Epilampra nebulosa Burmeister, 1838

Coloration brownish yellow, glossy and finely granulose (Figs 1–14). Pronotum smooth, broad and rhomboidal, completely covering vertex, anterior margin curved and posterior margin obtusely produced (Figs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13). Tegmina and wings in both sexes fully developed, entirely covering abdomen, apices rounded or posterior margin emarginate in the middle (Figs 1-14). Pulvillus and arolium present; tarsal claws symmetrical and unspecialized. Supra-anal plate and hypandrium nearly symmetrical, posterior margin emarginate near the middle except in Pseudophoraspis fruhstorferi Shelford (Figs 15, 17, 23, 25, 30, 32, 39, 41, 49, 51, 59, 61). Sclerite L2d of male genitalia with well-developed apical outgrowth (Figs 34, 35, 43, 44, 53, 54, 63) except in Pseudophoraspis fruhstorferi (Fig. 19) and Pseudophoraspis tramlapensis (Fig. 27).

Females usually shorter and wider than males, more convex, with smaller and widely separated eyes; pronotum larger. Tegmina and wings more or less shorter than in males (Figs 3–4).

According to original descriptions and examined specimens kept in Collection of College of Plant Protection, Southwest University (SWU) and the Entomological Museum of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (NWAFU), we subdivide this genus into two species groups: the fruhstorferi group and the gorochovi group. There are two types of pronotum in this genus: the pronotum of the fruhstorferi group is smooth and without any punctures, while in the gorochovi group, the pronotum is scattered with punctures and has two crescent depressions on disc.

The gorochovi group is similar to Stictolampra Hanitsch for the scattered punctures of the pronotum, but differs from the latter by the following characters: 1) pronotum rhomboidal, anterior margin curved and completely covering vertex, lateral sides approximately acute and angled, posterior margin obtusely produced and with two crescent depressions on disc; while in Stictolampra, pronotum peach-shaped, anterior margin approximately straight and vertex exposed completely, lateral sides more or less rounded, posterior margin strongly produced and without any depressions on disc; 2) sclerite L2d with well-developed apical outgrowth, while Stictolampra lacks any apical outgrowth.

China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan); Indonesia (Sumatra, Java Island, Sulawesi); Malaysia (Malacca State, Borneo Island); Cambodia; Thailand; Vietnam.

Male. Body yellowish-brown. Head yellowish-brown, facial part of head with large brown spot from ocellus to clypeus, basal margin of ocellus with a round brown spot, eyes dark brown, ocelli yellowish (Figs 2, 4). Pronotum yellowish-brown, covered with scattered brown spots, disc part brown (Figs 1, 3). Tegmen yellow, one third of radius vein from base yellowish white (Figs 1, 3). Dorsal part of abdomen brown; ventral part of abdomen yellow, with dense small brown spots (Figs 2, 4).

Vertex completely covered by pronotum (Figs 1–2). Distance between eyes about 0.36 times of width of head. Ocellus same as scrobe and ocellus width equal to interocular width (Fig. 2). Pronotum rhomboidal, smooth and impunctate, much broader than long, anterior margin curved and posteriorly obtusely produced (Fig. 1). Tegmina and wings exceeding the abdomen and apex rounded (Figs 1–2). Fore femur with 4-7 spines along anterior margin and 2 apical spines. First segment of hind tarsus with spines along most part of its length and plantula occupying the terminal.

Male genitalia. Supra-anal plate symmetrical, trapezoidal, posterior margin with a shallow concavity at middle, lateral sides nearly straight (Fig. 15). Paraprocts asymmetrical, left one broad, simple plate; right one with a stubby finger-like protrusion whose apex bending backwards (Fig. 16). Hypandrium with posterior margin slightly produced, without any concavity (Fig. 17). Complex L1 with apodema slightly long (Fig. 18). Sclerite L2d short, asymmetrical and densely covered with chaeta, without apical outgrowth, L2vm distinct and strongly sclerotized (Fig. 19). Sclerite R2 with terminal rectangular and apex slightly elongate as a tooth (Figs 20–22).

Female. Usually shorter and wider than male (Figs 3–4). Eyes smaller and widely separated, distance between eyes about 0.39 times width of head (Fig. 4). Pronotum, tegmina and abdomen brownish-yellow, covered with scattered brown spots (Fig. 3). Facial part of head with large brown spot same as the male (Fig. 4). Dorsal part of body more convex than in male. Tegmina and wings shorter than the male, with posterior margin slightly emarginate (Figs 3–4).

Male measurements. Body length: 35.5–41.5 mm (including tegmen); Head length × width: 4.5–5.0 mm × 4.0–4.5 mm; Pronotum length × width: 8.0–9.0 mm ×11.5–12.5 mm; Tegmina length × width: 30.5–35.0 mm × 12.0–12.5 mm.

Female measurements. Body length:29.0–30.0 mm (including tegmen); Head length × width: 5.0–5.5 mm × 4.0–4.5 mm; Pronotum length × width: 8.0–8.5 mm × 11.5–12.0 mm; Tegmina length × width: 25.0–25.5 mm × 10.5–11.0 mm.

one male, China: Guangxi Prov., Mt. Daqingshan, 15 May 1963, coll. Yang Jikun (SWU); onemale, China: Hainan Prov., Mt. Jianfengling, 29 June 1981, coll. Lin Zai (SWU); two females, China: Hainan Prov., Mt. Wuzhishan (N18.51°, E109.40°) 740 m, 28-30 June 2008, coll. Zhang Weiwei (SWU).

China (Guangxi, Hainan); Vietnam.

Sclerite L2d of this species and Pseudophoraspis tramlapensis are strongly sclerotized and without apical outgrowth, but L2vm of the former with basal margin transversal.

Body yellowish-brown. Head yellowish-brown, the dark spots on facial part same as Pseudophoraspis fruhstorferi (Figs 5-6). Pronotum and tegmina densely scattered with small brown spots (Fig. 5). Tegmina pale brown with half of radius vein from base yellowish white and scattered with dark brown spots (Fig. 5). Coxae and anterior margin of femora dark brown (Fig. 6). Middle part of abdomen with two brown stripes (Fig. 6). Hypandrium with large brown spots (Fig. 6).

Distance between eyes about 0.4 times width of head. Ocellus slightly smaller than scrobe and ocellus width slightly narrower than interocular width (Fig. 6). Pronotum completely covering vertex, rhomboidal, smooth and impunctate (Fig. 5). Tegmina and wings well-developed, exceeding the abdomen and with posterior margin rounded (Figs 5–6). Fore femur with 7 spines along anterior margin and 2 apical spines. 1st segment of hind tarsus with plantula occupied apically and spines along most of its length.

Male genitalia. Supra-anal plate symmetrical, trapezoidal, posterior margin with a shallow concavity at middle, lateral sides more or less straight (Fig. 23). Paraprocts asymmetrical, left one broad, simple plate; right one with a slender finger-like protrusion whose apex bending backwards (Fig. 24). Hypandrium symmetrical, with posterior margin shallowly emarginated (Fig. 25). Apodema of complex L1 with transverse terminal (Fig. 26). Sclerite L2d large and long, with a protrusion at middle (Fig. 27). Basal part of sclerite L2vm furcated (Fig. 27). Sclerite R2 with apex slightly pointed (Figs 28–29).

Male measurements. Body length45.0 mm (including tegmen); Head length × width: 5.0 mm × 4.5 mm; Pronotum length × width: 9.0 mm × 12.5 mm; Tegmina length × width: 38.5 mm × 13.0 mm.

Material examined. one male, China: Guizhou Prov., Maolan Nature Preserves, 500–560m, 16–18 June 2006, coll. Yang Zaihua (SWU).

China (Guizhou); Vietnam.

This species is similar to Pseudophoraspis fruhstorferi, but can be distinguished by body color and male genitalia.

Body yellowish-brown. Head yellow. Eyes dark brown, ocelli yellow (Fig. 8). Pronotum yellow with dense and small brown spots, disc brownish-yellow (Fig. 7). Tegmina yellow scattered with brown spots (Fig. 7). Anterior margin of wings with lots of brown spots. Dorsal part of abdomen brown, ventral part of abdomen yellow with dense brown spots (Fig. 8).

Vertex completely covered by pronotum (Figs 7–8). Distance between eyes about 0.15 times width of head. Ocellus same as scrobe and ocellus width equal to interocular width (Fig. 8). Pronotum rhomboidal and smooth, impunctate, with anterior margin curved and posterior margin obtusely angled (Fig. 7). Tegmina covering the abdomen totally, and apex rounded (Figs 7-8). Fore femur with 4 spines along anterior margin and one single apical spine. 1st segment of hind tarsus with spines along 2/3 of its length, plantula covering apical one third.

Male genitalia. Supra-anal plate rectangular, symmetrical, with posterior margin emarginated at middle (Fig. 30). Paraprocts asymmetrical, both sides with a finger-like protrusion bending backwards; the right one larger than the left (Fig. 31). Hypandrium symmetrical, with posterior margin shallowly emarginated (Fig. 32). Apodema of complex L1 moderately sclerotized, triangular (Fig. 33). Apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d moderately sclerotized, short and nearly straight, basal part rough and apical part slender (Figs 34-35). Sclerite R2 with tapering apex (Figs 36-38).

Male measurements. Body length 36.5 mm (including tegmen); Head length × width: 4.0 mm × 3.5 mm; Pronotum length × width: 7.5 mm × 10.5 mm; Tegmina length × width: 31.5 mm × 10.0 mm.

one male, China: Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, 27-30 April 1981, coll. Zheng Zhiguang (SWU).

China (Yunnan); Vietnam.

Apodema of complex L1 of this species is short and approximately triangular, which is obviously different from others, whose apodemas of complex L1 are longer and approximately rectangular.

Body yellowish. Head brownish yellow; vertex and interocular space testaceous; eyes dark brown, ocellus yellowish (Fig. 12). Pronotum yellow covered with dense and small brown spots, and with a few brown stripes at apex (Fig. 11). Tegmina yellowish with more or less small brown spots, and costal vein wholly white (Fig. 11). Coxae and femora ventrally scattered with small brown spots (Fig. 12). Tergite with dense and small brown dots, and a brown stripe in the middle. Sternite with slightly small brown spots (Fig. 12).

Vertex completely concealed by pronotum (Figs 11, 12). Distance between eyes about 0.2 times width of head. Ocellus same as scrobe and ocellus width equal to interocular width (Fig. 12). Pronotum broad and rhomboidal, with anterior margin curved and posterior margin obtusely produced; with punctures and two crescentic depressions on disc (Fig. 11). Tegmina and wings fully-developed, exceeding the abdomen and with apex rounded (Figs 11–12). Fore femur with 5 or 6 spines along anterior margin and one single apical spine. First segment of hind tarsus with spines along most part of its length; plantula apically occupying the terminal.

Male genitalia. Supra-anal plate (Fig. 39) and hypandrium (Fig. 41) symmetrical, with posterior margin emarginate; hypandrium slightly longer than supra-anal plate. Paraprocts asymmetrical; left one broad, simple plate, right one with a finger-like protrusion bending backwards (Fig. 40). Apodema of complex L1 short and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 42). Sclerite L2d moderately sclerotized, rough and weakly rugose; its apical outgrowth short, with apex slightly bending outwards (Figs 43–44). Sclerite R2 short, with a tooth on inner margin of terminal (Figs 46-48).

Male measurements. Body length 26.0–27.5 mm (including tegmen); Head length × width: 3.0–3.5 mm × 2.5–3.0 mm; Pronotum length × width: 5.5–6.0 mm × 8.0–8.5 mm; Tegmina length × width: 22.0-23.0 mm × 7.5–8.0 mm.

Holotype, male, China: Hainan Prov., Baoting, 10 July 1959, coll. Hu Yichuan. Paratypes, one male, China: Hainan Prov., Baoting, 10. July 1959, coll. Hu Yichuan; one male, China: Guangxi Prov., Mt. Daqingshan, September 1958, coll. Xu Yixin.

Distribution. China (Hainan, Guangxi).

The species resembles Pseudophoraspis gorochovi, but can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) tegmina scattered with small brown spots, while the latter, tegmina lack any spots; 2) apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d slender, straight and with apex slightly bending outwards, the latter with apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d slightly bending outwards, basal part rough and terminal part slender.

The specific epithet “recurvatus” is derived from Latin, referring to apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d bending outwards.

Body brownish-yellow. Head yellow; occiput, vertex and interocular space brown; eyes dark brown, ocellus yellowish (Fig. 14). Pronotum yellow scattered with small brown spots and some brown stripes near posterior margin (Fig. 13). Tegmina yellow, costal vein wholly yellowish, basal part scattered with small brown spots and the rest with large brown spots (Fig. 13). Anterior margin of wings covered with a few brown spots. Anterior margin of femur brown; coxa and femur scattered with small brown spots (Fig. 14). Abdomen densely scattered with brown spots, of which on tergites are denser than that of on sternites (Fig. 14). Tergites with a brown stripe in the middle (Fig. 13).

Vertex completely concealed by pronotum (Figs 13–14). Distance between eyes about 0.2 times width of head. Ocellus same as scrobe and ocellus width equal to interocular width (Fig. 14). Pronotum punctured and with two crescentic depressions on disc, rhomboidal, broader than long; with anterior margin curved and posterior margin obtusely produced (Fig. 13). Tegmina and wings fully-developed, apex rounded (Figs 13–14). Fore femur with 5 or 6 spines along anterior margin and 2 apical spines. First segment of hind tarsus with spines along most of its length and plantula occupying the terminal. Each tergite with a small ridge in the middle.

Supra-anal plate symmetrical, semicircular, emarginated along posterior margin (Fig. 49). Paraproct asymmetrical; left one broad, simple plate, right one with a finger-like protrusion bending backwards (Fig. 50). Hypandrium symmetrical, shallowly emarginate in middle of posterior margin (Fig. 51). Hypandrium slightly longer than supra-anal plate. Apodema of complex L1 short (Fig. 52). Sclerite L2d small, moderately sclerotized, apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d bending inwards (Figs 53–54). Sclerite R2 with apex pointed (Figs 55–57).

Male measurements. Body length 29.5 mm (including tegmen); Head length × width: 3.6 mm × 3.0 mm; Pronotum length × width: 6.5 mm × 9.5 mm; Tegmina length × width: 24.5 mm × 8.5 mm.

Holotype, male, China: Hainan Prov., Mt. Jianfengling, 31 July 1982, coll. Chen Zhiqing (SWU).

China (Hainan).

The species is similar to Pseudophoraspis recurvata sp. n., but can be distinguished by characters as follows: 1) the body larger than that of the latter, 2) apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d rough and bending inwards, while the latter straight and with apex slightly bending outwards.

The specific name is from the Latin word “incurvatus”, referring to apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d bending inwards.

Body brownish-yellow. Head yellow; vertex and interocular space brown; eyes dark brown, ocelli yellowish (Fig. 10). Pronotum yellow scattered with small brown spots and some brown stripes near posterior margin (Fig. 9). Tegmina variegated scattered with brown spots, costal vein almost completely yellowish (Fig. 9). Anterior margin of wings scattered with few brown spots. Anterior margin of femur brown. Coxa, femur, and abdomen scattered with small brown spots (Fig. 10).

Vertex completely covered by pronotum. Distance between eyes at vertex is 0.3 times the width of head. Ocellus oval, much smaller than scrobes and ocellus width equal to interocular width (Fig. 10). Pronotum rhomboidal and with anterior margin curved, posterior margin obtusely produced; with punctures and two crescentic depressions on disc (Fig. 9). Tegmina and wings fully-developed, apex rounded (Figs 9–10). Fore femur with 4 or 6 spines along anterior margin and 1 apical spine. First segment of hind tarsus with 2 rows of spines along most of its length and plantula occupying the terminal (Fig. 58).

Supra-anal plate (Fig. 59) and hypandrium (Fig. 61) symmetrical, distinctly shorter than hypandrium; both emarginate along posterior margin. Paraprocts asymmetrical; left one broad, simple plate, right one with a finger-like protrusion bending backwards (Fig. 60). The apodema of complex L1 short, median emargination long (Fig. 62). Apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d more or less straight and slender (Fig. 63). Sclerite R2 with apex pointed and a tooth on inner margin (Figs 64–65).

Male measurements. Body length 31.5 mm (including tegmen); Head length × width: 3.5 mm × 2.6 mm; Pronotum length × width: 7.0 mm × 9.5 mm; Tegmina length × width: 26.5 mm × 8.5 mm.

Holotype, male, China: Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, 11–13 May 1974, coll. Chou Io & Yuan Feng (NWAFU).

China (Yunnan).

Pseudophoraspis clavellata sp. n. is similar to Pseudophoraspis incurvata sp. n., but can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) ocellus small (larger in Pseudophoraspis incurvata sp. n.); 2) tegmina variegated with irregular brown spots (tegmina yellowish brown scattered with regular and round brown spots in Pseudophoraspis incurvata sp. n.); 3) apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d more or less straight and slender (bending inwards and with apex pointed in Pseudophoraspis incurvata sp. n.).

The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word “clavellatus”, referring to apical outgrowth of sclerite L2d being nearly straight and slender.