | Unicolorous yellow-brown to brown species; cephalic surface including area in front of eyes unsculptured; eyes with ca. 14 ommatidia in longest row; posterior half of clypeus with fine appressed pubescence; mesonotum in profile with a small tubercle close to promesonotal suture (Fig. |
C. inermis Mayr |
– | Bicolored species, head black-brown or black, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole dark brown, relatively lighter than head, gaster golden yellow; area in front of eyes finely longitudinally striated; cephalic surface feebly imbricate; eyes with ca. 11 ommatidia in longest row; posterior half of clypeus without hairs or pubescence; mesonotum in profile without tubercle (Fig. |
C. jacindae sp. nov. |
4 | Propodeal spines reduced to a small denticle (Fig. |
C. delagoensis Forel |
– | Propodeal spines well developed | 5 |
5 | In full-face view, antennal scapes short, clearly not reaching posterior margin of head (Fig. |
6 |
– | In full-face view, antennal scapes longer, clearly reaching or surpassing posterior margin of head (Fig. |
9 |
6 | Propodeal spines short and blunt (Fig. |
C. aegyptiaca Mayr |
– | Propodeal spines long and acute, distinctly longer than their bases in profile (Fig. |
7 |
7 | Body distinctly opaque; cephalic surface completely densely longitudinally rugulose (Fig. |
C. mimosae Santschi |
– | Body shining; only area in front of eyes faintly longitudinally rugolose; head, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole uniform yellow or brown | 8 |
8 | Body uniform yellow; head, in full-face view, with feebly-defined frontal triangle and without longitudinal carina; postpetiole in dorsal view broader posteriorly than anteriorly; propodeum dorsum seen from above longitudinally striated (Fig. |
C. acaciae Forel |
– | Head, petiole, postpetiole and gaster dark brown, mesosoma light brown; head, in full-face view, with well-defined frontal triangle and posterior longitudinal carina reaching posterior margin of eyes; propodeum dorsum seen from above transversally striated; postpetiole in dorsal view as broad as anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. |
C. chiarinii Emery |
9 | Antennal scapes when laid back from their insertions just reach posterior margin of head in full-face view | 10 |
– | Antennal scapes when laid back from their insertions clearly surpassing posterior margin of head in full-face view | 11 |
10 | Unicolorous brown species; clypeus smooth; anterior half of head in full-face view longitudinally striated, ground surface between striae smooth (Fig. |
C. senegalensis Roger |
– | Bicolored species, head, mesosoma, petiole, postpetiole and appendages brown or red-brown, gaster golden yellow; clypeus longitudinally striated; anterior half of head in full-face view finely longitudinally striated, grown surface between striae and posterior half of head finely densely punctate (Fig. |
C. flaviventris Santschi |
11 | Mesonotum in profile without a small tubercle close to promesonotal suture | 12 |
– | Mesonotum in profile with a small tubercle close to promesonotal suture | 13 |
12 | Whole cephalic surface finely, densely longitudinally striated and dull; head in full-face view with antennal scapes surpassing posterior margin of head byapproximate length of the three funicular segments together (Fig. |
C. melanogaster Emery |
– | Anterior half of cephalic surface superficially striated, posterior half smooth and shining; head in full-face view with antennal scapes surpassing posterior margin of head by ca. thickness of the first funicular segment (Fig. |
C. auberti Emery |
13 | Cephalic surface and clypeus completely finely densely longitudinally striated (Fig. |
C. striaticeps Forel |
– | Anterior half of cephalic surface or at least area in front of eyes and clypeus longitudinally striated | 14 |
14 | Promesonotum with at least four pairs of suberect hairs; petiole in dorsal view with pointed anterior corners; first gastral tergite with several pairs of hairs (ca. 7 pairs) (Fig. |
C. oasium Santschi |
– | Promesonotum with a single pair of hairs or without hairs; petiole in dorsal view with rounded anterior corners; hairs on first gastral tergites rare, restricted to few pairs on posterior margin of the tergite | 15 |
15 | Petiole in dorsal view with concave anterior margin (Fig. |
C. antaris Forel |
– | Petiole in dorsal view with a straight anterior margin (Fig. |
16 |
16 | Postpetiole approx. twice broader than long in dorsal view (Fig. |
C. laestrygon Emery |
– | Postpetiole little broader than long in dorsal view (Fig. |
C. jehovae Forel |
A Postpetiole of C. gryllsi sp. nov. in dorsal view, CASENT0919794 (Michele Esposito) B postpetiole of C. chiarinii in dorsal view, CASENT0263878 (Will Ericson) C propodeum of C. inermis in profile, CASENT0922679 (Wade Lee) D propodeal spines of C. chiarinii in profile, CASENT0263878 (Will Ericson) E mesosoma of C. inermis in profile, KG01956A (Michele Esposito) F mesosoma of C. jacindae in profile CASENT0922856 (Michele Esposito), www.AntWeb.org.
A Head of C. aegyptiaca in full-face view, CASENT0916082 (Anna Pal) B head of C. oasium in full-face view, CASENT0249821 (Ryan Perry) C mesosoma of C. aegyptiaca in profile, CASENT0916082 (Anna Pal) D propodeal spines of C. chiarinii in profile, CASENT0263878 (Will Ericson) E head of C. chiarinii in full-face view, CASENT0263878 (Will Ericson) F head of C. mimosae in full-face view,CASENT0904507 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
A Head of C. senegalensis in full-face view, CASENT0104592 (April Nobile) B head of C. flaviventris in full-face view, CASENT0912651 (Will Ericson) C head of C. melanogaster in full-face view, CASENT0904511 (Will Ericson) D mesosoma of C. melanogaster in profile, CASENT0904511 (Will Ericson) E head of C. auberti in full-face view, CASENT0908480 (Zach Lieberman) F mesosoma of C. auberti in profile, CASENT0904499 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
A Petiole of C. antaris in dorsal view, CASENT0903658 (Will Ericson) B petiole of C. jehovae in dorsal view, CASENT0908475 (Zach Lieberman) C postpetiole of C. laestrygon in dorsal view, CASENT0912691 (Zach Lieberman) D postpetiole of C. jehovae in dorsal view, CASENT0908475 (Zach Lieberman), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster acaciae Forel, 1892: 141 (w.) Ethiopia.
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Subspecies of C. brunneipennis:
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. acaciae generosa Santschi, C. acaciae gloriosa Santschi, C. acaciae victoriosa Santschi.
KSA: Jebel Dhablah, 27.79175N, 41.34063E, 03.v.1985, 950 m (W. Buttiker) (1 w,
Crematogaster acaciae was originally described from Ethiopia but is also known from Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, South Africa, and Zambia (
This species represents a typical problematic taxon within the genus. The known distribution of C. acaciae and its three subspecies in the Afrotropics is patchy and there are some notable morphological differences between the infraspecific taxa. At present, it is likely that the taxonomic status of the involved taxa will change within the frame of a comprehensive revision of the Afrotropical fauna.
C. acaciae A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0908494 (Zach Lieberman), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster aegyptiaca Mayr, 1862: 765 (w.) Egypt.
Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster):
Current subspecies: C. aegyptiaca pharaonis Santschi, C. aegyptiaca robusta Emery, C. aegyptiaca turkanensis Santschi.
KSA: Asir Province, Abha, Al Habala, 18.034167N, 42.858167E, 2397 m, 25.iv.2011 (Sharaf MR) (19 w,
This species was originally described from Egypt and can be found in most most countries of North Africa but also in Sudan and Kenya (
As for C. acacia (and many other taxa), the taxonomic condition of this species is relatively unclear due to the absence of any revisions in the regions in question, and we cannot predict the taxonomic status of C. aegyptiaca and its subspecies after being revised. However, based on our experience with this species, it is readily identifiable and we are very confident of the Arabian material being genuine C. aegyptiaca.
C. aegyptiaca A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0916082 (Anna Pal), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) auberti r. antaris Forel, 1894b: 26 (w., q.) Algeria.
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Subspecies of C. inermis:
Status as species:
Crematogaster auberti var. sordida Forel, 1909: 104 (w.) Algeria. [First available use of Crematogaster auberti r. laestrygon var. sordida Forel, 1894: 26; unavailable name]. Combination in C. (Acrocoelia):
Subspecies of C. antaris:
KSA: Riyadh, Al Mezahmyiah, 24.46633N, 46.25131E, 648 m, 29.xi.2014 (Salman S) (19 w,
Originally described from Algeria, C. antaris is also found in Morroco, Tunisia, Egypt, and Iran (
This is a very widespread and common species, which appears to be one of the most arid-adapted species within the genus. Our collections represent a new record for Qatar.
C. antaris A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0908473 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) auberti Emery, 1869a: 23 (footnote) (w.) FRANCE;
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Subspecies of C. scutellaris:
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. auberti karawaewi Ruzsky, C. auberti levithorax Forel, C. auberti nigripes Menozzi, C. auberti regilla Santschi, C. auberti savinae Zimmermann, C. auberti vogti Forel.
Senior synonym of Crematogaster auberti var. iberica Forel, 1909: 103 (w.) SPAIN.
Junior synonym of C. auberti:
KSA: Riyadh, Al Ammaryia, 24.794167N, 46.423333E, 648 m, 21.i.2010 (Aldawood AS) (12 w,
This species was initially described from France and seems to have a broad distribution range from the south of France, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Canary Islands through all of North Africa to the Middle East, but is also found throughout the Balkans (
This is likely one of the most problematic species treated in this study. The taxonomic history provided above is complex with numerous status changes and infraspecific taxa.
C. auberti A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0908470 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster chiarinii Emery, 1881: 271, fig. (w.) Ethiopia: Forel 1892: 353 (q., m.).
Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster):
Current subspecies: C. chiarinii aethiops, C. chiarinii bayeri, C. chiarinii cincta, C. chiarinii nigra, C. chiarinii sellula, C. chiarinii subsulcata, C. chiarinii taediosa, C. chiarinii v-nigra.
Crematogaster chiarinii var. affabilis Forel, 1907b: 142 (w.) Somalia. Syn. nov.
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
KSA: Al Baha Province: Elqamh park, Baljurshi, 19.913056N, 41.905E, 1931 m, 17.v.2010 (Sharaf MR) (12 w,
This species was originally described from Ethiopia and is widely distributed in the Afrotropical region. It seems to be a predominantly eastern African species but is also known from Central and South Africa (
Crematogaster affabilis was originally described as a variety of C. chiarinii but subsequently elevated to species rank by
Nevertheless, despite our synonymizing of both taxa, the taxonomic condition of C. chiarinii is still in need of a thorough revision. The taxonomic history above with all status changes, synonymic history, and numerous still valid infraspecific taxa shows clearly the complexity of this task. Based on superficial examination of material from the Afrotropical region, we are doubtful that the material from East Africa might remain conspecific with the one from Central and South Africa. Hopefully, a future revision of the Afrotropical fauna will resolve this situation.
C. chiarinii A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0263878 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster inermis r. delagoensis Forel, 1894a: 99 (w.) Mozambique.
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. delagoensis acutidens Arnold, C. delagoensis merwei Santschi, C. delagoensis rhodesiana Arnold.
KSA: Alnaifiam Farshet Shaal, 22.41559N, 46.58806E, 602 m, 12.iv.2015 (Al Dhafer et al.) (1 w,
This species was originally described from Mozambique and in the Afrotropical region seems to be restricted to Southern Africa (
Again, the disjunctive distribution raises some doubts about the identity of our material. Even though it is conspecific the material previously identified from Oman and Yemen, it needs to be proven that it is indeed C. delagoensis. The lack of records from East Africa and the southwestern parts of KSA could be due to insufficient sampling, but it could also be that the Arabian material is not similar to the South African “genuine” C. delagoensis.
C. delagoensis A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0908517 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster flaviventris Santschi, 1910: 370 (w, q, m) Democratic Republic of Congo.
Subspecies of C. inversa:
Status as species:
Crematogaster flaviventris was originally described from the Democratic Republic of Congo and is also found in Angola, Zambia, and southern Sudan (
This species record for Yemen is somewhat dubious. We have not examined the type material but preliminary examination of type images on AntWeb suggest that the material from Yemen is similar in color but there appear to be substantial differences in overall surface sculpture. This needs to be further investigated, ideally by comparing the Yemeni material with the type from Central Africa.
C. flaviventris A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0912651 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
Holotype
: pinned worker, KSA: Fayfa, 17.29691N, 43.13500E, 837 m, 06.iv.2013 (Sharaf MR) (CASENT0872096,
Crematogaster gryllsi sp. nov. is distinguished from related congeners by the combination of the following characters: Mesonotum in profile without a tubercle on promesonotal suture; propodeal dorsum and propodeal spines forming a continuous concave curve in profile; postpetiolar node entire, not bilobed dorsally; mesopleura, petiole, and postpetiole distinctly densely punctate; color uniform yellow, second half of gaster brown-yellow.
EL 0.22; HL 0.75; HW 0.80; LHT 0.57; PPL 0.12; PPW 0.20; PRW 0.45; PTH 0.17; PTL 0.22; PTW 0.32; SL 0.62; ML 0.90; Indices. CI 107; LBI 158; OI 28; PPI 63; PTHI 77; PTWI 145; SI 78.
EL 0.15–0.25; HL 0.65–0.87; HW 0.67–0.87; LHT 0.45–0.57; PPL 0.12–0.18; PPW 0.17–0.25; PRW 0.40–0.55; PTH 0.12–0.25; PTL 0.12–0.25; PTW 0.27–0.42; SL 0.50–0.70; ML 0.75–1.0; Indices. CI 96–107; LBI 124–178; OI 22–31; PPI 59–81; PTHI 88–125; PTWI 145–267; SI 68–93 (N = 15).
Worker. Workers of the new species showing marked size variation in the two nests.
Head. Head as long as or little broader than long with convex sides and feebly concave posterior margin; antennae 12-segmented; in full-face view antennal scapes when laid back from their insertions reach or surpass posterior margin of head by the length of the first funicular segment; eyes of moderate size (OI 22–31), located nearly at mid-length of head in full-face view and with about 12 ommatidia in the longest row; anterior clypeal margin broadly convex. Mesosoma. Mesonotum in profile without a small tubercle on promesonotal suture; promesonotal suture feebly impressed; mesonotum convex in profile; median mesonotal carina absent; metanotal groove shallowly impressed but distinct; propodeal spines long, sharp and upward directed; propodeal spiracle circular, and located below the base of the propodeal spines; propodeal dorsum and propodeal spines forming a continuous concave curve in profile. Petiole. In profile petiole distinctly longer than high (PTHI 88–125; PTWI 145–267); approx. twice broader anteriorly than posteriorly in dorsal view; subpetiolar process well developed. Postpetiole. Postpetiolar node entire, not bilobed in dorsal view. Pilosity. Cephalic and clypeal surfaces with abundant scattered fine appressed pubescence; anterior clypeal margin and mandibles with abundant scattered long yellow hairs; antennae and legs with dense appressed pubescence; mesosoma without hairs; promesonotum and mesonotum dorsum with few appressed pubescence; petiole, postpetiole and the first three gastral tergites with appressed pubescence; few hairs on the terminal gastral segment. Sculpture. Mandibles longitudinally striated; clypeal surface smooth; area in front of eyes finely longitudinally striated; cephalic surface smooth; antennal fossae surrounded by fine and curved striolae; promesonotum side smooth; promesonotum dorsum faintly longitudinally rugulose; propodeal dorsum faintly longitudinally striated; mesopleura, petiole, and postpetiole distinctly densely punctate; metapleura faintly, irregularly striated; gastral tergites smooth. Color. Head, mesosoma, petiole, postpetiole, first gastral tergite, legs, and antennae uniform yellow, second half of gaster brown-yellow.
The patronymic epithet has been selected in honor of Bear Grylls, the survival instructor in recognition of his remarkable efforts in spreading the culture of survival globally.
The microhabitat of Crematogaster gryllsi in the type locality (Fayfa Mountains) (Fig.
This new species is only known from the Asir Mountains, KSA (Fig.
This distinct new species immediately be separated from all Arabian Crematogaster species by the undivided postpetiolar node and the uniform yellow color. All other species have a divided postpetiolar node. Crematogaster gryllsi appears to be related directly to C. luctans Forel, 1907 from Kenya as it possesses an undivided postpetiolar dorsum as well. However, C. gryllsi can be separated by the following characters: metanotal groove shallowly impressed, propodeal dorsum and propodeal spines forming a continuous concave curve in profile; promesonotum side smooth; mesopleura distinctly densely punctate; whereas C. luctans has deeply impressed, U-shaped metanotal groove profile; convex propodeal dorsum in profile extending posteriorly to straight propodeal spines; mesosomal sides longitudinally striated.
The record of C. luctans given by
C. gryllsi sp. nov. A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0919794 (Michele Esposito), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster inermis Mayr, 1862: 766 (w.) Egypt.
Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster):
Current subspecies: C. inermis aphrodite Santschi, C. inermis armatula Emery, C. inermis lucida Forel.
Egypt: Elmenia, Abu Swelam, 30.75N, 28.1E, 29.vi.2003 (Sharaf MR) (1 w, OUMC).
Crematogaster inermis was originally described from Egypt and is widely distributed from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa to the Middle East (
Knowing that the species is widespread in the Mediterranean and Middle East and the only record for the Arabian Peninsula is from Yemen, we think that it is likely that it is also present in the KSA. Futher sampling is necessary to verify this.
C. inermis A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0922679 (Wade Lee), www.AntWeb.org.
Holotype
: pinned worker, Oman: Dhofar, Ayn Sahlanoot, 17.14766N, 54.17878E, 151 m, 16.xi.2017 (Sharaf MR) (CASENT0872068,
Crematogaster jacindae sp. nov. is distinguished from related congeners by the combination of the following characters: median mesonotal carina absent; propodeal spines absent; propodeal spiracle distinct in the form of a slit; area in front of eyes finely longitudinally striated; antennal fossae surrounded by fine and curved striolae; head black-brown or black, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole dark brown, relatively lighter than head, gaster golden yellow.
EL 0.20; HL 0.75; HW 0.82; LHT 0.55; PPL 0.12; PPW 0.20; PRW 0.42; PTH 0.12; PTL 0.25; PTW 0.22; SL 0.55; ML 0.87; Indices. CI 109; LBI 158; OI 24; PPI 167; PTHI 48; PTWI 88; SI 67.
EL 0.17–0.22; HL 0.72–0.92; HW 0.75–1.0; LHT 0.52–0.75; PPL 0.12–0.17; PPW 0.15–0.25; PRW 0.32–0.50; PTH 0.12–0.17; PTL 0.20–0.32; PTW 0.20–0.30; SL 0.50–0.95; ML 0.77–1.02; Indices. CI 96–113; LBI 121–165; OI 16–27; PPI 125–208; PTHI 44–68; PTWI 78–125; SI 61–95 (N = 20)
Worker. Head. Head as long as or little broader than long with convex sides and feebly concave posterior margin; antennae 12-segmented; in full-face view antennal scapes when laid back from their insertions fail to reach posterior margin of head; eyes of moderate size (OI 16–27), located nearly at mid-length of head in full-face view and with ca. eleven ommatidia in the longest row; anterior clypeal margin broadly convex. Mesosoma. Promesonotum and mesonotum forming continuous curve in profile; median mesonotal carina absent; metanotal groove well developed; propodeal dorsum short forming curve with longer propodeal declivity; propodeal spines absent; propodeal spiracle distinct and slit-shaped. Petiole. In profile petiole distinctly longer than high (PTHI 44–68; PTWI 78–125); broader anteriorly than posteriorly in dorsal view. Postpetiole. Postpetiolar node distinctly bilobed in dorsal view; nearly as high as petiole in profile. Pilosity. Cephalic surface with abundant scattered fine pale hairs; anterior clypeal margin and mandibles with several long yellow hairs; posterior half of clypeus without hairs or pubescence; antennae and legs with abundant appressed pubescence; promesonotum and mesonotum each with single pair of hairs; promesonotum and mesonotum dorsum with appressed pale pubescence; no hairs or pubescence on propodeum; petiole and postpetiole each with single pair of posteriorly directed hairs; gastral pilosity restricted to few pairs on posterior margins of gastral tergites; gastral tergites with scattered appressed pubescence. Sculpture. Mandibles longitudinally striated; clypeal surface smooth; area in front of eyes finely longitudinally striated; cephalic surface feebly imbricate; antennal fossae surrounded by fine and curved striolae; promesonotum lateral side faintly imbricate; promesonotum dorsum faintly reticulate rugulose; mesopleura, metapleura, petiole, and postpetiole distinctly densely imbricate; gastral tergites faintly imbricate. Color. Head black-brown or black, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole dark brown, relatively lighter than head, gaster golden yellow and strongly contrasting with remainder of body.
The patronymic epithet has been selected in honor of Ms. Jacinda Ardern, the Prime Minister of New Zealand in recognition of her humanitarian attitudes towards Muslim and minority communities in New Zealand.
The microhabitats where C. jacindae sp. nov. was encountered included leaf litter, soil, under stones, or on native vegetation, especially acacia trees (Fig.
This new species is only known from Oman (Fig.
The distinctive golden yellow gaster and complete lack of propodeal armament of C. jacindae sp. nov. allows this Omani species to be immediately recognized from all other Arabian species. The closest relative of the new species is Crematogaster inermis Mayr, 1862 from Egypt. Both species are similar in body size and the lack of propodeal spines, but C. jacindae sp. nov. can be readily separated by the following characters: area in front of eyes finely longitudinally striated; cephalic surface feebly imbricate; eyes with about 11 ommatidia in the longest row; posterior half of clypeus without hairs or pubescence; mesopleura and metapleura distinctly densely imbricate; mesonotum with a single pair of hairs and without anterior tubercles; propodeal spiracles distinct in the form of a slit; body bicolored with head black-brown or black, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole dark brown, relatively lighter than head, gaster golden yellow. By contrast, C. inermis has an unsculptured cephalic surface including the area in front of the eyes, eyes with ca. 14 ommatidia in the longest row, the posterior half of clypeus with fine appressed pubescence, mesosoma with a small anterior tubercle close to the promesonotal suture seen in profile; mesopleura and metapleura longitudinally striated, mesonotum without hairs, propodeal spiracle circular, unicolorous black-brown body.
C. jacindae sp. nov., paratype worker A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0922856 (Michele Esposito), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) auberti subsp. jehovae Forel, 1907c: 207 (w.) Israel:
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. jehovae crawleyi Emery.
KSA: Asir province, Ballasmer, A’l Omer, 18.76008N, 42.26806E, 2455 m, 28.iv.2019 (Sharaf MR) (1 w,
This species was originally described from Israel and is also known from the southeastern Europe and the Middle East (
Considering that the species was known from most countries around the KSA, it is not surprising to now be discovered in this region. The taxonomy and identification of this species seems straightforward and we expect that this will remain this way.
C. jehovae A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0914150 (Zach Lieberman), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster laestrygon Emery, 1869b: 135 (w.) Italy:
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Subspecies of C. scutellaris:
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. laestrygon airensis Santschi, C. laestrygon atlantis Santschi, C. laestrygon canariensis Barquín, C. laestrygon diminuta Santschi, C. laestrygon granulata Santschi, C. laestrygon maura Forel, C. laestrygon submaura Lomnicki, C. laestrygon theryi Santschi, C. laestrygon vivax Santschi.
Crematogaster laestrygon subsp. vaucheri Emery, 1926: 2 (w.) Morocco.
[First available use of Crematogaster auberti st. laestrygon var. vaucheri Santschi, 1921: 71; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of C. laestrygon:
Yemen: Hada, Sana’a, 15.3N, 44.166667E, 15.vii.1988 (P. Haney) (1 w,
This species is originally described from Italy and widespread in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East (
This is a good example of a Crematogaster species with a complex and uncertain taxonomic situation. It is relatively widespread in the Mediterranean and Middle East and currently has nine subspecies. It is doubtful that they are conspecific and it is possible that this is a species complex. As outlined below, we consider C. laestrygon striaticeps as sufficiently different to raise it to the rank of species.
C. laestrygon A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0912691 (Zach Lieberman), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster arborea subsp. melanogaster Emery, 1895: 29 (w., q.) South Africa.
Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster):
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. melanogaster homonyma Emery.
This species was described from South Africa for the Afrotropical region and it seems to be restricted to the southern African countries of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa (
The species record from Oman appears doubtful based on the strange distribution pattern noted above. However, since we were unable to examine any material of this species, we consider it prudent to list it as an Arabian species for the moment.
C. melanogaster A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0904511 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster mimosae Santschi, 1914a: 87, fig. 11 (w.) Kenya:
Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster):
Current subspecies: C. mimosae tenuipilis Santschi.
Initially described from Kenya, in the Afrotropics this species is East African in its distribution found in Kenya, Uganda, Somalia, Sudan, and Tanzania (
Crematogaster mimosae is one of four species of obligate acacia ants, which have been well studied in East Africa, mostly Kenya (e.g.,
C. mimosae A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0904507 (Will Ericson), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) auberti st. oasium Santschi, 1911: 84 (w.) Tunisia;
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Subspecies of C. antaris:
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. oasium saharensis Santschi.
Crematogaster oasium was described from Tunisia and can be found from Morocco east to Egypt (
This species seems to be common and widespread in northern Africa. Since we have not collected or examined any material from Arabia we list this provisionally as an Arabian species for the time being since it was listed by several authors (see above).
C. oasium A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0249821 (Ryan Perry), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster senegalensis Roger, 1863: 206 (w., q.) Senegal.
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
Subspecies of C. aegyptiaca:
Status as species:
Current subspecies: C. senegalensis goliathula Forel.
KSA: Asir province: Raydah: 18.204267N, 42.4124E, 2820 m, 21.ii.2014 (Al Dhafer et al.) (18 w,
While this species was originally described from Senegal, it seems to have a fairly disjunctive distribution since it is known from eastern and northwestern Africa without being recorded from countries in-between (
The disjunct distribution of this species is a bit unusual and might require further attention in future studies of Afrotropical Crematogaster. It is likely that the odd distribution is just based on a sampling artifact or a preference of arid habitats, which are not as common in Central Africa. However, it could also be the case that this species, as currently defined, consists of several cryptic taxa. Without a thorough revision of the Afrotropical fauna it is impossible to be sure and we therefore list material examined as C. senegalensis.
C. senegalensis A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0104592 (April Nobile), www.AntWeb.org.
Crematogaster laestrygon striaticeps Forel, 1909: 104 (w.) Algeria;
Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia):
This species was described from Algeria and is also found in the neighboring countries of Tunisia and Lybia (
Crematogaster striaticeps was originally described as a subspecies of C. laestrygon but herein we treat this taxon as a good species. The main difference responsible for the decision to raise striaticeps to the specific rank is the presence of dense longitudinal striations on the entire cephalic surface whereas laestrygon has a smooth cephalic surface and longitudinal striations are feebly developed and restricted to the area in front of eyes.
We have been hesitant with this decision since both taxa are similar to other Afrotropical or Mediterranean Crematogaster taxa and it is not clear which taxonomic status they may assume after a thorough revision of the genus. However, since we established that C. laestrygon and C. striaticeps are not the same taxon, we propose to separate them by raising the latter to species rank to achieve clarity of their status for the Arabian region and future studies of its fauna.
C. striaticeps A body in profile B body in dorsal view C head in full-face view, CASENT0908479 (Zach Lieberman), www.AntWeb.org.
As can be seen from the species accounts presented above, the taxonomic histories of many species treated herein are complex and problematic. Many species have had numerous status changes and a changing number of infraspecific taxa. In some cases, it is likely that the species listed here will turn out to be senior or junior synonym of another taxon, and it is also very probable that some or many of the infraspecific taxa deserve to be treated as “good” species. As a consequence, except for the few species endemic to the Arabian Peninsula, for most others we suggest caution. Our review of species is based on literature records, material examined by the first author, and Arabian material examined in some European collections. We have pointed out which species we consider well identifiable and which ones are difficult. Overall, we consider previous identifications, as well as ours, as temporary. This study is meant as a first step stone towards a more comprehensive revision of the Arabian Crematogaster fauna. Since comprehensive taxonomic revisions of the genus are not to be expected from neither the Palaearctic nor the Afrotropical regions any time soon, the most sensible solution for the study of Arabian Crematogaster is to visit additional European collections and compare our material with as many types as possible in order to verify or improve the identifications of our material.
Notwithstanding the taxonomic problems lined out above, the treated fauna of Crematogaster exemplifies very well that the Arabian Peninsula shares substantial faunal elements with the Palaearctic (mostly Mediterranean species) and the Afrotropics, with a minority of species currently considered as Arabian endemics. At present, we recognize eight Afrotropical, seven Palaearctic, and two Arabian species, which we think fits fairly well with the biogeography of the Arabian Peninsula. However, this assessment might change with further studies and comparisons with types. We suspect that in some cases it might turn out that our material is not conspecific with any of the previously identified species and might represent another undescribed endemic, but this requires further taxonomic work.
The ant genus Crematogaster is one of the most abundant myrmicine genera in the Arabian Peninsula, especially in the Asir mountains, Yemen, and Oman, particularly in areas with open forests and woodlands of Acacia (Martius, 1829) (Fabaceae) and Juniperus L. (Cupressaceae) trees. The close ecological association between ants and acacia trees has been documented by several authors (e.g.,
Although at present only 17 species of Crematogaster are known from the Arabian Peninsula, further targeted collecting may yield both additional species records and more new species. For example, no Crematogaster have been collected from Bahrain but it is very unlikely that the genus is absent from the country. We are sure that the current absence of Crematogaster records from Bahrain is due to the lack of any national myrmecological studies. The identification key to the Arabian Crematogaster presented herein serves as a foundation for further faunistic studies and taxonomic revisions of the genus.
We are indebted to Kadri Kiran and an anonymous reviewer for useful comments. We thank Brian Fisher and Michele Esposito for imaging the new species; Annette Patzelt for permission to use the image of Ayn Sahlanot and Saif Al-Hatmi (Oman Botanic Garden) for support during the field work in Oman; Bernard Landry (