Occipital carina present laterally, above mandibular base curved towards and (just) meeting hypostomal carina (Figs 20, 29), near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; face without tubercles (Figs 18, 27); scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; clypeus not impressed; mandible not abruptly widened basally (but frequently rather gradually widened), without lamella, at most with a fine carina baso-ventrally; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum present (Fig. 24), but rarely absent (Fig. 15); scutellar sulcus wide to rather narrow; postpectal carina absent; sfirst subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present (Figs 14, 23); (but Nearctic species may have both veins cu-a of hind wing and CU1b of fore wing absent); vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR (Figs 14, 23); vein m-cu of hind wing usually absent or obsolescent, only distinct in type species; first tergite without dorsope (Figs 16, 25); and basal half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease, if sometimes weakly developed then second tergite smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; vein 2-SR of fore wing present (Figs 14, 23), rarely reduced; fifth and following tergites partly exposed; ovipositor sheath more or less setose basally (Fig. 31); length of fore wing usually less than 3 mm.

Parasitoids of mining Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Lonchaeidae, Scathophagidae and Tephritidae.

This Holarctic and Oriental genus has been used mostly as a subgenus (e.g., Fischer 1972b, Chen and Weng 2005 and 21998) but Papp (2002) used it as a valid genus. The definition in these papers is different; its main character, the curvature of the occipital carina, is used here for the first time. The mainly plesiomorphic character states used by other authors result in a mixed group; the curved occipital carina seems to be the best apomorphic character state to separate this group from Opius Wesmael s.l.

Holotype, ♂ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Chengbu, Nan Mt., Shaoyang, 1500 m, 10–11.VI.2009, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”.

Mandible with a short ventral carina (Fig. 20); clypeus dark brown; hind tibia completely pale yellowish or brownish-yellow basally; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 15); mesosoma slender (Fig. 13); propodeum without a transverse carina subbasally (Fig. 16); vein m-cu of fore wing slightly postfurcal (Fig. 14).

Holotype, ♂, length of body 1.6 mm, of fore wing 2.2 mm.

Head. Antenna with 26 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing (Fig. 13); length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment and without thyloids and shiny, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.3, 3.5, and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 21); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; labial palp segments rather short; occipital carina dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum absent; hypostomal carina narrow (Fig. 20); length of eye in dorsal view twice temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally distinctly convex and glabrous; face smooth, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 18); width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face, clypeus convex, smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and slightly concave (Fig. 18); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 18); malar suture indicated as slightly impressed narrow groove; mandible triangular, moderately convex and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 20).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; dorsal pronope absent (Fig. 19); pronotal side smooth, but posteriorly slightly superficially crenulate; epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed, narrow and smooth (Fig. 13); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth, but ventrally slightly crenulate; mesosternal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a short crenulate part anteriorly (Fig. 15); mesoscutum glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 15); scutellar sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; scutellum smooth and slightly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum largely smooth without medio-longitudinal carina and posteriorly mainly finely rugulose (Fig. 16).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 14): pterostigma sublinear; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.3 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 3:21:43; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 10:21:6; r slightly widened; 1-M straight; SR1 weakly sinuate; m-cu slightly postfurcal; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 slender; first subdiscal cell narrowly open, CU1b absent; apical quarter of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 14): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 10:9:5; cu-a straight, short; m-cu absent; 1-1A curved.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.6, 9.5 and 7.2 times as long as wide, respectively; setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long (Fig. 17).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and with longitudinal (partly superficial) fine rugae and dorsal carinae remain separated and up to middle of tergite (Fig. 16); basal quarter of second tergite with oblique striae medially (Fig. 16); second suture obsolescent; third and following tergites smooth.

Colour. Dark brown; palpi and tegulum pale yellowish; scapus, pedicellus and base of third segment, legs (but hind femur and tibia slightly darkened apically), metasoma baso-ventrally and apex of third-seventh tergites brownish-yellow; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus chestnut-brown; pterostigma and veins mainly pale brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Molecular data. None.

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “brunneus” (Latin for brown) and “clypeus”, because of the brown clypeus.

Runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Phaedrotoma larga (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. It differs by having the occipital carina curved ventrally, the clypeus 1.8 times wider than high (2.6 times in Phaedrotoma larga) and the first tergite 1.3 times as long as wide apically (0.9 times).

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Tian Ping Mt., 9–13.VII.2009, 550 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’10”. Paratypes (RMNH): 1 ♀ with same label data; 1 ♀, “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Longtanping, 4–5.VI.2009, 550 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”; 1 ♀, “S. China: Hunan, nr Chengbu, Nan Mt., Shaoyang, 1500 m, 10–11.VI.2009, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”; 1 ♀, “S. China: Hunan, nr Suining, Huangsang N.R., Shaoyang, 12–13.VI.2009, 1000 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”.

Mandible with a fine ventral carina (Fig. 29); clypeus yellowish-brown ventrally; small medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum present (Fig. 24); mesosoma robust (Fig. 22); propodeum without a transverse carina subbasally (Fig. 25); vein m-cu of fore wing slightly antefurcal (Fig. 23).

Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.7 mm, of fore wing 2.2 mm.

Head. Antenna with 28 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing (Fig. 22); length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment and with thyloids and matt, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.3, and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 30); length of maxillary palp 1.1 times height of head; labial palp segments rather short; occipital carina dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum absent; hypostomal carina narrow (Fig. 29); length of eye in dorsal view 3.0 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally distinctly convex and glabrous; face smooth, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 27); width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face, clypeus moderately convex, largely smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and straight medially (Fig. 27); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 27); malar suture absent; mandible triangular, moderately convex and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 29).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height (Fig. 22); dorsal pronope obsolescent, small (Fig. 28); pronotal side smooth, but oblique groove finely crenulate, posteriorly largely smooth (Fig. 22); epicnemial area largely smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed, narrow and smooth (Fig. 22); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus entirely smooth; mesosternal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for an indistinct smooth depression anteriorly (Fig. 24); mesoscutum glabrous except some setae on imaginary notaulic courses (Fig. 24); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum small, pit-shaped (Fig. 24); scutellar sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; scutellum smooth and flattened; surface of propodeum partly rugulose and partly smooth, without medio-longitudinal carina (Fig. 25).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 23): pterostigma elliptical; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.1 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 2:31:60; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 15:31:8; r slightly widened; 1-M straight; SR1 weakly sinuate; m-cu slightly antefurcal; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 slender; first subdiscal cell narrowly open, CU1b reduced, only pigmented; apical quarter of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 23): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 15:2:5; cu-a straight, short; m-cu absent; 1-1A curved.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 10.6 and 5.3 times as long as wide, respectively; setae of hind femur long and tibia moderately long (Fig. 26).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and with longitudinal (mainly superficial) fine rugae and dorsal carinae remain separated and up to middle of tergite (Fig. 25); basal quarter of second tergite smooth medially; second suture absent; third and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.08 times fore wing and 0.25 times hind tibia (Figs 22, 31).

Colour. Dark brown; mesosoma and head dorsally blackish; palpi, tegulae and coxae pale yellowish; scapus, clypeus ventrally, remainder of legs (but hind tibia apically and hind tarsus slightly darkened), metasoma baso-ventrally and apex of third-seventh tergites brownish-yellow; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus chestnut-brown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Molecular data. COI, 16S, 28S (CVA4235).

Variation. Length of body 1.5-1.9 mm, of fore wing 2.0-2.2 mm; antenna of ♀ with 25 (1), 26 (2), 27 (1) or 28 (1) segments.

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “melleus” (Latin for honey-coloured) and “clypeus”, because of the yellowish clypeus.

According to the molecular markers belongs to a clade with the Palaearctic Apodesmia incisula (Fischer, 1964) (DNA: CVA4257, sharing the indistinct pronope and a medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum) together with Neopius rudis (Wesmael). The new species has vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal as in the very common Palaearctic Apodesmia irregularis (Wesmael, 1835), but it has the second tergite smooth basally and rather dark brown, medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum minute and distinctly removed from the scutellar sulcus (more than diameter of depression from scutellar sulcus; less than length of depression in Apodesmia irregularis), the first tergite with distinct (but small) smooth knob medio-apically (absent or nearly so in Apodesmia irregularis).

It runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Apodesmia tracta (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. It differs by having the eye 3 times longer than temple (twice in Apodesmia tracta), the first tergite with finer sculpture between its coarse rugae (absent), the second tergite without distinct sculpture (longitudinally striate) and the base of the second tergite comparatively wide between the oblique depressions (base narrow).

Areotetes carinuliferus sp. n.

From “areola” (Latin for “room”) and the generic name Utetes Foerster, 1862, because it is similar but has an areolate propodeum. Gender: masculine.

Hind tibia with a long nearly straight carinula basally (Figs 39, 47, 59); face without tubercles; in front of anterior ocellus without a distinct semi-circular or triangular depression; frons without a pair of distinct depressions above antennal sockets; occipital carina present laterally, not or slightly curved ventrally and remaining removed from hypostomal carina, near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and high (Fig. 48); labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; hypoclypeal depression distinct (Fig. 48); malar suture absent; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; mandible normal, triangular (Fig. 51); pronotum short and subvertical; pronope absent or obsolescent; side of pronotum anteriorly below groove with distinctly elevated area; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum rather small (Fig. 34) or absent (e.g. in Areotetes carinuliferus); scutellar sulcus usually rather wide (Fig. 34); propodeum areolate and smooth between carinae, with medium-sized medio-longitudinal carina (Figs 35, 44, 56); precoxal sulcus smooth or finely crenulate; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 and short vein CU1b postero-apically (Figs 33, 43, 53); vein 1-M of fore wing straight or slightly curved and vein 1-SR short; vein cu-a of hind wing present and vein m-cu absent; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR (Figs 33, 43, 53); length of fore wing less than 3.5 mm; second tergite without sharp lateral crease, smooth or striate; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath about 0.1 times as long as fore wing. According to Fig. 6 not closely related to the genus Utetes Foerster, despite having carinulae of the hind tibia in common.

Unknown, butthe related genus Utetes Foerster, 1862, contains parasitoids of fruit infesting Tephritidae and to a lesser degree of Agromyzidae and Anthomyiidae; at least some of the host records may be the result of misidentification of the host or parasitoid.

Can be separated from Utetes Foerster as follows:

Holotype, ♂ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Bamaoxi, 2–3.VI.2009, 540 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”.

Second metasomal tergite distinctly striate medially (Fig. 35); second metasomal suture widely crenulate; antenna of ♀ unknown, probably apical third pale yellowish as in male (Fig. 36); head dorsally (except stemmaticum and surroundings) yellow; face yellowish-brown; frons with pair of small depressions above antennal sockets; pronotum short and vertical; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum small and deep (Fig. 34); precoxal sulcus smooth except for some crenulae (Fig. 32); vein 3-SR of fore wing about 1.7 times as long as vein 2-SR and nearly straight (Fig. 33); vein m-cu of fore wing angulate with vein 2-CU1.

Holotype, ♂, length of body 1.8 mm, of fore wing 2.1 mm.

Head. Antenna with 21 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing (Fig. 32); length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.7, 3.7, and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 36); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments elongate (Fig. 32); occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 40); median groove behind stemmaticum present; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 3.4 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally convex and largely glabrous; face smooth, medially broadly elevated (Fig. 38); width of clypeus 1.6 times its maximum height and 0.4 times width of face, clypeus convex, smooth and its ventral margin not differentiated and concave (Fig. 38); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 38); mandible convex (Fig. 40).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; dorsal pronope absent (Fig. 41); pronotal side smooth, but medial groove with ventral oblique carina posteriorly and a short carina perpendicularly connected to it and posterior groove obsolescent (Fig. 32); epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed, with few short crenulae (Fig. 32); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a short crenulate part anteriorly (Fig. 34); mesoscutum glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum rather small, deep (Fig. 34); scutellar sulcus moderately crenulate; scutellum smooth and flat; dorsal surface of propodeum largely smooth except for medio-longitudinal carina and a strong transverse carina behind it, posteriorly areolate (Fig. 35).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 33): pterostigma triangular; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.4 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 1:18:37; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 11:18:4; r widened; 1-M nearly straight; SR1 weakly curved; m-cu slightly postfurcal; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical quarter of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 33): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 15:13:7; cu-a straight; m-cu absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 8.0 and 4.3 times as long as wide, respectively; setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long (Fig. 37).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and with longitudinal (medially irregular) costae and dorsal carinae united in its anterior 0.3 and up to apex (Fig. 35); second tergite medially longitudinally costate (Fig. 35); second suture widely crenulate (Fig. 35); third and following tergites smooth.

Colour. Dark brown; apical third of antenna pale (3 penultimate segments pale yellowish, apical and other segments pale brownish; Fig. 36); palpi, face, mandible, malar space, tegulae, legs (but middle and hind tarsi somewhat brownish), apex of third-seventh tergites and metasoma ventrally whitish or pale yellowish; scapus, remainder of head (but stemmaticum and surroundings dark brown), prothorax, mesopleuron and mesosternum yellow; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Molecular data. None.

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “albus” (Latin for “white”) and “fero” (Latin for “carrying”), because of the whitish mandibles and the pale apex of the antenna.

Does not run in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to any species of the group with a carinula on the hind tibia.

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Longtanping, 4–5.VI.2009, 550 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”, “4249, sp. 15” [= DNA sample taken from this specimen]. Paratypes (RMNH): 1 ♂, same label data; 3 ♀, id., but Bamaoxi, 2–3.VI.2009, 540 m; 1 ♂, “S. China: Hunan, nr Chengbu, Nan Mt., Shaoyang, 1500 m, 10–11.VI.2009, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”.

Second metasomal tergite smooth or nearly so (Fig. 45); apical third of antenna of ♀ dark brown subapically; face dark brown; frons without depressions above or between antennal sockets; pronotum short and vertical; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 44); scutellar sulcus finely crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrowly crenulate; propodeum areolate and smooth between carinae (Fig. 44); vein 3-SR of fore wing slightly curved and twice as long as vein 2-SR (Fig. 43); vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into vein 2-CU1; first metasomal tergite partly smooth and shiny (Fig. 45).

Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.7 mm, of fore wing 2.0 mm.

Head. Antenna with 21 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.5, 4.5 and 3.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 46); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments elongate; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum obsolescent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 3.6 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally convex and largely glabrous; face smooth, medially elevated (Fig. 48); width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face, clypeus convex, smooth and its ventral margin not differentiated and straight medially (Fig. 48); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 48); mandible slightly convex and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 51).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; dorsal pronope absent; pronotal side smooth, but medial groove indistinctly crenulate posteriorly, with ventral oblique carina posteriorly and posterior groove obsolescent (Fig. 42); epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed, posteriorly with few indistinct crenulae (Fig. 42); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a short smooth part anteriorly (Fig. 44); mesoscutum glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 44); scutellar sulcus finely crenulate; scutellum smooth and flat; dorsal surface of propodeum smooth except for a medio-longitudinal carina connected to a pentagonal areola and complete costulae (Fig. 44).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 43): pterostigma nearly elliptical; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.5 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 2:33:56; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 14:33:10; r widened; 1-M, 3-SR and SR1 nearly straight; m-cu slightly postfurcal and gradually merging into vein 2-CU1; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical quarter of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 43): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 10:11:5; cu-a straight; m-cu absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.2, 10.7 and 8.0 times as long as wide, respectively; setae of hind femur long and of tibia moderately long (Fig. 50); hind tibia with a long nearly straight carinula basally (Fig. 47).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially, largely smooth, but with a few oblique weak carinae and dorsal carinae united in its anterior 0.3 and absent behind it (Fig. 45); second tergite smooth, but antero-medially with indistinct patch of sculpture; second suture smooth and shallowly impressed; third and following tergites smooth and partly desclerotized apically; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.1 times fore wing and 0.3 times hind tibia (Fig. 49).

Colour. Dark brown; antenna dark brown but 4 basal segments brownish-yellow; palpi, mandible, tegulae, legs, base of second tergite and apex of third tergite pale yellowish; clypeus and malar space mainly, side of pronotum ventrally, propleuron and area below precoxal sulcus yellowish-brown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Molecular data. COI, 16S, 28S (CVA4249).

Variation. Length of body 1.4–1.7 mm, of fore wing 2.0-2.1 mm; antenna of ♀ with 20 (2) or 21 (2) segments, of ♂ with 21 (1) or 22 (1) segments; third and fourth antennal segments and face dark brown or yellowish-brown.

Name derived from “carinula” (Latin for small carina or crest) and “fero” (suffix in Latin meaning carrying or having), because of the carinula on the inner side of the hind tibia.

Does not run well in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to any species of the group with a carinula of the hind tibia. It is similar to Areotetes laevigatus (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., but it has the length of the mesosoma 1.5 times its height (1.7 times in Areotetes laevigatus), the propodeum without a median carina posteriorly (present), vein 3-SR of fore wing about 2.4 times vein 2-SR (about twice) and length of the hind femur about 5 times as long as wide (4 times).

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Tian Ping Mt., 9–13.VII.2009, 550 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’10”. Paratype, ♂ (RMNH), same label data.

Second metasomal tergite striate medially (Fig. 56); apical third of antenna of ♀ partly pale yellowish (Fig. 61), of ♂ dark brown; face brownish-yellow and head dorsally largely dark brown; frons with small pit between sockets and no depressions above antennal sockets; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum small, round (Fig. 55); scutellar sulcus finely crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrowly crenulate (Fig. 52); propodeum areolate and with smooth areas (Fig. 56); vein 3-SR of fore wing slightly curved and about 2.5 times as long as vein 2-SR; vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into vein 2-CU1; first metasomal tergite sparsely sculptured (Fig. 56).

Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.8 mm, of fore wing 2.2 mm.

Head. Antenna with 24 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.0, 4.0 and 2.6 times their width, respectively (Fig. 61); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments elongate; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 62); median groove behind stemmaticum obsolescent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 5.5 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally convex and largely glabrous; face smooth, medially elevated; width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.45 times width of face, clypeus convex, smooth and its ventral margin not differentiated and concave (Fig. 58); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 58); mandible slightly convex and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 62).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; dorsal pronope absent; pronotal side smooth, but medial groove indistinctly crenulate, with ventral oblique carina posteriorly and posterior groove obsolescent (Fig. 52); epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed, with short crenulae (Fig. 52); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a short largely smooth part anteriorly (Fig. 55); mesoscutum glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum small, deep, round in a shallow linear depression (Fig. 55); scutellar sulcus finely crenulate; scutellum smooth and flat; dorsal surface of propodeum largely smooth except for a medio-longitudinal carina and a moderately developed transverse carina behind it, posteriorly areolate (Fig. 56).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 53): pterostigma nearly elliptical; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.5 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 1:25:43; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 10:25:6; r widened; 1-M nearly straight; SR1 weakly curved; m-cu slightly postfurcal; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical third of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 54): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 21:20:9; cu-a straight; m-cu absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.9, 11.4 and 6.3 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 60); setae of hind femur long and of tibia moderately long; hind tibia with a short nearly straight carinula basally (Fig. 59).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and with few oblique costae and dorsal carinae united in its anterior 0.3 and absent behind it (Fig. 56); second tergite medially longitudinally costate striate (Fig. 56); second suture finely crenulate and not impressed (Fig. 56); third and following tergites smooth and partly desclerotized; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.09 times fore wing and 0.25 times hind tibia (Figs 52, 57).

Colour. Blackish-brown; apical third of antenna pale (5 penultimate segments pale yellowish, 3 apical segments brownish; Fig. 61); palpi, mandible, malar space, tegulae, legs (especially coxae, rest mostly brownish-yellow), apex of third-seventh tergites and metasoma baso-ventrally pale yellowish; pedicellus brown; face, temple, orbita, scapus, side of pronotum ventrally, propleuron and area below precoxal sulcus yellowish-brown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Male paratype has length of fore wing 2.0 mm, and of body 1.7 mm; antenna with 21 segments, 1.3 times as long as fore wing and dark brown except for yellowish scapus; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum comparatively large and elliptical.

Molecular data. None.

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “striatus” (Latin for “striated”) and “fero” (Latin for “carrying”), because of the coarsely striate second metasomal tergite.

Does not run well in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to any species of the group with a carinula of the hind tibia. It is similar to Utetes acustratus (Fischer, 1988) from New Guinea, but it has the length of the mesosoma 1.5 times its height (1.8 times in Utetes acustratus), the apex of the antenna dark brown (white or ivory); length of the eye about 5 times temple in dorsal view (twice) and vein m-cu of fore wing angled with vein 2-M (linear) and length of the hind femur about 4 times as long as wide (3 times).

Hypoclypeal depression absent or narrow, and medially ventral margin of clypeus near upper level of condyli of mandibles (“mouth closed”); clypeus comparatively sparsely and short setose, if rather long and dense then clypeus flattened; mandible with ventro-basal carina, rarely obsolescent or on a small protuberance (resembling a small tooth); epistomal suture present; if suture is shallow then basal half of vein M+CU1 of fore wing largely unsclerotized; vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.3 times vein 2-SR or less, if rarely 1.4-1.5 times then pronope very large or pterostigma triangular; mesosternum normal, much longer than fore coxa; hind coxae normal, rounded ventrally; second-fourth tarsal segments comparatively slender; telotarsus and arolium not enlarged; dorsope usually large and close to lateral margin of first tergite; hypopygium of female at most slightly incised.

Parasitoids of Anthomyiidae and Scathophagidae.

Holarctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Australian.

Oriental China: Hubei, Hunan.

One female from Hunan is very similar to Biosteres carbonarius(Nees, 1834) with vein r of fore wing about as long as width of pterostigma and much longer than wide; vein 2-M of fore wing 1.9-2.2 times vein 3-SR; second metasomal tergite black, at most anteriorly brownish and first tergite finely and densely sculptured medially.

Coleopioides postpectalis sp. n.

From the generic name “Coleopius” and the addition “oides”, because it is superficially similar to the genus Coleopius Fischer.

Face without tubercles; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; inner sides of antennal sockets normal, not protruding; labrum exposed; clypeus truncate ventrally and hypoclypeal depression present (Figs 68, 78); mandibles long and slender (Fig. 79); scutellar sulcus usually rather wide (Figs 65, 75); at least part of postpectal carina present medio-ventrally, but absent in Coleopioides diversinotum; notauli complete (Fig. 65) or largely absent (Fig. 75); mesoscutum with medio-posterior depression (Fig. 75); propodeum with a transverse carina subbasally and with long medio-longitudinal carina (Figs 65, 76); precoxal sulcus wide and crenulate (Figs 63, 73); second submarginal cell elongate, vein 3-SR 1.5–1.8 times as long as vein 2-SR (Figs 64, 74); second and third metasomal tergites more or less enlarged, longer than following segments; dorsope absent; laterope distinct; second and third tergites enlarged, longer than following segments (Figs 66, 76); second metasomal suture absent or superficially impressed and smooth; third tergite more or less sculptured (but may be largely smooth); epipleuron of third metasomal tergite slightly differentiated from notum and without lateral crease; fourth metasomal tergite well exposed.

Unknown.

Notes. Both new species are similar to Coleopius Fischer because of the presence of the hypoclypeal depression, the short metasoma and the shape of the clypeus. The long second submarginal cell (vein 3-SR 1.5-1.8 times vein 2-SR; shorter in Coleopius), the similar third epipleuron and notum (epipleuron distinctly less sclerotized in Coleopius), and the third tergite about as long as second tergite and without sharp lateral crease (lateral crease present in Coleopius) indicate that they do not belong in Coleopius. The new species differ from the similar genus Bitomus Szépligeti by the same character states, except that the second submarginal cell is intermediate. The new genus Coleopioides belongs to a separate basal group in the tribe Opiini together with Areotetes gen. n., according to the molecular data of the nuclear 28S marker of both species. Areotetes gen. n. shares the medio-longitudinal carina and the areolate posterior part of the propodeum with Coleopioides, but differs by having the carinula of the hind tibia, the crenulate posterior groove of the pronotum and the absence of the malar suture and of the depressions behind the antennal sockets.

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Tian Ping Mt., 9–13.VII.2009, 550 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’10”, “CVA4244, sp. 10”.

Mandible without ventral carina; ventral rim of clypeus narrow and upcurved (Fig. 68); clypeus medium-sized; face rather tuberculate medio-ventrally (Fig. 68); pronotum without distinct pronope (Fig. 70); propleuron smooth subposteriorly; pronotum short; notauli nearly complete and finely crenulate (Fig. 65); precoxal sulcus present anteriorly and medially, wide and crenulate (Fig. 63); postpectal carina completely absent; propodeum with a transverse carina subbasally (Fig. 65); first discal cell of fore wing less transverse than in Coleopioides postpectalis (Fig. 64); vein m-cu of fore wing twice longer than vein 2-SR+M; second tergite smooth (Fig. 66).

Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.6 mm, of fore wing 2.0 mm.

Head. Antenna with 19 segments and 0.8 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.5, and 2.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 71); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments short; occipital carina rather close to hypostomal carina and dorsally and behind upper half of eye absent (Fig. 69); no depression behind stemmaticum; hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple; frons medially convex, depressed behind antennal sockets and laterally convex, entirely glabrous; face smooth, evenly convex; width of cly-peus twice its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face, clypeus convex, smooth and its ventral margin differentiated, narrow, thin, straight and upcurved (Fig. 68); hypoclypeal depression rather large (Fig. 69); malar suture present; mandible normal, slightly convex and without ventral carina (Fig. 69).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; dorsal pronope absent (Fig. 70); pronotal side smooth, but distinctly crenulate posteriorly and a few crenulae anteriorly, no ventral oblique carina (Fig. 63); epicnemial area largely smooth dorsally, with few weak crenulae; precoxal sulcus anteriorly and medially present, wide, coarsely rugose-crenulate (Fig. 63); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth, except for some indistinct crenulae ventrally; mesosternal sulcus rather wide and with few crenulae, without postpectal carina; notauli nearly complete, narrow and finely crenulate (Fig. 65); mesoscutum smooth and with some setae medially; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum round and small (Fig. 65); lateral margin of mesoscutum crenulate; scutellar sulcus widely and coarsely crenulate (Fig. 65); scutellum smooth and slightly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum short and with short medio-longitudinal carina, transverse carina strong, posterior surface largely smooth, with median and sublateral carinae (Fig. 65).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 64): pterostigma wide elliptical; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.5 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 2:23:37; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 15:23:7; r short and slender; 1-M nearly straight; SR1 slightly curved; m-cu postfurcal by half its length; cu-a postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical quarter of M+CU1 sclerotized; first discal cell of fore wing comparatively short. Hind wing (Fig. 64): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 18:12:7; cu-a slightly reclivous; m-cu absent; 1-1A curved.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.8, 7.8 and 3.7 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with moderately long setae (Fig. 67).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, its surface strongly convex gradually medially, coarsely rugose and with dorsal carinae united near apical fifth of tergite (Fig. 66); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth; second and third tergites 0.6 times as long as metasoma after first tergite; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.05 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 63, 72).

Colour. Dark brown; mandible, palpi, scapus, tegulae and legs (but telotarsi darkened) pale yellowish; clypeus, malar space and mesopleuron largely yellowish-brown; pterostigma and veins brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate below base of pterostigma, remainder subhyaline.

Molecular data. COI, 16S, 28S (CVA 4244).

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “diversus” (Latin for “different”) and “notum”, because of the differently sculptured mesoscutum.

The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Xynobius indagatrix (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n.; Coleopioides diversinotum differs by lacking a dorsope (present in Xynobius indagatrix), the length of the eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple (4.2 times in Xynobius indagatrix), length of the first tergite about equal to its apical width (1.3 times) and the propodeum with strong transverse carina and carinate (densely rugose and without distinct transverse carina).

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “N. China: Shandong, Anqiu, Suotou Mt., 31.VII.2009, c. 120 m, Li Xi-Ying, RMNH’09”. Paratypes (RMNH): 3 ♀ + 1 ♂ with same label-data; 1 ♂, “S. China: Hunan, nr Suining, Huangsang N.R., Shaoyang, 12–13.VI.2009, 1000 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”.

Mandible with long fine ventral carina (Fig. 84); rim of clypeus pointed downwards (Fig. 78); pronotum and mesopleuron dorsally superficially granulate;occipital carina finely crenulate; clypeus comparatively wide (Fig. 78); tegulae dark brown; propleuron rugulose subposteriorly; notauli only anteriorly distinctly impressed; precoxal sulcus wide and crenulate (Fig. 73); postpectal carina medio-ventrally coarsely developed; first discal cell of fore wing comparatively transverse (Fig. 74); vein m-cu of fore wing 5 times longer than vein 2-SR+M (Fig. 74); second metasomal tergite of ♀ granulate (Fig. 76).

Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.0 mm, of fore wing 2.1 mm.

Head. Antenna with 19 segments (incomplete; in paratypes 1.3 times as long as fore wing); length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third and fourth penultimate segments 2.3 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 81); length of maxillary palp equal to height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina finely crenulate (Fig. 84), rather close to hypostomal carina, absent dorsally and behind upper third of eye; with distinct groove behind stemmaticum; hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 3.0 times temple; frons medially narrowly convex between depressions behind antennal sockets, with depression between antennal sockets and laterally slightly convex, glabrous; face sparsely finely punctate, evenly convex (Fig. 78); width of clypeus 2.8 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face, clypeus rather flat, smooth except for some punctures and its ventral margin slightly differentiated, thin, straight and pointed downwards; hypoclypeal depression rather large (Fig. 78); malar suture present; mandible normal, slightly convex and sparsely punctate and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 79).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; pronope absent (Fig. 83); pronotal side smooth, but distinctly crenulate posteriorly, superficially granulate dorsally and oblique groove finely crenulate, no ventral oblique carina (Fig. 73); propleuron rugulose subposteriorly (Fig. 73); epicnemial area largely smooth dorsally, with few crenulae anteriorly; precoxal sulcus anteriorly and medially present, wide, coarsely crenulate (Fig. 73); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus indistinctly crenulate dorsally and distinctly crenulate ventrally; mesosternal sulcus as a row of punctures, with strong postpectal carina medio-ventrally; notauli only anteriorly widely impressed (Fig. 75); mesoscutum smooth and only posteriorly with few setae; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum round and small (Fig. 83); lateral margin of mesoscutum crenulate; scutellar sulcus wide and coarsely crenulate (Fig. 75); scutellum smooth and slightly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum not differentiated and with long medio-longitudinal carina, transverse carina distinct, posterior surface largely reticulate-rugose, with sublateral carinae (Fig. 76).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 74): pterostigma triangular; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.7 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 3:27:42; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 15:27:12; r short and slender; 1-M and SR1 nearly straight; m-cu postfurcal by fifth of its length; cu-a subinterstitial and 1-CU1 hardly widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical quarter of M+CU1 sclerotized; first subdiscal cell of fore wing moderately long. Hind wing (Fig. 74): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 5:4:2; cu-a slightly reclivous; m-cu absent; 1-1A curved.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.2, 8.0 and 4.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae (Fig. 77).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 0.9 times its apical width, its surface evenly gradually convex medially, longitudinally rugose and punctate posteriorly and with dorsal carinae separated and up to middle of tergite (Fig. 76); second suture obsolescent; second tergite as long as third tergite (Fig. 73) and densely and finely granulate-punctate with some fine striae (Fig. 76), its epipleuron slightly less sclerotized than notum; third tergite (except apically) superficially granulate and following tergites smooth; second and third tergites 0.7 times as long as metasoma after first tergite; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 73, 80).

Colour. Dark brown (including tegulae and apex of antenna in paratypes); head dorsally and mesosoma black; palpi, scapus and legs (but telotarsi darkened) pale yellowish; mandible, clypeus and malar space yellowish-brown; pterostigma (but apically pale brown) and veins brown; wing membrane evenly slightly infuscate.

Molecular data. COI, 16S, 28S (CVA4255).

Variation. Length of body 1.7–2.0 mm, of fore wing 1.9–2.1 mm; antennal segments of ♀ 24 (1), 25 (1) or 26 (1) and of ♂ 24 (2); ventral rim somewhat upcurved or pointed downwards; pronotal side and second tergite dark brown or yellowish-brown; third tergite of male only superficially granulate, second tergite largely sculptured as in female or superficially granulate.

*China (Shandong, Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “postpectus” (Latin for “posterior part of breast”), because of the presence of the postpectal carina.

The new species does not run well in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) because it has the second tergite granulate (the choices in the key are longitudinally striate or smooth), but if it is assumed that the sculpture is superficial and the tergite is nearly smooth then it runs to Xynobius indagatrix (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n.; Coleopioides postpectalis differs by having the length of the eye in dorsal view 3 times temple (4.2 times in Xynobius indagatrix), no dorsope (present), length of the hind femur about 3 times its width (4.7 times), length of first tergite 0.9 times its apical width (1.3 times), the second tergite granulate-punctate with some fine striae (smooth) and the propodeum with a median carina and areolate (densely rugose and without carina).

Face without tubercles; antenna with 35–67 segments; clypeus evenly curved ventrally, at most widely triangularly protruding, usually narrower, or longer, not impressed; no distinct hypoclypeal depression, at most with a narrow slit; mandible usually comparatively short and wide; occipital carina near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and comparatively high; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; scutellar sulcus usually rather wide; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present, rarely absent; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present; vein 3-SR of fore wing shorter than vein 2-SR; if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing present as a weakly pigmented trace and precoxal sulcus absent; vein 1-M of fore wing more or less curved posteriorly, but sometimes nearly straight; vein m-cu of fore wing slightly postfurcal; length of fore wing usually more than 3 mm; fourth tergite (at least partly) exposed; third tergite (largely) smooth; ovipositor long, usually as long as fore wing or longer.

Parasitoids of Tephritidae.

Cosmopolitan, but no species known from Northwest Europe.

Polyphagous parasitoid of Tephritidae, including Bactrocera, Carponmya, Dacus, Myopites, Philophylla, Procecidochares, Rhagoletis and Toxotrypana spp.

Oriental and introduced in southern U.S.A., Neotropics, Pacific, southern Europe and Australia for biocontrol.

Face without tubercles; propleuron with short subapical carina; clypeus more or less convex ventrally and comparatively high, without distinct hypoclypeal depression, at most with a narrow slit (Fig. 91); mandible robust (Fig. 93); occipital carina near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; scutellar sulcus wide (Fig. 85); postpectal carina more or less developed medio-ventrally; vein 2-SR of fore wing present; first subdiscal cell of fore wing closed by vein 3-CU1 and short vein CU1b postero-apically (Fig. 86); vein cu-a of hind wing present (Fig. 86); vein 3-SR of fore wing shorter than vein 2-SR; vein m-cu of hind wing present as a weakly pigmented trace (Fig. 86); precoxal sulcus present; vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal or interstitial; length of fore wing usually more than 3 mm; dorsope of first tergite more or less present (Fig. 86); fourth tergite exposed; third tergite (largely) smooth; ovipositor long, usually as long as fore wing or longer.

Parasitoids of Tephritidae, at least partly ovo-larval (Wharton 1997).

Holotype, ♂ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Chengbu, Nan Mt., Shaoyang, 1500 m, 10–11.VI.2009, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”, “CVA 4246, sp. 12”.

Oblique carina of propleuron present (Fig. 85); postpectal carina coarsely developed medio-ventrally (Fig. 85); length of fore wing more than 3 mm; vein 3-SR of fore wing shorter than vein 2-SR (Fig. 86); dorsope of first tergite present (Fig. 88).

Holotype, ♂, length of body 3.6 mm, of fore wing 3.2 mm.

Head. Antenna with 39 segments and 1.8 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.2, 2.8, and 2.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 89); length of maxillary palp equal to height of head; labial palp segments slender (Fig. 94); occipital carina far from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; median pit behind stemmaticum present (Fig. 91); hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 2.5 times temple; frons medially flat, rugose and depressed near antennal sockets, rest setose, densely and coarsely punctate and slightly convex (Fig. 92); face largely coarsely punctate, medially indistinctly elevated (Fig. 91); width of clypeus 2.1 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face, clypeus flattened, largely smooth and its ventral margin differentiated, wide, thin and slightly curved (Fig. 91); hypoclypeal depression nearly absent (Fig. 91); malar suture present; mandible large, punctate, without ventral carina (Fig. 93).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; dorsal pronope absent; pronotal side smooth dorsally and ventrally, remainder largely costate crenulate, no ventral oblique carina (Fig. 85); epicnemial area largely smooth dorsally, with few weak crenulae; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed, wide, coarsely rugose-crenulate (Fig. 85); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth, except for some indistinct crenulae ventrally; mesosternal sulcus hardly impressed but row of coarse punctures and posteriorly with strongly developed postpectal carina; notauli complete, deep and widely crenulate (Fig. 87); middle lobe with pair of longitudinal depressions, lobes largely densely setose and finely punctate (Fig. 87); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus widely crenulate; scutellum sparsely punctate and slightly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum narrow and with short medio-longitudinal carina, surface rather coarsely reticulate-rugose (Fig. 88).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 86): pterostigma wide elliptical; 1-R1 not reaching wing apex and 1.5 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 10:18:73; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 25:18:13; r long and slender; 1-M nearly straight; SR1 sinuate; m-cu interstitial; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b rather short; M+CU1 entirely sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 86): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 30:23:14; cu-a straight; m-cu long; subbasal cell largely glabrous.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.2, 7.0 and 4.2 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with moderately long setae (Fig. 90).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.0 times its apical width, dorsope small, its surface rather flat, longitudinally striate (but basally smooth) and with dorsal carinae separated and up to basal 0.6 of tergite (Fig. 88); second tergite largely longitudinally aciculate (Fig. 88); second suture absent; third and following tergites smooth.

Colour. Yellowish-brown; mandible, palpi, tegulae and legs (but hind tarsus more or less dark brown) pale yellowish; antenna (except scapus), mesosoma (except mesoscutum, scutellum, pronotum dorsally and mesopleuron antero-dorsally), metasoma, pterostigma and veins dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Molecular data. COI, 16S, 28S (CVA 4246).

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “dorsope” (morphological term for the dorso-basal depression of first tergite) and “fero” (Latin for “carrying”), because of the distinctly impressed dorsope.

The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Fopius vandenboschi (Fullaway, 1952). Fopius dorsopiferus differs by having the length of the hind femur about 3 times its width (5 times in Fopius vandenboschi), length of first tergite equal to its apical width (0.8 times), the postpectal carina strongly developed (obsolescent or absent) and the first tergite with small dorsope (absent).

Marginal cell of fore wing open apically and long (Fig. 96); veins m-cu and r-m of fore wing absent (Fig. 96); vein 2-SR of fore wing absent (Fig. 96); first subdiscal cell of fore wing open postero-apically; vein cu-a of hind wing absent (Fig. 96); clypeus wide, short and impressed (Fig. 101); mandible long and slender (Fig. 102); occipital carina entirely absent; first-third metasomal tergites more or less coriaceous or rugulose (Fig. 98); fourth-six tergites largely retracted.

Unknown.

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “China: Hunan, Changde, Taoyuan, Mao-zong-ling Xiang, Xian-feng, Ri-tou-wang, at light, CN 1032, 11.viii.2010, P.-P. Chen, RMNH’11”.

Frons without elongate depression or punctures; antenna of ♀ with about 19 segments; occipital carina absent, at most with short ventral part present; head dorsally dark brown and mesoscutum chestnut-brown; scutellar sulcus wide (Fig. 97); vein 2-1A of fore wing pigmented; vein cu-a of fore wing postfurcal by its width or interstitial; vein 1-R1 of fore wing 1.0-1.3 times as long as pterostigma and vein 1-R1 of fore wing 1-4 times as long as distance between its apex and apex of fore wing; posterior margin of pterostigma straight; vein 1-SR present; vein 3-SR+SR1 pointing to apex of fore wing (Fig. 96); hind femur wider than middle femur (Fig. 99); fore femur about as wide as middle femur (Figs 99, 100); first tergite granulate or rugulose and about as long as wide apically.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.3 mm, of fore wing 1.5 mm.

Head. Antenna with 19 segments and 0.9 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.4 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.4, 2.2 and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 103); length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; labial palp segments slender (Fig. 101); short part of occipital carina far from hypostomal carina (Fig. 102), remainder largely absent; median depression behind stemmaticum absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 1.7 times temple (Fig. 97); frons medially with small pit, smooth and depressed near antennal sockets, glabrous (Fig. 97); face smooth except for some setiferous punctures (Fig. 101); width of clypeus 3.3 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face, clypeus flattened, largely smooth and its ventral margin not differentiated, thin and flat (Fig. 102); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 101); malar suture present as wide depression (Fig. 102); mandible large, hardly twisted, smooth and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 102).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; dorsal pronope absent; pronotal side smooth, no ventral oblique carina (Fig. 95); epicnemial area smooth; precoxal sulcus only medially and anteriorly impressed, narrow and distinctly crenulate (Fig. 95); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth, except for some indistinct crenulae ventrally; mesosternal sulcus impressed, crenulate and posteriorly without postpectal carina, but with short carina above base of middle coxa; notauli absent on disc, with a pair of short crenulate impressions anteriorly (Fig. 97); middle lobe with a shallow longitudinal depression anteriorly, lobes smooth and glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus moderately wide and distinctly crenulate, but narrowed laterally (Fig. 97); scutellum smooth and slightly convex, wide posteriorly (Fig. 97); surface of propodeum oblique and without medio-longitudinal carina, surface smooth, except some crenulae posteriorly (Fig. 97).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 96): pterostigma nearly triangular; 1-R1 not reaching wing apex and as long as pterostigma; veins r, 3-SR and SR1 not differentiated; 1-M straight; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell open, CU1b absent; M+CU1 only apically sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 96): narrow, cu-a absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.3, 9.0 and 6.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long setae ventrally (Fig. 99).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, dorsope absent, its surface rather flat, longitudinally finely rugulose (but basally smooth) and with dorsal carinae separated and up to apex of tergite (Fig. 98); second tergite largely superficially granulate and shiny (Fig. 98); second suture absent; third and following tergites smooth; setose part of ovipositor sheath short (Fig. 104), 0.04 times as long as fore wing.

Colour. Yellowish-brown; mandible, scapus ventrally, clypeus, palpi and legs (but telotarsi more or less infuscate) yellow; antenna (except scapus and pedicellus), head dorsally, laterally and posteriorly, and apical half of metasoma dark brown; tegulae, pterostigma and veins brown; mesoscutum and scutellum chestnut-brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Molecular data. None.

*China (Hunan).

Only one other species is known from China (Fujian): Indiopius alutacius Weng & Chen, 2001. It has the head yellowish-brown dorsally (with only the frons medially infuscate; dark brown in Indiopius chenae), the scutellar sulcus is narrow (moderately wide) and the fore femur is moderately slender (robust).

Named after its collector and well-known specialist of aquatic Hemiptera, Dr Ping-Ping Chen (Tiel).

Small Holarctic genus that has not yet been found in Hunan, but likely occurs in northern China. The type species occurs in Far East Russia and Korea (Yu et al. 2012). Traditionally Neopius Gahan has been included as synonym in the subgenus Xynobius (e.g. Fischer 1972b) and recently (Papp 2005) as a subgenus of the genus Xynobius. Provisionally, Quicke et al. (1997) included Neopius as a subgenus in Phaedrotoma because it has no apomorphies in common with Xynobius or Opius s.s. and Phaedrotoma was the “taxonomic dustbin genus” where it was included on the basis of plesiomorphies. The molecular data presented here indicate that it is not closely related to Phaedrotoma and, consequently, it is treated as independent genus with its own apomorphies (occipital carina secondarily complete dorsally (sometimes irregular and weak medio-dorsally) and frons distinctly granulate).

Hind tibia with a long to medium-sized and more or less curved carinula basally (Figs 113, 123); face without tubercles; in front of anterior ocellus without a distinct depression; frons with pair of shallow depressions above antennal sockets; occipital carina present laterally, not or slightly curved ventrally and remain removed from hypostomal carina (Figs 112, 124), near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and high (Figs 111, 122); labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; hypoclypeal depression distinct; malar suture absent; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; mandible gradually (Fig. 112) or abruptly widened baso-ventrally and apical half abruptly narrowed (Fig. 124) or not; pronotum short and subvertical; pronope absent (and with a deep slit-like depression in front of middle lobe of mesoscutum) or large; side of pronotum anteriorly below groove without a distinctly elevated area; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum large (Fig. 107) or absent (Fig. 117); scutellar sulcus rather wide to medium-sized; propodeum reticulate (Figs 108, 118) or largely smooth posteriorly, with a short or no medio-longitudinal carina and no posterior areola; precoxal sulcus coarsely or very finely crenulate; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 and comparatively long vein CU1b postero-apically (Figs 116, 127); vein 1-M of fore wing slightly to moderately curved and vein 1-SR medium-sized; vein cu-a of hind wing present and vein m-cu absent; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR; length of fore wing less than 3.5 mm; second tergite without sharp lateral crease, smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath about 0.1 times as long as fore wing. According to the molecular data, belongs at the base of a clade with Opius, Phaedrotoma and related genera.

The type species has been reported as a parasitoid of leaf-mining Tephritidae.

Unfortunately, Fischer designated thrice a type species of the subgenus Opiognathus Fischer, 1972b (not 1972a: 393, it is a nomen nudum in this paper because no type species was designated and more than one species was included (Int. Code Zool. Nom. Art. 13b)). Fischer (1972b) designated Opius pactus Haliday, 1837, which has the mandible only gradually widened basally, less than indicated in the general diagnosis. In 1978 Fischer designated a second type species for Opiognathus: Opius mokotoensis Fischer, 1968, which has indeed the mandible more distinctly widened basally, but this designation is invalid because in 1972 a valid type species was designated. In 1986 Fischer (p. 613) designated a third type species for the subgenus: Opius dewulfi Fischer, 1968, which is equally invalid. In this paper the original designation is accepted and the quotation about the widened mandible is considered to be a gradually widened mandible and Opiognathus is treated as a valid genus separate from the genus Utetes Foerster despite the presence of the carinula of the hind tibia because of morphological and molecular differences. Opiognathus can be separated as follows:

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Tian Ping Mt., 9–13.VII.2009, 550 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’10”.

Mandible gradually widened basally (Fig. 112); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum deep and large (Fig. 107); first tergite sculptured and rather matt (Fig. 108); propodeum coarsely reticulate and without smooth areas (Fig. 108); posterior groove of pronotum widely crenulate; propleuron slightly concave.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.3 mm, of fore wing 2.3 mm.

Head. Antenna with 26 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.3, 2.4 and 2.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 109); length of maxillary palp equal to height of head; labial palp segments moderately elongate; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 112); median groove behind stemmaticum obsolescent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 2.4 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally convex and setose; face smooth, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 111); width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face, clypeus convex, largely smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and slightly curved medially (Fig. 111); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 111); mandible slightly convex gradually widened ventro-basally and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 112).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; dorsal pronope absent, but with deep slit-like depression in front of middle lobe of mesoscutum (as in type species); pronotal side smooth, no ventral oblique carina posteriorly and posterior groove widely crenulate (Fig. 105); propleuron slightly concave; epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed and moderately crenulate (Fig. 105); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus medium-sized and coarsely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a pair of short crenulate impressions anteriorly; mesoscutum glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum large, deep and elliptical (Fig. 107); scutellar sulcus wide and coarsely crenulate (Fig. 107); scutellum smooth and slightly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum short and with a short medio-longitudinal carina connected to an irregular transverse carina and with a nearly triangular areola, without costulae and remaining far from medio-longitudinal carina (Fig. 108).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 106): pterostigma elongate triangular; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.2 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 3:23:42; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 14:23:6; r slender; 1-M curved; 2-M and SR1 weakly curved; m-cu moderately far postfurcal and gradually merging into vein 2-CU1; cu-a slightly postfurcal and 1-CU1 widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b comparatively long; apical third of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 106): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 15:13:8; cu-a straight; m-cu absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.1, 7.1 and 5.2 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 110); setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long; carinula of hind tibia long and distinctly curved (Fig. 113).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and reticulate rugose, dorsal carinae remain separated from each other and reaching apex of tergite (Fig. 108); second and following tergites smooth; second suture absent; third and following tergites partly desclerotized apically; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.10 times fore wing and 0.35 times hind tibia (Figs 105, 114).

Colour. Black or blackish-brown; antenna dark brown but scapus brownish-yellow; palpi, mandible, tegulae, legs and humeral plate pale yellowish; clypeus and malar space mainly, tegulum, base of second tergite and metasoma baso-ventrally yellowish-brown; propleuron and area below precoxal sulcus dark brown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Molecular data. None.

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “aulon” (Greek for “channel”) and “fero” (Latin for “carrying”), because of the anteriorly shallowly impressed notauli.

The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Utetes antennbrevis Weng & Chen, 2005. Opiognathus aulaciferus differs by having the length of the pleural sulcus smooth (crenulate in Utetes antennbrevis), the second submarginal cell of the fore wing comparatively narrow (wide), length of the antenna 1.1 times fore wing (about 0.8 times) and head and mesosoma mainly blackish-brown (reddish-brown).

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Bamaoxi, 2–3.VI.2009, 540 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”. Paratypes (RMNH): 3 ♀, same label data.

Mandible abruptly widened basally (Fig. 122); hypoclypeal depression absent (Fig. 122); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; first tergite largely smooth and shiny (Fig. 118); propodeum largely smooth, with square areola posteriorly, remaining far removed from short medio-longitudinal carina and from transverse subbasal carina (Fig. 118); posterior groove of pronotum smooth; propleuron flattened.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.1 mm, of fore wing 2.0 mm.

Head. Antenna with 24 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.2, 3.2 and 2.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 119); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments short, about twice as long as wide; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina (Fig. 124) and dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum obsolescent; hypostomal carina rather narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 1.8 times temple; frons glabrous medially and laterally, smooth; face smooth, medially slightly elevated; width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face, clypeus convex, largely smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and nearly straight medially (Fig. 122); hypoclypeal depression absent (Fig. 122); mandible slightly convex, abruptly widened ventro-basally and with a short ventral carina (Fig. 124).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; dorsal pronope large and round (Fig. 121); pronotal side largely smooth, oblique groove largely finely crenulate, with a ventral oblique carina posteriorly and posterior groove absent or nearly so, slightly finely crenulate (Fig. 115); propleuron flattened; epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed and finely crenulate (Fig. 115); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a pair of short partly crenulate impressions anteriorly; mesoscutum glabrous (Fig. 117); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus medium-sized and finely crenulate; scutellum smooth and slightly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum short and with a short medio-longitudinal carina connected to a rather regular transverse carina, largely smooth, posteriorly with small square areola, remaining far removed from medio-longitudinal carina and transverse carina (Fig. 118).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 116): pterostigma elongate triangular; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.2 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 1:22:44; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 14:22:6; r slender; 1-M curved; 2-M and SR1 nearly straight; m-cu moderately far postfurcal and angled to vein 2-CU1; cu-a interstitial; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b comparatively long; apical third of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 116): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 15:12:7; cu-a straight; m-cu absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.9, 8.8 and 4.7 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 120); setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long; carinula of hind tibia long and distinctly sinuate (Fig. 120).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially but posteriorly protuberant and largely smooth, dorsal carinae remain separated from each other (except for a short ruga) and end near middle of tergite (Fig. 118); second and following tergites smooth; second suture absent; third and following tergites partly desclerotized apically; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 115, 125).

Colour. Brownish-black; antenna dark brown but scapus brownish-yellow; palpi, mandible, clypeus and malar space mainly, tegulae, legs, propleuron, pronotal side postero-ventrally and metasoma ventrally pale yellowish; mesopleuron largely, metapleuron, metasoma largely dorsally yellowish-brown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Molecular data. None.

Variation. Length of body 1.7-2.1 mm and of fore wing 2.0-2.2 mm; antennal segments of ♀ 24 (1), 25 (1) or 26 (2); first metasomal tergite yellowish-brown or mainly dark brown.

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “brevis” (Latin for “short”) and “basis” (Latin for “base”), because of the basally shortly widened mandibles.

The new species runs (with some difficulty) in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Rhogadopsis pratensis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. Opiognathus brevi-basalis differs by having a sinuate carinula on the hind tibia (absent in Rhogadopsis pratensis), the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum absent (present), the first tergite yellowish-brown apically and similar to second tergite (reddish-brown and darker) and length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width (1.3 times).

Hypoclypeal depression absent or narrow, and medially ventral margin of clypeus near upper level of condyli of mandibles (“mouth closed”); mandible strongly twisted, its second tooth hardly visible in lateral view, and with a medium-sized to large ventro-basal tooth, but minute or obsolescent in the subgenus Snoflakopius Fischer (stat. n.); pronope usually absent and at most medium-sized; pterostigma sublinear; vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.4 times vein 2-SR or longer; hind coxae normal, rounded ventrally; second-fourth tarsal segments comparatively slender; telotarsus and arolium not enlarged; dorsope usually large and close to lateral margin of first tergite; hypopygium of female at most slightly incised.

Parasitoids of Agromyzidae.

Holarctic, Afrotropical, northern Oriental.

Ranked as a genus, because it does not fit in Opius and, according to its morphology, it is different from other genera with dorsope present.

1 ♀ (HANC), “S. China: Hunan, Zhangjiajie, Forest Park, 1.VIII.1989, Benzhy Dai, No. 213”.

Unknown.

Holarctic, North Oriental (China: Hunan). New for China.

Face without tubercles; in front of anterior ocellus without distinct depression; frons without pair of distinct depressions above antennal sockets, but whole frons may be depressed; occipital carina present laterally, not or slightly curved ventrally and remain removed from hypostomal carina (Figs 132, 142, 153, 163, 173, 183, 193), near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and higher, usually narrower, or longer, not impressed; labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; mandible asymmetrical and more or less abruptly widened basally (Figs 132, 142, 153, 163, 173, 183, 193), with rectangular or acute angle, rarely in males less developed (e.g. Opius ochrogaster); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum variable; pronope round or wide elliptical, or pronotum only with a shallow transverse groove; scutellar sulcus usually rather wide; propodeum usually smooth or superficially sculptured; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present, rarely absent; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically (Figs 127, 137, 146, 158, 168, 178, 187); vein 1-M of fore wing usually straight; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR; if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing or precoxal sulcus (almost) absent; length of fore wing usually less than 3.5 mm; second and basal half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease, if sometimes weakly developed then second tergite smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath more or less setose basally.

Parasitoids of mining larvae of Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Drosophilidae, Tephritidae, Ephydridae and Cecidomyiidae.

The asymmetrical (excluding ventro-basal carina) and more or less abruptly widened mandible is essential for the recognition of this group. Some opiine species may cause confusion because of a rather wide ventro-basal carina of the mandible but are excluded from Opius s.s. because the mandible itself (in ventro-lateral view) is gradually widened basally.

Holotype, ♀ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Bamaoxi, 2–3.VI.2009, 540 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”, “CVA4252, sp. 18”.

Oblique groove of pronotum largely crenulate; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times as long as fore wing and about 0.7 times as long as first tergite (Fig. 126); clypeus truncate ventrally; hypoclypeal depression narrow slit-shaped (Fig. 131); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 128); vein CU1b of fore wing short (Fig. 127); vein r of fore wing short (Fig. 127); vein m-cu of fore wing parallel to vein 1-M (Fig. 127); hind tibia apically and tarsus brownish.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.8 mm, of fore wing 2.1 mm.

Head. Antenna with 25 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.5 and 2.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 134); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments petiolate, rather moniliform; occipital carina rather close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 132); hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 2.1 times temple; frons flattened and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 1.6 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face; clypeus flattened, smooth except for some punctures and its ventral margin thin and straight (Fig. 131); hypoclypeal depression slit-like, narrow (Fig. 131); malar suture present; without punctures between malar suture and clypeus; mandible abruptly widened baso-ventrally, with medium-sized and weakly protruding ventral carina (Fig. 132).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; dorsal pronope obsolescent and pronotum oblique anteriorly (Fig. 135); oblique groove of pronotum largely crenulate, remainder of sides smooth and posterior groove largely absent (Fig. 126); epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus medially shallowly impressed, smooth as rest of mesopleuron; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus very narrow and very finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, only anteriorly with short smooth impressions (Fig. 128); mesoscutum glabrous and strongly shiny; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; scutellum smooth and slightly convex; surface of propodeum smooth, except for some short curved carinae medio-posteriorly (Fig. 129).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 127): pterostigma long elliptical; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.3 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 1:20:51; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 13:20:5; r -widened; 1-M straight and SR1 nearly so; m-cu slightly postfurcal; cu-a postfurcal and 1-CU1 hardly widened; first subdiscal cell narrowly open, CU1b short; M+CU1 nearly completely unsclerotized; vein m-cu of fore wing parallel to vein 1-M. Hind wing (Fig. 127): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 15:16:8; cu-a straight; m-cu absent.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.6, 9.6 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long and tibia with medium-sized setae. (Fig. 130)

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex medially and coarsely rugose (including basally between dorsal carinae) and dorsal carinae developed in basal 0.6 of tergite, straight (Fig. 129); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 126, 133).

Colour. Dark or blackish-brown; scapus ventrally and pedicellus apically yellowish; palpi pale yellowish; clypeus ventrally, mandible, tegulae and legs (but hind tibia apically and hind tarsus slightly darkened) brownish-yellow; mesopleuron partly chestnut-brown; second tergite and metasoma baso-ventrally yellowish-brown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Molecular data. COI, 16S, 28S (CVA 4252).

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “crenulatus” (Latin for “minutely notched”) and “ferum” (suffix in Latin meaning carrying or having), because of the crenulate oblique groove of the pronotal side.

A female from Tian Ping Mt. and sampled as CVA4253 is very similar but is according to the molecular data a different species. It has the crenulate oblique groove of the pronotum, but the propodeum is steep and the segments of the labial palp are less moniliform. Molecular data from COI place it near Opiognathus and from 28S near Opiognathus + Coleopioides.

The new species runs (with some difficulty) in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng & Chen, 2005. Opius crenuliferus differs by having the head roundly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed in Opius clusilis), the dorsal pronope obsolescent (distinct), length of the first tergite 1.1 times its apical width (1.4 times) and length of the third antennal segment 4 times its width (2.6 times).

Holotype, ♂ (ZUH), “S. China: Hunan, nr Zhangjiajie, Badagong Mts, Bamaoxi, 2–3.VI.2009, 540 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH’09”.

Malar suture deep (Fig. 142); clypeus wide (Fig. 141); second submarginal cell of fore wing large (Fig. 137); hypoclypeal depression large and deep (Fig. 141).

Holotype, ♂, length of body 2.7 mm, of fore wing 3.2 mm.

Head. Antenna with 29 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.2 and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 143); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments normal; occipital carina far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 1.2 times temple; frons flattened anteriorly and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially elevated; width of clypeus 2.4 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face and semi-elliptical (Fig. 142); clypeus slightly convex, somewhat protruding forwards, smooth except for some punctures and its ventral margin thin and straight (Fig. 141); hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Fig. 141); labrum slanted backwards; malar suture deep (Fig. 142); mandible with tooth-like protrusion, with a narrow ventral carina and second tooth small (Fig. 142).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; dorsal pronope deep, round, medium-sized (Fig. 144); pronotal side smooth and posterior groove largely absent (Fig. 136); epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus hardly impressed, smooth as rest of mesopleuron (Fig. 136); pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus rather deep and narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, only anteriorly with pair of short smooth impressions (Fig. 138); mesoscutum glabrous and shiny; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus narrow and moderately crenulate; scutellum slightly convex medially; surface of propodeum smooth, except for a square rugose area medio-posteriorly (Fig. 139).

Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 137): pterostigma elliptical; 1-R1 reaching wing apex and 1.2 times as long as pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 4:26:56; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 21:26:9; r slender; 1-M nearly straight and SR1 straight; m-cu and cu-a distinctly postfurcal; 1-CU1 hardly widened; first subdiscal cell closed, CU1b short; apical fifth of M+CU1 sclerotized. Hind wing (Fig. 137): M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 15:13:8; cu-a straight; m-cu as a superficial impression; basal cell comparatively wide.

Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.2, 11.2 and 7.3 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 140).

Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface convex but medially flattened and coarsely rugose and dorsal carinae developed in basal 0.4 of tergite (Fig. 139); second suture obsolescent; second and following tergites smooth; third tergite distinctly wider than second tergite.

Colour. Black; antenna (but scapus yellowish), metasoma (except first tergite), pterostigma and veins dark brown; palpi, mandible, clypeus ventrally, tegulae and legs (but hind tibia apically, hind tarsus and telotarsi darkened) pale yellow; subhyaline.

Molecular data. None.

*China (Hunan).

Unknown.

Name derived from “mala” (Latin for “cheek”), because the deeply impressed malar suture.

The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Phaedrotoma tabularis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. Opius malarator differs by having vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.2 times vein 2-SR (1.8 times in Phaedrotoma tabularis), the malar suture deep and complete (absent), the antenna with about 29 segments (39) and the dorsal carinae absent on posterior half of the tergite (up to apex).