Research Article |
Corresponding author: Helena Shaverdo ( shaverdo@mail.ru ) Academic editor: Mariano Michat
© 2019 Helena Shaverdo, Suriani Surbakti, Evie L. Warikar, Katayo Sagata, Michael Balke.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Shaverdo H, Surbakti S, Warikar EL, Sagata K, Balke M (2019) Nine new species groups, 15 new species, and one new subspecies of New Guinea diving beetles of the genus Exocelina Broun, 1886 (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Copelatinae). ZooKeys 878: 73-143. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37403
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Nine new species groups of Exocelina Broun, 1886 from New Guinea are introduced with keys to their representatives. Four groups are monotypic and include three new species: the E. aipomek group, the E. koroba group: E. koroba sp. nov., the E. mekilensis group: E. mekilensis sp. nov., and the E. morobensis group: E. morobensis sp. nov. The remaining five species groups include 18 species with 12 new species and one new subspecies: the E. bacchusi group: E. akameku sp. nov., E. oiwa sp. nov., E. oksibilensis sp. nov., and E. bacchusi herzogensis ssp. nov.; the E. jaseminae group: E. aseki sp. nov., E. kailaki sp. nov., and E. pseudojaseminae sp. nov.; the E. larsoni group: E. warahulenensis sp. nov.; the E. takime group: E. mianminensis sp. nov.; and the E. warasera group: E. haia sp. nov., E. kobau sp. nov., E. pulchella sp. nov., and E. warasera sp. nov. Diagnoses of five already described species of these groups are provided, as well as comparatives notes on all species. Exocelina santimontis (Balke, 1998) syn. nov. is a junior synonym of E. aipomek (Balke, 1998). Data on the distribution of the species are given, showing that most of the species of these groups occur in the Papua New Guinea.
Australasia, distribution, Exocelina, key, new taxa, species delimitation, systematics
This paper introduces nine new species groups of Exocelina Broun, 1886, completing our assessment of the supraspecific classification of the genus in New Guinea. Four of the species groups here diagnosed are monotypic and include species with distinct morphological characters and which were inferred as separate lineages in our previous molecular phylogenetic analyses (
The present work is based on material from the following collections:
CGW Collection of Günther Wewalka, Vienna, Austria
KSP Koleksi Serangga Papua, at the Biology Department of Universitas Cenderawasih (UNCEN), Waena, Papua, Indonesia
Our methods follow those described in detail in our previous articles (
The keys are based mostly on the male characters. In many cases, females cannot be assigned to species due to similarity of their external and internal structures (for female genitalia see
Abbreviations: IN – Indonesia; PNG – Papua New Guinea.
Exocelina aipomek group | ||
1. | Exocelina aipomek (Balke, 1998) | IN: Papua: Pegunungan Bintang; PNG: Sandaun |
Exocelina koroba group | ||
2. | Exocelina koroba sp. nov. | PNG: Hela |
Exocelina mekilensis group | ||
3. | Exocelina mekilensis sp. nov. | PNG: Sandaun |
Exocelina morobensis group | ||
4. | Exocelina morobensis sp. nov. | PNG: Morobe |
Exocelina bacchusi group | ||
5. | Exocelina akameku sp. nov. | PNG: Madang |
6. | Exocelina bacchusi (Balke, 1998) | PNG: Madang, Simbu, Eastern Highlands, Morobe, Gulf |
6a. | Exocelina bacchusi herzogensis ssp. nov. | PNG: Morobe, Central |
7. | Exocelina erteldi (Balke, 1998) | IN: Papua: Pegunungan Bintang |
8. | Exocelina oiwa sp. nov. | PNG: Morobe |
9. | Exocelina oksibilensis sp. nov. | IN: Papua: Pegunungan Bintang |
Exocelina jaseminae group | ||
10. | Exocelina aseki sp. nov. | PNG: Morobe |
11. | Exocelina jaseminae (Balke, 1998) | PNG: Morobe, Eastern Highlands |
12. | Exocelina kailaki sp. nov. | PNG: Central |
13. | Exocelina pseudojaseminae sp. nov. | PNG: Central |
Exocelina larsoni group | ||
14. | Exocelina larsoni (Balke, 1998) | PNG: Madang, Eastern Highlands |
15. | Exocelina nomax (J. Balfour-Browne, 1939) | PNG: Central, National Capital District |
16. | Exocelina warahulenensis sp. nov. | PNG: Simbu, Eastern Highlands |
Exocelina takime group | ||
17. | Exocelina mianminensis sp. nov. | PNG: Sandaun |
18. | Exocelina takime (Balke, 1998) | IN: Papua: Pegunungan Bintang |
Exocelina warasera group | ||
19. | Exocelina haia sp. nov. | PNG: Simbu |
20. | Exocelina kobau sp. nov. | PNG: Morobe |
21. | Exocelina pulchella sp. nov. | PNG: Central |
22. | Exocelina warasera sp. nov. | PNG: Simbu, Eastern Highlands |
Here, we provide general diagnostic characters for all representatives of the groups, which can be used to separate them from some of the previously studied groups. To complete diagnoses, special diagnostic characters for each group, mainly based on shape of the median lobe and shape and setation of the parameres, are provided below, before the species treatments.
– beetles small or medium-sized (TL-H 2.85–4.5 mm);
– habitus elongate to oval, in most species oblong-oval; with rounded pronotal and elytral sides, body outline continuous;
– pronotum short, trapezoidal, with posterior angles not drawn backwards;
– pronotum and elytra without striae or strioles;
– antennomeres not modified, simple;
– male protarsomeres 1–3 not expanded laterally;
– male protarsomere 4 cylindrical, narrow, with a large, hook-like to thin, long, slightly curved anterolateral seta;
– male protarsomere 5 not modified, long and narrow, sometimes slightly concave ventrally;
– median lobe of aedeagus with continuous outline in ventral and lateral view;
– ventral sclerite of median lobe more or less deeply divided apically.
All treated species groups (except for the monotypic E. koroba and E. mekilensis groups) are separate lineages within a monophyletic complex, including the E. danae and E. monae groups (
This group is characterised by extremely fine, inconspicuous dorsal punctation, pronotum with distinct lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus without setation, simple, with rounded apex in ventral view; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe almost equal; paramere with distinct dorsal notch and large, long subdistal part with numerous strong setae, proximal setae more or distinct.
Copelatus (Papuadytes) aipomek
Balke, 1998: 322;
Papuadytes aipomek
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina aipomek
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina aipomek
MB3726:
Copelatus (Papuadytes) santimontis
Balke, 1998: 335;
Papuadytes santimontis
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina santimontis
(Balke, 1998):
Indonesia: Papua Province: Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Aipomek, 04°27'S, 140°01'E, 1800 m a.s.l.
Exocelina aipomek
: Holotype: male “IRIAN JAYA Aipomek Area 140°01'E 04°27'S”, “Aipomek, 1800m 30./31.8.1992 leg.Balke (30)”, “HOLOTYPUS” [red], “Copelatus aipomek Balke des. 1997” [red] (
PNG: Sandaun: 2 males “Papua New Guinea: Sandaun, Ofektaman, 820m, 17.x.2008, 5.04.113S 141.35.841E, Ibalim (PNG 190)”, one with an additional green label “M.Balke 3727” (
IN: Papua: Pegunungan Bintang: 20 females “IRIAN JAYA: 22.9.1993 Bime – Calab Gebiet, Bime, 1400m”, “ca. 140°12'E 04°20'S, leg. M. Balke (16)”, “Paratypus Copelatus rivulus sp.n. Balke des. 1997” [red] (
For complete description, see
The species shows variability within and between populations in shape of the apex of the median lobe, which can be shorter or more elongate (Figs
In the area of its distribution, E. aipomek co-occurs with numerous species: E. ascendens (Balke, 1998), E. fume (Balke, 1998), E. takime, species of the E. bacchusi, E. ekari, E. danae, E. broschii, E. okbapensis, and E. aipo groups. The species can be distinguished from them by its body size, form and colouration, inconspicuous dorsal punctation, and weakly impressed microreticulation, presence of the pronotal bead, shape and setation of its median lobe, paramere, and male protarsomere 4.
Indonesia: Papua Province: Pegunungan Bintang Regency and Papua New Guinea: Sandaun Province (Fig.
This group is characterised by relatively dense and coarse dorsal punctation; pronotum with distinct lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus without setation, with apex thick, short, pointed and strongly curved downwards in lateral view; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe almost equal; paramere with distinct notch on dorsal side, subdistal part relatively large, rounded, with dense and strong setae, proximal setae inconspicuous.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB1292:
Papua New Guinea: Hela Province, Hedamali, ca. 05°41.85'S, 142°43.84'E, 1700–1900 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “PAPUA N.G.: 6.–9.5.1998 Southern Highl. Prov. Tari-Koroba, Hedemari [Hedamali] 1700–1900 m, leg. Riedel” (
Body size and form: Beetle medium-sized: TL-H 3.95–4.4 mm, TL 4.4–4.55 mm, MW 2.2–2.35 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.95 mm, TL 4.4 mm, MW 2.2 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Piceous, with paler sides of pronotum. Head piceous, paler anteriorly; pronotum piceous, with brown sides; elytra piceous, with reddish sutural lines; head appendages and legs proximally reddish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Submatt dorsally, with relatively dense and coarse punctation and evident microreticulation. Head with relatively dense and coarse punctation (spaces between punctures 1–2 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures almost equal to diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with finer, sparser punctation, and more evenly distributed punctation than on head. Elytra with coarser punctation than on pronotum. Pronotum and elytra with distinct microreticulation. Head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Venter with inconspicuous punctation, more evident on metacoxal plates and two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with distinct lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded and with few transverse strioles anteriorly, without anterolateral extensions. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively broad, convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with rather small, slightly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior row of 23 short setae and posterior row of 6 setae (Fig.
Female: Unknown.
The species can be distinguished from the species co-occurring in the same area (E. pseudoedeltraudae Shaverdo & Balke, 2014, E. tariensis Shaverdo & Balke, 2014, E. marinae (Shaverdo, Sagata & Balke, 2005), and E. pseudomarinae Shaverdo, Sagata & Balke, 2016) by size, relatively dense and coarse dorsal punctation, not modified male antennae, and the shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere.
Papua New Guinea: Hela Province, Koroba area (Fig.
The species is named after Koroba Village. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
This group is characterised by fine and sparse dorsal punctation; pronotum without lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus without setation, simple; in lateral view, apex thick, short and slightly curved downwards, its minuscule tip curved upwards; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe slightly unequal: left one slightly longer that right one; paramere without dorsal notch, evenly tapering to distal part, with numerous small spines and without long setae.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB0686:
Papua New Guinea: Sandaun Province, Ofektaman, 05°04.11'S, 141°35.84'E, 820 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Sandaun, Ofektaman, 820m, 17.x.2008, 5.04.113S 141.35.841E, Ibalim (PNG 190)”, “DNA M.Balke 3723” (
Body size and form: Beetle medium-sized: TL-H 3.85–4.4 mm, TL 3.45–3.95 mm, MW 1.8–2.05 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.8 mm, TL 4.2 mm, MW 2.0 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Dark brown, with paler sides of pronotum and head anteriorly. Head dark brown, piceous posteriorly; pronotum dark brown, with brown sides; elytra uniformly dark brown; head appendages and legs proximally reddish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with fine, sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with relatively fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures almost equal to or smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum and elytra with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, inconspicuous. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Venter with extremely inconspicuous punctation, more evident on metacoxal plates and two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum without lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 60 and posterior row of ten relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
From most species co-occurring in the same area (E. sandaunensis, E. tabubilensis Shaverdo & Balke, 2014, E. damantiensis, E. okbapensis Shaverdo & Balke, 2017, and E. may Shaverdo & Balke, 2017), E. mekilensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by its smaller size and absence of the pronotal bead, and simple male antennae. From the species without pronotal bead (E. pseudobifidae Shaverdo & Balke, 2014, E. pseudoeme Shaverdo & Balke, 2014, and E. ibalimi Shaverdo & Balke, 2018), it can be differentiated by the shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere, which are very characteristic and resemble those of the E. ullrichi group (
Papua New Guinea: Sandaun Province (Fig.
The species is named after Mekil Village where most specimens of the species were found. The name is an adjective in the nominative singular.
This group is characterised by fine and sparse dorsal punctation; pronotum with narrow lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus without setation, evenly curved, rather thin, lateral margins thickened proximally; in lateral view, its apex elongate, slightly thickened and rounded, in ventral view, median lobe broad proximally and distinctly narrowed in distal half, its apex bluntly pointed; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe almost equal; paramere slightly concave on dorsal side, its subdistal part with dense, strong setae, proximal setae weaker, less distinct.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB1313:
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB3840:
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Garaina, 07°51'03"S, 147°07'01"E, 720 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea Garaina, 720m, vi.2008, 07.51.032S 147.07.007E Ibalim & Sosanika PNG216” (
Body size and form: Beetle medium-sized, rarely small: TL-H 3.3–4.1 mm, TL 3.6–4.5 mm, MW 1.75–2.1 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.9 mm, TL 4.35 mm, MW 2.05 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Brown to dark brown, usually with reddish pronotum and head. Head reddish to brown, sometimes darker posterior eyes; pronotum reddish to brown, often broader or narrower darker area on disc; elytra brown to dark brown, sometimes with reddish sutural lines; head appendages and legs proximally reddish, legs distally darker, reddish brown to brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with fine, sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with relatively fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures almost equal to or smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum and elytra with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, often inconspicuous on elytra. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Venter with extremely inconspicuous punctation, more evident on metacoxal plates and two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with narrow lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 very slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 50 and posterior row of seven relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
From the species co-occurring in the same area (E. brahminensis Shaverdo, Hendrich & Balke, 2012, E. damantiensis, and E. garaina Shaverdo & Balke, 2016), E. morobensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by its size, colouration, narrow pronotal bead, and shape and setation of the median lobe and paramere.
The species is named after Morobe Province, the only province of PNG where the species has been found. The name is an adjective in the nominative singular.
The representatives of this group are characterised by fine to coarse dorsal punctation; pronotum with distinct lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus without setation, simple, broadly pointed; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe almost equal; paramere evenly tapering to apex, proximal setae often longer and more distinct that subdistal.
Papua New Guinea: Madang Province, Akameku - Brahmin, Bismarck Range, 05°49.89'S, 145°24.49'E, 750 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Madang, Akameku - Brahmin, Bismarck Range, 750m, 25.xi.2006, 05.49.892S 145.24.491E, Balke & Kinibel (PNG 113)” (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.35 mm, TL 3.8 mm, MW 1.8 mm, with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Dark brown, with reddish pronotal sides and head anteriorly. Head reddish brown, paler anteriorly; pronotum dark brown on disc, with reddish sides; elytra dark brown, with weakly indicated reddish sutural lines; head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with weak and sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures equal to or smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, very inconspicuous. Punctation on elytra invisible. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter invisible; inconspicuous on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with narrow lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, very slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of more than 30 and posterior row of 7 relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Unknown.
From the species co-occurring in the same area (from E. danae, E. ekari, E. broschii, and E. ullrichi groups), E. akameku sp. nov. can be distinguished by its size, dorsal punctation, and shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Madang Province, Bismarck Range (Fig.
The species is named after Akameku Village. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
Copelatus (Papuadytes) bacchusi
Balke, 1998: 326;
Papuadytes bacchusi
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina bacchusi
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina bacchusi
MB1521:
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB0257:
Papua New Guinea: Madang Province, Finisterre Range, Damanti, 05°53'26.5"S, 145°57'50.6"E, 1180 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Stn. No. 39”, “NEW GUINEA: Madang Dist., Finisterre Mts. Damanti 3,550 ft. 2–11.x.1964.”, “M.E. Bacchus. B.M. 1965-120”, “HOLOTYPUS” [red], “Copelatus bacchusi Balke des. 1997” [red] (
Madang: 2 males “Papua New Guinea: Madang, Simbai area, 1200m, 11.iii.2007, 05.13.333S 144.37.611E, Kinibel (PNG 153) (
Simbu: 27 females “Papua New Guinea: Supa Haia, 1023m, 10.ix.2002, K.Sagata (WB1)” (
For complete description, see
The species shows variability in size, colouration, how strongly impressed dorsal punctation and, more seldom, microreticulation, and slightly in shape of the apex of the median lobe (Fig.
From the species co-occurring in the same area (E. craterensis Shaverdo & Balke, 2014, E. damantiensis (Balke, 1998), E. hintelmannae (Shaverdo, Sagata & Balke, 2005), E. sima, E. kobau sp. nov. and two species of the E. larsoni group), E. bacchusi can be distinguished by its reddish dorsal colouration and shape and setation of the median lobe and paramere. The most similar (in body size and form and colouration) to E. bacchusi are E. warasera sp. nov. and E. haia sp. nov., which occur with it. Only males of these species can be clearly separated by shape and setation of the median lobe and paramere; and therefore, dorsal setae of the paramere are important: in E. bacchusi, proximal setae longer that subdistal, more distinct. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Madang, Simbu, Eastern Highlands, Morobe and Gulf Provinces (Fig.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB1383:
Papua New Guinea: Central Province, Woitape, 08°33.17'S, 147°15.48'E, 1500 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Central, Woitape, 1500m, i.2008, [08°] 33.178S 147.15.481E, Posman (PNG 167)”, “DNA M.Balke 3401” [green] (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.4–3.6 mm, TL 3.8–4.0 mm, MW 1.85–2.0 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.6 mm, TL 4.0 mm, MW 2.0 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Yellow reddish to brown. Head reddish brown to brown, dark brown posterior to eyes. Pronotum yellowish reddish, with small dark area on disc or brown, with paler sides. Elytra yellow reddish to brown. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with very fine punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Elytral punctation and microreticulation finer then in nominotypical subspecies. Elytral punctation usually invisible.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively broad, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with anterolateral seta rather long and thing, evenly curved, smaller than more laterally situated large seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of more than 60 and posterior row of ten relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
Colouration of the specimens from Woitape distinctly paler, yellowish; the specimen form Wagau much darker, brown.
From the nominotypical subspecies, it can be distinguished by shinier dorsal surface, shorter setae of male protarsomere 4, and by apex of the median lone elongate, thinner, with slightly enlarged tip. The further study is necessary to confirm the status of this taxon, which seems to replace the nominotypical subspecies in the Papuan Peninsula.
Papua New Guinea: Morobe and Central Provinces (Fig.
The subspecies is named after Herzog Mts., where the subspecies was the first time discovered. The name is an adjective in the nominative singular.
Copelatus (Papuadytes) erteldi
Balke, 1998: 330;
Papuadytes erteldi
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina erteldi
(Balke, 1998):
Indonesia: Papua Province: Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Borme, ca. 04°24'S, 140°25'E, 1200 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “IRIAN JAYA Zentralmassive 140°25'E 04°24'S”, “14./17.8.1992 Borme, 1900m leg. Balke (11)”, “Copelatus erteldi Balke des. 1997” [red], “HOLOTYPUS” [red] (
1 male “IRIAN JAYA Zentralmassive 140°25'E 04°24'S”, “Borme, 1800m 16.8.1992 leg. Balke (12, 12 A)”, “Paratypus Copelatus fume Balke des. 1997” [red] (
For complete description, see
The species can be distinguished from the species co-occurring in the same area (E. ascendens, E. aipomek, E. takime, the E. ekari group: E. eme Shaverdo and E. bifida, the E. danae group: E. damantiensis and E. danae, the E. okbapensis group: E. ketembang, E. talaki, and E. okbapensis, and all species of the E. aipo group) by body size and colouration, presence of pronotal bead, fine but conspicuous dorsal punctation, and shape and setation of its median lobe, paramere, and male protarsomere 4. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Indonesia: Papua Province: Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Borme (Fig.
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Aseki, Oiwa (a village about 100 km to the west of Bulolo), 7°18'00.0"S, 146°14'00.0"E, 1600–1700 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “PAPUA N. G.: Morobe Prov. Aseki, Oiwa, 1600–1700 m, 11.–12.3.1998 leg. A. Riedel” (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.3–3.5 mm, TL 3.7–3.95 mm, MW 1.85–1.95 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.5 mm, TL 3.95 mm, MW 1.95 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Fast uniformly reddish brown. Head reddish brown, darker posterior eyes. Pronotum reddish brown, slightly darker on disc. Elytra reddish brown, sometimes slightly darker than pronotum. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Submatt dorsally, with strong and dense punctation and strongly impressed microreticulation. Head with dense and coarse punctation (spaces between punctures 0–1 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures equal to or larger than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum and elytra with finer and sparser punctation than on head, very distinct, more even on elytra. Pronotum and elytra with strongly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate, but shiny. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter weak; more distinct on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively broad, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 broadly rounded or slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with anterolateral seta rather long and thin, evenly curved, equal to laterally situated large seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 60 and posterior row of five relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
From the species co-occurring in the same area (from E. danae, E. ekari, E. broschii, and E. ullrichi groups), E. oiwa sp. nov. can be distinguished by its size, dorsal punctation and colouration, shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere, and thin, evenly curved anterolateral seta of the protarsomere 4. The species is especially similar to E. aseki sp. nov., from which it can be distinguished by shape of its median lobe. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province (Fig.
The species is named after Oiwa Village. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
Indonesia: Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang Regency, south from Ok Sibil, tributary Digul River 05°03'25.9"S, 140°43'21.1"E, 359 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Indonesia: Papua, S Ok Sibil, tributary Digul Riv, 359m, 9.vi.2018, -5,05718389 140,722535848617, Sumoked (Pap051)” (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.05–3.35 mm, TL 3.5–3.7 mm, MW 1.7–1.85 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.35 mm, TL 3.7 mm, MW 1.85 mm), usually with oval, egg-shaped habitus.
Colouration: Reddish brown to brown. Head reddish brown to dark brown, paler anteriorly. Pronotum dark brown on disc and narrower or broader reddish on sides. Elytra reddish brown to dark brown, with reddish sutural lines. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with fine punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures equal to or smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum and elytra with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, sometimes inconspicuous. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter invisible; inconspicuous on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with narrow lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively broad, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with anterolateral seta rather long and thing, evenly curved, smaller than more laterally situated large seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of more than 60 and posterior row of 4 relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
The species is very similar to E. bacchusi in shape of the median lobe but can be distinguished from it by smaller size and egg-shaped habitus and shorter setae of male protarsomere 4. From the other species co-occurring in the same province (E. ascendens, E. aipomek, E. takime, the E. ekari group: E. eme Shaverdo and E. bifida, the E. danae group: E. damantiensis and E. danae, the E. okbapensis group: E. ketembang, E. talaki and E. okbapensis, and all species of the E. aipo group), it can be separated by body size and form, presence of pronotal bead, and the shape and setation of its median lobe, paramere, and male protarsomere 4. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Indonesia: Papua Province, Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Ok Sibil area (Fig.
The species is named after Ok Sibil River. The name is an adjective in the nominative singular.
1 | Beetle dorsally submatt, with strong and dense punctation and strongly impressed microreticulation (Fig. |
oiwa sp. nov. |
– | Beetle dorsally shiny, often with very weak punctation, invisible on elytra, and weakly impressed microreticulation | 2 |
2 | Anterolateral seta of male protarsomere 4 hook-like, large, strongly curved (Fig. |
akameku sp. nov. |
– | Anterolateral seta of male protarsomere 4 thin, long, slightly curved, equal to or smaller than more laterally situated large setae | 3 |
3 | Median lobe with subparallel sides and short apex in ventral view; in lateral view, apex elongate. Setae of paramere uniform, distinct (Fig. |
erteldi (Balke, 1998) |
– | Median lobe more or less evenly tapering to apex in ventral and lateral views. Proximal setae of paramere usually longer, sometimes also much stronger, than subdistal | 4 |
4 | Beetle usually smaller, TL-H 3.05–3.35 mm (Fig. |
oksibilensis sp. nov. |
– | Beetle usually larger, TL-H 3.05–3.9 mm (Figs |
5 |
5 | Beetle with stronger elytral microreticulation and more distinct punctation, duller (Fig. |
bacchusi (Balke, 1998) |
– | Beetle with weaker elytral microreticulation and usually invisible elytral punctation, shinier (Fig. |
bacchusi herzogensis ssp. nov. |
This group is characterised by fine to coarse dorsal punctation; pronotum with distinct lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus without setation; in ventral view, with distinctly concave apex forming two apical lobes; in lateral view, apex tip prolongated into characteristic “nose”; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe almost equal or slightly unequal; paramere without distinct notch but slightly concave on dorsal side, its subdistal part with dense, strong setae, proximal setae inconspicuous.
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Aseki, Oiwa, ca. 07°21'01.5"S, 146°11'38.4"E, 1600–1700 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “PAPUA N. G.: Morobe Prov. Aseki, Oiwa, 1600–1700 m, 11.–12.3.1998 leg. A. Riedel”, “SEM 19” (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.4 mm, TL 3.8 mm, MW 1.8 mm, with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Reddish brown. Head reddish brown. Pronotum reddish brown, dark brown on disc and almost yellowish on lateral sides. Elytra brown, with reddish sutural lines. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Submatt dorsally, with strong and dense punctation and strongly impressed microreticulation. Head with dense and coarse punctation (spaces between punctures 0–1 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures equal to or larger than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum and elytra with finer and sparser punctation than on head, very distinct, more even on elytra. Pronotum and elytra with strongly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate, but shiny. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter weak; more distinct on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively broad, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 broadly rounded.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with anterolateral seta very long and thin, evenly curved, in size equal to more laterally situated large seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 80 and posterior row of ca. 16 relatively long setae, which mixed up medially (Fig.
Female: Unknown.
From the species co-occurring in the same area (from E. danae, E. ekari, E. broschii, and E. ullrichi groups), E. aseki sp. nov. can be distinguished by its size, dorsal punctation and colouration, shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere, and thin anterolateral seta of the male protarsomere 4. The species is especially similar to E. oiwa sp. nov., from which it can be distinguished by shape of its median lobe. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province (Fig.
The species is named after Aseki Village. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
Copelatus (Papuadytes) jaseminae
Balke, 1998: 331;
Papuadytes jaseminae
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina jaseminae
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina jaseminae
MB1382:
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Herzog Range, Wagau (Vagau), ca. 06°48'S, 146°48'E, ca. 1300 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Stn. No. 150”, “NEW GUINEA: Morobe Dist., Herzog Mts., Vagau, C.4,000ft. 4–17.i.1965”, “M. E. Bacchus. B. M. 1965-120”, “HOLOTYPUS” [red], “Copelatus jaseminae sp. nov. Balke des. 1997” [red] (
Morobe: 1 male “Stn. No. 149A”, “NEW GUINEA: Morobe Dist., Herzog Mts., Vagau, C.4,000ft. 4–17.i.1965”, “M. E. Bacchus. B. M. 1965-120”, “Paratypus Copelatus monae sp.n. Balke des. 1997” [red], “Exocelina jaseminae (Balke) det. H.Shaverdo 2014” (
For complete description, see
In the area of its distribution, E. jaseminae co-occurs with numerous species of the E. ekari, E. ullrichi, E. broschii, and E. danae groups. From them, this species can be distinguished by its size, dorsal colouration, surface sculpture, simple male antennae, presence of pronotal bead, and mainly by the shape of its median lobe. In its external appearance, E. jaseminae is especially similar to E. monae (Balke, 1998), from which can be distinguished by the shape of its median lobe. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Eastern Highlands and Morobe Provinces (Fig.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB3409:
Papua New Guinea: Central Province, Kailaki, 09°24.134'S, 147°33.521'E, 827 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Central, Moroka area, Kailaki, 827 m, 26.x.2009, 9.24.134S 147.33.521E, Sagata (PNG225)” (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.1–3.85 mm, TL 3.45–4.35 mm, MW 1.7–2.05 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.4 mm, TL 3.75 mm, MW 1.85 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Piceous, with paler sides of pronotum and head anteriorly. Head reddish brown to dark brown, paler anteriorly. Pronotum dark brown, to piceous on disc and to reddish on sides. Elytra uniformly dark brown to piceous. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish to reddish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with extremely fine, sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, very inconspicuous. Punctation on elytra invisible. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles. Punctation on venter invisible; inconspicuous on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with narrow lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively broad, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior narrow band of 26 setae and posterior row of six relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi. Abdominal ventrites 1–2 with strioles, abdominal ventrites 3–6 without strioles.
Shape of apex of the medial lobe varies. In some specimens, especially from Myola, it is not clearly truncate in lateral view but very slightly concave and, due to that, the “nose” is more distinct.
Exocellina kailaki sp. nov. can be distinguished from the species of the E. danae group, E. nomax and E. pulchella sp. nov., co-occurring in the same area by its size, dorsal colouration and punctation, and shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Central Province (Fig.
The species is named after Kailaki Village. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
Papua New Guinea: Central Province, Kokoda Track, 09°14.34'S, 147°40.54'E, 1400 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Central, Kokoda Trek, 1400m, i.2008, [09°] 14.339S 147 40.538E, Posman (PNG 171)” (
Body size and form: Beetle medium-sized: TL-H 3.4–3.85 mm, TL 3.8–4.25 mm, MW 1.8–2.1 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.65 mm, TL 4.0 mm, MW 1.95 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Brown to dark brown, with paler sides of pronotum and head. Head reddish brown, dark brown posterior to eyes. Pronotum reddish brown to brown, with reddish sides. Elytra brown to dark brown, sometimes with weak reddish sutural lines. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish to reddish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: More or less shiny dorsally, with fine but distinct punctation and distinctly impressed microreticulation. Head with coarse and dense punctation (no spaces between punctures or spaces 1–2 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures equal to diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with much finer and sparser punctation than on head. Elytra with distinct punctation, slightly finer and sparser than on pronotum. Pronotum and elytra with weakly or more strongly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles. Abdominal ventrites with strioles and very fine, sparse punctation.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of more than 60 and posterior band of ca. 30 relatively long setae, which connected approximately in middle (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrites 5 and 6 without strioles.
Exocellina pseudojaseminae sp. nov. can be distinguished by its size, dorsal colouration and punctation, shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere from the species of the E. danae group (E. nomax and E. pulchella sp. nov.) co-occurring in the same area. In its external appearance and shape of the median lobe, E. pseudojaseminae is very similar to E. jaseminae but it has more strongly developed apical lobes of the median lobe and much larger, hook-like anterolateral seta of the male protarsomere 4. For further affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Central Province (Fig.
The species was mistaken for E. jaseminae due to their similarity in general appearance and shape of the median lobe. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
1 | Beetle dorsally submatt, with strong and dense punctation and strongly impressed microreticulation (Fig. |
aseki sp. nov. |
– | Beetle dorsally shiny, with very weak punctation, often invisible on elytra, and weakly impressed microreticulation (e.g., Fig. |
2 |
2 | Anterolateral seta of male protarsomere 4 thin, slightly curved, equal to or smaller than more laterally situated large setae (Fig. |
jaseminae (Balke, 1998) |
– | Anterolateral seta of male protarsomere 4 hook-like, large, strongly curved | 3 |
3 | Apical lobes of median lobe weak, truncate in lateral view, “nose” indistinct (Fig. |
kailaki sp. nov. |
– | Apical lobes of median lobe strong, rounded in lateral view, “nose” distinct (Fig. |
pseudojaseminae sp. nov. |
This group is characterised by fine and sparse dorsal punctation; pronotum with very narrow lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus with or without setation, very broad, robust, with sides strongly thickened; in ventral view, almost parallel-sided, with slight median constriction; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe very unequal: right one much longer than left one; paramere slightly concave on dorsal side and with long and dense subdistal and inconspicuous proximal setae.
Copelatus (Papuadytes) larsoni
Balke, 1998: 332;
Papuadytes larsoni
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina larsoni
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina larsoni
MB1299:
Papua New Guinea: Madang Province, Baiteta, 05°01'00"S, 145°45'00"E, ca. 700 m a.s.l.
Paratypes: 2 males “PAPUA NEW GUINEA Baiteta March 13, 1991 D. J. Larson” (
Madang: 7 males, 2 females “Papua New Guinea: Madang Province, Wanang village, ca 110 m, 20.ix.2013, 05.15.458S 145.02.389E, David Boukal (PNG2013-13)” (
For complete description, see
In the area of its distribution, E. larsoni co-occurs with numerous species of the E. ekari, E. ullrichi, E. broschii, and E. danae groups. From all them, this characteristic species can be easily distinguished by its size, colouration, fine surface sculpture, simple male antennae, and mainly by the shape of the median lobe. Even females of the species differ from more similar in body form E. brahminensis
Papua New Guinea: Madang and Eastern Highlands Provinces. The species is known from numerous specimens from the central and wertern part of Madang and from northern part of Eastern Highlands (Fig.
Copelatus nomax
J. Balfour-Browne, 1939: 65–66;
Copelatus nomax
J. Balfour-Browne, 1939 sensu
Copelatus (Papuadytes) nomax
J. Balfour-Browne, 1939:
Papuadytes nomax
(J. Balfour-Browne, 1939):
Exocelina nomax
(J. Balfour-Browne, 1939):
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB3405:
Papua New Guinea: Central Province, Mafulu, ca. 08°30'S, 147°00'E, ca. 1219 m a.s.l.
Holotype: female “Type” [round, with red bead], “PAPUA: Mafulu. 4,000ft. i.1934. L.E.Cheesman. B.M.1934-321.”, “Copelatus nomax, ♀ Type nov.sp.” [hw, the word “type” with red ink], “Holotype” [red] (
Central: 23 males, 32 females “Papua New Guinea: Central, Kokoda Trek, 320m, i.2008 [09°] 19.236S 147.31.791E, Posman (PNG 168)”, one male with an additional green label “DNA M.Balke 3405” (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.0–3.8 mm, TL 3.45–4.2 mm, MW 1.7–2.15 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.5 mm, TL 3.95 mm, MW 1.95 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Dark brown, with paler sides of pronotum and head. Head reddish to reddish brown, darker posterior to eyes. Pronotum brown to dark brown on disc and reddish to reddish brown on sides. Elytra uniformly dark brown. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with inconspicuous punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 1–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures smaller than or equal to diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with finer and sparser punctation than on head. Punctation on elytra finer and sparser than on pronotum, inconspicuous, in some specimens invisible. Disc of pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head and lateral sides of pronotum with microreticulation stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter inconspicuous, slightly stronger on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with narrow lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 30 and posterior row of nine relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
The specimen from Telefomin (Sandaun Province), 1 male “PAPUA, Selminumtem [Selminum Tem, 45 km SWS Telefomin, ca. 5°S; 141°15'E], W.Sepik d. P.Beron leg.”, “Copelatus nomax J.B.Br. det.V. Guéorguiev 1917” [partly hw] (
Papua New Guinea: Central and National Capital District Provinces (Fig.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB0265:
Papua New Guinea: Simbu Province, Crater Mountain, Haia, ca. 06°39'39.9"S, 145°00'28.4"E, 700 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Crater Mountain, Haia, 700m, 11IX2002, Balke & Sagata, (PNG 001)” (
Body size and form: Beetle small to medium-sized: TL-H 3.4–3.9 mm, TL 3.7–4.3 mm, MW 1.8–2.2 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.9 mm, TL 4.3 mm, MW 2.1 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Piceous, with reddish sides of pronotum and head. Head reddish to reddish brown, darker posterior to eyes. Pronotum brown to piceous on disc and reddish to reddish brown on sides. Elytra dark brown to piceous. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with inconspicuous punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. As in E. nomax.
Structures: Pronotum with narrow lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively broad, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 truncate or slightly concave.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior row of 20 and posterior row of seven relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
Exocellina warahulenensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by body size, form, colouration, inconspicuous dorsal punctation, simple male antenna, and shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere from the species co-occurring in the same area (E. damantiensis, E. hintelmannae, and E. ullrichi (Balke, 1998)). In the dorsal colouration and surface sculpture, the new species is similar to E. larsoni but differs from it in shape and presence of setation of the median lobe. Exocelina warahulenensis sp. nov. is also very similar to E. nomax but is slightly larger and has darker colouration and longer median lobe, with lateral setae apically and shorter, broader apex in lateral view.
Papua New Guinea: Simbu and Eastern Highlands Provinces (Fig.
The species is named after Wara Hulene Village where one of the paratype was collected. The name is an adjective in the nominative singular.
1 | Median lobe robust, lateral sides strongly thickened and apex much broader in lateral view and deeply concave in ventral view (Fig. |
larsoni (Balke, 1998) |
– | Median lobe slender, lateral sides more weakly thickened and apex thinner in lateral view and slightly concave in ventral view (e.g., Fig. |
2 |
2 | Beetle brownish, usually smaller, TL-H 3.0–3.8 mm (Fig. |
nomax (J. Balfour-Browne, 1939) |
– | Beetle piceous, usually larger, TL-H 3.4–3.9 mm (Fig. |
warahulenensis sp. nov. |
This group is characterised by more or less coarse and dense dorsal punctation; pronotum with narrow lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus without setation, broad, robust, sides slightly thickened; in ventral view, it broadened medially or subdistally; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe almost equal; paramere with distinct dorsal notch and subdistal part well developed, with long and dense subdistal and inconspicuous proximal setae.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB0688:
Papua New Guinea: Sandaun Province, Mianmin, 04°52.86'S, 141°31.71'E, 700 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Sandaun, Mianmin (pool), 700m, 21.x.2008, 04.52.858S 141.31.706E, Ibalim (PNG 198), “DNA M.Balke 3749” [green] (
Body size and form: Beetle medium-sized: TL-H 3.75–4.25 mm, TL 4.15–4.6 mm, MW 1.95–2.3 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.75 mm, TL 4.15 mm, MW 1.95 mm), with oblong habitus.
Colouration: Piceuos. Head piceous, with reddish brown anterior margin. Pronotum dark brown to piceous, with reddish brown to brown sides. Elytra uniformly piceous. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Submatt dorsally, with dense and coarse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with very dense and coarse punctation (no spaces between punctures or spaces 1–2 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures equal to diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with distinct punctation, finer than on head. Punctation on elytra distinct, finer and sparser than on head. Elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head and pronotum with microreticulation stronger than on elytra. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites 2–4 with few strioles, two last one without strioles but with very weak wrinkles. Punctation on venter fine but distinct.
Structures: Pronotum with narrow lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 truncate or very slightly concave.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 60 and posterior row of 17 relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi.
In the area of its distribution, E. mianminensis co-occurs with species of the E. ekari, E. okbapensis, E. broschii, E. casuarina and E. danae groups. From species of the E. ekari group, the species differs in larger size, presence of the pronotal bead, evidently stronger dorsal punctation, and the shape of the median lobe. From the other species, E. mianminensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by body size, form, and colouration, dorsal punctation, simple male antenna, and shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere. In the general appearance, the new species is more similar to E. ibalimi
Papua New Guinea: Sandaun Province (Fig.
The species is named after Mianmin Village. The name is an adjective in the nominative singular.
Copelatus (Papuadytes) takime
Balke, 1998: 336;
Papuadytes takime
(Balke, 1998):
Exocelina takime
(Balke, 1998):
Indonesia: Papua Province: Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Bime, ca. 04°20'S, 140°12'E, 1400 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “IRIAN JAYA: 11.9.1993 Bime – Calab Gebiet, Bime, 1400m”, “leg. M. Balke (12) ca. 140°12'E 04°20'S”, “HOLOTYPUS” [red], “Copelatus takime Balke des. 1997” [red] (
2 females “IRIAN JAYA: 11.9.1993 Bime – Calab Gebiet, Bime, 1400m”, “leg. M. Balke (12) ca. 140°12'E 04°20'S” (
For complete description, see
In the area of its distribution, E. takime co-occurs with E. aipomek, E. ascendens and species of the E. bacchusi, E. ekari, E. aipo, E. okbapensis, E. casuarina, and E. danae groups. From species of the E. ekari group, the species differs in larger size, evidently stronger dorsal punctation, and the shape of the median lobe. In the latter character, E. takime differs also from the species of the remaining groups. For separating it from some of these species, also presence of the pronotal bead and simple male antennae, and shape and setation of the paramere can be used. For affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Indonesia: Papua Province: Pegunungan Bintang Regency. The species is known only from the type material, i.e., Borme – Bime – Emdoman area (Fig.
1 | Beetle smaller, TL-H 3.75–4.25 mm. Dorsal punctation coarser (Fig. |
mianminensis sp. nov. |
– | Beetle larger, TL-H 4.1–4.5 mm. Dorsal punctation finer (Fig. |
takime (Balke, 1998) |
This group is characterised by extremely fine and sparse dorsal punctation; pronotum with distinct lateral bead; median lobe of aedeagus simple; in lateral view, slightly or more strongly curved, apex slightly curved downwards and bluntly pointed; in ventral view, apex bluntly pointed and often twisted sidewards; apexes of ventral sclerites of median lobe almost equal; paramere slightly concave on dorsal side, subdistal setae strong and dense, proximal setae usually inconspicuous.
Papua New Guinea: Simbu Province, between Supa and Haia Villages (Airstrips), ca. 6°39'39.9"S, 145°00'28.4"E, 1032 m.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Supa Haia, 1023m, 10.ix.2002, K. Sagata (WB1)” (
See under E. bacchusi.
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.4–3.45 mm, TL 3.7–3.75 mm, MW 1.8 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.4 mm, TL 3.7 mm, MW 1.8 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Dark brown, with paler sides of pronotum and head anteriorly. As in E. warasera sp. nov. (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with extremely fine and sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. As in E. warasera sp. nov.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 very slightly concave.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with anterolateral seta thin and evenly curved, smaller than more laterally situated large seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 80 and posterior row of two relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Unknown.
Exocellina haia sp. nov. can be distinguished by the shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere and/or by its size and colouration from the species co-occurring in the same area (E. bacchusi, E. craterensis Shaverdo & Balke, 2014, E. damantiensis, E. hintelmannae (Shaverdo, Sagata & Balke, 2005), E. warasera sp. nov.). For affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Simbu Province, Crater Mountain area (Fig.
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, E Pindiu, Kobau, ca. 6°25'10.1"S, 147°32'06.6"E, 1400 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “PAPUA N.G.: Morobe Prov. E Pindiu, Kobau 24.4.1998, 1400 m, leg. A. Riedel”, “SEM 13” (
Body size and form: Beetle medium-sized: TL-H 4.25 mm, TL 4.75 mm, MW 2.2 mm, with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Piceous, with paler sides of pronotum and head anteriorly. Head dark brown, paler anteriorly. Pronotum dark brown, with brown sides. Elytra piceous, with weakly indicated reddish sutural lines. Head appendages and legs proximally reddish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with extremely fine and sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures equal to or smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, very inconspicuous. Punctation on elytra invisible. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter invisible; inconspicuous on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of 25 and posterior row of five relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Unknown.
Exocellina kobau sp. nov. can be distinguished by its size, dorsal punctation, shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere, and large anterolateral hook-like seta of the male protarsomere 4 from the species co-occurring in the same area (E. damantiensis, E. kabwumensis Shaverdo & Balke, 2016, and E. bacchusi). For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province (Fig.
The species is named after Kobau Village. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB3408:
Papua New Guinea: Central Province, Moroka, Kailaki, Wareaga, 09°25.42'S, 147°31.07'E, 760 m a.s.l.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea Central, Moroka, Kailaki Wareaga, 760m, 27x2009 9.25.424S 147.31.068E Sagata (PNG227)” (
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 2.85–3.3 mm, TL 3.15–3.7 mm, MW 1.6–1.8 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.05 mm, TL 3.4 mm, MW 1.75 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Reddish head and bicoloured elytra: yellowish at shoulders and brownish distally. Head reddish, reddish brown posterior eyes. Pronotum reddish brown to brown on disc (broader or narrower) and yellowish to yellowish reddish on sides. Elytra bicoloured: yellowish in proximal 1/4 to 1/3 (rarely to 1/2) and yellowish brown to brown distally, proximal yellowish colouration sometimes more distinctly boarded as shoulder spots slightly elongated along sutural lines, but mostly fuzzy, not boarded. Head appendages and legs proximally yellowish, legs distally darker, reddish to reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with extremely fine and sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, very inconspicuous. Punctation on elytra invisible. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter invisible; inconspicuous on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 broadly rounded or slightly truncate.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band ca. 60 and posterior row of eight relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified pro- and mesotarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
From species of the E. danae, E. bacchusi and E. jaseminae groups (Shaverdo et al. 2016d) known from Central Province, E. pulchella sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by its small size, characteristic colouration, extremely fine dorsal punctation, and shape of the median lobe. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Central Province (Fig.
The species name derives from Latin pulchellus, a diminutive of pulcher (beautiful), to express the small size and nice colouration of the beetles; this species is the most colourful of all known New Guinea Exocelina. The species name is an adjective in the nominative singular.
Exocelina
undescribed sp. MB0261:
Papua New Guinea: Simbu Province, between Supa and Haia Villages (Airstrips), ca. 6°39'39.9"S, 145°00'28.4"E, 1032 m.
Holotype: male “Papua New Guinea: Supa Haia, 1023m, 10.ix.2002, K.Sagata (WB1)” (
See for E. bacchusi.
Body size and form: Beetle small: TL-H 3.15–3.8 mm, TL 3.5–4.15 mm, MW 1.65–2.05 mm (holotype: TL-H 3.4 mm, TL 3.8 mm, MW 1.8 mm), with oblong-oval habitus.
Colouration: Dark brown, with paler sides of pronotum and head anteriorly. Head dark brown, paler anteriorly. Pronotum dark brown, with brown sides. Elytra uniformly dark brown. Head appendages and legs proximally reddish, legs distally darker, reddish brown (Fig.
Surface sculpture: Shiny dorsally, with extremely fine and sparse punctation and weakly impressed microreticulation. Head with fine and sparse punctation (spaces between punctures 2–3 times size of punctures); diameter of punctures smaller than diameter of cells of microreticulation. Pronotum with much finer and sparser punctation than on head, very inconspicuous. Punctation on elytra invisible. Pronotum and elytra with weakly impressed microreticulation; head with microreticulation slightly stronger. Metaventrite, metacoxae, and abdominal ventrites distinctly microreticulate. Metacoxal plates with longitudinal strioles and weak transverse wrinkles; abdominal ventrites with strioles. Punctation on venter invisible; inconspicuous on two last abdominal ventrites.
Structures: Pronotum with lateral bead. Base of prosternum and neck of prosternal process with distinct ridge, slightly rounded anteriorly. Blade of prosternal process lanceolate, relatively narrow, slightly convex, with distinct bead and few setae laterally. Abdominal ventrite 6 truncate or very slightly concave.
Male: Protarsomere 4 with large, thick, strongly curved anterolateral hook-like seta. Protarsomere 5 ventrally with anterior band of ca. 50 and posterior row of eight relatively long setae (Fig.
Female: Without evident differences in external morphology from males, except for not modified protarsi and abdominal ventrite 6 without striae.
From the species co-occurring in the same area (E. bacchusi, E. craterensis, E. damantiensis, E. hintelmannae, and E. haia sp. nov.), E. warasera sp. nov. can be distinguished by the shape and setation of its median lobe and paramere and/or by its size and colouration. For the affinities within the group, see the “Key”.
Papua New Guinea: Simbu and Eastern Highlands Provinces, Crater Mountain area (Fig.
The species is named after Haia Village. The name is a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
1 | Beetle larger, TL-H 4.25 mm (Fig. |
kobau sp. nov. |
– | Beetle smaller, TL-H 2.85–3.8 mm (e.g., Fig. |
2 |
2 | Beetle colourful, with reddish head and bicoloured elytra: yellowish at shoulders and brownish distally; smaller, TL-H 2.85–3.3 mm (Fig. |
pulchella sp. nov. |
– | Beetle dark brown, with paler sides of pronotum and head anteriorly; larger, TL-H 3.15–3.8 mm (Figs |
3 |
3 | Apex of median lobe shorter and thicker, with right lateral margin slightly concave (Fig. |
warasera sp. nov. |
– | Apex of median lobe longer and thinner, its lateral margins straight (Fig. |
haia sp. nov. |
We are grateful to Dr H. Schillhammer (Vienna) for the habitus photographs and to Prof. D. Bilton and C.R. Turner (Plymouth) for a linguistic review of earlier versions of the manuscript. Fieldwork was supported by the UK Darwin Initiative project “Training the next generation of PNG conservation biologists” to Aland Stewart, the Wildlife Conservation Society, PNG Program (now PNG Institute for Biological Research), Goroka, EHP, Papua New Guinea, as well as the PNG Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea. Thanks are especially due to our PNG friends Vojtech Novotny, Aloysius Posman, Bangan John, Andrew Kinibel, and Sentiko Ibalim, whose help is greatly appreciated. The specimens from Mount Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea were collected during the “Our Planet Reviewed Papua-New-Guinea 2012–2013” project. Sorting and processing of the material was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) grant 669609 to C. Wardhaugh. We express our gratitude to our Indonesian friend Bob Sumoked, naturalist, explorer, nature lover, and mountaineer for looking for beetles once the campfire was burning and the tents were set up. Never stop exploring! We thank Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Cibinong, Indonesia for hosting the type material and lending selected specimens for imaging, especially to Dr D. Peggie and Pak Sarino.
Specimens were exported with permission from the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC, Port Moresby), or loaned from
Financial support for the study was also provided by the FWF (Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung – the Austrian Science Fund) through a project P 24312-B17 to Helena Shaverdo. Michael Balke was supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG BA2152/11-1, 11-2, 19-1, 19-2).