Pygidium subsemicircular in dorsal view, 0.83× as long as wide, apical flange strongly raised, transverse sulcus deep (Figure 5–6).

Ninth sternite (spiculum gastrale) Y-shaped, slender and nearly symmetrical, not winged, manubrium about 1.21× as long as arms (Figure 7). Penis in dorsal view with pedon gradually and distinctly constricted apicad from apical 1/3, apex rounded, tectum apically constricted; temones moderately elongate, about 0.76× as long as pedon; in side view pedon extremely incurved at apical 1/4, nearly forming a 60° angle, with apical plate slightly recurved at extreme apex, without projections; endophallus with dense tiny spicules (Figures 3–4). Tegminal plate articulated with free ring, laterally developed, enveloping; parameroid lobes with apical membranous area long, bearing two tufts of visible microchaetae apically; basal sclerotized area elongate, front margin weakly sinuate medially, bearing 4 long macrochaetae dorsolaterally on each side; fenestrae large, not separated; linea arquata visible; prostegium bidentate, teeth elongate, curved; median unsclerotized strip elongate and nearly reaching the anterior margin of fenestrae. Manubrial apex asymmetrically broadened (Figures 1–2).

1♂: (white, printed): Magila / E. Africa / A. V. Legros / 98-190; (white, printed and handwritten): Wagner det. ♂ / considerandum Fåhr.; 1♀: (white, handwritten): X. 1983 / in clove tree / CIEA15888; (white, handwritten): Tanzania / Zanjibar / Kitunda; (white, printed): pres by: Comm Inst Ent B. M. 1984-1. Specimens in the NHM.

Harpapion considerandum s. str. has been recorded from the following African countries: Guinea, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (ex Zaire), Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe and South Africa (Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Natal) (Balfour-Browne 1944; Beguin-Billecocq 1910; Fåhraeus 1871; Hoffmann 1968a, 1968b; Hustache 1929, 1939; Marshall 1940; Voss 1959, 1966, 1974; Wagner 1911). Two subspecies, whose status is doubtful, have been recorded as follows: ssp. circumscriptum (Hartmann, 1897) from Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria and Tanzania (Hartmann 1897; Voss 1966); and ssp. combustum (Wagner, 1908) from Tanzania and Angola (Marshall 1953; Wagner 1908).

Pygidium subsemicircular in dorsal view, 0.83× as long as wide, apical flange strongly raised, transverse sulcus distinctly depressed and wide, disc with 2–3 rows of punctures between disc and sulcus, pubescent sparse and minute (Figures 29–30).

Eighth sternite transverse, with apical edge wide, slightly concave (Figure 31). Ninth sternite (spiculum gastrale) Y-shaped, very weak, almost symmetrical, not winged, manubrium about 1.83× as long as arms (Figure 32). Penis in dorsal view with sides almost parallel, apical plate ogival and distinctly constricted apicad in a short rectangular projection, with 2 subdentiform projections, tectum evidently constricted apicad, in side view, pedon depressed, moderately curved, apical plate slightly incurved; temones slim, about 0.43× as long as pedon; endophallus with markedly dense spicules (Figures 27–28). Tegminal plate articulated with free ring, moderately depressed, slightly enveloping laterally; parameroid lobes with apical membranous area long and tapering apicad, without microchaetae; basal sclerotized area short, front margin widely sinuate in middle, with 6 long macrochaetae and 8-10 sensilla on each side; fenestrae distinctly enlarged, transverse, narrowly separated; linea arquata visible; prostegium extremely concave without any projections; median unsclerotized strip elongate and surpassing fenestrae. Manubrial apex broken when dissected (the apex of manubrium should be tangled inside the thorax) (Figures 25–26).

Paratype: 1♂: (white, printed): 云南景东董家坟 [Yúnnán JǐngDōng Dǒngjiāfén] / 1956.V.28/1250m / leg. 克雷让诺夫斯基 [Kryzhanovsky]; (white, printed): Юньнань, 10 км. N Цзин- [Yúnnán, 10 km north of Jǐng-] / дуна [-Dōng], 1250 м, 28. V. 1956 / Крыжановский [Kryzhanovsky].

Yunnan.

Pygidium subsemicircular in dorsal view, 0.89× as long as wide, apical flange strongly raised, transverse sulcus deep and narrow, disc nearly smooth, without visible punctures or pubescence (Figures 37–38).

Eighth sternite moderately elongate, apical edge constricted, relatively concave, basal edge with a medial tubercle, sides distinctly extended backwards (Figure 39). Ninth sternite (spiculum gastrale) Y-shaped, symmetrical, not winged, manubrium about 2.25× as long as arms (Figure 40). Penis in dorsal view with pedon sides almost parallel, apically elongate and distinctly constricted halfway, with 2 subdentiform projections, tectum evidently dilated apicad, in lateral view, pedon slightly depressed, apical plate distinctly elongate and gently curved ventrad, extreme apex recurved; temones about 0.74× as long as pedon; endophallus in anterior half with dense spicules and basal half with 2 sclerotized semicylindrical, hollow structures fused at base (Figures 35–36). Tegminal plate articulated with free ring, about 0.94× as long as manubrium, moderately depressed, slightly enveloping laterally; apical membranous area of parameroid lobes developed and extremely tapering apicad, with a minute apical notch, without distinctly visible microchaetae; basal sclerotized area slightly elongated, front margin widely and roundly sinuate, with 5–6 long macrochaetae and 8-10 sensilla on each side; fenestrae tranverse, not separated; linea arquata present; prostegium evidently bidentate, teeth elongate, almost straight, acute; median unsclerotized strip elongate and reaching the linea arquata. Manubrial apex distinctly broadened (Figures 33–34).

Holotype. ♂ (white, handwritten): Вьетнам, пров. Хашонбинь [V’etnam, prov. Hašonbin’] [Vietnam, prov. Hà Sơn Bình] / 7 км ю.-в. Хоабиня, вторичный тропический лес и кустарник на склоне [7 km û.-v. Hoabinâ, vtoričnyj tropičeskij les i kustarnik na sklone] [7 km SE of Hòa Bình, tropical secondary forest and scrub on the hillside] / 17. X 1976 / leg. Л. Н. Медведев [L. N. Medvedev]; 1♂: 云南景洪勐海县纳板河 [Yúnnán Jǐnghóng Měnghǎixiàn Nàbǎnhé] / 保护区过门山（森林） [bǎohùqū Guòménshān (sēn lín [forest]) / 2009.V.06, 1114m; 22.24644°N, 100.60610°E, 飞阻 [Fēizŭ (flight intercept)] / 采集人：孟令曾 [Cǎijírén (leg.): Mèng Lìngzēng]; Guomenshan, VI/1D / 06.05.2009/ leg. L. Z. Meng; IOZ(E)1369311; 1♂: 云碧大开河 [Yún Bì Dàkāihé] / 1957.IV.23 / 朱增浩 [leg. Zhū Zēnghào]; IOZ(E)1639312.

Yunnan (new record for China), Vietnam.

(holotype). Measurements (in mm): Standard length: 1.84. Rostrum: length: 0.77, maximum width: 0.16. Pronotum: median length: 0.53, maximum width: 0.57. Elytra: median length: 1.33, maximum width: 0.92.

Integument (Figures 41–42) generally piceous, antennae, prorostrum and tarsi dark reddish brown, femora reddish brown, and tibiae pale reddish brown.

Vestiture composed of distinctly whitish, thick, lanceolate scales with acute to rounded apices, rarely truncate (some scales on hind margin of eyes elliptical to nearly rhombic) and grayish acute hairs on antennae, tibiae and tarsomeres. Pronotal vestiture centripetal, scales on apex parallel to margin, but on base perpendicular to margin, pronotal disc with scales distinctly longer and thicker than on legs, reaching base of anterior scales. Elytral scales in one row per interstriae, two irregular rows on disc, scales on striae 1/2-2/3 as long as scales on interstriae. One specialized seta on apical region of 9^th interstria.

Rostrum cylindrical and moderately robust, in dorsal view 8.25× as long as apical width, 1.45× as long as pronotum in midline, widest at mesorostrum, prorostrum constricted apicad, metarostrum with sides almost parallel, metarostrum with median dorsal area impunctate, dorsal submedial sulci and dorsal submedial keels weak, minutely punctate and pubescent, lateral area of metarostrum and prorostrum with weak oblong confluent punctures, weakly microreticulate, apical third of prorostrum almost impunctate, smooth and shining; in lateral view moderately curved, sides converging to apex, carinae and sulci weak, ventral medial keel fine and complete, ventral sublateral keels with dense line of scales under mesorostrum.

Head transverse, frons very weakly convex, as wide as metarostrum, constricted behind eyes, medial area impunctate and glabrous, lateral areas with irregular rows of punctures and scales, subocular keel not reaching middle of eyes, area between subocular keel flat, microreticulate and impunctate. Eyes round, moderately convex.

Antennae inserted at basal 0.23 of rostral length, scape 3.20× as long as wide, about as long as mesorostral width. Pedicel 2.00× as long as wide, as long as desmomeres 2+3, desmomeres 2–3 1.33× as long as wide, desmomeres 4–5 and 7 1.00× as long as wide, desmomere 6 0.75× as long as wide. Club oval, slightly flattened, 1.88× as long as wide, as long as last 5.5 desmomeres, sutures obsolete.

Pronotum campaniform, 0.93× as long as wide, apical constriction relatively strong, little wider at base than at middle, base 1.39× as wide as apex, bisinuate with rounded medial projection towards scutellum, basal flange developed. Prescutellar fovea shallow, very short, about as broad as diameter of one puncture, as long as 2–3 diameters, reaching 1/4 of pronotum. Discal punctures relatively deep, ca. 0.5–1× diameter apart, interspaces moderately convex, microreticulate.

Scutellum elongate, triangular, ca. 2.00× as long as wide, 2 basal tubercles fused at base in front view, apical tubercle rounded, slightly prominent and hardly visible in lateral view (Figure 13).

Elytra elongate, 1.45× as long as wide, 2.51× as long as pronotum, widest almost at middle, humeri moderately developed, striae deep, about as wide as interstriae, punctures elongate, apically connected 1+2+9, 3+4, 5+6, 7+8, interstriae evidently convex with small punctures, surface distinctly wrinkled, not microreticulate, shining.

Ventral areas. Mesocoxae separated by a distance of 0.17× own transverse diameter. Metasternum 0.88× as long as mesocoxae. Mesosternal apophysis more prominent than metasternal apophysis. Anterior metasternal rim present. Abdominal ventrites microreticulate, length ratio along midline: 32-16-4-6-17. Ventrites 1-4coarsely punctate, Ventrite 5 minutely punctate with median convexity. Suture I marked only on sides, erased in middle, distance from hind margin of metacoxae as long as ventrite 2. Ventrite 5semicircular, transverse, 0.41× as long as wide. Pygidium subsemicircular, 0.71× as long as wide, apical flange strongly raised with row of punctures and hairs; transverse sulcus deep; disc pubescent and punctured as that of ventrite 5 (Figures 49–50).

Legs. Profemora little larger than metafemora, slightly robust, 3.11× as long as wide, widest at middle, minutely punctate. Protibiae almost straight, 7.05× as long as wide (Figure 33). Protarsomere 1 1.93× as long as wide, protarsomere 2 1.25× as long as wide, protarsomere 3bilobed, 0.82× as long as wide, lobes narrow, onychium 2.75× as long as wide, projecting from lobes of tarsomere 3 for 0.55× its length. Meso- and metatibial mucrones distinctly elongate and bent at apices (Figure 14), mesotibial mucro ca. 0.50× as long as apical tibial width, metatibial mucro longer than mesotibial one, ca. 0.67× as long as apical tibial width. Tarsal claws with conspicuous obtuse basal teeth.

Genitalia and terminalia. Eighth sternite moderately elongate, constricted to narrow, truncate apical margin, basal margin with sides distinctly extended backward (Figure 51). Ninth sternite (spiculum gastrale) Y-shaped, not winged, manubrium ca. 3.00× as long as arms (Figure 52). Penis in dorsal view with pedon slightly widened at level of ostium, distinctly constricted apicad, apical plate ogival, apex with button-like prong, tectum with sides almost parallel, apically moderately constricted, in lateral view, pedon depressed, moderately curved, apical plate slightly incurved; temones about 0.50× as long as aedeagal tube; endophallus without obvious structures (Figures 47–48). Tegminal plate articulated with free ring, laterally enveloping, ; apical membranous area of parameroid lobes undeveloped, only laterally visible, without microchaetae; basal sclerotized area extremely enlarged and extended apicad, triangular-shaped, with 5 short macrochaetae on each lateroapical edge, without sensilla; fenestrae short, transverse, narrowly separated; linea arquata present, very close to basal margin of fenestrae; prostegium bidentate, teeth acute, slightly curved; median unsclerotized strip elongate and surpassing fenestrae. Manubrial apex evidently and asymmetrically broadened (Figures 45–46).

Variation. Male paratypes. Measurements (mm, n=5): Standard length: 1.62–1.90. Rostrum: length: 0.61–0.75, maximum width: 0.14–0.16. Pronotum: median length: 0.47–0.57, maximum width: 0.51–0.60. Elytra: median length: 1.26–1.46, maximum width: 0.72–0.92. Female paratypes (Figures 43–44). Measurements (mm, n=2): Standard length: 1.801.86. Rostrum: length: 0.720.79, maximum width: 0.160.17. Pronotum: median length: 0.510.54, maximum width: 0.560.58. Elytra: median length: 1.441.42, maximum width: 0.900.91. Females differ from males by the rostrum entirely black without reddish apex, about 1.41–1.46× longer than pronotum, antennae inserted at basal 0.33 of rostrum, tibiae simple, unarmed. Otherwise practically as in male.

China, Guangdong: Zhongshan City eighth district, 22°30'58.82"N, 113°23'36.81"E.

Materials. Holotype: 1♂: 广东中山八区 [Guǎngdōng Zhōngshān Bāqū] / 1957.VII.31; 中国科学院 [zhōngguókēxuéyuàn] / 山坡草地 [shānpōcǎodì] / 46; IOZ(E)1639313; Paratypes: 3♂: Kwangtung [Guǎngdōng] S. China / Loh Fau Shan, [Luófúshān], / Poh-lo [Bóluó] District / April 6–8, 1934 / K. C. Yeung; En-071380~En-071382; 1♂: Hong Kong: Un-long [Yuánláng], / New Territories / September 19. 1940 / J. Linsley Gressitt; En-071403; 1♂: Hainan I. South China / Ta-hian [probably Dàoxiǎng], Alt. 300 met. / N. side, 5- Finger Mts. [Wúzhĭshān] / VI-12-1935 / L. Gressitt / En-071423; 1♀: Kwangtung [Guǎngdōng], S. China / Ho-yün [Heyun] to Wui-lung [probably Wéilóng] / Ho-yuen [Héyuán] District / Apr. 7, 1940. J. L. / Gressitt & F. K. To; En-071409; 1♀: Kwangtung [Guǎngdōng], S. China. / Sin-fung [Xīnfēng] to Lung-kai [Longgai (probably Lóngjīe which can be found on the modern maps)]. / Sin-fung [Xīnfēng] & Lien-p’ing [Liánpíng] / Dist’s, Apr. 12, 1940 / L. Gressitt & F. E. To; En-071367.

Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan.

Holotype will be deposited in IZCAS, while all paratypes in BMSYU.

Harpapion safranum sp. n., can be easily recognized from other species from China by its external characters (red colour of entire legs and antennae, etc.) However, it is extremely similar to Harpapion considerandum which can be distinguished from the former by genitalia which were described above and illustrated in Figures 1–7.

This species is named safranum after its testaceous legs. This is a Medieval Latin name of the plant now called Crocus sativus L. (saffron) which yields a yellowish-orange dye. It is considered a noun in apposition.

(holotype). Measurements (in mm). Standard length: 1.22. Rostrum: length: 0.44, maximum width: 0.08. Pronotum: median length: 0.36, maximum width: 0.41. Elytra: length: 0.94, maximum width: 0.54.

Integument generally piceous, tibiae and tarsi relatively paler and antennae pale reddish brown (Figures 53–54).

Vestiture composed of whitish to semitransparent, partly thick, lanceolate scales with acute to rounded apices, and semi-transparent acute hairs on antennae, tibiae and tarsomeres. Head, meta- and mesorostrum bearing broader scales with rounded apices, prorostrum nearly glabrous. Pronotal vestiture centripetal, scales on apex parallel to margin, on base perpendicular to margin, pronotal sides with scales distinctly longer and thicker than those on disc and elytra, reaching base of anterior scales. Elytral scales in one regular row per interstria, scales on striae tiny, grayish to transparent. One specialized seta on apical region of 9^th interstria.

Rostrum cylindrical and moderately robust, in dorsal view 5.71× as long as apical width, 1.22× as long as pronotum in midline, widest at mesorostrum, prorostrum tapering apicad, tube-shaped, metarostrum slightly constricted at rostral base, metarostrum with no distinct sulci, two very shallow and parallel punctate dorsal submedial sulci expanded from mesorostral level to nearly middle of prorostrum, meso- and metarostrum surface microreticulate, matte, prorostrum smooth, shining, almost impunctate; in lateral view weakly curved, almost straight, sides converging to apex, each side with very thin low dorsal sublateral keel running from front margin of eye to upper margin of scrobe and beyond, limiting ventrally dorsal sublateral sulcus.

Head almost as long as wide, frons very weakly convex and slightly narrower than metarostrum, constricted behind eyes, medial area rough, wrinkled, subocular keels curving to meet medially, nearly reaching middle of eyes, area between subocular keel flat, microreticulate and impunctate. Eyes subcircular, distinctly convex.

Antennae inserted at basal 0.22 of rostral length, scape 2.5× as long as wide, about 0.71× as long as mesorostral width. Pedicel 1.75× as long as wide, nearly as long as desmomeres 2+3+4, desmomeres 2 2.0× as long as wide, desmomeres 3–7 ca. 1.00× as long as wide; club oval, slightly flat, 2.0× as long as wide, as long as the last 5.5 desmomeres, sutures obsolete.

Pronotum campaniform, 0.88× as long as wide, constriction relatively strong, at base nearly as wide as at middle, base 1.25× as wide as apex, bisinuate with rounded medial projection towards scutellum, basal flange developed. Prescutellar fovea shallow, puncture-like, elliptical, about 1.5× as broad as diameter of puncture, as long as 2 diameters. Discal punctures very shallow, weakly visible, ca. 0.5-1× diameter apart, interspaces moderately convex, microreticulate.

Scutellum large, elongate, triangular, ca. 2.5× as long as wide, with two separate basal tubercles, obtuse; apex constricted and slightly raised, moderately visible in lateral view.

Elytra elongate, 1.74× as long as wide, 2.61× as long as pronotum, widest almost at middle, humeri distinct, striae deep, about 0.50× as wide as interstriae, distinctly catenulate-punctate, punctures round to oblong, space between punctures about 2.0–3.0× as long as puncture length, apically connected 1+2+9, 3+4, 5+6, 7+8, interstriae evidently convex with wrinkled surface, not microreticulate, shining.

Ventral areas. Mesocoxae and metacoxae narrowly separated by distance of 0.21× and 0.30× of transverse diameter, respectively. Metaventrite 0.75× as long as mesocoxae. Mesoventral process slightly more prominent than metaventral process. Anterior metasternal rim almost absent. Abdominal ventrites microreticulate, with length ratios along midline: 22-14-4-5-13. Ventrites 1–2 coarsely punctate, 3–5 very sparsely and minutely punctate, ventrite 5 minutely punctate with median convexity. Suture I scarcely visible, distance from hind margin of metacoxae, as long as ventrite 2. Ventrite 5 subsemicircular, transverse, 0.39× as long as wide. Pygidium suboblong, 0.76× as long as wide, apical flange strongly raised with row of punctures and hairs; transverse sulcus distinctly depressed; disc pubescent and punctured as that of ventrite 5(Figures 59–60).

Legs. Profemora slightly larger than metafemora, slightly robust, 3.07× as long as wide, widest at middle, minutely punctate. Protibiae almost straight, 6.33× as long as wide. Protarsomere 1 2.4× as long as wide, protarsomere 2 0.86× as long as wide, protarsomere 3bilobed, 0.75× as long as wide, lobes narrow, onychium 2.0× as long as wide, projecting from lobes of tarsomere 3 for 0.50× its length. Meso- and metatibiae similarly mucronate, mucros incurved at apices. Tarsal claws with conspicuous, acute basal teeth.

Genitalia and terminalia. Eighth sternite short, apical edge relatively wide, distinctly concave (Figure 61). Ninth sternite (spiculum gastrale) Y-shaped, not winged, manubrium about as long as arms (Figure 62). Penis in dorsal view, with pedon sides almost parallel, apex distinctly constricted, apical plate subtriangular, with 2 small dentiform projections, tectum evenly constricted apicad; temones about 0.71× as long as aedeagal tube; in lateral view, pedon depressed, moderately curved, apical plate slightly incurved, dentiform projections visible; endophallus with dense minute spicules and basally with 2 elongate incurved structures (Figures 57–58). Tegminal plate articulated with free ring, slightly enveloping in lateral view; not notched apically, apical membranous area of parameroid lobes developed and tapering apicad, without microchaetae; basal sclerotized area short, apical margin deeply sinuate medially, with 5 long macrochaetae on each lateroapical edge, without sensilla; fenestrae short, transverse, narrowly separate; linea arquata present; prostegium bidentate, teeth short, narrow, acute; median unsclerotized strip absent. Manubrial apex moderately broadened near apex (Figures 55–56).

Variation. Male paratype. Measurements: Standard length: 1.20. Rostrum: length: 0.42, maximum width: 0.10. Pronotum: median length: 0.34, maximum width: 0.36. Elytra: median length: 0.96, maximum width: 0.50. Female unknown.

China, Yunnan, Menghai, Nabanhe National Natural Reserve, Guomenshan, 22.24644°N, 100.60610°E.

Holotype: 1♂: (white, printed): 云南景洪勐海县纳板河 [Yúnnán Jǐnghóng Měnghǎixiàn Nàbǎnhé] / 保护区过门山（森林） [bǎohùqū Guòménshān (sēn lín [forest])] / 2009.III.16 1114m; 22.24644°N, 100.60610°E飞阻 [Fēizŭ (flight intercept)] / 采集人：孟令曾 [Cǎijírén (leg.): Mèng Lìngzēng]; Guomenshan VI/1D / 16.03.2009 / leg. L. Z. Meng; IOZ(E)1639309; Paratype: 1♂, (white, printed): 云南景洪勐海县纳板河 [Yúnnán Jǐnghóng Měnghǎixiàn Nàbǎnhé] / 保护区过门山（森林） [bǎohùqū Guòménshān (sēn lín [forest])] / 2009.VI.26 1114m; 22.24644°N, 100.60610°E飞阻 [Fēizŭ (flight intercept)] / 采集人：孟令曾 [Cǎijírén (leg.): Mèng Lìngzēng]; Guomenshan VI/1D / 26.06.2009 / leg. L. Z. Meng; IOZ(E)1639310.

Yunnan.

Both holotype and paratype will be deposited in IZCAS.

Harpapion borisi sp. n. can be distinguished from other congeners by the following traits: 1) body standard length 1.22–1.24 mm (the others more than 1.5 mm); 2) elytral scales with similar size, in one regular row per interstria; 3) rostral pubescence not surpassing middle of prorostrum, nearly entire prorostrum glabrous; 4) prostegial teeth short and narrow; 5) tegminal median unsclerotized strip absent; 6) spiculum gastrale with manubrium about as long as arms.

This species is named after the Russian curculionidologist Boris A. Korotyaev, who has much improved the taxonomy of Apionidae from South China and helped us in many ways.