Ufeus satyricus: syntypes 2 ♀. [London], Ontario, Canada [lost]; Albany New York, NYSM. Asterocampus barometricus: Canada [type lost]; original description diagnostic for synonym of Ufeus satyricus. Ufeus sagittarius: holotype ♀. California, USNM. Ufeus electra: lectotype ♀, Oregon, AMNH, designated by Todd (1982). Ufeus unicolor ssp. coloradica: syntype ♂. Colorado, BMNH.

Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan. USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, New York, Oregon, Utah, Washington.

Ufeus satyricus is abundantly distinct structurally from all other species in the genus. Superficially, adults in eastern North America can be distinguished from the largely sympatric Ufeus plicatus by the pale-brown forewings, extensively dusted with black scales, and the prominent black shading on the veins, discal spot, and postmedial line on the hindwing. Males are smaller and darker than females (forewing length 15–22 mm in males, 19–24 mm in females). Adults from western North America differ from those from the East in having darker reddish-brown forewings with the postmedial line less prominent, and the hind wing in the male is dark fuscous, obscuring the postmedial line on the upper surface of the wing. Western specimens are easily confused with those of Ufeus hulstii, which have similar reddish-brown forewings. The black streaks in the subterminal area and the less prominent postmedial line on the forewing, and the postmedial line on the hindwing, at least on the underside of the wing, allow specimens of Ufeus satyricus to be distinguished from those of Ufeus hulstii without dissection. Western populations of Ufeus satyricus are segregated as Ufeus satyricus ssp. sagittarius. Intermediate populations are in Wyoming and Colorado. The male genitalia of Ufeus satyricus are characterized by the dorsal clasper and the long slender aedeagus and vesica. In the female genitalia the corpus bursae is rounded and extends directly into the long sclerotized ductus bursae. The anterior and posterior apophyses are relatively short (as described in the generic diagnosis), so the ovipositor is not telescoping.

Ufeus satyricus occurs across central and southern Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific where large poplar trees occur and as far south in the east as Pennsylvania and Illinois. In the west it occurs as far south as southern Arizona and California. Adults emerge from the pupae in the summer and overwinter as adults, but they are mostly collected between late August and early May, even during mild spells in mid-winter. Most records are in October and November in the fall and March and April in the spring. Crumb 1956 reports finding and rearing larvae on cottonwood in western United States. The species is arranged in two subspecies.

In Ufeus satyricussatyricus the forewing in both sexes is pale brown, heavily speckled with black, and the postmedial line is prominent and dentate. The hindwing in the male is a mottled fuscous with darker fuscous shading on the veins, discal spot, and a diffuse postmedial line. The hindwing in the female is similar to that of the male except the ground color of the wing is pale buffy brown. The nominate subspecies occurs from eastern North America westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

In Ufeus satyricussagittarius sexual dimorphism is much more obvious than in the eastern subspecies. In the male the forewing is a shiny dark reddish brown with the maculation obscure except for a trace of pale streaks representing the reniform and orbicular spots and a hint of a darker postmedial line. The hindwing is dark fuscous, usually obscuring the postmedial line and discal spot. In the female the forewing is a paler reddish brown with a black streak between, above, or through the pale streaks representing the reniform and orbicular spots, the postmedial line is prominent, and usually there are numerous black streaks in the subterminal area. The hindwing is pale fuscous with the discal spot and postmedial line contrastingly darker. Unlike subspecies satyricus, the two sexes of sagittarius differ markedly in size with forewing length averaging 17. 6 mm (n=20) in males and 19.7 mm (n=20) in females. The two sexes of this subspecies frequently are sorted as two separate species in collections. Subspecies sagittarius occurs from the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Montana, and Colorado westward to the Pacific Coast.

Ufeus plicatus: holotype ♂. Illinois [type lost but description diagnostic]. Ufeus unicolor: holotype ♂. Illinois, BMNH.

Canada: Ontario, Quebec. USA: Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska.

Ufeus plicatus occurs sympatrically with Ufeus satyricus in northeastern North America but can be distinguished from it by the darker, more even, somewhat glossy, dark reddish-brown or blackish-brown color of the forewing in males and the reddish-brown color of the forewing with a long blackish streak extending from the wing base through the orbicular and reniform spots into the subterminal area in females. In both sexes the hindwing is evenly colored light fuscous with at most a slight trace of a discal spot and postmedial line. Males average only slightly smaller than females (forewing length 16–19 mm in males, 17–20 mm in females). Ufeus plicatus is most closely related to Ufeus hulstii, which occurs from the Rocky Mountains westward. In addition to range, adults can superficially be distinguished from those of Ufeus hulstii by the darker color of the forewing in males, and the more extensive dark streak through the forewing cell in females. In the male genitalia of Ufeus plicatus the clasper is positioned on the inner surface of the valve with the expanded apical part about ½ × as wide as the valve (⅔– ¾ × as wide in Ufeus hulstii); the vesica has two elongated patches of spike-like setae; the setae in ventral patch (near the aedeagus) are much stouter than those in the dorsal patch (in Ufeus hulstii the setae are similar in size in both patches). In the female genitalia the corpus bursae is ⅓–½ × as wide as its length, and has a large, rugose sclerotized appendix bursae posteriorly. The sclerotized part of the ductus bursae is wedge shaped, wide posteriorly and evenly tapered anteriorly. The ovipositor is telescoping with the anterior apophyses about 4 × as long as abdominal segment eight and the posterior apophyses about 7 × as long. The corpus bursae is narrower, about 1/3 × as wide as its length, and has a smaller rugose sclerotized appendix bursae posteriorly. The sclerotized part of the ductus bursae is narrow posteriorly, widens anteriorly to ¼ × wider, before tapering anteriorly. The ovipositor is telescoping, as Ufeus plicatus.

Ufeus plicatus is an extremely rarely-collected species. Until recently the few specimens known were only from the mid-west, mostly from Illinois with a few records from Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Nebraska. This led Forbes (1954) to suggest that the type locality of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was almost certainly in error for Illinois. Recent collections of the species from southern Quebec (Handfield 2011) and Connecticut (Wagner et al. 2011) suggest that not only is Philadelphia a possibility, but that the species might be widespread in the Northeast as is its highly localized and specialized habitat. The species is associated with large poplars, especially eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh.) growing in moist areas along rivers where there is abundant loose rotting strips of bark near the base of the tree. Larvae hide under the strips of bark during the day and the adults likely hide there also during the day and in the winter. According to Wagner et al. (2011) the eggs are laid in the spring with adults emerging in late spring and early summer, but mainly aestivating until the fall before becoming active. Adults have been recorded in all months except June, but most records are from October and November in the fall and March and April in the spring. The scarcity of adults, even in suitable habitats where they are known to occur, suggests they may not be strongly attracted to light.

Ufeus hulstii: lectotype ♂. Stockton, Utah, AMNH, designated by Todd (1982). Ufeus lura: holotype ♂. Mexico City, Mexico, USNM.

Canada: Alberta, British Columbia. Mexico: Distrito Federal, Durango. USA: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington.

Ufeus hulstii is the western counterpart of Ufeus plicatus and was treated as a subspecies of it for many years. Differences in external appearance, male and female genitalia, barcodes, and biology led to its recognition as a separate species by Lafontaine and Schmidt (2010), but they used the name Ufeus electra for it, a name that had been treated as a synonym of Ufeus plicatus by Franclemont and Todd (1983) and Poole (1989). Re-examination of the type material resulted in the name Ufeus electra being transferred to the synonymy of Ufeus satyricus and Ufeus hulstii being used for this species (Lafontaine and Schmidt 2011).

In Ufeus hulstii both sexes have an orange-brown forewing and fuscous hindwing with males averaging slightly darker than females. Most females of Ufeus hulstii have a dark streak through the orbicular and reniform spots, but the streak does not normally extend to the postmedial line or into the basal area of the wing. Although occasionally specimens of Ufeus hulstii are as small as those of Ufeus plicatus (16 mm), they are, on average, much larger with forewing lengths up to 22 mm in males and 23 mm in females. The male genitalia of Ufeus hulstii differ from those of Ufeus plicatus by the characters given in the key and in the diagnosis for Ufeus plicatus. The female genitalia of Ufeus hulstii are similar to those of Ufeus plicatus.

Ufeus hulstii is widely distributed in western North America from central Alaska southward to south-central Mexico and from the Rocky Mountain foothills to the West Coast. The larvae are reported to feed on poplar, aspen, and willow with adults emerging in early summer (Crumb 1956). Like other species, the adults overwinter, but they also are more frequently collected during the summer months than other species.

Holotype ♂. Arizona, Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts, Bear Wallow Road, 8000’, uv light trap, 18 May 2003, B. Walsh. CNC. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 3 ♀. Arizona, Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts, Bear Wallow Road, 7800’, uv lights, pine forest, 21 May 2005, B. Walsh (1 ♂); USA, Arizona, Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts, mile 5.5 Mt. Lemmon Hwy, 4400’, uv light trap, riparian/blue oak woodland, 16 Jan. 2005, B. Walsh (1 ♀); USA, Arizona, Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts, Molino Canyon, 4, 100’, mile 4.5 Mt Lemmon Hwy, uv light trap, riparian habitat, 1 Jan. 2012, B. Walsh (1 ♀); USA, Arizona, O. Bryant (1 ♀). Paratypes deposited in CNC, JBW.

The species name is in honor of Professor Joseph Felsenstein, who pioneered modern statistical methods in the reconstruction of phylogenies.

Ufeus felsensteinican be recognized by the reddish-brown forewing with the maculation obscure except for a prominent black dash from the wing base to the reniform spot, then continuing below the reniform spot to, or slightly past, the postmedial line, and by the translucent hindwing with a pearly-pinkish sheen. It is most closely related to Ufeus hulstii, both species having similar male and female genitalia, but in Ufeus felsensteini there is a cluster of long spike-like setae on the subbasal diverticulum of the vesica, not just on the two subapical diverticula as in Ufeus hulstii, and the uncus lacks the preapical dorsal lobe found in Ufeus hulstii. The female genitalia of Ufeus felsensteini have much more extensive rugose sclerotized banding than in other species, extending over the posterior part of the corpus bursae, appendix bursae, and anterior part of the ductus bursae.

Adults. Male and female similar in size, color, and maculation. Forewing length: 19–21 mm. Head – Male and female antennae with individual segments very slightly constricted between segments; minutely setose ventrally. Palpi and head mainly covered with reddish-brown scales, but with blackish-brown scales on frons and scattered blackish-brown scales on palpi. Thorax – Covered with reddish-brown scales; without tufting. Legs: Covered with pale reddish-brown scales with scattered dark-gray scales, especially on outer side of tibiae. Distal half of middle and hind tibia with 5–8 spiniform setae. Tarsi with three ventral rows of spiniform setae on basal half of basitarsus, increasing to four rows on apical half; 2^nd–4^th tarsi with four ventral rows of spiniform setae, five rows on 5^th segment. Wings: Dorsal forewing reddish brown with maculation obscure except for slightly paler antemedial and postmedial lines, the former lined distally with black, and the latter slightly dentate and lined proximally with black; wing with an increasingly wide black streak extending from wing base to reniform spot, then continuing below reniform spot to, or slightly beyond, postmedial line; reniform and orbicular spots indicated by minute paler spots within dark forewing dash; terminal line concolorous with forewing, or with slight black wedge-shaped spots between veins. Fringe slightly checkered, with dark intervenal spots continuing on to fringe. Hindwing translucent white with a slight pearly-pink sheen; slightly darker fuscous shading on discal spot, wing margin, and fringe. Male genitalia – Uncus dorso-ventrally flattened, gradually tapering from base to apex with heavily-sclerotized, downward projecting plate at apex with pointed tip. Valve abruptly tapered from base, then apical half parallel-sided with rounded apex; corona and digitus absent; sacculus extending almost to middle of valve; clasper in middle of valve beyond sacculus with base forked, extending to ventral margin of valve and dorsal margin of sacculus; distal to base of clasper slightly tapered, but expanded and spatulate apically. Aedeagus about 6 × as long as wide with ventral extension at apex; vesica cylindrical with three diverticula each with a cluster of long spine-like cornuti, one subbasally with longest, stoutest cornuti, one preapically on outside with shorter, thinner cornuti, and one on inner side at apex with shortest, thinnest cornuti. Female genitalia – Corpus bursae bilobed, shaped like Figure 8, anterior lobe membranous, rounded; posterior lobe with diverticulum to right, and posterior extension leading to ductus bursae rugose, covered with twisted sclerotized bands. Ductus bursae about 0.15 × as long as corpus bursae with slightly tapered sclerotized plate in posterior half of ductus.

Ufeus felsensteini is known only from the Santa Catalina Mountains of southeastern Arizona. The life history probably is similar to those of the other species of Ufeus with larvae associated with large cottonwoods; adults emerge in the spring and overwinter, mainly flying during the winter months.

Holotype ♂. New Mexico, USA, FMNH.

USA: Arizona, California.

Ufeus faunus is the smallest and palest species in the genus. Forewing length is 15–17 mm in males and 17–19 mm in females. Both sexes have pale buffy-brown forewings with black defining a zigzagged antemedial line and a toothed postmedial line with dark shading and streaks in the outer half of the terminal area. In females usually there is a thin dark streak extending from the reniform spot to the postmedial line and, in extreme forms, from the antemedial line into the subterminal area. In both sexes the hindwing is translucent white with some buffy-brown shading on the terminal line. The male genitalia of Ufeus faunus differ from those of Ufeus plicatus and Ufeus hulstii in that the apex of the valve is truncated, not rounded, the apex of the clasper is notched, not rounded, and the vesica is globular, not elongated, with a dense patch of short sclerotized preapical cornuti on the right and a patch of longer cornuti at the apex. In the female genitalia the corpus bursae is gourd-shaped with a rounded membranous anterior part, and a long, narrow, almost neck-like posterior part with the surface rugose and sclerotized and the ductus seminalis arising dorsally at the posterior end. The ductus bursae is short, only 0.15 × as long as the two parts of the corpus bursae and almost entirely sclerotized. As in other members of the Ufeus plicatus group, the ovipositor telescopes.

Ufeus faunus is known only from southwestern United States in a band extending from southwestern California to southern New Mexico. Crumb 1956 reports finding larvae under bark strips of cottonwood and willow near Superior, Arizona, in late March, with adults emerging in early May.