Short Communication |
Corresponding author: Junjie Hu ( jjhu@ynu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: David Gibson
© 2019 Junjie Hu, Muhua Yang, Elysia Ruoyan Ye, Yulong Ye, Yao Niu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Hu J, Yang M, Ye ER, Ye Y, Niu Y (2019) First record of the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) as an alien species in Hong Kong Island, China. ZooKeys 873: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.873.36458
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The New Guinea flatworm (Platydemus manokwari) caused extinction of the native land snails on several Pacific island in past decades, and therefore it has been listed among the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species. Using morphological and molecular methods, New Guinea flatworms were discovered and identified for the first time in Hong Kong Island during a field investigation in July and August 2018. The flatworms were 32–60 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, and 1–2 mm thick. The dorsal side of the flatworm was dark brown with a thin yellow central line, and its ventral side appeared pale grey. To further verify this species, both 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COX1) obtained from three specimens of P. manokwari were sequenced and analysed. While comparing these sequences with those previously deposited in GenBank, these 18S rDNA sequences shared 100% identity with the single available 18S rDNA sequence of P. manokwari; and the obtained COX1 sequences were identical to those of P. manokwari world genotype. Two native snails, Criptosoma imperator and Bradybaena similaris, have been found to be the prey of this predator during this investigation. Therefore, the invasive New Guinea flatworm certainly will cause a serious impact on the biodiversity of native snail populations, and an economic and environmental risk assessment for P. manokwari need to be completed in the near future in Hong Kong.
distribution, morphological characterisation, 18S rDNA, COX1
The land planarian Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963, or New Guinea flatworm, is a highly invasive species, and the only flatworm listed in the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species (
Morphological characteristics have traditionally been used as criteria to identify and distinguish different species of planarians. In the last decades, molecular methods have been used for delineation of marine, freshwater, and land planarians using different genetic markers (
In the present study, New Guinea flatworms were discovered and identified based on the morphological and molecular characteristics in Hong Kong Island, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of New Guinea flatworm in Hong Kong, even in China.
Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China and surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours Shenzhen city along the Sham Chun River. The territory’s area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and more than 200 other islands. It has a humid subtropical climate, and approximately 40% of the remaining land area is devoted to country parks and nature reserves (
For molecular identification, three specimens of P. manokwari, collected by hand and fixed in room-temperature ethanol (85%) were shipped to laboratory of zoology, Yunnan University, Kunming City, China. In the laboratory, a small piece of the body (ca. 4 mm3) was taken from the lateral edge of each ethanol-fixed individual. The remaining specimens were deposited at the Zoological Specimen Museum of Yunnan University (collection numbers Worm 2019011–13).
Genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol/chloroform method, after five rounds of freezing and thawing, and 0.01% proteinase K and 0.25% trypsin digestion. The 18S rDNA was amplified with primer pairs, 18SPmF/18SPmR (5'-ACCGCGGATGGCTCATTATA-3'/5'-ACGGAAACCTTGTTACGACTTTTA-3') designed using Premier 5 (Premier Biosoft International) based on the highly conserve regions of 18S rDNA sequences for members of Family Geoplanidae deposited in GenBank. The mitochondrial COX1 was amplified with primer pairs, BarS/ COI-ASmit2 (5'- GTTATGCCTGTAATGATTG-3'/ 5'-TAAAGAAAGAACATAATGAAAATG-3') designed by
New Guinea flatworms were only found in two of the nine localities, Seaview Promenade and Kennedy Road, both located in Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The habitats of this flatworm were in the deep mass of dead leaves. The flatworms were 32–60 mm long, 3–5 mm wide and 1–2mm thick (n = 12). The bodies were broadest in the middle, tapering at the both ends. Two small eyes were situated back from the tip of the elongate snout-like head (Fig.
External morphological characteristics of Platydemus manokwari. Specimen collected in a dry ditch covered by dead leaves, Seavie Promenade, Hong Kong A dorsal view: note dorsal (D) with a median longitudinal line (arrow) and small eye situated back from the tip of the elongate snout-like head (arrowhead); B partial ventral view, showing the cream and faint grey marginal stripe (arrow) between dorsal (D) and ventral (V). Ruler in cm and mm.
Genomic DNA was extracted from the three individual specimens of P. manokwari, respectively, and the 18S rDNA and mitochondrial COX1 were amplified successfully using their DNA as templates. The three 18S rDNA nucleotide sequences (MK959224–MK959226), each from an individual specimen of P. manokwari were 1697 bp in length, and completely identical. The most similar sequence in GenBank was that of P. manokwari (AF048766, 100% identity), followed by Caenoplana sp. (AJ270156, 94.7% identity). The three mitochondrial COX1 nucleotide sequences (MK959221–MK959223), also obtained from the three individuals were 948 bp in length and shared 100% identity. The most similar sequences in GenBank were those of P. manokwari world haplotype (100% identity) from Singapore (KR349579 and KR349580), the Solomon Islands (KR349586, KR349588-92), New Caledonia (KR349600-01, KT004666–KT004671), France (KR349594, KF887958), French Polynesia (KR349595), and USA (KR349610 and KR349611), followed by P. manokwari Australian haplotype (95.1–96.3% identity, on average 95.4 identity) from Australia (KR349581–KR349585, KF178320) and the Solomon Islands (KR349593, KR349602).
The external morphological characteristics of the specimens found in Hong Kong are similar to P. manokwari previously described from USA, Singapore, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, France, and Thailand (
In our analysis, the new 18S rDNA sequences showed 100% identity among three specimens and completely identical to that of P. manokwari previously deposited in GenBank; the new mitochondrial COX1 sequences were also identical among different specimens, with 100% identity with those of P. manokwari world haplotype from different areas in GenBank. At mitochondrial COX1, P. manokwari has been divided into two haplotypes, “world” recorded from France, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, USA, and Thailand; however, “Australian” only recorded those from the Solomon Islands and Australia (
Platydemus manokwari has been recorded to feed mainly on land gastropod molluscs, but also on earthworms, insects, and nemerteans (
We would like to thank Dr. Dongmei Jiang from Hong Kong Youth Science Academy for valuable comments. This work was supported by the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science (grant Y4zk111B01).