Hoploscopa astrapias Meyrick, 1886, by monotypy.

Hoploscopa displays brown to dark brown forewings, often bearing pale yellow-, yellow-, or red-coloured median and postmedian diagonal stripes. In male genitalia, the uncus is well developed, the gnathos forms a ribbon-like structure, often with a posterior projection, and the vinculum bears laterally a pair of coremata. In female genitalia, the antrum is short, often sclerotised, and the corpus bursae bears a thorn, often with a basal sclerotisation. Hoploscopa is morphologically very similar to Perimeceta. The forewings of Perimeceta are slightly larger, display a yellow to brown ground colour, with one basal elliptic and one postmedian lunule-shaped white spot. In male genitalia, Perimeceta shows a spade-shaped uncus, the gnathos arms connect shortly after arising and are expanded posteriorly into an elongated tip, the valva shows a conspicuously rounded ventral margin, and is apically narrowed into a tip, while the ventral margin is more or less straight in Hoploscopa. Perimeceta exhibits female genitalia similar to those of Hoploscopa with a slender ductus bursae and a rounded corpus bursa bearing a thorn. However, the latter displays a membranous antrum in female genitalia, while it is sclerotised in most species of Hoploscopa.

Head. Antennae dorsally with pale yellow to brown scales. Ocelli absent. Frons slightly produced, rounded. Proboscis basally white to brown scaled. Maxillary palpi brown to dark brown, first segment pale yellow, inner side brown to pale yellow. Labial palpi porrect, 2–2.9 × diameter of compound eye, brown, white to pale yellow at base, inner side brown to pale yellow.

Thorax (Figs 1–45). Collar white to pale yellow. Frenulum simple in ♂, triple in ♀. Forewing length 7–13 mm, 2.4–2.9 × maximal width, females slightly larger than males. Wing venation (Fig. 2): R1 not connected to Sc; R2, R3 and R4 stalked together; R5 free, arising from upper corner of cell; M1, M2 not stalked; M3 arising from lower corner of cell; CuA1 arising below lower corner; CuA2 at distal 1/3 of cell; 1A+2A arising from cell base; Hindwing Sc+R1 connected to Rs at distal 1/3; M1 connected to Sc+R1 by short vein; cell closed; M2, M3 and CuA1 arising at lower angle of cell; CuA2 arising at middle of cell; 1A, 2A, 3A free. Forewing ground colour brown to dark brown, markings white, yellow or red colour. The pattern elements can be described as follows (Fig. 3):

cf costal field stretched along costa up to postmedian area;

bs basal streak small, weakly or not marked;

bp basal patch often quadrangular, ill-defined;

pds and dds proximal and distal discoidal stigmata along costal field;

mds the median discoidal stigma trapezoid, with costal edge longer than dorsal one;

mcp and mdp median cubital patch and median dorsal patch in line with median discoidal stigma, often forming together a Y-shape pattern;

pmp postmedian patch roughly triangular, narrowing at costa;

pml postmedian line running from costa to middle of dorsum, often barely marked, mostly visible close to costa;

pma postmedian area often suffused to a various extend with white, yellow or red;

sbl subterminal line running from costa close to apex towards dorsum, often incurved inwards at CuA2;

sbf subterminal field more or less suffused with brown, red or yellow.

The margin is brown, in some species with spots, fringe unicoloured or chequered.

Hindwing upper side pale yellow to pale brown; underside pale yellow, with brown markings on costa and subterminal line toward costa; males of some species with androconial organ on the upper side at dorsum, consisting of upright scales along CuA2 and 1A veins and a protruded margin between CuA2 and 1A, bearing a patch of greyish scales. Forelegs brown to dark brown. Midlegs with femur brown, tibia and tarsi often pale yellow, speckled with brown. Hindlegs pale yellow on inner side, pale yellow to brown on outer side, tarsi bronze to pale brown.

Tympanal organs (Figs 83–84).

tb Tympanic bridge deeply divided in the centre;

td Tympanic drum (Fig. 50) ovoid, antero-ventrally semi-closed, posteriorly not reaching transverse ridge;

tdp Tympanic depressions broad, opened ventrally;

tm Tympanum subtriangular;

tr Transverse ridge (“”) not sclerotised.

Abdomen. Pale brown to brown. In males, sternum A8 more or less broadly indented, in some species with short, rounded lateral projections (Figs 85, 86).

Male genitalia (Figs 46–82).

c cornutus on phallus elongated, flat, spatula-shaped, except otherwise mentioned;

de ductus ejaculatorius;

g Gnathos arms (Fig. 54) originating from the dorsal part of tegumen, forming ring, with or without dorso-median extension;

jx Juxta basally wide with anterior margin rounded to quadrangular, narrowing at basal 1/4;

s saccus triangular to quadrangular, pointing dorsally;

ta Tegumen arms anteriorly sclerotised, with edge marked, posteriorly membranous; dorsally fused into a bridge of various width, articulated or fused to uncus base;

uc Uncus well-developed, densely haired apically;

v Valva elongated, hairy, sclerotised, with strongly sclerotised dorsal edge;

vc Vinculum U-shaped in posterior view, dorso-laterally on each side with anterior projection bearing brush-shaped coremata.

Female genitalia (Figs 87–122).

aa Anterior apophyses (Fig. 88) bluntly angled at posterior 1/3, bent ventrad;

at Antrum sclerotised or membranous;

cb Corpus bursae globular or ovoid, its membrane with a reticulate structure;

cs Broad sclerotisation of the corpus bursae;

db Ductus bursae membranous with longitudinal wrinkles, variable in length and shape;

pa Posterior apophyses slender, straight, directed posterad except otherwise mentioned;

pp Papillae anales thin in lateral view, dorsally and ventrally connected, setose;

segm. VIII Segment VIII faintly sclerotised, ventrally membranous; setae scattered across segment, more densely concentrated on posterior margin;

t thorn on corpus bursae large, sclerotised, inwardly projecting, its base slighly extending outwards into a small sclerotised protuberance.

Hoploscopa is found from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in the West to the Samoa Islands in the East, as well as from the North of Thailand to Vanuatu and Fiji in the South. It is absent from Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. It is predominantly found in tropical mountain forests, with only few species encountered in the lowlands.

Host plant data is available for five Hoploscopa species, all feeding on ferns. The larvae of H. gombongi sp. nov., H. obliqua and H. tonsepi sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea are reported from Diplazium esculentum (Retzius in Retzius & König, 1791) Swartz, 1803 (Athyriaceae) (Miller et al. 2015, Mally et al. 2017). Another undescribed Hoploscopa species (sample USNM_ENT_00739239) from Papua New Guinea is reported from Sphaerostephanos unitus (Linnaeus, 1759) Holttum, 1794 (Thelypteridaceae) (ibid). Lastly, one undescribed Hoploscopa species from Borneo is reported from the fern Dicranopteris linearis (Burman, 1768) Underwood, 1907 (Gleicheniaceae) (Mally et al. 2017).

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park H[ead]Q[uarter], | Timpohon Gate, 700m from Liwagu | Trail starting point, near Liwagu River, | 6°1'40"N, 116°32'59"E, 1760m, UV light, | 18.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally”; “TL335 | ♂”. Deposited in BORN.

Paratypes : 13 ♂, 1 ♀. Malaysia: 8 ♂ (1 with genitalia on slide TL336 ♂), same data as holotype; 3 ♂ (1 with genitalia on slide TL536 ♂), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Timpohon Gate, 300 m from Ligawu trail starting point, 6°1'41"N, 116°32'54"E, 1820 m, UV light, 18.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally (MTD); 1 ♂, Sabah, Mesilau, Kopogon, 24.ii.2006, light trap, leg. W. & M. Mey; 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL635 ♂), Sabah, Mesilau River, 24–25.ii.2006, light trap, leg. W. & M. Mey; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7434, genitalia on slide TL609 ♀), Sabah, Mesilau, 2000 m, 14–17.xi.2006, light trap, leg. W. Mey & K. Ebert (MFNB).

1 ♂. Malaysia: 1 ♂ (DNA voucher ITBC09, genitalia on slide TL309 ♂), same data as holotype.

Hoploscopa albipuncta sp. nov. displays a basal white well-rounded spot on the forewing. In male genitalia, the dorsal margin of the valva is protruded, the juxta displays two conspicuous tips and the phallus bears an anvil-shaped cornutus. In female genitalia, the antrum is membranous and forms a rounded pouch.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, basally light brown. Labial palpi brown, ventrally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 4). Collar white. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; rounded snow white basal cubital spot; median discoidal stigma rhomboid to ellipsoid, dark red, edged with pale yellow; postmedian spot trapezoid, dark red, proximally pale yellow; subterminal line snow white, parallel to termen, slightly angled at M1, broader at costa; fringes brown, with white dots. Hindwing dirty pale yellow. Forelegs bronze. Midlegs brown, with tibia and tarsi segments distally white. Hindlegs brown, with tibia and tarsi segments distally white.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin straight.

Male genitalia (N = 5) (Fig. 46). Uncus long and slender, gently narrowing on basal half, apex tongue-shaped. Gnathos projection broad, triangular, with rounded apex. Valva ventral margin straight, dorsal margin strongly protruded dorsad, apex rounded. Juxta with base rounded, medially narrowed, apex split into two conspicuous tips. Saccus small, pointing dorsad. Phallus with sclerotised, anvil-shaped cornutus.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 87). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum forming a membranous rounded pouch. Ductus bursae of medium length, slender, straight. Corpus bursae small, globular, reticulate, with barely marked sclerotisation at thorn base. Thorn curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex on its inner side, glabrous on the outer side.

Known from the slopes of the Mount Kinabalu (4,095 m) on Borneo, at altitudes between 1,700 m and 2,000 m.

Specimen MTD7430 from Luzon shows an K2P-distance of 4.5–4.9% with the two specimens from Borneo.

The species name albipuncta refers to the Latin albus, white, and punctus, forming a point.

Two female specimens from the Philippines with similar habitus and genitalia but a COI barcode divergence of 4.5–4.9% are recovered as different MOTU in the species delimitation analyses. Unfortunately, no male was available for this study, thus we refrained from describing a new species based on these two specimens.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Malaysia: Sabah, Kundasang, | Kinabalu Mt. Lodge veranda, 6°0'42.15"N, 116°32'3.63"E, 1570 m, at day, 15.vi.2015, | leg. T. Léger & R. Mally”; “DNA barcoding | BC MTD Lep 3004”; “ITBC | 15”; “TL315 | ♀”. Deposited in BORN.

Paratypes : 1 ♂, 2 ♀. Brunei: 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923334, DNA voucher MTD8245, genitalia on slide TL730 ♂), 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923427), Bukit Retak, LP 238, GR 873804, 1365m, moss forest, 1–4.v.1989, leg. M. G. Allen & K. R. Tuck (NHMUK). Malaysia: 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7426, genitalia on slide TL599 ♀), Sabah, Tawau Hills, Gelas River, 3.iii.2006, leg. W. + M. Mey (MFNB).

2 ♀. Indonesia: 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923426), Java, Singolangoe, Tengger, 5000 feet, 05.1934 (F. P. A. Kalis) [abdomen missing] (NHMUK). Malaysia: 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923425, DNA voucher MTD8244 & genitalia on slide TL729 ♀), Cameron Highlands, Gunung Brinchang, 15–23.viii.1986 (G. S. Robinson) (NHMUK).

Hoploscopa matheae sp. nov. is unique in the genus by its broad pale yellow forewing fascia crossed by postmedian brown line as well as the basal and distal discoidal spots circled with pale yellow.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally with pale yellow scales. Proboscis dark brown. Maxillary palpi dark brown, basally and inwardly pale yellow. Labial palpi dark brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 1). Thorax dark brown, with two pale yellow stripes laterally and one dorsally. Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour dark brown, with darker scales at its base; basally with a roughly defined Z-line pale yellow; basal and distal discoidal stigma of a darker brown, circled with pale yellow, median discoidal stigma therebetween dark red in some specimens; broad median triangular pale yellow patch near dorsum, connected distally by a line to postmedian triangular pale yellow patch; subterminal pale yellow line following median line shape, originating at distal 1/4 of dorsum, inwardly incurved between A1+2 and Cu2, costally diverging toward apex; subterminal field broadly marked with scales of a lighter brown; fringes dark brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs dark brown. Midlegs brown; femur and tibia distally pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow. Hindlegs dark brown, femur-tibia articulation pale yellow; tibia distally pale yellow; tarsi bronze.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin straight.

Male genitalia. (N = 1) (Fig. 47). Uncus broad, narrowing on distal half, with apex truncate. Gnathos without posterior projection. Valva ventral margin slightly concave, bent dorsad on apical 1/5; dorsal margin conspicuously convex; apex blunt. Juxta with base slightly quadrangular, medially narrow, apex broadly incurved. Saccus not pronounced.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 88). Anterior apophyses with dorsal tip pointed dorsad at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae of medium length, roughly straight. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, reticulate on posterior half, sclerotised between thorn and corpus opening. Thorn straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo (Brunei, Mount Kinabalu), at altitudes between 1,300 m and 1,600 m.

Specimen MTD8244 from the Malay Peninsula shows an K2P-distance of 2.2% with the two specimens from Borneo. It is recovered as a distinct MOTU in the species delimitation analyses. Specimens from Kinabalu and Tawau Hills share identical COI barcodes. No COI barcode was obtained for the specimen from Brunei (MTD8245).

The species is named after Mathéa Léger, sister of the first author.

One specimen from the NHMUK collected on Mount Tengger (Indonesia, Java) in 1934 shares a similar wing pattern and thus potentially represents a conspecific specimen. Unfortunately, the abdomen of the specimen was missing. Specimen MTD8244 from the Malay Peninsula shows minor differences in wing pattern with those from Borneo: costal field, median discoidal stigma and subterminal field are dark red, and base of thorn on corpus bursae is thinner.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Malaysia, Sabah, Mesilau Nature Resort | 6°2'43.71"N, 116°35'48.03"E, 1925 m, at | lamps, 30.05.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally”. Deposited in BORN.

Paratypes : 6 ♂, 3 ♀. Malaysia: 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL260 ♂) with same data as holotype except 02.vi.2015; 3 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL641 ♂ & TL338 ♂), 1 ♀ (genitalia on slide TL547 ♀), Sabah, Mesilau, logging site 400 m before entrance to Mesilau Nature Resort, 6°2'22"N, 116°35'54"E, 1930 m, UV light, 02.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♀ (genitalia TL337 on slide TL337 ♀), same data except 01.vi.2015; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7894, genitalia on slide TL671, wing preparation on slide TL237), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Timpohon Gate, 300 m from Ligawu trail starting point, 6°1'41"N, 116°32'54"E, 1820 m, UV light, 18.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD LEP123, genitalia on slide TL365 ♂), 1 ♀, Sabah, Mesilau, 2000 m, 14–17.xi.2006, light trap, leg. W. Mey & K. Ebert (MFNB).

1 ♀. Malaysia: 1 ♀ (DNA voucher ITBC02, genitalia on slide TL302 ♀), same data as holotype.

Hoploscopa sepanggi sp. nov. bears sulfurous to pale yellow patches on the forewing forming a roughly chequered pattern. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection is slender, ca. half the length of uncus, and the juxta distal half is narrow, with a notched apex.

Hoploscopa luteomacula. The postmedian cubital and subterminal patch are missing or reduced to traces in H. sepanggi sp. nov., while they are well-marked, pale yellow in H. luteomacula. The fringes are brown, chequered with yellow in H. sepanggi sp. nov., while they are yellow in H. luteomacula.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with pale yellow and brown scales. Proboscis brown, speckled with pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 5). Thorax dorsally pale yellow, laterally brown. Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 11–12.5 mm (♂), 11.5–13 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal patch and median discoidal stigma trapezoid, sulphur yellow with dark brown edges; basal and antemedian cubital patches abutting each other, quadrilateral, sulphur yellow with dark brown edges; costal field lightly marked with sulphur yellow; median dorsal patch oval, sulphur yellow; postmedian patch triangular, sulphur yellow, crossed on its middle with longitudinal brown streak; subterminal line reduced to small interspaced sulphur yellow dashes, with triangular sulphur costal spot; subterminal field broadly marked with pale yellow; fringe chequered pale yellow and brown. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs dark brown. Midlegs brown, speckled with pale yellow. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown, distally brown; tarsi bronze.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 5) (Fig. 48). Uncus long and slender, gently tapering toward tongue-shaped apex. Gnathos projection slender, ca. half the uncus length. Valva ventral margin gently bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex slightly pointed. Juxta with base roughly quadrangular, medially narrowed, apex narrow, faintly notched. Saccus broad, triangular, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 89). Anterior apophyses with small dorsal bump at 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae of medium length, slender, elbowed at 1/4 and 3/4. Corpus bursae ovoid, reticulated, diffuse sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening, medially with faintly sclerotised band. Thorn straight, small, with tiny dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from the slopes of the Mount Kinabalu on Borneo, at altitudes between 1,800 m and 2,000 m.

This species is described in honour of the late Malaysian mountain guide Robbie Sepanggi who died on Mount Kinabalu during the 2015 Sabah earthquake while trying to save hikers.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Malaysia, Sabah, Kinabalu Park H[ead]Q[quarters], | junction Kiau View- and Pandanus | Trail, 6°0'32.84"N, 116°32'14.94"E, | 1690 m, UV light, 07.vi.2015, | leg. T. Léger & R. Mally”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD 2015 | [vertically written:] no. 3066”; “TL327 | ♂”. Deposited in BORN.

Paratypes : 4 ♂, 2 ♀. Brunei: 2 ♂ (1 with NHMUK010923398, DNA voucher MTD8233 & genitalia on slide TL746; 1 with NHMUK010923401), 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923400), Ulu Temburong, LP 298, GR 838892, 300 m, 26–30-iv-1989, leg. M. Allen & K. Tuck (NHMUK). Malaysia: 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL531 ♂), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Timpohon Gate, 700 m from Liwagu Trail starting point, near Liwagu River, 6°1'40"N, 116°32'59"E, 1700 m, 18.vi.2015, leg. Léger & R. Mally (MTD); 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7425 & genitalia on slide TL625 ♀), Sabah, Tawau Hills National Park, Headquarter, waterfall, 23–27.xi.2006, leg. W. Mey & K. Ebert (MFNB). 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923352), Sabah, Gunung Monkobo, 5.48N, 116.56E, dipterocarp forest, 945m, 14–23.viii.1987, leg. K. Tuck (NHMUK).

This relatively small-sized species (forewing length 8–10 mm) shows brown forewings with red markings edged with pale yellow. The median discoidal stigma is oval, red, edged with pale yellow, median cubital patch is reduced to a small streak and median dorsal patch is absent. The postmedian patch consists of a mix of red and brown scales, at costa forming triangular pale yellow patch. Male genitalia are unique in the conspicuously incurved ventral margin of the valva, medially extending into a tip pointing ventrad. In female genitalia, the corpus bursae is small, globular, and bears a crest of sclerotised acanthae between thorn and corpus opening.

Hoploscopa isarogensis sp. nov.; to a lesser extent H. mallyi sp. nov., H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov., H. gracilis sp. nov., H. ignitamaculae sp. nov. Median cubital and dorsal patches form with the median discoidal stigma a disrupted pale yellow band (median dorsal patch not marked in H. mallyi sp. nov.), and postmedian pale yellow marking at costa is reduced to a blotch in above listed species. Hoploscopa gracilis sp. nov. and H. mallyi sp. nov. are slightly larger (9–12 mm). Comparison of the male genitalia allows unequivocal separation from these species. In female genitalia, H. isarogensis sp. nov. displays a narrower and slightly longer ductus bursae and a larger corpus bursae with large curved thorn, while it is small and straight in H. cynodonta sp. nov. Female genitalia of H. mallyi sp. nov., H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov., and H. gracilis sp. nov. share the broad ductus bursae, the small globular corpus bursae with H. cynodonta sp. nov. but have a longer ductus bursae, and the sclerotisation of corpus bursae is large and diffuse.

Head. Antennae dorsally with pale yellow scales. Proboscis brown to pale brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventrally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 6). Collar white. Forewing length: 8–10 mm (♂), 8 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal longitudinal red streak basally surrounded with pale yellow U-shaped spot; costal field red; median discoidal stigma oval, red with pale yellow edges; median cubital patch forming longitudinal pale yellow rectangle; postmedian patch red, with basal edge pale yellow, distally abutted with pale yellow triangular costal patch; postmedian line costally marked; postmedian suffusion of pale yellow and pale brown scales, distally edged by pale yellow subterminal line; subterminal field marked with red; fringe chequered pale yellow and brown. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs and midlegs brown. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, distally brown; tarsi bronze speckled with pale yellow.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin forming two conspicuous triangular tips, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 49). Uncus medially slightly widened, narrowing toward apex, apex duck beak-shaped, medio-ventrally with a bump and two ridges. Gnathos projection roughly triangular, ca. 1/4 of uncus length, with rounded apex. Valva ventral margin with basal half sclerotised, at 1/4 conspicuously incurved into a semi-circle, protruded medio-ventrally into a tooth-like tip pointing ventrad; valva dorsal margin convex, apex truncate. Juxta with base rounded, medially narrowed, apical half laterally protruded, apex broad, not sclerotised. Saccus quadrangular, conspicuously produced anterad.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 90). Posterior apophyses bent ventrad. Anterior apophyses with small dorsal bump at 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation twice as long as broad, barely sclerotised. Ductus bursae of medium length, broad, with a narrow loop before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae globular, reticulated, with crest of sclerotised acanthae between thorn and corpus opening. Thorn straight, slightly incurved at apex, with small dents pointing toward thorn base.

Known on Borneo from Brunei to the Mount Kinabalu, the Mount Monkobo (1,759m) and the Tawau Hills in Sabah (Malaysia), at altitudes between 300 and 1,700 m.

Specimens MTD LEP3066 from Mount Kinabalu and MTD7425 from Tawau Hills differ by 0.4%. The nearest neighbour is H. isarogensis sp. nov. from the Philippines (K2P-dist = 2.3–3%).

Formed by apposition of the Greek words cyno-, of the dog, and odous, tooth, referring to the conspicuous tooth-like extension on the ventral margin of the valva in male genitalia.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Malaysia, Sabah, Mesilau, logging | site 400m before entrance to Mesilau | Nature Resort, 6°2'21.97"N, 116°35'54.12"E, 1930m, UV light, | 02.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD2016 | [vertically written:] n°. 3196 ”; “TL510 | ♂”. Deposited in BORN.

Paratypes : 7 ♂, 2 ♀. Malaysia: 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7888 & genitalia on slide TL552 ♂) with same data as holotype, 2 ♂ (DNA vouchers MTD7884 & MTD7885, genitalia on slides TL673 ♂ & TL261 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7883 & genitalia on slide TL551 ♀) with same data as holotype except 02.vi.2015; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7886, genitalia on slide TL537 ♂), Sabah, Mesilau Nature Resort, 6°2'44"N, 116°35'48"E, 1925 m, at lamps, 30.v.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher ITBC12, DNA barcoding voucher BC MTD LEP3003, genitalia on slide TL312 ♀), same data except 01.vi.2015; 2 ♂ (DNA vouchers MTD7895 & MTD7896, genitalia on slides TL550 ♂ & TL549 ♂), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Timpohon Gate, 300 m from Liwagu trail starting point, 6°1'41"N, 116°32'54"E, 1820 m, UV light, 18.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7890, genitalia on slide TL672 ♂), Sabah, Kundasang, Kinabalu Mountain Lodge veranda, 6°0'42"N, 116°32'4"E, 1570 m, at light, 18.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally (MFNB).

Hoploscopa parvimacula sp. nov. displays brown forewings with reduced pale yellow markings. The median discoidal stigma is crescent-shaped, and the median cubital patch forms a streak not connected to the median discoidal stigma. The postmedian patch and postmedian area are faintly marked with pale yellow. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection is distally spatula-shaped, reaching ca. 2/3 of the uncus length, and the juxta displays blunt lateral projections and a truncate apex.

Hoploscopa kinabaluensis sp. nov., H. pangrangoensis sp. nov. The forewings of H. kinabaluensis sp. nov. display more contrasting postmedian patch and subterminal line, and a subterminal field suffused with pale yellow. In H. pangrangoensis sp. nov., the median cubital patch is almost absent and the subterminal line is more strongly pronounced. In male genitalia, base of gnathos projection is narrower and the cornutus displays a narrow bump at apex in H. kinabaluensis sp. nov. The finger-like gnathos projection of H. pangrangoensis sp. nov. is narrower than that of H. parvimacula sp. nov. and reaches only half the uncus length. In female genitalia, ductus bursae of H. kinabaluensis sp. nov. is twice as long as in other species, with a loop on its middle and a large bow before corpus bursae. In H. pangrangoensis sp. nov., colliculum is membranous with longitudinal sclerotised lines, corpus bursae is larger and thorn is smaller.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with brown and bronze scales. Proboscis pale yellow, speckled with pale brown. Maxillary palpi dark brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi dark brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 7). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dark brown dash, distally pale yellow; basal and distal discoidal stigmata dark brown; median patches Y-shaped, pale yellow, disrupted with brown at vein, edged basally and distally with dark brown; postmedian patch of a lighter brown, with pale yellow triangular costal spot distally edged with dark brown; subterminal line pale yellow, distally dark brown; fringe brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown; tarsi bronze. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown; tarsi pale yellow to pale brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 8) (Fig. 50). Uncus medially broadened, narrowing on distal half, apex slightly obtuse. Gnathos projection ca. 2/3 of uncus length, spatula-shaped. Valva ventral margin straight, gently bent dorsad on distal 1/4, dorsal margin convex, apex rounded or slightly pointed. Juxta slender, base roughly quadrangular, apex truncate. Saccus small, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 91). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae short and straight, slightly bent before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous, with diffuse sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening, medially with faintly marked sclerotised band. Thorn short and straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from Mount Kinabalu on Borneo, at altitudes between 1,550 and 1,950 m.

Sample MTD8229 of H. parvimacula sp. nov. shows a K2P-dist of 3.1–3.4% with samples from Borneo and is recovered as separate MOTU.

Refers to the Latin parvus, for small, and macula, for spot, referring to the Y-shaped median markings that are smaller than in other similar species.

The specimen with DNA voucher MTD8229 belongs to a series of females from the Malay Peninsula, which are morphologically similar to H. parvimacula sp. nov. and deposited at NHMUK. Since no males of the same series were available for investigations, we restrained from drawing further conclusions here.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Malaysia, Sabah, Kundasang | Kinabalu Mt. Lodge veranda, | 6°0'42.15"N, 116°32'3.63"E, | 1570m, at light, 16.vi.2015, | leg. T. Léger & R. Mally”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD 2015 | [vertically written:] no. 3064”; “TL325 ♀”. Deposited in BORN.

Paratypes : 3 ♂, 4 ♀. Malaysia: 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7889, genitalia on slide TL667 ♂), same data as holotype; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7893 & genitalia on slide TL342 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3065 & genitalia on slides TL326 ♀), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Timpohon Gate, 700 m from Liwagu trail starting point, near Liwagu River, 6°1'40"N, 116°32'59"E, 1760 m, UV light, 18.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7897, genitalia on slide TL341 ♂), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Timpohon Gate, 300 m from Liwagu trail starting point, 6°1'41"N, 116°32'54"E, 1820 m, UV light, 18.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7882, TL666 ♀), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park Headquarters, junction Kiau View- and Pandanus Trail, 6°0'32.84"N, 116°32'15"E, 1690 m, UV light, 07.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7887, genitalia on slide TL662 ♀), Sabah, Kundasang, road 200 m before Kinabalu Mt. Lodge, 6°0'37"N, 116°32'4"E, 1535m, UV light, 03.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally (MTD).

1 ♂, 2 ♀. Malaysia: 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7892, genitalia on slide TL546 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7891 & genitalia on slide TL674 ♀), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Timpohon Gate, 700 m from Liwagu trail starting point, near Liwagu River, 6°1'40"N, 116°32'59"E, 1760 m, UV light, 18.vi.2015 (T. Léger & R. Mally); 1 ♀ (NHMUK 010923435, DNA voucher MTD8232 & genitalia on slide TL745 ♀), Sabah, Gunung Monkobo, dipterocarp forest, 975m, 5.48N, 116.56E (7–13.viii.1987) (NHMUK).

The forewing median markings form an interrupted pale yellow Y, and postmedian patch and subterminal line are pale yellow, well-marked. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection is ca. 2/3 of uncus length, spatula-shaped, broadening toward apex, and the cornutus displays a small but conspicuous bump. Female genitalia show a long ductus bursae broadly curved twice and a large pear-shaped corpus bursae.

Hoploscopa parvimacula sp. nov. (q.v.), H. brunnealis, H. danaoensis sp. nov., H. metacrossa. These species share similar forewing markings with H. kinabaluensis sp. nov. Male genitalia of these species show a gnathos projection larger at base, of constant width, reaching ca. half of uncus length, and a cornutus lacking the apical bump. In female genitalia, the shorter ductus bursae is nearly straight.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with pale yellow and bronze scales. Proboscis brown speckled with pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 8). Thorax dorsally pale yellow, laterally brown. Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9.0–10.5 mm (♂), 10–11 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dark brown dash, distally pale yellow; median discoidal stigma and median cubital patch forming together a pale yellow-coloured Y, disrupted with brown at vein, edged basally and distally with dark brown; postmedian patch roughly triangular, pale yellow, invaded with brown, edged with dark brown; subterminal line thick, pale yellow; fringe chequered pale yellow and brown. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia brown, inwardly pale yellow; tarsi bronze. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown; tarsi bronze, speckled with brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin broadly indented, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 4) (Fig. 51). Uncus broad, gently narrowing on distal half, apex obtuse. Gnathos projection ca. 2/3 of uncus length, narrow at base, widening toward apex, apex spatula-shaped. Valva ventral margin straight, gently bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin convex, apex rounded or slightly pointed. Juxta slender, base roughly quadrangular, apex slightly incurved. Saccus small, pointing dorsad. Phallus with elongated cornutus, at posterior end with narrow bump pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 5) (Fig. 92). Anterior apophyses with tip or bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation ca. twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae long, slender, with one loop, curved before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae conspicuously pear-shaped, reticulated, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening and faintly marked sclerotised band medially. Thorn long, slightly curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from the slopes of Mount Kinabalu and Mount Monkobo on Borneo, from altitudes between 975 m and 1,850 m.

Two MOTUs diverging by 1.7–2.2% are recovered in H. kinabaluensis sp. nov. These two lineages are found in sympatry at Mount Kinabalu.

The species name kinabaluensis refers to Mount Kinabalu on Borneo, where the species occurs.

The two barcode lineages show no differences in wing pattern and female genitalia. Only minor differences are found in male genitalia, with the apex of the gnathos projection slightly narrower and the basal margin of the juxta slightly incurved in the second lineage. Since second MOTU is only represented by three specimens including only one male, further investigations with a greater number of specimens is needed.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Holotypus”; “Sumatra, Barat | N-Padangpanjang | Mt. Singgalang 2100m | 10–11.ii.1996, L[icht]F[ang] [light trap] | leg. A. Kallies”; “HOLOTYPE | Hoploscopa luteomacula | det. Nuss, 1996”; “GU 744 | prep. Nuss 1996”; “Coll. M. Nuss | Geschenk 2000 | Museum für Tier- | kunde Dresden”. Deposited in MTD.

Paratype : 2 ♀. Indonesia: 1 ♀ (genitalia on slide GU 743, DNA barcode BC MTD 01419), same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (genitalia in capsule under specimen), Sumatra, Holzweg 2, 25km SSW-Pematangsiantar, Strasse nach Prapat [road to Prapat], 25.x.1989, leg. E. W. Diehl (MTD).

1 ♂, 1 ♀. Brunei: ♀ (NHMUK010923403, DNA voucher MTD8234 & genitalia on slide TL747 ♀), Ulu Temburong, LP 298, GR 838892, 300m, 26–30.iv.1989 (M. G. Allen & K. R. Tuck). Malaysia: 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3195 & genitalia on slide TL525 ♂), Sabah, Kundasang, road 200m before Kinabalu Mt. Lodge, 6°0'37.38"N, 116°32'0.35"E”, 1535m, UV light, 03.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally (MFNB).

Hoploscopa luteomacula displays broad pale yellow patches in the forewing. In male genitalia, the uncus is rectangular with a truncate apex, the gnathos forms a tongue-shaped projection ca. 1/4 of the uncus length, the juxta is medially conspicuously narrowed and displays a duck-shaped apex.

Hoploscopa sepanggi (q.v.).

Head. Antennae dorsally pale yellow. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 9). Thorax brown, dorsally pale yellow. Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–11 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown, with markings pale yellow; basal patch large, rhomboid, slightly encroached with brown near dorsum; small basal discoidal spot; median discoidal stigma trapezoid; costal field pale yellow, speckled with brown; median cubital and dorsal patches rhomboid; postmedian patch quadrangular to elliptic, dorsally invaded with brown; postmedian cubital patch rhomboid; subterminal costal patch triangular; subterminal field more or less broadly marked with pale yellow; fringes pale yellow, sometimes with tiny brown dots, apex brown. Hindwing pale yellow to pale brown. Forelegs femur pale yellow; tibia brown, inner side pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow speckled with bronze. Midlegs with femur pale yellow; tibia and tarsi brown. Hindlegs pale yellow.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 52). Uncus large, rectangular, slightly narrowed at apical 1/4, apex truncate. Gnathos projection tongue-shaped, ca. 1/3 of uncus length. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin convex, apex blunt. Juxta with large rounded base, medially conspicuously narrowed, apex duck beak-shaped. Saccus small, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 93). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation reduced to sclerotised ring. Ductus bursae short, nearly straight. Corpus bursae large, pear-shaped, reticulated on posterior half, anterior half membranous, with faint sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening. Thorn nearly straight, with dents pointing toward thorn apex, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from Sumatra (Indonesia) at altitudes between 1,200 m and 2,100 m.

Specimens MTD8234 and MTD LEP3195 from Borneo show an K2P-distance of 2.5–4.4% with the specimen from Sumatra and are recovered as a distinct MOTU.

Deep barcode divergence between morphologically similar specimens from Borneo and Sumatra might represent phylogeographic variability or distinct species. Additional material from both regions and a broader set of characters is needed to test these hypotheses.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Holo- | type” [round label, red ringed]; “Utakwa R[iver]., | Dutch N[ew]. Guin[ea]., | 3000 f[ee]t., Jan[uary]. 1913. | A.F.R. Wollaston.”; “437”; “Eudorina | obliqua | Type Rotsch[ild].” [handwritten]; “♂ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20252”; "NHMUK 010923283” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

Papua New Guinea: 2 specimens [abdomens lost] (1 with DNA voucher “USNM ENT 00665932”, 1 with DNA voucher “USNM ENT 00514731”), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher “USNM ENT 00514750”, genitalia on slide TL656 ♀), Madang Province, Wanang village, 05°15'S, 145°17'E, 1700 m, reared from Diplazium esculentum, 12.vi.2007, leg. Auga, Molem, Tamtiai, Lilip, Ibalim, Posman, Rimandai, Brus, Novotny, Hrcek (USNM).

The antennae striped with white and the antemedian oblique white streak extended distally into white suffusion in the forewing are unique to this species. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection forms a broad plate with a small apical tip. In female genitalia, the antrum is membranous, the ductus bursae is long and corpus bursae is densely covered with erect papillae on one half.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with brown and white. Proboscis brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base pale brown, apex white. Labial palpi brown with white apex.

Thorax (Fig. 10). Collar white. Forewing length: 8–9 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal area of a darker brown; antemedian oblique thick white streak running from dorsum to upper margin of cell, distally extended into white suffusion; postmedian patch reduced to costal white blotch; postmedian line of a darker brown at costa; barely marked subterminal white line incurved inwards at CuA2, running up to M2; fringes pale brown. Hindwing pale brown. Fore- and midlegs brown, tibia and tarsi segments distally white. Hindlegs brown.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 53). Uncus medially conspicuously widened, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex spatulate. Gnathos projecting into a broad spatula-shaped plate with small apical tip on its middle. Valva ventral margin gently bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin convex, apex pointed. Juxta slender, with base rounded, apex obtuse. Saccus small, pointing dorsad. Phallus with club-shaped cornutus.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 94). Anterior apophyses bent ventrad at 1/3. Antrum membranous. Ductus bursae long, straight. Corpus bursae globular, with one half reticulated, one half with erect papillae, with sclerotised bump on each side of thorn. Thorn straight, broad at base, tapering at mid-length, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from the Papua (Indonesia) and Madang Provinces (Papua New Guinea) on New Guinea, at altitudes between 1,000 m and 1,700 m.

Hoploscopa niveofascia sp. nov. is recovered as sister group in the ML analysis of the COI barcode (BS = 95).

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Papua New Guinea | Morobe Prov[ince]., n[ea]r. Bulolo | Mt. Susu Nat[ional]. Res[erve]., 975m | 27–28 Aug.1983, S. Miller | UV Lite, Araucaria For[est]”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD2016 | [vertically written:] no. 3162”; “TL442 | ♂”. Deposited in USNM.

Hoploscopa niveofascia sp. nov. displays snow white postmedian patch, subterminal line and well-marked marginal spots on the forewing. In male genitalia, the uncus is broad, with straight lateral margin and a blunt apex. Female genitalia not known.

Hoploscopa diffusa. Hoploscopa niveofascia sp. nov. shares with H. diffusa the white markings of the forewing. However, postmedian patch of H. diffusa is broadly marked with brown, marginal spots are reduced to small dots, and fringes exhibit white spots, while fringes are brown in H. niveofascia sp. nov.

Head. Antennae dorsally dark brown. Proboscis white. Maxillary palpi dark brown, basally pale brown. Labial palpi dark brown, ventro-basally white.

Thorax (Fig. 11). Thorax dark brown with mesodorsal transversal white line. Collar white. Forewing length: 9.5 mm; forewing ground colour dark brown; basal area without marked patches, white scales scattered near dorsum; median discoidal stigma darker coloured, rectangular, basally and distally thinly edged with white; postmedian patch diffuse, white; postmedian line marked on costal half; subterminal line thick, zigzagging, disrupted distally at M1; margin with large white spots; fringes bronze. Fore- and midlegs dark brown, with tibia and tarsi segments distally white. Hindlegs brown to bronze.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin straight.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 56). Uncus broad with straight lateral margin, apex truncate, medially slightly incurved. Gnathos reduced to thin band without posterior projection. Valva ventral margin bent dorsad on distal half, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex pointed. Juxta elongated, with base rounded, medially narrowing, apex blunt. Saccus small, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia Not known.

Known from Mount Susu (975 m) in the Morobe Province (Papua New Guinea).

Hoploscopa obliqua is recovered as sister group in the ML analysis of the COI barcode (BS = 95).

From the Latin niveus, snowy, and fascia, band, referring to the snow-white markings on the forewing.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: [exuvia pinned under the specimen] “Sp. PYRA-106 | YS.2H.3826 | CATY 001 L[ength] 9mm | YC 29975 Leaf M [circled] Y | Roll [circled] - Tie - Chew - Skel | 10-SEP-2012 [handwritten]”; “Papua New Guinea | Yawan village | 06°10'S, 146°5'E [1700m] | L[e]g[i]t B Gewa, J. Kua, | S Sau, A. Kinibel | NG Binatang Res[earch]. C[en]t[e]r.”; “USNM ENT: PNG | Madang Ecology Project | [barcode] | 00739216” [DNA voucher]; “DNA 2013”; “TL | 653 ♂”. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes : 1 ♂, 2 ♀. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♂ (“YC29970”, DNA voucher “00739200”), 1 ♀ (“YC29974”, DNA voucher “00739238”, genitalia on slide TL654 ♀), same data as holotype except “L=19mm”, “Chew” (♂), “Leaf Y”, “L=14mm”, “Tie” (♀), leg. M. Rimandai, S. Sau, A. Kinibel, M. Jimbudo; 1 ♀ (“YC28238”, DNA voucher “00739199” & MTD7872, genitalia on slide TL657 ♀), same data as holotype except “Chew”, “L=15mm”, 11.ix.2012, leg. M. Rimandai, S. Sau, A. Kinibel, M. Jimbudo (USNM).

The well-marked median cubital and dorsal snow-white patches on the forewing segregate this species from its congeners. Median discoidal stigma is trapezoid, reddish brown, postmedian patch is reddish brown, distally edged by thin white streak. In male genitalia, the narrow uncus-tegumen connection and the broadly indented uncus apex is unique to this species. In female genitalia, papillae anales are thick, not connecting dorsally and ventrally, corpus bursae is small, globular, with a long straight thorn.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally brown. Proboscis pale brown. Maxillary palpi dark brown, base and inner side pale yellow to light brown. Labial palpi dark brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 12). Collar white. Forewing length 10–11 mm (♂), 9–10 mm (♀); forewing ground colour dark brown; cubital reddish brown fascia running from basal to postmedian area; basal and distal discoidal patches of a darker brown; rhombical reddish brown median discoidal stigma therebetween, basally and distally thinly edged with pale yellow; median cubital and dorsal patches white, elongated, slightly disrupted at 1A+2A; postmedian roughly quadrangular reddish brown patch, crossed with brown lines, with slender white streak abutting dorsally, running up to costa; postmedian line thin, marked on costal half; postmedian fascia white, speckled with brown; subterminal line thin, white, running more or less straight from dorsum distal 1/4 to apex; subterminal field faintly marked with reddish brown; fringes brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale yellow, slightly darker at apex. Legs brown, tibia distally pale yellow, tarsi brown to pale brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 54). Uncus slender, entirely sclerotised, forming narrow connection to tegumen, narrowed on its middle, apex large, broadly indented. Gnathos reduced to barely sclerotised band. Tegumen arms dorso-posteriorly not fused. Valva slender, ventral margin nearly straight, gently bent dorsad on distal 1/4, dorsal margin convex, valva apex pointed. Juxta with base rounded, medially slightly narrowed with weakly sclerotised edges, apex broadly rounded, flanked on each side with sclerotised bump covered with setae. Saccus not pronounced. Phallus apically with sclerotised spine.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 96). Papillae anales thick, dorsally and ventrally not connected. Posterior apophyses bent dorsad. Anterior apophyses widened at posterior 1/3, with tip pointed dorsad. Antrum sclerotisation as long as broad. Ductus bursae long, more or less straight. Corpus bursae small, globular, reticulated, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening. Thorn straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from Yawan village (1,700 m) in the Eastern Highlands Province (Papua New Guinea).

The moths were reared from the fern Diplazium esculentum (Retzius in Retzius & König, 1791) Swartz, 1803 (Athyriaceae) (S. Miller, C. Redmond & T. Whitfield, pers. comm.).

The species epithet gombongi comes from “gombong”, the name for fern in the Yau language (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/yuw), referring to the larval host plant. This name was suggested by Vojtěch Novotný and Gibson Mayiah.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: [exuvia in a capsule pinned under the specimen] “Sp. PYRA-106 | YP.4B.4041 | CATY 002 L 11 mm | YC 30471 Leaf M [circled] Y | Roll - Tie - Chew [circled] - Skel | 13 OCT 2012 [handwritten]”; “Papua New Guinea | Yawan village | 06°10'S, 146°5'E [1700m] | L[e]g[i]t J. Valeba, J. Auga | M. Dilu, F. Philip, R. Lilip | NG Binatang Res[earch]. C[en]t[e]r.”; “USNM ENT: PNG | Madang Ecology Project | [barcode] | 00739227” [DNA voucher]; “DNA 2013”; “TL | 655 ♂”. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes : 2 ♂, 1 ♀. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♂ (“YC30467”, DNA voucher MTD7874 & “00739207”, genitalia on slide TL661 ♂), same data as holotype except “CATY 001, L = 15 mm”; 1 ♂ (“YC30472”, DNA voucher “00739208”), same data as holotype except “CATY 001, L = 15 mm”, leg. B. Gewa, J. Kua, S. Sau, A. Kinibel; 1 ♀ (“YC30473”, DNA voucher “00739234” & MTD7873, genitalia on slide TL658 ♀), same data as holotype except “L = 10 mm” “Roll”, leg. B. Gewa, J. Kua, S. Sau, A. Kinibel (USNM).

Hoploscopa tonsepi sp. nov. displays a triangular reddish brown median discoidal stigma with white edges, extending toward dorsum into narrow white cubital streak. In male genitalia, the two-armed uncus with two small tips on its middle is unique to this species. In female genitalia, the absence of posterior apophyses, the short ductus bursae and the small corpus bursae without thorn are atypical for the genus and observed only in this species.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with brown and bronze scales. Proboscis pale yellow, brown at base. Maxillary palpi dark brown, base and inner side pale yellow to light brown. Labial palpi dark brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 13). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown, broadly suffused with reddish brown; basal oblique thin white streak; cubital reddish brown fascia running from basal to postmedian area; basal and distal discoidal patches of a darker brown, basally and distally thinly edged with white; median discoidal stigma reddish brown, with V-shaped white edge, together with narrow white cubital streak forming a Y; postmedian patch roughly triangular, reddish brown, crossed with brown lines, abutted with pale yellow blotch at costa; postmedian line broad, marked on costal half; postmedian suffusion faintly marked, pale yellow; subterminal line pale yellow, diffuse, running more or less straight from dorsum distal 1/4 to apex; subterminal field marked with reddish brown; fringes brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown, darker at apex. Forelegs dark brown; tibia dark brown, distally pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow. Midlegs with femur dark brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown, distally brown; tarsi pale yellow. Hindlegs brown; tibia and tarsi segments distally pale yellow.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 55). Uncus broad, entirely sclerotised, on distal half extending into two arms with rounded tip, with small dent on inner side, margin between arms with two small tips on its middle. Gnathos projection plump, ca. 2/3 of uncus length. Valva slender, ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex pointed. Juxta with base roughly rounded, medially narrowed, apex blunt, slightly incurved. Saccus slightly quadrangular. Coecum penis reduced to a short protrusion.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 101). Papillae anales thick, dorsally and ventrally not connected. Posterior apophyses absent. Anterior apophyses without bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short. Ductus bursae short, slender, straight. Corpus bursae very small, ovoid, covered with tiny papillae. Corpus sclerotisation and thorn absent.

Known from the Yawan village (1,700 m) in the Eastern Highlands Province (Papua New Guinea).

The moths were reared from Diplazium esculentum (Retzius in Retzius & König, 1791) Swartz, 1803 (Athyriaceae) (S. Miller, C. Redmond, & T. Whitfield, pers. comm.).

Named after Tonsep, the village leader of Yawan in Papua New Guinea, who locally conducted the project on which the larvae were collected and reared to adults.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “M[oun]t. Goliath [Mount Yamin], | 5000 f[ee]t., Centr[al]. Dutch N[ew]. Guinea, | ca. 139° long, | February 1911, | (A. S. Meek).”; "NHMUK 010923397” [barcode appended]; “TL | 710 ♂”. Deposited in NHMUK.

Paratypes : 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Indonesia: 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923399), 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923351, genitalia on slide TL 709 ♀), same data as holotype (NHMUK).

1 ♂. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♂, (DNA voucher MTD LEP3157 & genitalia on slide TL437 ♂) Morobe Province, Mount Kaindi, 2350 m, 11.xii.1976, leg. G. F. Hevel & R. E. Dietz (USNM).

This species is recognisable by the brown forewings broadly suffused with copper-coloured scales giving them a shiny appearance. Median cubital patch is white, discoidal stigma and postmedian patch are yellow, the latter marked with white toward dorsum and at costa. In male genitalia, uncus is elongated, with a truncate apex, and gnathos projection is ca. half the length of uncus, with truncate apex. In female genitalia, antrum is barely sclerotised, ductus bursae is long, slender and straight and corpus bursae is large, globular, with a small slightly curved thorn.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally bronze. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventrally pale yellow, inner side pale brown.

Thorax (Fig. 14). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length 11 mm (♂), 12 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; broad basal yellow band stretching from subdorsum to costa, with crossing veins copper-coloured, edged with copper; costal field copper; median discoidal stigma yellow with copper edges, costally filled with copper, forming together with cubital trapezoid white patch a canine tooth shape; postmedian patch broad, yellow, basally encroached with copper, crossing veins copper-coloured, with white blotch at costa; postmedian line broad, marked on costal half; broad copper postmedian fascia with crossing veins brown; subterminal field marked with a mix of yellow and copper scales; fringe brown, with white dots. Hindwing white to pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, apically brown; tarsi pale yellow to pale brown. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown; tarsi pale brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 57). Uncus long and slender, with straight lateral margin, apex blunt. Gnathos projection ca. half the length of uncus, with blunt apex. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, in basal half slightly concave, dorsal margin conspicuously rounded, apex pointed. Juxta with base rounded, notched on its middle, medially narrowed, apex rounded, faintly notched on its middle. Saccus triangular. Phallus with truncate cornutus.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 95). Anterior apophyses conspicuously widened at posterior 1/3, with tip pointing dorsad. Antrum sclerotisation weak, ca. as long as broad. Ductus bursae of medium length, straight, slender. Corpus bursae large, globular, posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous, with weak sclerotisation between corpus opening and thorn. Thorn long, slightly curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from Mount Yamin (Indonesia: Papua), and Mount Kaindi (Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province), at altitudes between 1,700 m and 2,350 m.

Dedicated to the late Marijo Weiss, a close friend of Théo Léger’s family.

The specimen from Mount Kaindi is very similar to those from Mount Yamin but its postmedian fascia of the forewing is yellow and copper instead of dark copper, and uncus and gnathos projection are slightly longer in male genitalia.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Sumatra-Holzweg | 25 km SSW-Pematangsiantar | straße nach Prapat [road to Prapat], L[icht]F[ang] [light trap] | 13.ii.1996, leg. A. Kallies”; “coll[ection]. M. Nuss | Geschenk 2000 | Museum für Tier- | kunde Dresden”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD 2016 | [vertically written:] no. 3206”; “TL505 | ♂”. Deposited in MTD.

Hoploscopa titika sp. nov. is recognisable by its well-marked white quadrangular median cubital spot on the forewing. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection is reduced to a small ridge, and the dorsal margin of the valva is rounded, broadly sclerotised. Female genitalia not known.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally with pale yellow to bronze scales. Proboscis white. Maxillary palpi brown, inner side white to pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally white.

Thorax (Fig. 15). Collar white. Forewing length: 9 mm; forewing ground colour brown; basal patch extending from dorsum to subcosta, red, with small basal pale yellow spot; median discoidal stigma triangular, pale yellow, filled with red scales, with white trapezoid cubital patch abutting dorsally; postmedian patch roughly quadrangular, pale yellow, filled with red scales; subterminal line diffuse, white; subterminal field marked with red and pale yellow; fringe missing on specimen. Forelegs lost. Mid- and hindlegs white to pale yellow.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 58). Uncus long and slender, gently tapering toward apex, apex tongue-shaped. Gnathos projection limited to small ridge. Valva broad, ventral margin bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex pointed. Juxta with base rounded, medially straight, apex blunt. Saccus small, pointing dorsad. Phallus apically with sclerotised spine.

Female genitalia. not known.

Known from North Sumatra (Indonesia).

The species name titika comes from the Indonesian word “titik” meaning spot or dot, referring to the white median cubital spot of the forewing.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Indonesia, Java, M[oun]t. Pangrange | 30 km S[outh]E[ast] Bogor, 1625 m | primary forest 16–20.ii.1996 | 6.30S 107.10E leg. Siniaev & Afonin”; “Lepidoptera | date: i.2018 | MTD 7433 | [vertically written:] DNA-voucher”; “TL | 636 ♀”. Deposited in MFNB.

Paratypes : 4 ♂, 1 ♀. Indonesia: 2 ♂ (1 with genitalia on slide TL659 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7431, genitalia on slide TL627 ♀), same data as holotype; 2 ♂ (1 with genitalia on slide TL660 ♂), same data as holotype except 21–26.ii.1996 (MFNB).

The forewing markings of H. pangrangoensis sp. nov. are reduced to a small crescent-shaped median discoidal stigma; median cubital and dorsal patches are not marked, and postmedian patch is reduced to a blotch at costa. In male genitalia, the uncus is medially widened and the gnathos shows a finger-like projection ca. half the length of uncus. In female genitalia, the thin longitudinal sclerotised lines of the antrum are unique to this species.

Hoploscopa parvimacula sp. nov. (q.v.), H. sumatrensis sp. nov. Hoploscopa sumatrensis sp. nov. shares with H. pangrangoensis sp. nov. the crescent-shaped pale yellow median discoidal stigma on the forewing and the small median cubital patch. However, median discoidal stigma and postmedian patch are filled with reddish brown in H. sumatrensis sp. nov. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection reaches 4/5 of the uncus length in H. sumatrensis sp. nov. In female genitalia, antrum of H. sumatrensis sp. nov. is completely sclerotised.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with brown and bronze scales. Proboscis pale brown. Maxillary palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 16). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 10–11 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dark brown dash distally pale yellow; small pale yellow spot at base of cell; basal and distal discoidal patches dark brown; median discoidal stigma crescent-shaped, white to pale yellow; median cubital pale yellow blotch in some specimens; postmedian pale yellow streak at costa, distally with dark brown streak; postmedian area speckled with pale yellow; subterminal line pale yellow, diffuse; fringes brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown, tarsi pale brown. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia brown speckled with pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow speckled with bronze. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with pale brown; tarsi pale yellow.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin notched, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 59). Uncus medially widened, narrowed on apical 1/4, apex blunt. Gnathos projection finger-shaped, ca. half the length of uncus. Valva ventral margin straight, gently bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin conspicuously convex; apex slightly pointed. Juxta with base quadrangular, medially narrowing, apex roughly rounded, slightly notched. Saccus triangular, conspicuously pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 97). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum elongated, membranous, with thin longitudinal sclerotised lines, anteriorly with minute sclerotised markings. Ductus bursae short, bent before corpus opening. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, reticulated, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening and faintly marked sclerotised band medially. Thorn small, straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from the slopes of Mount Pangrango (3019 m) on Java (Indonesia), at an altitude of 1,625 m.

Named after Mount Pangrango, a dormant stratovolcano on Java, where the specimens were collected.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Philippines, South Luzon | M[oun]t Isarog | 13°40'N, 123°20'E, 530 m | submontane forest, at light | 22.iii.2000, leg. M. Nuss”; “DNA Barcode | BC MTD 01431”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD 2016 | [vertically written:] no. 3198”; “TL514 | ♀”. Deposited in MTD.

Paratypes : 2 ♂, 7 ♀. Philippines: 1 ♂ (DNA vouchers MTD LEP14 & MTD LEP3209, genitalia on slide TL507 ♂), 5 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP43 & MTD LEP3208, genitalia on slide TL528 ♀; 1 with DNA barcode BC MTD 01430; 1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP3199 & genitalia on slide TL520 ♀, 1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP3200 & genitalia on slide TL523 ♀), same data as holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (♂ with genitalia on slide TL762 ♂), same date and locality as holotype, leg. Mey & Ebert; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7422 & genitalia on slide TL621 ♀), Laguna, Pangil, 50 m, 11.iv.1997, leg. Mey & Speidel (MTD).

2 ♂, 7 ♀. Philippines: 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7420 & genitalia on slide TL626 ♂), 6 ♀ (4 with DNA voucher MTD7418, MTD8143, MTD8144, MTD8146, MTD8148 and genitalia on slide TL630♀, TL704 ♀, TL705 ♀, TL720 ♀, TL719 ♀ respectively, 2 with DNA voucher MTD8145 & MTD8147 and abdomens in microvials), Leyte, Lake Danao, 650 m, 14.-17.4.1997, leg. W. Mey & W. Speidel (MFNB); 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD7423 & genitalia on slide TL631 ♂), Mindoro, Mt Baco Pass, 1150 m, 14.i.1998 (Mey & Samarita); 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7424 & genitalia voucher on slide TL619 ♀), Mindoro, Mt Halcon, 1300 m, 15–17.i.1998 (Mey & Samarita) (MFNB);

Hoploscopa isarogensis sp. nov. is a relatively small brown-winged species (forewing length = 7–9.5 mm) with red markings edged yellow. Median discoidal stigma, cubital and dorsal patches form together a disrupted band, and postmedian patch is red with a pale yellow blotch at costa. In male genitalia, the apex of the uncus is duck beak-shaped, with a small marked bump on its ventral side, and gnathos projection is ca. 1/3 of uncus length, with an indented apex. In female genitalia, the corpus bursae displays a clearly delimited sclerotisation between the thorn and the corpus opening, and bears a long, thick, curved thorn.

Hoploscopa cynodonta sp. nov. (q.v.), H. ignitamaculae sp. nov. (q.v.), H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov. The forewings of H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov. display a trapezoid median discoidal stigma, and median markings are only slightly disrupted, while they are well separated in H. isarogensis sp. nov. In male genitalia, gnathos projection reaches 2/3 of uncus length and has a truncate apex. In female genitalia, ductus bursae is long, broad, with one loop, while it is shorter, slender and straight in H. isarogensis sp. nov., and the small corpus bursae displays one plump thorn with a small sclerotisation at its base.

Head. Antennae dorsally brown. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 17). Collar white. Forewing length: 7–8 mm (♂), 8–9.5 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; broad basal patch pale yellow to yellow, crossed by longitudinal reddish brown fascia running up to postmedian area; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma rhomboid to elliptic, pale yellow, filled with reddish brown; cubital and dorsal pale yellow patches forming with median discoidal stigma an oblique band disrupted at veins; postmedian patch roughly triangular, reddish brown, more or less speckled with pale yellow, with pale yellow blotch at costa; subterminal line pale yellow, conspicuously incurved inwards at CuA2; subterminal field marked with reddish brown; fringe brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs brown, inner side pale yellow. Hindlegs brown, tibia marked with pale yellow.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin broadly indented, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 60). Uncus long, medially broadened, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex duck beak-shaped, medio-ventrally with a small bump projecting ventrad. Gnathos projection ca. 1/3 of the uncus length, with apex notched. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, gently bent dorsad on distal 1/4, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex truncated. Juxta broad, with base rounded, medially slightly narrowed, apex slightly incurved. Saccus quadrangular.

Female genitalia (N = 6) (Fig. 100). Anterior apophyses with small dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short, ca. as wide as long. Ductus bursae relatively short, nearly straight. Corpus bursae globular and reticulated but in some specimens with a rounded pouch-like extension, with well-marked sclerotisation between thorn and ductus bursae opening, medially with faintly sclerotised band. Thorn sabre-like, curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base.

Known from the Luzon and Mindoro islands (Philippines), between sea level and 1,150 m.

Specimens from Luzon and Leyte show an K2P-distance of 3.4–3.9% and are recovered in two MOTUs.

Named after Mount Isarog (1966 m), a volcano on Luzon Island (Philippines) where the species is found.

Minor differences were observed in male and female genitalia of the specimens from Leyte. However, with only one male from Leyte on hand, we refrained from drawing further conclusions on its species status here.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Philippinen, Luzon | M[oun]t[ai]n. Prov[ince]., Barlig | 1650 m, 14–15.XI.97 | leg. Mey, Ebert, Nuß”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | date: ix.2018 | MTD8138 | [vertically written:] DNA-voucher”; “TL699 | ♂”. Deposited in MFNB.

Paratypes : 9 ♂, 15 ♀. Philippines: 4 ♂, 10 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD7429 & genitalia on slide TL623 ♀), same data as holotype; 3 ♂ (1 with genitalia on slide TL677 ♂), 5 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD7427 & genitalia on slide TL620 ♀, 1 with DNA voucher MTD7428 & genitalia on slide TL637 ♀), Luzon, Mountain Province, Chatol, 2100 m, 16–18.xi.1997, leg. Mey, Ebert & Nuss; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher 7435 & genitalia on slide TL624 ♂), Luzon, Ifugao, Mount Polis, 2000 m, 13.xi.1997, leg. Mey, Ebert & Nuss; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD8137), Luzon, Santa Fe, Bald Mountain, 1150 m, 11–13.xi.1997, leg. Mey, Ebert & Nuss (MFNB).

Hoploscopa ypsilon sp. nov. displays well-marked white coloured markings on the forewing. Median discoidal stigma and cubital patch are Y-shaped, postmedian patch is triangular and subterminal line is conspicuously incurved inwards at CuA2. In male genitalia, the gnathos forms a short, broadly rounded projection.

Hoploscopa danaoensis sp. nov. This species displays pale yellow markings on the forewing, the postmedian area is more or less broadly suffused with pale yellow, with subterminal line only slightly incurved inwards at CuA2. In male genitalia, H. danaoensis sp. nov. has a tongue-shaped projection ca. half the uncus length. Female genitalia are very similar to those of H. danaoensis sp. nov. and cannot be confidently separated.

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis brown, speckled with pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, inner side and base pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and tip pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 18). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂), 9.5–11 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dark brown blotch with oblique white streak abutting at costa; median discoidal stigma V-shaped, white, edged with darker brown, together with white cubital streak forming a Y; postmedian patch triangular, white, invaded with light brown toward costa, edged with darker brown; subterminal line white, conspicuously incurved inwards at CuA2; fringes brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown, darker at apex. Forelegs brown; tarsi brown to pale brown. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia brown, speckled with pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia brown speckled with pale yellow, distally pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed.

Male genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 61). Uncus long, slightly narrowed on apical 1/4, apex duck beak-shaped. Gnathos projection short, with broadly rounded apex. Valva ventral margin gently bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex slightly pointed. Juxta with base rounded, medially slightly narrowed, apex incurved. Saccus small, quadrangular.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 98). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short, ca. as wide as long. Ductus bursae short, bent before corpus opening. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, reticulated, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening and faintly marked sclerotised band medially. Thorn small, straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from the Ifugao, the Mountain and the Nueva Vizcaya Provinces on Luzon (Philippines), at altitudes between 1,150–2,100 m.

The highest intraspecific divergence is 0.7%. The nearest neighbor is H. danaoensis sp. nov. (2.9–3.1%).

The species name ypsilon, for the Greek letter Y, refers to the shape of the median markings on the forewing.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Philipinen [sic], Leyte | Lake Danao, 650 m | 14.-17.4.1997 | leg. Mey & Speidel”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | date: i.2018 | MTD7419 | [vertically written:] DNA-voucher”; “TL | 632 ♂”. Deposited in MFNB.

Paratypes : 6 ♂, 11 ♀. Philippines: 6 ♂ (2 with genitalia on slide TL721 ♂ & TL722 ♂), 11 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD7421 & genitalia on slide TL618 ♀, 1 with DNA voucher MTD8142 & genitalia on slide TL703, 1 with DNA voucher MTD8141 & genitalia on slide TL702 ♀), same data as holotype (MFNB).

2 ♂, 9 ♀. Philippines: 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL681 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7417 & genitalia on slide TL615 ♀), Mindanao, 1050 m, Mt Agtuuganon, 28.v.-7.vi.1996, leg. W. Mey; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD8140 & genitalia on slide TL701 ♂), 8 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD8139 & genitalia on slide TL700 ♀), Negros, Patag, Lake Danao, 1400m, 21.5.96, leg. W. Mey (MFNB).

The forewings of H. danaoensis sp. nov. displays pale yellow median markings forming a Y. In male genitalia, the uncus displays a straight lateral margin and an obtuse apex, and the tongue-shaped gnathos projection reaches ca. half of the uncus length. The juxta is progressively narrowing toward the notched apex. Female genitalia are very similar to several other Hoploscopa species, e.g., H. ypsilon sp. nov.

Hoploscopa brunnealis (q.v.), H. ypsilon sp. nov. (q.v.), H. metacrossa (q.v.).

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis pale brown, of a darker brown at base. Maxillary palpi brown, basally pale yellow, inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow, inner side speckled with pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 19). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 8 mm (♂), 8–9 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dark brown blotch distally pale yellow; median discoidal stigma V-shaped, white to pale yellow, with dark brown basal and distal edges; cubital patch elongated, white to pale yellow, together with median discoidal stigma forming a Y; postmedian patch roughly triangular, white to pale yellow, broadly invaded with brown, edged with darker brown; postmedian line marked on costal half; subterminal line thick, white to pale yellow, incurved inwards at CuA2, angled at M1; fringes brown, with diffuse pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown, tarsi pale brown. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia brown, speckled with pale yellow, distally pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with pale brown; tarsi pale brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin straight.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 62). Uncus long with straight lateral margin, apex obtuse. Gnathos projection tongue-shaped, ca. half the uncus length. Valva ventral margin gently bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex slightly pointed. Juxta with base quadrangular, tapering toward apex, apex notched. Saccus small, triangular, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 99). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum short, as long as broad. Ductus bursae short, straight, bent before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae broad, pear-shaped, reticulated, with elongated sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening, medially with sclerotised band. Thorn straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from Lake Danao (650 m) on Leyte island (Philippines).

Morphologically similar specimens from Mindanao and Negros are recovered in two separate MOTUs and show a divergence of 3.9–4.2% with H. danaoensis sp. nov.

Named after Lake Danao on Leyte where the species is found.

Minor differences were observed in male genitalia of the specimens from Mindanao and Negros. However, we only had one male on hand for each series. In absence of further evidence, we refrained from describing further species here.

Lectotype : ♀, with labels: “Lecto- | type” [purple ringed]; “SYN- | TYPE” [blue ringed]; “F1893 | Java occ. | Pengaleng | 4000’ F[ee]t” [handwritten, label squared with silver]; “Syncrotaula | aurantiacalis | Snellen | det. M. Shaffer, 1967” [handwritten]; “Lectotype | Eudorina | aurantiacalis | Snellen | det. M. Nuß” [handwritten]; “99.113.”; “♀ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20246”; “GU Nr 659 | prep. M. Nuß”; "NHMUK 010923286” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

The median discoidal stigma, cubital and dorsal patches of the forewings form an oblique thin white streak. In female genitalia, the membranous pouch anterad from the antrum and the leaf-shaped sclerotisation of the corpus bursae allows to recognise this species. Male genitalia are not known.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally brown. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base pale yellow, inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 20). Collar white. Forewing length: 10 mm; forewing ground colour brown; basal longitudinal red fascia dorsally edged with pale yellow, running up to postmedian area; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma v-shaped, white, forming oblique streak extending down to dorsal area; postmedian patch reddish brown speckled with white, with costal white blotch; postmedian line marked on costal half; postmedian suffusion white; subterminal line white; subterminal field broadly marked with reddish brown; margin brown, chequered with pale yellow. Hindwing pale brown. Fore- and midlegs brown to bronze. Hindlegs with femur bronze, tibia pale yellow speckled with bronze, tarsi bronze.

Male genitalia. Not known.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 102). Anterior apophyses bent ventrad at 1/3, without bump. Antrum sclerotisation short. Ductus bursae of medium length, with a rounded pouch at base, one loop on its middle. Corpus bursae rounded, extending lateral into a broad pouch, posterior half reticulated, anterior half with erect papillae, with leaf-shaped sclerotisation at corpus opening. Thorn long, flattened, straight, thinly indented.

Recorded from West Java (Indonesia), at an altitude of 1,300 m.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa and designated the lectotype.

Lectotype : ♀, with labels: “Lecto- | type” [round label, purple ringed]; “SYN- | TYPE” [round label, ringed blue]; “F1893 | Java occ[idental]. | Pengaleng | 4000’ F[ee]t” [handwritten, squared with silver]; “99.113.” [handwritten] | “Syncrotaula | brunnealis | Snellen [handwritten] | det. M. Shaffer, 1967”; “Lectotype | Eudorina | brunnealis | Snellen | det. M. Nuß” [handwritten]; “GU Nr. 660 | prep. M. Nuß”; “♀ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20247”; "NHMUK 010923292” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

Hoploscopa brunnealis displays a forewing pattern very similar to that of H. danaoensis sp. nov., with a median pale yellow Y, a postmedian pale yellow patch invaded with brown or tawny and a pale yellow subterminal line. In female genitalia, the antrum sclerotisation is short, the ductus bursae is short, straight, and the corpus bursae is pear-shaped, with a small straight thorn. Male genitalia are not known.

Hoploscopa danaoensis sp. nov., H. metacrossa (q.v.), H. parvimacula sp. nov. (q.v.). Female genitalia of these species display a larger antrum sclerotisation.

Head. Antennae dorsally with bronze scales. Proboscis pale brown to pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 21). Forewing length: 10 mm; ground colour brown; basal dash dark brown distally pale yellow; costal field tawny; median discoidal stigma and median cubital patch forming together a pale yellow-coloured Y, with basal and distal edges dark brown; postmedian patch tawny speckled with pale yellow, distally pale yellow, with costal pale yellow blotch; postmedian area suffused with pale yellow; subterminal line pale yellow; fringes brown, with pale yellow dots.

Male genitalia. Not known.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 103). Anterior apophyses without dorsal bump at posterior 1/3, Antrum sclerotisation short. Ductus bursae of medium length, slender, more or less straight. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, with posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous, with faintly marked sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening, medially with faintly marked sclerotised band. Thorn small, straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn base.

Recorded from West Java (Indonesia) at an altitude of 1,300 m.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa and designated the lectotype. Argyria xiphotoma Meyrick, 1938 is synonymised with Hoploscopa brunnealis in the same paper.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Holo- | type” [round label, red ringed]; “Batchian [Bacan islands] | Mar[ch]. 1892 | W. Doherty”; “Pyrocrambia | ocellata | type ♀. H[a]mps[o]n.” [handwritten]; “♀ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20258”; "NHMUK 010923358” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

The large oblique elliptic white patch at base of the forewing, the median trapezoid and postmedian semi-elliptic tawny patches are unique to H. ocellata. In female genitalia, the long, wrinkled and multicoiled ductus bursae, the ovoid corpus bursae bearing long acanthae, and the long glabrous thorn unequivocally segregates H. ocellata from other Hoploscopa species. Male unknown.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally brown. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, basally pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 22). Collar white. Forewing length: 10 mm; forewing ground colour brown; large elliptic white basal patch with dark brown edges; basal and distal discoidal patches of a darker brown; median discoidal stigma there between trapezoid- to square-shaped, tawny, basally thinly edged with white; postmedian patch semi-elliptic, tawny, distally with white costal streak; subterminal line more or less straight, disrupted at M1, white, distally dark brown on dorsal 2/3; subterminal field suffused with white; fringes brown with lighter spots. Hindwing pale brown. Fore- and hindlegs brown, with tibia and tarsi segments distally white. Midlegs lost.

Male genitalia. Not known.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 104). Papillae anales thin, dorsally and ventrally not connected. Anterior apophyses bent ventrad at 1/3, without bump. Antrum membranous. Ductus bursae long, narrow, wrinkled, multi-coiled. Corpus bursae ovoid, with one half reticulate, the other half densely covered with long acanthae, medially with sclerotised band. Thorn long, slender, straight, without dents.

Recorded from Bacan island in the Moluccas (Indonesia).

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Holo- | type” [round label, red ringed]; “Utakwa [sic, Oetakwa] R[iver]., | Dutch N[ew]. Guin[ea]., | 3000 f[ee]t., Jan. 1913. | A.F.R. Wollaston.”; “Eudorina | quadripuncta | Type Rotsch[ild].”; “436”; “♂ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20257”; "NHMUK 010923357” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

3 ♂, 1 ♀. Indonesia: 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923460, DNA voucher MTD8249 & genitalia on slide TL734 ♂), Moluccas, Seram, Gunung Kobipoto, north slopes, 570 m (NHMUK010923460), lowland forest, viii-ix.1987, leg. J. D. Holloway, D. T. Jones et al.; 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923459, DNA voucher MTD8248 & genitalia on slide TL733 ♂), same data except 900 m. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Hydrographers Mountains, 830 m, i.1918, Rothschild bequest (NHMUK).

The white-coloured basal patch and median discoidal stigma as well as the oblique postmedian line allows separation of H. quadripuncta from its congeneric species. In male genitalia, uncus apex is cuneate and gnathos projection is ogive-shaped. In female genitalia, the thorn of the corpus bursae is long, slender, curved, and shows a well-marked rounded sclerotisation at its base.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally bronze. Proboscis white. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side white.

Thorax (Fig. 23). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 8.5–10 mm (♂), 10 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal quadrangular oblique white patch, basally and distally edged with dark brown, with tawny to reddish brown fascia along CuA2 spreading distally into postmedian area up to costa; median white rounded patch edged with dark brown; postmedian line oblique, straight, thick; fringes brown. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs with femur brown, tibia and tarsi pale yellow. Hindlegs pale brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin notched.

Male genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 63). Uncus long and slender, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex cuneate. Gnathos projection ogival, ca. 1/3 of uncus length. Valva slender, ventral margin straight on basal 2/3, bent dorsad on apical 1/3, dorsal margin convex, apex pointed. Juxta with base rounded, medially narrowed, apex broad, weakly sclerotised. Saccus broad, triangular, pointing dorsad. Phallus with flat spatula-shaped cornutus, apically with narrow bump.

Female genitalia (Fig. 105). Anterior apophyses with tip pointing upward at posterior 1/3. Antrum with a narrow weakly sclerotised ring. Ductus bursae of medium length, straight. Corpus bursae ovoid, posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous, sclerotised between thorn and corpus opening, medially with faintly sclerotised band. Thorn long, curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base on posterior edge, basally with conspicuous outwardly directed plump extension.

Recorded from the Oetakwa River (Papua: Indonesia) in New Guinea, also known from the Oro Province (Papua New Guinea) and the Moluccas (Indonesia), at altitudes between 500 m and 1,000 m.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa. Other specimens examined from the Moluccas and Papua New Guinea display the same pattern as the holotype from Western New Guinea, however a small difference in the shape of the gnathos projection is observed: it is pointed in the holotype, while it is rounded in the other specimens. Unfortunately, no molecular investigations were done on the holotype.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Holo- | type” [round label, red ringed]; “Fak-Fak | Dutch NewGuinea | Dec’[19]07 | 1700 f[ee]t | (Pratt)”; “1913-216.”; “Eudorina | semifascia | type ♀ H[a]mps[o]n” [handwritten]; “♀ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20253”; "NHMUK 010923320” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

2♀; Papua New Guinea: 1♀ (NHMUK010923321, DNA voucher MTD8242, genitalia on slide TL740 ♀), Southern Highlands, Bosavi, 570 m, 6.i.1986, leg. D. Agassiz (NHMUK); 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3158, genitalia on slide TL438 ♀), Morobe Province, Wau, Wau Ecology Institute, 24–26.viii.1983, 1360 m, leg. S. E. & P. M. Miller (USNM).

The forewings of H. semifascia display an antemedian dark brown fascia edged with pale yellow and a marked postmedian pale yellow patch. Median markings are completely lacking. In female genitalia, the thorn is long, thin, curved in distal half, with a small, well-marked sclerotisation at its base. Male unknown.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with bronze and brown scales. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, base pale yellow, inner side pale yellow to pale brown.

Thorax (Fig. 24). Collar white. Forewing length: 7 mm; forewing ground colour brown; antemedian broad transversal dark brown fascia, basal edge pale yellow, incurved inwardly on costal half, distal edge oblique, pale yellow; postmedian elongated pale yellow patch with dark brown edges; fringes brown, with pale yellow spots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs brown; tarsi pale brown. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown; tarsi pale brown.

Male genitalia. Not known.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 106). Anterior apophyses widened at posterior 1/3, with dorsal tip. Antrum sclerotisation short, as long as broad. Ductus bursae of medium length, slightly curved twice. Corpus bursae reticulated, with small rounded sclerotisation at thorn base. Thorn long and slender, curved, glabrous, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Recorded from Fak-Fak (Papua, Indonesia), also known from the Southern Highlands and the Morobe Province (Papua New Guinea) at altitudes between 550 m and 1,400 m.

The K2P-distance between specimens MTD LEP3158 from the Morobe Province and MTD8242 from the Southern Highlands (Papua New Guinea) is 0.5%.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa. Other specimens examined from Papua New Guinea display the same pattern and identical genitalia as the holotype from Western New Guinea.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Holo- | type” [round label, red ringed]; “Angabunga R[iver]., | affl[uent]. of St. Joseph | R., Brit[ish].N[ew].Guinea, | 6000 f[ee]t, upwards. | Nov.[19]04.-Febr.[19]05. | (A. S. Meek).”; “Eudorina | subvariegata | Type Rotsch[ild].” [handwritten]; “♀ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20254”; "NHMUK 010923326” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

14 ♂, 4 ♀. Papua New Guinea: 10 ♂ (2 with genitalia on slide TL478 ♂ & TL642 ♂), 1 ♀ (genitalia on slide TL521 ♀), Morobe Province, near Wau, Mt. Kaindi, 2360 meters, 27–28 July 1983, leg. S. E. & P. M. Miller; 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL534 ♂), same data except 29–30.viii.1983; 1 ♂, 1♀, same locality, 11.xii.1976, leg. G. F. Hevel & R. E. Dietz; 2 ♂ (1 with DNA voucher 3156, genitalia on slide TL436 ♂), 1 ♀, same locality, 3.x.1992, leg. V. O. Becker); 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (genitalia on slide TL471 ♀), Morobe Province, Biaro Road, 2000 m, 25.ix.1992, leg. V. O. Becker (USNM).

Hoploscopa subvariegata displays four roughly triangular yellow spots filled with reddish brown on forewing costa. In male genitalia, uncus is long and slender with truncate apex, gnathos projection is tongue-shaped, reaching 1/3 of uncus length, and dorsal margin of the valva is conspicuously protruded dorsad. In female genitalia, ductus bursae is long and straight, corpus bursae is large, globular and bears a small, slightly curved thorn with leaf-shaped sclerotisation at its base.

Hoploscopa persimilis. The latter species lacks the subterminal triangular yellow blotch at forewing costa. In the male genitalia of H. persimilis, uncus apex is duck-shaped, gnathos projection forms a small triangular tip, and valva dorsal margin is not protruded. Female of H. persimilis is not known.

Head. Antennae dorsally with bronze scales. Proboscis pale yellow, basally brown. Maxillary palpi brown. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 25). Collar white. Forewing length: 10 mm (♂), 9.5–12 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown to dark brown; basal area reddish brown, basally with small yellow dash, at costa with V-shaped yellow patch filled with reddish brown; antemedian cubital snow-white dot; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma V-shaped, white, yellow toward costa, filled with reddish brown; postmedian patch reddish brown, with white to yellow basal edge and pale yellow to yellow costal blotch; subterminal costal spot pale yellow to yellow, encroached with reddish brown; subterminal field reddish brown; margin brown, with white dots. Hindwing dirty white, bronze toward margin. Forelegs femur and tibia brown; tarsi pale yellow. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, dorso-distally brown; tarsi pale yellow. Hindleg femur brown; tibia pale yellow, dorso-distally brown; tarsi pale yellow to pale brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed.

Male genitalia (N = 4) (Fig. 64). Uncus long and slender, gently tapering toward apex, apex roughly truncate. Gnathos projection tongue-shaped, ca. 1/3 of uncus length. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin strongly protruded dorsad, apex truncate. Juxta with broad rounded base, medially wide, apex broadly incurved, weakly sclerotised. Saccus broad, triangular, pointing dorsad. Phallus with elongated, flat, spatula-shaped cornutus apically with narrow bump.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 109). Anterior apophyses with small dorsal tip at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short, as long as broad. Ductus bursae of medium length, slender, straight. Corpus bursae large, globular, posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening, medially with faintly marked sclerotised band. Thorn slightly curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base.

Recorded from the Angabunga River in the Central Province (Papua New Guinea), also known from Mount Kaindi, Morobe Province, at altitudes between 2,000 m and 2,360 m.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa. Other specimens examined from Papua New Guinea display the same pattern and identical genitalia as the holotype from Western New Guinea.

Lectotype : ♂, with labels: “Lecto- | type” [round label, purple ringed]; “Utakwa [sic, Oetakwa] R[iver]., | Dutch N[ew]. Guin[ea]., | 3000f[ee]t., Jan[uary]. 1913. | A.F.R. Wollaston.”; “439”; “Eudorina | persimilis | Type Rotsch[ild].”; “Lectotype | Eudorina | persimilis | Rothschild | det. Nuß” [handwritten]; “♂ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20255”; "NHMUK 010923328” [barcode appended].

. Hoploscopa persimilis displays three nearly triangular yellow spots filled with reddish brown on the costa of the forewing. In male genitalia, uncus is long, slender, with duck-shaped apex, gnathos is projected into a small, triangular pointed tip, and valva dorsal margin is conspicuously convex. Female genitalia not known.

Hoploscopa subvariegata (q.v.).

Head. Not examined.

Thorax (Fig. 26). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9 mm; forewing ground colour brown; basal patch elongated, reddish brown, basally crossed by transverse pale yellow streak; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, pale yellow, with basal and distal edges reddish brown; postmedian patch triangular, pale yellow and reddish brown, distally with costal pale yellow blotch; subterminal field tawny; fringes brown with pale yellow spots. Hindwing pale yellow. Legs missing or badly preserved.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 65). Uncus long, slender, slightly narrowed on apical 1/4, apex duck beak-shaped. Gnathos projection triangular. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex roughly rounded. Juxta not clearly visible on the slide. Saccus broad, triangular, pointing dorsad. Phallus apically with sclerotised spine.

Female genitalia. Not known.

Described from the Oetakwa River on New Guinea (Indonesia: Papua), at an altitude of 1,000 m.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa and designated the lectotype. The worn-out specimens hampered accurate description.

Lectotype : ♂, with labels: “Lecto- | type” [round label, purple ringed]; “Syn- | type” [round label, blue ringed]; “Fergusson I., | X, XI. [18]94 | (A. S. Meek).”; “97–80”; “Pyrocrambia | diffusa. | type ♂. H[a]mpson.” [handwritten]; “Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 1014 ♂”; “Lectotype | Eudorina | diffusa | Hampson | det. Nuß” [handwritten]; "NHMUK 010923338 [barcode appended]”. Deposited in NHMUK.

2 ♂. Papua New Guinea: 2 ♂ (1 with NHMUK010923439 & genitalia on slide TL715 ♂, 1 with NHMUK010923440 & genitalia on slide TL716 ♂), same data as holotype (NHMUK).

Hoploscopa diffusa displays a brown forewing with postmedian patch, part of postmedian area and subterminal line white coloured, and fringes marked with white dots. In male genitalia, gnathos projection is triangular with rounded tip, valva dorsal margin is conspicuously protruded and juxta is tongue-shaped. Female unknown.

Hoploscopa niveofascia sp. nov. (q.v.).

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis white. Maxillary palpi brown, pale brown at base. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally white.

Thorax (Fig. 30). Collar white. Forewing length: 9 mm; forewing ground colour dark brown; small white dots scattered in basal and median area; postmedian patch white, filled with brown, with white costal blotch; postmedian line marked on costal half; postmedian area medially suffused with white scales; subterminal line white, shifted distally at M1; margin with white and black spots; fringe brown, with white dots; hindwing pale brown. Fore- and midlegs brown; tibia and tarsi segments distally white. Hindlegs similar, of a lighter brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin notched, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 66). Uncus long, narrowed on apical 1/4, apex duck beak-shaped. Gnathos projection triangular, with rounded apex. Valva broad, ventral margin conspicuously bent dorsad on apical 1/4, dorsal margin strongly protruding dorsad, apex pointed. Juxta with base rounded, of constant width, apex rounded. Saccus small, pointing dorsad. No cornutus visible on the slide.

Female genitalia. Not known.

Recorded from Fergusson Island (Papua New Guinea).

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa and designated the lectotype.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Holo- | type” [round label, red ringed]; “Fergusson I[sland]. | [word crossed] xii.[18]95, | (A, S, Meek).”; “.97.204.”; “Eudorina | triangulifera | type ♂. H[a]mps[o]n”[handwritten]; “Body re-affixed | 6.xii.[19]40 R.S.C.” [handwritten]; “♀ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20256”; "NHMUK010923353”[barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

2♂, 2♀. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923452, genitalia on slide TL750 ♂), same locality as holotype, xi-xii.1894; 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL711 ♂, NHMUK010923454), 1 ♀ (genitalia on slide TL712 ♀, NHMUK010923453), Biagi, Mambare R., 1600 m, iii.1906, leg. A. S. Meek; 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923455), Dampier Island [Karkar], ii-iii.1914 (NHMUK).

The large median dorsal patch with costal margin rounded on the forewing is unique to H. triangulifera. In male genitalia, the gnathos shows no distal projection, and the saccus is broad, quadrangular. In female genitalia, ductus bursae is short and slender, corpus bursae is large, globular, and bears a long curved thorn.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally pale yellow. Proboscis brown. Maxillary palpi brown, inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventral base pale yellow, inner side pale brown.

Thorax (Fig. 31). Thorax brown, dorsally pale yellow. Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 7–8 mm (♂), 8–9 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal and distal discoidal stigmata dark brown; median discoidal stigma forming roughly defined white X; median cubital patch elliptic, dark brown with white edges; large median dark brown patch on dorsum with rounded pale yellow costal margin; postmedian patch triangular, dark brown; postmedian line pale yellow, marked on costal half; pale yellow and brown postmedian fascia on costal half in some specimens, edged distally by white subterminal line; fringes brown with white spots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs bronze, tarsi speckled with pale yellow. Midlegs with femur bronze; tibia brown, distally pale yellow; tarsi bronze. Hindlegs with femur bronze; tibia brown, basally and distally pale yellow; tarsi bronze.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 67). Uncus broad, narrowing on distal half, apex truncate. Gnathos projection limited to small ridge. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex pointed. Juxta with broad rounded base, medially wide, apex broadly indented, weakly sclerotised. Saccus broad, quadrangular.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 110). Anterior apophyses without dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation ca. twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae short, straight, slender. Corpus bursae globular, reticulated, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening, and faintly marked sclerotised band medially. Thorn long, incurved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base on inner side, glabrous on outer side.

Known from the Madang, the Northern and the Milne Bay Provinces (Papua New Guinea) at altitudes of ca. 1,600 m.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa. The handwritten label from Hampson stipulates that the type is a male, while the abdomen dissected shows it is a female. The abdomen was re-affixed to the specimen, suggesting that either the sex wasn’t identified properly by Hampson or that the wrong abdomen was reaffixed to the specimen.

Lectotype : ♀, with labels: “Lecto- | type” [round label, purple ringed]; “Vunîdawa | Fiji | HP. 2. 1. [19]32” [handwritten]; “HOPLOSCOPA Meyr.” [handwritten]; “astrapias Meyr.” [handwritten]; “Hoploscopa | astrapias | 1/1 Meyrick [handwritten] | E. Meyrick det. | in Meyrick Coll.”; “Lectotype | Hoploscopa | astrapias | Meyrick | det. M. Nuß” [handwritten]; “Meyrick Coll. | B. M. 1938-290.”; “♀ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20241”; “GU 654 | Hoploscopa | astrapias | Matthias Nuß”; "NHMUK 010923383” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

1 ♂, 1 ♀. Fiji: 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD8251, genitalia on slide TL724 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD8250, genitalia on slide TL723 ♀), Viti Levu, Nandarivatu, 820 m, 14.9.1955, leg. H. W. Simmonds (NHMUK).

The forewings of H. astrapias display a median cubital triangular white patch and a bean-shaped postmedian patch red with yellow edges, distally with thick white streak. In male genitalia, the uncus is slender, elongated, the gnathos is reduced to a ring without posterior projection and the valva is slender, with an evenly rounded apex. In female genitalia, the corpus bursae is large, spherical, and bears a large, straight, glabrous thorn.

Hoploscopa anamesa, H. nauticorum but the latter can be separated from H. astrapias and H. anamesa based on the forewing: median markings form an elongated white streak running down to dorsal area, disrupted at veins (forming roughly triangular white patch not extending beyond CuA2 in the two other species), and the postmedian patch is quadrangular. In male genitalia, the bristles at uncus apex observed in H. nauticorum are absent or reduced in H. astrapias and H. anamesa, and the valva dorsal margin is strongly produced dorsad on basal half, with a more pointed apex in H. nauticorum (dorsal margin slightly convex in two other species, apex evenly rounded). Forewing and male genitalia of H. astrapias and H. anamesa do not provide unambiguous diagnostic characters to separate them. Median cubital patch of H. anamesa is slightly thicker than that of H. astrapias in specimens examined. Female genitalia allow clear segregation of these two species: antrum is membranous in H. anamesa, while it is lightly sclerotised, twice as long as broad in H. astrapias, and ductus bursae is long, gently coiled twice in H. anamesa, while it is short and broadly curved in H. astrapias.

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis white to pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow to white.

Thorax (Fig. 27). Collar white. Forewing length: 10–11 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal yellow streak along 1A+2A, abutted with cubital reddish brown fascia running up to median area, disrupted by median cubital patch; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, reddish brown, edged basally and distally with yellow, median cubital patch triangular, snow white, together with median discoidal stigma forming a canine tooth shape; post-median patch bean-shaped, reddish brown with yellow edges, with thick snow white streak abutting dorsally; postmedian area suffused with reddish brown; subterminal line white, not reaching dorsum; subterminal field broadly marked with reddish brown; fringes brown. Hindwing pale yellow, bronze toward distal margin. Forelegs brown. Midlegs brown to bronze; tibia medially white. Hindlegs brown to bronze, tibia base dorsally pale yellow.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 68). Uncus long, slender, with straight lateral margin, apex narrow, tongue-shaped, dorsally with sclerotised bristles. Gnathos projection limited to small ridge. Valva slender, ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex rounded. Juxta broad, with base rounded, apex weakly sclerotised, slightly incurved. Saccus small, pointing dorsad. Phallus with large flat spatula-shaped cornutus.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 107). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum lightly sclerotised, twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae of medium length, broadly curved. Corpus bursae globular, with posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous, with weak sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening. Thorn long and slender, straight, glabrous.

Known from the island of Viti Levu (Fiji), at altitudes between 0 and 800 m.

Hoploscopa astrapias shows a divergence of 3.9% with H. anamesa and 3.3–4.7% with H. nauticorum.

Hoploscopa astrapias, H. anamesa, and H. nauticorum are recovered together in the ML analysis of the COI barcode (BS = 61). This topology is congruent with the morphology of these three species: the forewings display a snow white transversal median line and postmedian streak; in male genitalia, the uncus is elongated, slender, the gnathos is reduced to a sclerotised band without posterior projection, the phallus bears a large, flattened, spatula-shaped cornutus; in female genitalia, the corpus bursae is globular and bears a long and slender straight thorn. Within this clade, a close relationship between H. astrapias and H. anamesa is supported by both morphology and molecular data (BS = 78).

Lectotype : ♀, with labels: “LECTO- | TYPE” [round label, purple ringed]; “SYN- | TYPE” [round label, blue ringed]; "New Hebrides: | Tanna. | ix.1930. | L.E.Cheesman. | B.M.1931-30.”; “Lectotype | Hoploscopa | astrapias | anamesa | Tams | det. Nuß” [handwritten]; "NHMUK 010923391” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

2 ♂, 2 ♀. Vanuatu: 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923465), 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923466, genitalia on slide TL718 ♀), Aneityum Island, Red Crest, 3 [k]m NE of Anelgauhat, 1200ft, vi.1955, leg. E. Cheesman; 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923471, DNA voucher MTD8254, genitalia on slide TL727 ♂), 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923470, DNA voucher MTD8255, genitalia on slide TL728 ♀), Aneityum Island, Agathis Camp, 1150 ft, 21.vii.1971, leg. G. S. Robinson (NHMUK).

Hoploscopa anamesa (Fig. 28) display forewing and male genitalia similar to those of H. astrapias. Female genitalia differ from those of H. astrapias in following characters: the antrum is not sclerotised, and the ductus bursae is long and coiled. Corpus bursae and thorn similar to H. astrapias.

Hoploscopa astrapias and H. nauticorum (q.v.).

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis white to pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow to white.

Thorax (Fig. 28). Collar white. Forewing length: 10–11 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal yellow streak along 1A+2A, abutted by cubital red fascia running up to median area, disrupted by median cubital patch; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, red, edged basally and distally with yellow; median cubital patch thick, streak-like, snow white; post-median patch bean-shaped, red with yellow edges, dorsally abutted by thick snow white streak; postmedian area suffused with red; subterminal line white, not reaching dorsum; subterminal field broadly marked with red; fringes brown. Hindwing pale yellow, bronze toward distal margin. Forelegs brown. Midlegs brown to bronze; tibia medially white. Hindlegs brown to bronze, tibia base dorsally pale yellow.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 69). Uncus long, slender, with straight lateral margin, apex narrow, tongue-shaped, dorsally with sclerotised bristles. Gnathos projection limited to small ridge. Valva slender, ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin convex, apex rounded. Juxta broad, with base rounded, apex weakly sclerotised, blunt. Saccus small, pointing dorsad. Phallus with broad flat spatula-shaped cornutus.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 108). Anterior apophyses with dorsal protuberance at posterior 1/3. Antrum membranous. Ductus bursae long, coiled. Corpus bursae globular, with posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous, with weak sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening. Thorn long and slender, straight, glabrous.

Known from the Fiji (see Remarks), the Aneityum and Tanna islands on Vanuatu, at an altitude of ca. 350 m.

Hoploscopa astrapias is recovered as sister species (BS = 78). See H. astrapias for further remarks.

Nuss (1998) raised H. anamesa from subspecies of H. astrapias to species. He stated that this species occurs in sympatry with H. astrapias on Fiji.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Holo- | type [round label, red ringed]”; “Samoan Is[Land]. [typographed]| Malololelei | Upolu | 24.ii.24. [handwritten]| P.A.Buxton”; “Samoa: | Brit.-Mus. | 1935-315.”; “Hoploscopa | astrapias | nauticorum Tams [typographed] | Holotype ♂ ”; “♂ | Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 20242”; “GU Nr. 655 | prep. M. Nuß”; "NHMUK 010923388 [barcode appended]”. Deposited in NHMUK.

Allotype : ♀, with labels: “Allo- | type [round label, red ringed]”; “Samoan Is. [typographed] | Upolu Is[land] | Malololelei | 21.ii.1925 | 2,000 f[ee]t | P.A. Buxton | and G. H. Hopkins [handwritten]”; “Samoa: | Brit. Mus. | 1935-315.”; “Hoploscopa | astrapias | nauticorum Tams [typographed] | Paratype. | Allotype ♀ [handwritten]”; "NHMUK 010923389 [barcode appended]”. Deposited in NHMUK.

2 ♂. Samoa: 2 ♂ (DNA vouchers MTD8252 & MTD8253, genitalia on slide TL725 ♂ & TL726 ♂), West Samoa, Upolu, Tiavi, 600 m, 24.viii.1974, leg. G. S. Robinson (NHMUK).

The forewings of H. nauticorum display snow white median, cubital and dorsal markings together forming a streak disrupted with brown at veins, and a postmedian triangular red patch, distally with snow white streak. In male genitalia, the small sclerotised bristles on dorsal side of the uncus apex are unique to this species. Female genitalia were not investigated.

Hoploscopa astrapias (q.v.), H. anamesa (see H. astrapias).

Head. Antennae dorsally bronze. Proboscis brown, speckled with pale yellow. Maxillary palpi dark brown, basally pale yellow, inner side brown. Labial palpi dark brown, ventral base pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 29). Collar pale brown. Forewing length: 10–11 mm; forewing ground colour dark brown; basal yellow streak along 1A + 2A, abutted to cubital red fascia running up to postmedian area, disrupted by median cubital patch; small reddish blotch at base of cell, with minute snow white dot; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, red, basally and distally edged with yellow, with snow white streak abutting dorsally, running down to dorsal area, disrupted at veins; postmedian patch quadrangular, red, dorso-distally with thick snow white streak; subterminal line white, indented inwardly at CuA2; subterminal field red; fringe brown. Hindwing pale yellow, bronze toward distal margin. Forelegs brown, tarsi speckled with pale yellow. Midlegs brown; tibia base speckled with pale yellow. Hindlegs brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin broadly indented, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 70). Uncus long and slender, gently tapering toward apex, apex narrow, tongue-shaped, dorsally with few small sclerotised bristles. Gnathos without posterior projection. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin strongly protruding dorsad on basal half, apex rounded. Saccus broad, medially slightly incurved. Phallus with large, flat, spatula-shaped cornutus.

Female genitalia. Not investigated.

Known from the island of Upolu on Samoa, at an altitude of ca. 600 m.

Hoploscopa nauticorum is recovered as sister to H. astrapias and H. anamesa in the ML analysis of the COI barcode (BS = 61). See H. astrapias for further remarks.

Nuss (1998) raised H. nauticorum from subspecies of H. astrapias to species.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “G[unung]. Mogogonipa | summit, 1008m. | 18–20.x.1985”; “Indonesia : | SULAWESI UTARA, | Dumoga-Bone N[ational]. P[ark]. [Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park] | October 1985.”; “R[oyal]. Ent[omological]. Soc[iety]. Lond[on]. | PROJECT WALLACE | B.M. 1985-10”; "NHMUK010923444 [barcode appended]”; “TL 759 | ♂”. Deposited in NHMUK.

Paratypes : 3♂, 3♀ Indonesia: 2♂ (NHMUK010923449 & NHMUK010923343), Sulawesi Utara, Danau Mooat, site 22, PHPA chalet, open habitat, 1080 m, 31.viii.1985, leg. J. D. Holloway; ♂ (NHMUK010923446 & genitalia on slide TL760 ♂), 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923445), Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park [Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park], “Clarke” Camp, lower montane forest, 1140 m, leg. Royal Entomological Society of London; 2 ♀ (1 with NHMUK010923447, DNA voucher MTD8247 & genitalia on slide TL732 ♀, 1 with NHMUK010923448), Sulawesi Utara, Danau Mooat, near Kotamobagu, 1200 m, 27–28.ix.1985, leg. Royal Entomological Society of London (NHMUK).

Hoploscopa anacantha sp. nov. displays dark brown forewings with basal, median and postmedian white streak-like markings. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection forms a conspicuous triangle reaching half the length of the uncus. In female genitalia, the elongated bulging sclerotisation without thorn on corpus bursae is unique to this species.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally dark brown. Proboscis white. Maxillary palpi dark brown, basally white. Labial palpi dark brown, ventro-basally white.

Thorax (Fig. 32). Collar white. Forewing length: 9 mm (♂), 9–10 mm (♀); forewing ground colour dark brown; basal cubital streak and median triangular to streak-like patch white, edged with darker brown and few reddish brown scales; postmedian streak white, reddish brown toward middle of wing; fringes dark brown, with white dots. Hindwing pale brown. Legs brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin notched, laterally with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 71). Uncus long, slender, with straight lateral margin, apex blunt. Gnathos projection broad, triangular, ca. half the uncus length, with small rounded apex. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin convex, apex pointed. Juxta with base quadrangular, medially narrowed, apex wide, truncate. Saccus small, quadrangular.

Female genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 111). Anterior apophyses without bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short, as long as broad. Ductus bursae long, broadly curved before corpus opening. Corpus bursae globular, covered with erect papillae, reticulated at corpus opening, with well-marked elongated bulging sclerotisation running from corpus opening to middle of corpus bursae. Thorn absent.

Known from North Sulawesi (Indonesia) at altitudes between 1,000 m and 1,200 m.

This species is recovered sister to another similar but yet undescribed Hoploscopa species (DNA voucher MTD8238) from North Sulawesi (BS=67).

From the Greek a-, an-, without, and acantha, spine, referring to the absence of thorn on the corpus bursae of female genitalia. This name was suggested by Francesca Vegliante.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “[Indonesia] North-Sulawesi, Danau Mooat | east of Kotamobagu, 1150m | 30–31.iii.2000, at light | leg. A. Kallies & S. Naumann”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD 2016 | no. 3214 [vertically written]”; “TL | 532 ♀”. Deposited in MTD.

Paratypes : 6 ♂, 2 ♀. 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3215, genitalia on slide TL511 ♂), same data as holotype; 2 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD7878 & genitalia on slide TL665 ♀, 1 with DNA voucher 7879 & genitalia on slide TL474 ♀), same collecting locality as holotype, 25–26.iii.2000, leg. A. Kallies & C. Zorn (MTD); 2 ♂ (NHMUK010923443, NHMUK010923341), North Sulawesi, Danau Mooat, near Kotamobagu, 1200 m, 27–28.ix.1985, leg. Royal Entomological Society of London, Project Wallace; 3 ♂ (NHMUK010923342, NHMUK010923442, NHMUK010923441), North Sulawesi, Dumoga-Bone National Park [Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park], Clarke Camp, lower montane forest, 1140 m, x.1985, leg. Royal Entomological Society of London, Project Wallace (NHMUK).

Hoploscopa kelama sp. nov. displays basal and distal discoidal dark brown spots edged with pale yellow, as well as a pale yellow cubital double line on the forewing. In female genitalia, the very small thorn located at the corpus bursae opening is unique to this species.

Hoploscopa boleta sp. nov., H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov. Both species display light brown median discoidal stigma and postmedian patch and lack the double pale yellow cubital line observed in H. kelama sp. nov. Examination of genitalia allows unambiguous separation of these species from H. kelama sp. nov.: male genitalia of both species show a slender uncus bearing thick setae, ventrally marked with three small ridges, and female genitalia show a larger thorn located on posterior half of corpus bursae.

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with brown and ochreous scales. Proboscis brown. Maxillary palpi brown, basally pale yellow, inner side pale brown. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 33). Collar white. Forewing length: 8–9.5 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown to dark brown; basal dash black at base, distally pale yellow; basal discoidal patch crescent-shaped, pale yellow, filled with dark brown; distal discoidal patch dark brown, quadrangular, with basal and distal edges pale yellow; double cubital line running from median area distally to tornus, pale yellow; postmedian costal blotch small, pale yellow; subterminal line pale yellow, barely or not marked on its middle fringes brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Mid- and hindlegs with femur brown; tibia dark brown, distally pale yellow; tarsi brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin notched, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 72). Uncus long and slender, medially slightly widened, conspicuously narrowed at apical 1/4, apex duck beak-shaped, with small median bump. Gnathos projection limited to a small ridge. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex pointed. Juxta slender, with base slightly quadrangular, medially narrowed, apex broadly incurved, weakly sclerotised. Saccus quadrangular.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 112). Anterior apophyses with small dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation broad, ca. twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae long, broad, looped once, bent at corpus opening. Corpus bursae with posterior half reticulated, anterior half membranous. Thorn located on ductus bursae shortly ahead of corpus opening, very small, with dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from North Sulawesi (Indonesia) at altitudes between 1,000 m and 1,200 m.

The ML analysis of the COI barcode recovered H. kelama sp. nov. in a clade with H. albomaculata sp. nov. and H. ignitamaculae sp. nov., but without significant support (BS = 30). These three species vary greatly in their wing pattern but show similarities in the morphology of the genitalia: the uncus apex is duck-shaped, with a small tip on its middle in male genitalia; in female genitalia, the ductus bursae is long and broad, the corpus bursae is globular, with an elongated, well-marked sclerotisation. Hoploscopa kelama sp. nov. and H. ignitamaculae sp. nov. share a small-sized thorn on corpus bursae. Hoploscopa anacantha sp. nov. shares a wing pattern similar to that of H. albomaculata sp. nov., and displays an elongated, marked sclerotisation like in the other three species above, although without thorn.

The species epithet kelama comes from the Indonesian “kelam” meaning dark, referring to the dark patterns of the forewing.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “[Indonesia] North-Sulawesi, Tangkoko- | Batuangus-Dua-Saudara Reserve | near Batuputih, primary forest | 600m, 21.iii.2000, at light | leg. A. Kallies & C. Zorn”; “DNA barcode | BC MTD 01427”. Deposited in MTD.

Paratypes : 6 ♂, 13 ♀. Indonesia: 4 ♂ (3 with genitalia on slide TL475 ♂, TL480 ♂, TL545 ♂), 7 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP82, genitalia on slide TL364 ♀; 1 with DNA barcode BC MTD 01425), same data as holotype; 3 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP3216, DNA barcoding BC MTD 01426; 1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP3218, genitalia on slide TL516 ♀), North Sulawesi, Danau Mooat, east of Kotamobagu, 1000 m, 25–26.iii.2000, at light, leg. A. Kallies & C. Zorn; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3217 & genitalia on slide TL509 ♂) with same collecting locality, 30–31.iii.2000, leg. A. Kallies & S. Naumann (MTD); 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923412), North Sulawesi, Dumoga-Bone National Park [Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park], Clarke Camp, lower montane forest, 1140 m, ix.1985, leg. Royal Entomological Society of London, Project Wallace; 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923411), same data except Plot B, lowland forest, 300 m; 2 ♀ (NHMUK010923410, NHMUK010923413), same data except Gunung Mogogonipa, summit, 1008m, 22–23.ix.1985 (NHMUK).

The forewings of H. ignitamaculae sp. nov. display marked basal, median and postmedian reddish orange markings edged with yellow; postmedian patch with undulated basal margin. In male genitalia, the uncus is medially widened, its apex is duck-shaped, ventrally with small bump, and the gnathos is projected into a short, pointed tip. In female genitalia, the well-defined elongated sclerotisation of the corpus bursae with the small slightly curved thorn on its middle is unique to this species.

Hoploscopa isarogensis sp. nov. Forewing markings of H. isarogensis sp. nov. tend more to red. Postmedian patch is triangular with a straight basal margin, and subterminal line is often markedly pale yellow. Examination of genitalia allow unambiguous separation of these species.

Head. Antennae dorsally with bronze scales. Proboscis white to pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, basally pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 34). Collar white. Forewing length: 8.0–9.5 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal patch yellow, with cubital reddish orange line starting from its middle, running distally up to postmedian area; costal field reddish orange; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, reddish orange, edged with yellow; median cubital and dorsal patches yellow, not connected; postmedian patch reddish orange, basal margin undulated, yellow, costal blotch yellow; subterminal field brown to tawny; fringes brown with pale yellow spots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs brown; tibia distally pale yellow. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow speckled with brown; tarsi brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin broadly incurved, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 4) (Fig. 73). Uncus medially widened, apex duck beak-shaped, ventrally with a small bump. Gnathos projection triangular, slender, ca. 1/4 of uncus length, with rounded apex. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin convex, apex pointed. Juxta with rounded base, narrowing on basal half, apex blunt. Saccus slightly quadrangular.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 113). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short, as long as wide. Ductus bursae of medium length, broad, bent at anterior and posterior 1/4. Corpus bursae globular, posterior half reticulated, anterior half with erected papillae, with elongated sclerotised area running from corpus opening to its middle. Thorn on middle of sclerotisation, very small, slightly curved, with dents pointing toward thorn base.

Known from North Sulawesi (Indonesia) at altitudes between 300 m and 1,150 m.

See H. kelama sp. nov.

From the Latin ignitus, set on fire, and macula, spot or blot, in reference to the red and yellow spots of the forewing.

Specimen MTD8238 shows a forewing pattern resembling that of H. ignitamaculae sp. nov., but with markings reduced. However, the thorn is absent in female genitalia.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “[Indonesia] North Sulawesi, Danau Mooat | east of Kotamobagu, 1000m | 25.–26. iii. 2000, at light | leg. A. Kallies & C. Zorn”; “DNA Barcode | BC MTD 01429”; “TL544 | ♀”. Deposited in MTD.

Paratypes : 9 ♂, 5 ♀. Indonesia: 5 ♂ (4 with genitalia on slides TL473 ♂, TL479 ♂, TL543 ♂, TL646 ♂), 3 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP57 & MTD LEP3213, genitalia on slide TL529 ♀), same data as holotype; 2 ♂ (1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP81, genitalia on slide TL363 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA barcoding BC MTD 01428, genitalia on slide TL540 ♀), same locality as holotype, 30–31.iii.2000, leg. A. Kallies & S. Naumann (MTD); 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923450), 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923355), North Sulawesi, Danau Mooat, 1200 m, near Kotamobagu, 27–28.ix.1985 (♂), 9.xi.1985 (♀), leg. Royal Entomological Society of London, Project Wallace; 1 ♂ (NHMUK010923451), same data, Site 22, 1080 m, PHPA chalet, open habitat, 31.viii.1985, leg. J. D. Holloway (NHMUK).

Hoploscopa albomaculata sp. nov. is unique by virtue of its median trapezoid and postmedian streak-like white patches on the forewing. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection is reduced to a small triangular tip, and the juxta is elongated, slender, with a deeply indented apex. In female genitalia, ductus bursae is long, broad and curvy, and corpus bursae displays well-delimited sclerotised band and a straight thorn.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis pale yellow to pale brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 35). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9 mm (♂), 9–10 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; small basal white dash edged with dark brown; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, white, with basal and distal edges dark brown; postmedian patch streak-like, white, pale yellow at costa, edges dark brown; subterminal line dark brown, basally faintly marked with pale yellow; fringes basally pale yellow, distally brown. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs bronze. Mid- and hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow speckled with brown; tarsi bronze.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed, laterally with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 5) (Fig. 74). Uncus medially slightly widened, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex roughly truncate, ventrally with a triangular tip pointing posterad. Gnathos projection short, wide at base, triangular. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex pointed. Juxta slender, with base rounded, narrowing toward apex, apex deeply indented. Saccus small, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 114). Anterior apophyses without dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Ductus bursae long, slender, gently curved twice. Antrum sclerotisation short, as long as wide. Corpus bursae small, globular, reticulated, with marked elongated sclerotisation from corpus opening to thorn. Thorn straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn apex.

Known from North Sulawesi (Indonesia) at altitudes between 1,000 m and 1,200 m.

See H. kelama sp. nov.

From the Latin albus, white, and maculatus, covered with spots.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Sumatra-Holzweg | 25km SSW-Pematangsiantar | Straße nach Prapat [road to Prapat] | 6.-26.i.1995, leg. A. Kallies”; “coll[ection]. M. Nuss | Geschenk 2000 | Museum für Tier- | kunde Dresden”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | date: xi.2018 | MTD8260 | [vertically written:] DNA | -voucher”; “TL755 | ♂”. Deposited in MTD.

Paratypes : 3 ♂, 4 ♀. Indonesia. 3 ♂ (DNA vouchers MTD9119, MTD9129 & MTD9121 and genitalia on slides TL761 ♂, TL763 ♂, TL538 ♂), 3 ♀ (DNA vouchers MTD LEP3205, MTD8257, MTD8262 & genitalia on slides TL524 ♀, TL752 ♀, TL757 ♀), same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD7880 & genitalia on slide TL670 ♀), Sumatra, Asahan, Huta Padang, 1990, leg. E. W. Diehl (MTD).

4 ♀, 2 ♀ (DNA vouchers MTD LEP3202, MTD 8258 & genitalia on slides TL530 ♀, TL753 ♀), same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3210 & genitalia on slide TL522 ♀), same data as holotype except 23.viii.1989, leg. E. W. Diehl; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD8261 & genitalia on slide TL756 ♀), same data as holotype except 13.ii.1996 (MTD).

The forewings of H. sumatrensis sp. nov. display a pale yellow crescent-shaped median discoidal stigma filled with reddish brown, as well as a postmedian area broadly suffused with pale yellow. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection is slender, ca. 4/5 of uncus length, with a tongue-shaped apex, and the juxta has a rounded base and a notched apex. In female genitalia, the short and slender ductus bursae bent before corpus and the pear-shaped corpus bursae with small straight thorn resemble those of other Hoploscopa species, e.g., H. danaoensis sp. nov. and H. parvimacula sp. nov.

Hoploscopa pangrangoensis sp. nov. (q.v.).

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis pale yellow to brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 36). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; small basal dark brown dash distally pale yellow; base of dorsum with patch of pale yellow scales; cubital reddish brown fascia running up to median area; median discoidal stigma reddish brown, edged with crescent-shaped pale yellow patch; postmedian patch reddish brown, with pale yellow blotch at costa; subterminal line broad, pale yellow; subterminal field tawny to brown; fringes brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale yellow. Forelegs bronze. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow to brown; tarsi bronze. Hindlegs brown; tibia pale yellow speckled with brown; tarsi bronze.

Abdomen (Fig. 83). Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed.

Male genitalia (N = 4) (Fig. 75). Uncus medially broad, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex tongue-shaped. Gnathos projection slender, ca. 4/5 of uncus length, apex tongue-shaped. Valva ventral margin straight, bent dorsad on distal 1/4, dorsal margin convex, apex pointed. Juxta base rounded, distal half narrowed, apex notched. Saccus triangular, pointed.

Female genitalia (N = 4) (Fig. 115). Anterior apophyses with dorsal tip at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short. Ductus bursae short, bent before corpus opening. Corpus bursae large, pear-shaped, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening and a median sclerotised band. Thorn small, straight, with small dents.

Known from North Sumatra (Indonesia).

Two MOTUs are found in morphologically identical specimens from the same locality. The K2P-distance between the two MOTUs is 4.1–6%. The first MOTU, which is the one of the type material, shows an intraspecific variation of 0.7%. The second MOTU is found in three females (samples BC MTD LEP01422, MTD8258 and MTD8261) and shows an intraspecific divergence of 0.6%.

Named after the island of Sumatra where the species is encountered.

Future examination of male specimens from the second lineage will help to determine whether or not it represents a separate species.

Holotype : ♀. “Borneo, Mt Kinabalu | Headquarter, 1600m | 10–13.XI.2006, L[icht]F[ang] | leg. W. Mey & K. Ebert”; “Liwagu River | 1500m, Turm”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | M. Nuss 2007 | [vertically written:] no. 124”; “TL366 | ♀”. Deposited in BORN.

Paratypes : 4 ♂, 2 ♀. Malaysia: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (genitalia on slides TL533 ♂ and TL340 ♀ respectively), Sabah, Kinabalu National Park Headquarters, 250 m from Pandanus Trail starting point, 6°0'34"N, 116°32'20"E 1640 m, UV light, 07.vi.2015, leg. T. Léger & R. Mally; 2 ♂ (1 with genitalia on slide TL339 ♂), Sabah, Mesilau logging site, 400 m before entrance to Mesilau Nature Reserve, 6°2'22"N, 116°35'54"E, 1930 m, UV light, 02.vi.2015, T. Léger & R. Mally; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher 3197, genitalia on slide TL513 ♀), Sabah, Kinabalu Park Headquarters, ca. 300 m from starting point of Kiau View Trail, 6°0'25"N, 116°32'21"E, 1660 m, UV light, 06.vi.2015, T. Léger & R. Mally (MTD); 1 ♂, Borneo, Mt Kinabalu, Mesilau, 2000 m, 14–17.xi.2006, W. Mey & K. Ebert (MFNB).

The forewings of H. mallyi sp. nov. display pale yellow crescent-shaped median discoidal stigma filled with red, together with median cubital patch forming a Y. In male genitalia, the gnathos projection is long, slender, reaching circa 2/3 of the uncus length, and the juxta is ogive-shaped, with a slightly indented apex. In female genitalia, the ductus bursae is long, broad, curved twice, and the corpus bursae is small, globular, with one short curved thorn.

Hoploscopa agtuuganonensis sp. nov., H. gracilis sp. nov. In H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov., median discoidal stigma together with cubital and dorsal patches forms a band progressively narrowing toward dorsum (median cubital patch reduced to small streak, median dorsal patch absent in H. mallyi sp. nov.). Hoploscopa gracilis sp. nov. displays wing pattern similar to H. mallyi sp. nov. and can be best separated by examination of genitalia: the uncus and valva are slenderer, the valva apex is pointed (rounded in H. mallyi sp. nov.) and the juxta displays a broad duck beak-shaped apex. In female genitalia of H. gracilis sp. nov., the ductus bursae shows a narrow loop at posterior 1/3, and the thorn is less curved.

Head. Antennae dorsally with brown scales. Proboscis brown to pale brown scaled. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 37). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 10–12 mm (♂), 11–12 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal longitudinal red streak basally edged with pale yellow; costal field red; median discoidal stigma crescent-shaped, pale yellow, filled with red; median cubital patch streak-like, pale yellow, together with discoidal stigma forming a Y; postmedian patch triangular, red, basal edge partially pale yellow, with pale yellow blotch at costa; postmedian area suffused with pale yellow and iridescent scales; subterminal field marked with red; fringes brown with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown. Forelegs brown. Midlegs brown; femur and tibia distally pale yellow. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow speckled with brown; tarsi pale yellow to pale brown.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 76). Uncus slender, medially narrowed, apex spatulate. Gnathos projection slender, ca. 2/3 of uncus length, apex blunt. Valva ventral margin gently bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin convex, apex rounded. Juxta ogival, with base quadrangular, gently narrowing toward apex, apex narrow, notched. Saccus triangular, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 116). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation forming a short ring. Ductus bursae long, broad, forming two large curves. Corpus bursae small, globular, reticulate, sclerotised between thorn and corpus opening, medially with broad faintly sclerotised band. Thorn sabre-like, curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with conspicuous outwardly projected extension.

Known from the slopes of Mount Kinabalu on Borneo, at altitudes between 1,600 m and 2,000 m.

This species is recovered in a clade with H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov. and H. gracilis sp. nov. in the ML analysis of the COI barcode (BS = 92). The morphology of these species is in agreement with the molecular findings: in male genitalia, gnathos projection is long and slender; in female genitalia, the antrum sclerotisation is short, the ductus bursae is relatively broad, looped or with conspicuous curves, and the corpus bursae is small, globular.

This species is dedicated to our colleague and friend Richard Mally, an eminent lepidopterologist.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Sumatra-Holzweg | 25km SSW-Pematangsiantar | Straße nach Prapat [road to Prapat], L[icht]F[ang] [light trap] | 13.ii.1996, leg. A. Kallies”; “coll[ection]. M. Nuss | Geschenk 2000 | Museum für Tier- | kunde Dresden”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | date: xi.2018 | MTD8259 | [vertically written:] DNA- | voucher”; “TL754 | ♂”. Deposited in MTD.

Paratypes : 4 ♂, 2 ♀. Indonesia: 2 ♂ (1 with DNA voucher MTD7876 & genitalia on slide TL664 ♂, 1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP3203 & genitalia on slide), North Sumatra, Sipirok, 1450 m, 27–28.i.1995, leg. A. Kallies; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD8256 & genitalia on slide TL751 ♂), North Sumatra, Mount Sibayak, 03°14'19"N, 98°29'52"E, 1900 m, 02.iii.2002, leg. U. Buchsbaum; 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL539 ♂), 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD8263 & genitalia on slide TL758 ♀), North Sumatra, Mount Sibayak, 03°14'13"N, 98°29'41"E, 1750 m, 07.vii.2000, leg. U. Buchsbaum; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3204 & genitalia on slide TL527 ♀), North Sumatra, Dairi, near Sumbul, 2°46'N, 98°32'E, 1670 m, 20.ii.1999, leg. U. Buchsbaum.

1 ♀. Malaysia: 1 ♀ (NHMUK010923415, DNA voucher MTD8239 & genitalia on slide TL737 ♀), West Malaysia, Cameron Highlands, Gunung Brinchang, 1980 m, 23–31.x.1989 (G. S. Robinson & M. A. Tobin) (NHMUK).

Hoploscopa gracilis sp. nov. displays pale yellow crescent-shaped median discoidal stigma filled with reddish brown, together with median cubital patch forming a Y. In male genitalia, uncus is long and slender, valva is slender with pointed apex, and juxta displays a broad duck beak-shaped apex. In female genitalia, the ductus bursae is long, forming one loop on its middle, and the corpus bursae is small, globular, with one short slightly curved thorn.

Hoploscopa agtuuganonensis sp. nov., H. mallyi sp. nov. (q.v.). Median markings of the forewing form a band progressively narrowing toward dorsum in H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov. In male genitalia, uncus of H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov. is larger, valva has a rounded apex and juxta apex is tongue-shaped. Female genitalia of H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov. are very similar to those of H. gracilis sp. nov. but differ by a more marked corpus sclerotisation and a thicker thorn.

Head. Antennae dorsally ochreous to brown. Proboscis pale yellow. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 38). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9 mm (♂), 11 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; broad elongated basal patch reddish brown with basal edge pale yellow, distally running up to median cubital patch; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma crescent-shaped, pale yellow, filled with reddish brown; median cubital patch streak-like, pale yellow, disrupted at 1A+2A, together with median discoidal stigma forming a Y; postmedian triangular patch reddish brown, speckled with pale yellow, with pale yellow blotch at costa; postmedian area suffused with a mix of pale yellow and iridescent scales; subterminal field marked with reddish brown; fringes brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale yellow. Forelegs brown. Midlegs brown; tibia distally pale yellow. Hindlegs brown, tibia pale yellow speckled with brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin notched, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 4) (Fig. 77). Uncus long and slender, gently tapering toward apex, apex spatulate. Gnathos projection slender, ca. 2/3 of uncus length, with truncate apex. Valva slender, ventral margin nearly straight, gently bent dorsad on distal 1/4, dorsal margin convex, apex pointed. Juxta with base rounded, medially straight, widening at distal 1/3 onto duck beak-shaped apex. Saccus triangular, conspicuously pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 117). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation as long as wide. Ductus bursae long, with one loop, curved before corpus opening. Corpus bursae small, globular, reticulated, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening and faintly sclerotised band medially. Thorn small, plump, slightly curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from North Sumatra, at altitudes between ca. 1,200 m to 1,900 m.

The species shows an intraspecific variation of 0.9%

See H. mallyi sp. nov.

From the Latin gracilis, slender, narrow, referring to the slender shape of the uncus, the gnathos projection, and the valva in male genitalia.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Philippinen | Mindanao, 1050m | Mt Agtuuganon | 28.5–7.6.[19]96, leg. MEY”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | date: i.2018 | MTD7416 | [vertically written:] DNA-voucher”; “TL | 616 ♀”. Deposited in MFNB.

Paratypes : 12 ♂ , 4 ♀. Philippines: 12 ♂(1 with DNA voucher MTD8149 & genitalia on slide TL708 ♂, 2 with genitalia on slide TL675 ♂, TL676 ♂), 4 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD7415 & genitalia on slide TL617 ♀), same data as holotype (MFNB).

In H. agtuuganonensis sp. nov., median markings of the forewing form together a pale yellow band progressively narrowing toward dorsum, faintly disrupted with red at veins. In male genitalia, uncus is long, slender, narrowed at apical 1/4 and gnathos projection is long and slender. In female genitalia, ductus bursae is long, broad, with one loop, and corpus bursae is small, globular, with one short plump thorn.

Hoploscopa isarogensis sp. nov. (q.v.), H. mallyi sp. nov. (q.v.), H. gracilis sp. nov. (q.v.).

Head. Antennae dorsally striped with brown and pale yellow scales. Proboscis pale yellow to pale brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 39). Collar pale yellow to white. Forewing length: 8–9 mm (♂), 9 mm (♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal reddish brown quadrangular patch basally edged with pale yellow, crossed by longitudinal pale yellow streak, with median cubital and dorsal patches abutting dorsally; costal field reddish brown; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, pale yellow, filled with reddish brown, basal and distal edges marked with reddish brown, together with two pale yellow cubital patches forming a broad band narrowing toward dorsum; postmedian patch triangular, reddish brown, speckled with pale yellow, with pale yellow blotch at costa; postmedian area suffused with pale yellow; subterminal line pale yellow; subterminal field reddish brown; fringes brown, with large pale yellow spots. Hindwing pale brown. Fore- and midlegs brown. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow speckled with brown; tarsi brown.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin bilobed.

Male genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 78). Uncus long and slender, gently tapering toward apex, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex spatulate. Gnathos projection slender, ca. 2/3 of uncus length, apex blunt. Valva ventral margin straight, bent dorsad on distal 1/3, dorsal margin convex, apex rounded. Juxta with base quadrangular, with straight lateral margin, apex blunt. Saccus triangular, conspicuously pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 118). Anterior apophyses with dorsal tip at basal 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short, ca. as long as broad. Ductus bursae long, broad, with one loop. Corpus bursae small, globular, reticulated, with roughly defined sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening. Thorn plump, straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from the slopes of Mount Agtuuganon (1,660 m) on Mindanao Island (Philippines), at an altitude of 1,050 m.

See H. mallyi sp. nov.

Named after Mount Agtuuganon on Mindanao Island (Philippines), where the specimens were collected.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Col[lection] BECKER | PNG 1562”, “ Papua New Guinea | Morobe, M[oun]t Kaindi | 2360m 3.x.1992 | V. O. Becker Col[lection]; “ DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD2016 | [vertically written:] no. 3160”; “TL440 | ♂”. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes : 2 ♀. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3168, genitalia on slide TL448 ♀), same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3159), same locality as holotype, 27–28.vii.1983, leg. S.E. & P. M. Miller (USNM).

The forewings of H. boleta sp. nov. display median discoidal stigma and postmedian patch of a lighter brown, the latter with a well-marked pale yellow blotch at costa. In male genitalia, the conspicuous basal lateral projections of the juxta resemble the shape of a mushroom. Female genitalia are somewhat similar to those of other Hoploscopa species, e.g., H. parvimacula sp. nov., and H. danaoensis sp. nov., with a short straight ductus bursae, a pear-shaped corpus bursae, and a small straight thorn.

Hoploscopa pseudometacrossa sp. nov., to a lesser extent H. kelama sp. nov. (q.v.). In H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov., forewing median discoidal stigma and postmedian patch are barely marked, and postmedian pale yellow blotch at costa is much smaller. In male genitalia, gnathos of H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov. displays a thumb-like projection, juxta shows less prominent lateral projections and an indented apex. In female genitalia, corpus bursae is larger than that of H. boleta sp. nov.

Head. Antenna dorsally striped with ochreous and bronze scales. Proboscis pale yellow, basally brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 40). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dash dark brown, distally pale yellow; basal and distal discoidal patches quadrangular, dark brown, basally and distally edged with pale yellow; median discoidal stigma there between trapezoid, light brown; dorsal median patch broad, pale yellow; postmedian patch light brown, with pale yellow blotch at costa; postmedian area suffused with pale yellow near costa; subterminal line dark brown, diffuse; fringe brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale yellow, darker at apex. Forelegs brown, tarsi bronze. Mid- and hindlegs with femur brown, tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown, tarsi bronze.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin broadly indented.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 79). Uncus slender, conspicuously narrowed at apical 1/4, apex duck beak-shaped, bearing thick setae, ventrally with three small ridges. Gnathos projection ca. 1/3 of the uncus length, gently narrowing toward apex, apex tongue-shaped. Valva ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex slightly blunt. Juxta mushroom-shaped, with base rounded, laterally with two conspicuous projections, abruptly narrowed at basal 1/3, apex spatulate. Saccus small, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 119). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae short, nearly straight. Corpus bursae globular, posterior half reticulated, medially with erect acanthae, anterior half membranous, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening, medially with a sclerotised band. Thorn straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn base.

Known from Mount Kaindi in the Morobe Province (Papua New Guinea), at an altitude of 2,360 m.

This species displays an uncus apex similar to those of H. jubata sp. nov., H. metacrossa, and H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov. and is possibly related to them.

From the Latin boletus, in reference to the mushroom shape of the juxta.

Holotype : ♀, with labels: “Papua New Guinea: W[estern]. H[ig]hl[and] | Pr[o]v[ince], n[ea]r Mt. Hagen, Kuk Ag | Res[earch]. Sta[tion]., 1600m, UV Lite | 19–20 August 1983 | Scott E. & Pamela Miller”; “DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | date: i.2018 | MTD 7898 | [vertically written:] DNA-voucher”; “TL689 | ♀”. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes : 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (♂ with DNA voucher MTD LEP3161 & genitalia on slide TL441 ♂; ♀ with DNA voucher MTD LEP3155 & genitalia on slide TL435 ♀), same data as holotype (USNM).

The forewings of H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov. display barely marked median discoidal stigma and postmedian patch, while basal and distal discoidal patches are dark brown. Male hindwing displays an androconial organ on the dorsum. In male genitalia, the gnathos shows a short, thumb-like projection, and the juxta is slender, with notched apex. In female genitalia, the ductus bursae is relatively short-sized, the corpus bursae is large, spherical, with a small straight thorn.

Hoploscopa boleta sp. nov. (q.v.), H. metacrossa, H. kelama sp. nov. (q.v.). Forewing median discoidal stigma forms a pale yellow Y with median cubital patch in H. metacrossa. In male genitalia, gnathos projection of H. metacrossa is thinner, valva is larger, and juxta apex is rounded. Female genitalia are very similar, but the antrum sclerotisation is shorter, and the corpus bursae smaller in H. metacrossa.

Head. Antennae dorsally with bronze to brown scales. Proboscis pale yellow to brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventro-basally pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 41). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dash dark brown, distally pale yellow; basal and distal discoidal stigma quadrangular, dark brown; median discoidal stigma faded, basally and distally thinly edged with pale yellow; postmedian patch faded, with distal edge dark brown, at costa with pale yellow blotch; postmedian line marked on costal half; postmedian area suffused with pale yellow near costa; subterminal line pale yellow; fringe brown, with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown; in males, presence of an androconial organ on the dorsum of the hindwing. Forelegs brown. Mid- and hindlegs with femur brown, tibia brown speckled with pale yellow, tarsi bronze.

Abdomen. Male sternum A8 posterior margin broadly indented, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 1) (Fig. 80). Uncus slender, narrowed on apical 1/4 which bears thick setae, apex missing on slide examinated. Gnathos projection thumb-shaped, ca. 1/4 of uncus length. Valva ventral margin bent dorsad on distal half, dorsal margin medially angled, apex roughly rounded. Juxta with base rounded, medially narrowed, apex notched. Saccus broad, triangular, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 2) (Fig. 120). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation twice as long as broad. Ductus bursae short, more or less straight, bent before corpus opening. Corpus bursae large, posterior half reticulated, medially covered with erect acanthae, anterior half membranous, with weak sclerotisation at thorn base. Thorn straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from Mount Hagen in the Morobe Province (Papua New Guinea), at an altitude of 1,600 m.

The hindwing scent scales observed in males of H. jubata sp. nov., H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov., and H. metacrossa suggest a close relationship between these three species.

The name is made by the apposition of the prefix pseudo- from the Greek pseudes, false and metacrossa, referring to the resemblance of this species with H. metacrossa.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Holo- | type” [round label, red ringed]; “Fak-Fak | Dutch New Guinea | Dec’[19]07 | 1700f[ee]t | (Pratt)”; “1913-216”; “Scoparia | metacrossa | type ♂. H[a]mps[o]n.” [handwritten]; “Pyralidae | Brit[ish].Mus[eum]. | Slide N°. | 3612”; "NHMUK 010923297” [barcode appended]. Deposited in NHMUK.

12 ♂, 38 ♀. Papua New Guinea: 10 ♂ (3 with DNA vouchers MTD7899, MTD7900, MTD7901 and genitalia on slides TL690 ♂, TL691 ♂, TL692 ♂ respectively; 1 with genitalia on slide TL482 ♂), 25 ♀ (1 with genitalia on slide TL481 ♀), Morobe Province, near Bulolo, Mt Susu National Reserve, Araucaria forest, 975m, 27–28.viii.1983, leg. S. Miller; 1 ♂ (genitalia on slide TL472 ♂), 9 ♀ (2 with DNA vouchers MTD LEP3166, MTD LEP3167 and genitalia on slides TL446 ♀, TL447 ♀), Morobe Province, Wau, Wau Ecological Institute, montane forest, 1200 m, 12–24.vii.1983 (2 ♀), 25–31.vii.1983 (1 ♂, 3 ♀), 1–10.viii.1983 (1 ♀), 23–31.viii.1983 (3 ♀), leg. S. E. & P. M. Miller; 4 ♀, same collecting data except “trap at zoo pond”, 25–27.vii.1983; 1 ♂ (DNA voucher MTD LEP3163 & genitalia on slide TL443 ♂), Morobe Province, Wau, 1200 m, 8–14.xii.1976, leg. G. F. Hevel & R. E. Dietz (USNM).

The forewings of H. metacrossa display Y-shaped median and a postmedian pale yellow patches observed in several other Hoploscopa species (e.g., H. danaoensis sp. nov.). Male hindwing displays an androconial organ on the dorsum. The strongly sclerotised tympanic drum in tympanal organs of males is only observed in this species. In male genitalia, gnathos is projected into a small, slender, tongue-shaped tip, and valva is broad, with a rounded ventral margin. In female genitalia, antrum sclerotisation is as long as wide, ductus bursae is short, straight and the corpus bursae is large.

Hoploscopa brunnealis, H. danaoensis sp. nov., H. kinabaluensis sp. nov. (q.v.), H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov. (q.v.). Males of H. metacrossa are easily separated from similar species (except H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov.) by the presence of scent organs on the hindwing, the sclerotised tympanic drum, and the characteristic spatulate uncus apex with ventral ridges. Female genitalia of the four above-mentioned species are similar, but ductus bursae is bent before corpus bursae in these species (nearly straight in H. metacrossa) and corpus bursae are smaller than that of H. metacrossa.

Head. Antennae dorsally brown. Proboscis pale yellow to brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Fig. 42, 45). Collar pale yellow. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ground colour brown; basal dark brown spot distally pale yellow; median discoidal stigma trapezoid, pale yellow, together with cubital pale yellow patches forming a Y; postmedian patch pale yellow speckled with brown, distal edge dark brown; postmedian line marked on costal half; postmedian area variously suffused with pale yellow; subterminal line pale yellow; fringes brown with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale brown; in males, presence of an androconial organ on the dorsum of the hindwing. Forelegs brown. Mid- and hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown; tarsi brown.

Abdomen (Fig. 84, 86). Male sternum A8 posterior margin broadly indented, with short, rounded lateral projections.

Male genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 81). Uncus slender, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex spatulate, bearing thick setae, ventrally with five small ridges. Gnathos projection ca. 1/4 of uncus length, slender, tongue-shaped. Valva ventral margin curved dorsad on distal half, dorsal margin conspicuously convex, apex rounded. Juxta with base rounded or slightly quadrangular, narrowing at basal 1/4, apex tongue-shaped. Saccus triangular, conspicuously pointing dorsad. Phallus with elongated, flat, spatula-shaped cornutus with subapical tip.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 121). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short, as long as wide. Ductus bursae short, nearly straight. Corpus bursae spherical, reticulated, with sclerotisation between thorn and corpus opening and faintly marked sclerotisation medially. Thorn straight, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from the Papua (Indonesia) and the Morobe Provinces (Papua New Guinea) in New Guinea, at altitudes between 600 and 1,200 m.

See H. boleta sp. nov. and H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov.

Nuss (1998) transferred this species from Eudorina to Hoploscopa.

Holotype : ♂, with labels: “Papua New Guinea | Morobe Prov[ince]., n[ea]r Bulolo | Mt Susu Nat[ional]. Res[erve]., 975m | 27–28 Aug.1983, S. Miller | UV Lite, Araucaria For[est].”; “ DNA voucher | Lepidoptera | MTD2016 | [vertically written:] no. 3164”; “TL444 | ♂”. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes: 4 ♂, 24 ♀. Papua New Guinea. 4 ♂ (1 with genitalia on slide TL447 ♂, 1 with genitalia on slide TL542 ♂, 1 with wing preparation TL706), 21 ♀ (1 with DNA voucher MTD LEP3165 & genitalia on slide TL445 ♂, 2 with genitalia on slide TL476 ♀ & TL541 ♀), same data as holotype. 1 ♀, Morobe Province, Wau, Wau Ecological Institute, 12–24.vii.1983; 1 ♀, same data except 1–10.viii.1983; 1 ♀, Morobe Province, Wau, 1200 m, 8–14.xii.1976, at black light, leg. G. F. Hevel & R. E. Dietz (USNM).

This species shows a strong sexual dimorphism. In males, median and postmedian markings are white, and postmedian area is broadly suffused with white. In females, basal patch, median discoidal stigma and postmedian patch are reddish orange, and subterminal area is orange. Male hindwing displays an androconial organ on the dorsum. In male genitalia, gnathos projection is slender, ca. 1/3 of the uncus length, and juxta displays two conspicuous lateral projections at base, and a deeply indented apex. In female genitalia, the four loops formed by the ductus bursae is unique to this species.

No similar species known.

Head. Antennae dorsally brown. Proboscis brown. Maxillary palpi brown, base and inner side pale yellow. Labial palpi brown, ventral base and inner side pale yellow.

Thorax (Figs 2, 43, 44). Collar brown. Forewing length: 9–10 mm (♂ & ♀); forewing ♂ ground colour brown; basal narrow white streak, distally marked with yellow and orange; median discoidal stigma white, filled with few red and yellow scales, together with cubital and dorsal patch forming a white Y; postmedian patch brown speckled with red, more or less marked, distally with costal white streak; postmedian line marked on costal half; postmedian area with broad white suffusion; subterminal line conspicuously incurved inward at CuA2, white; fringe chequered brown and pale yellow; forewing ♀ (Fig. 44) ground colour brown; yellow basal patch crossed by orange streak; median trapezoid white patch, filled to a various extend with yellow and red scales, together with cubital and dorsal white patches forming a Y; postmedian patch roughly oval, reddish orange, basally edged with yellow, distally with costal white streak; postmedian line marked on costal half; postmedian area faintly speckled with white between postmedian patch and subterminal line; subterminal line white, incurved inwards at CuA2; subterminal field marked with reddish orange and yellow; fringe brown with pale yellow dots. Hindwing pale yellow; in males, presence of an androconial organ on the dorsum of the hindwing. Forelegs bronze. Midlegs with femur brown; tibia brown, distally pale yellow; tarsi bronze. Hindlegs with femur brown; tibia pale yellow, speckled with brown; tarsi bronze.

Abdomen. Male tergite I, II partially sclerotised; tergite III sclerotised, with two shallow depressions on each side of middle, bearing patches of modified scales. Sternum A8 posterior margin straight.

Male genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 82). Uncus long and slender, basally narrow, medially slightly widened, narrowed at apical 1/4, apex spatula-shaped, ventrally with eight small ridges. Gnathos projection slender, ca. 1/3 of the uncus length. Valva gently bending dorsad from distal 1/3, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex roughly truncate, forming a furrow ring. Juxta mushroom-shaped, with base roughly rounded, slightly concave on its middle, with two conspicuous lateral extensions pointing outward, conspicuously narrowed at basal 1/4, apex bilobed. Saccus broad, triangular, pointing dorsad.

Female genitalia (N = 3) (Fig. 122). Anterior apophyses with dorsal bump at posterior 1/3. Antrum sclerotisation short. Ductus bursae very long, forming four conspicuous loops bent before corpus opening. Corpus bursae small, globular, reticulated, medially with light broad sclerotised patch, with weak rounded sclerotisation at corpus opening. Thorn gently curved, with small dents pointing toward thorn base, basally with small outwardly projected extension.

Known from Wau and from Mount Susu in the Morobe Province (Papua New Guinea), at altitudes between 950 m and 1,200 m.

See H. boleta sp. nov. and H. pseudometacrossa sp. nov.

From the Latin jubatus, having a mane, referring to the dense hair covering on the inner side of the valva in male genitalia.

This species is the only one known from the genus to exhibit a pronounced sexual dimorphism.