Cyphus bituberosus Gyllenhal in Schoenherr 1833: 622.

Species medium-sized (LB: 10-16 mm long; LS: 8.4-13.0 mm long); body elongate, slender; integument densely covered with dull whitish, cream, or tan vestiture, composed of overlapping scales and scattered seta-like scales or setae (Figs 1–6). Rostrum short, with distinct lateral carinae (Fig. 7). Antennae slender, setose, moderately long; scape exceeding posterior margin of eyes. Pronotum slightly truncate-conical, impressed on disc and flanks. Elytra humped, with strongly bisinuate base and prominent humeri, bearing conical tubercles on elytral intervals 5, or 3 and 5, or 3, 5 and 7 (Figs 1–6). Metatibial apex with broad, squamose corbel, and apical comb about 2× longer than dorsal comb. Aedeagus with long, curled flagellum.

Species medium-sized to large (LB: female 12.7–16.0 mm long, male 10.6–13.5 mm long; LS: female 10.1–13.0 mm, male 8.4–9.8 mm).

Integument black, densely covered with dull whitish, cream or tan vestiture; scales subcircular and striate; seta-like scales pale, short, decumbent on rostrum, pronotum and elytra, and moderately long on elytral tubercles, venter and legs (longer and denser on inner and outer face of tibiae).

Rostrum (Fig. 7) short (LR/WR: 1.00–1.21), sides slightly convergent toward apex (WF/WR: 1.20–1.50); dorsum strongly depressed; rostral carinae strong, subparallel, reaching anterior margin of eyes; median groove linear, exceeding hind margin of eyes; epistome broad, impressed, covered with subcircular small scales; scrobes scarcely visible from dorsum, slightly curving downwards, ending below eyes; gular angle very open (about 140–160°).Mandibles covered with creamy dispersed scales and coarse yellowish setae on external face; prementum subcordiform or subcircular, without long setae.

Antennae (Figs 8–10) (LB/LA: 2.47–3.00) slender, setose; scape exceeding posterior margin of eyes, slightly shorter than funicle; funicular article 2, 1.50–1.79× longer than article 1, articles 3 to 7, 2–3× longer than wide; club acuminate oval (LC/WC: 2.14–2.80).

Head. Eyes moderately convex; preocular impression distinct; postocular constriction slight. Forehead flat; vertex slightly convex.

Pronotum (Figs 1–3) moderately transverse (WP/LP: 1.16–1.32), with subparallel flanks on posterior 2/3, converging towards apex on anterior 1/3; pronotal disc and flanks longitudinally and/or irregularly impressed; anterior margin slightly curved backwards; hind margin moderately to strongly bisinuate, with posterior angles projected backwards.

Scutellar shield subtriangular or suboval, covered with cream or whitish scales.

Elytra (Figs 1–6) elongate, with maximum width behind midlength (LE/WE: 1.54–1.79; LE/LP: 2.13–3.27); base strongly bisinuate, projecting towards pronotum; humeri slightly to strongly prominent, without tooth; disc flat to slightly convex, elevated towards declivity; punctures of striae shallow to moderately deep, with one small oval scale on bottom; surface of intervals transversely undulate; intervals 5, or 3 and 5, or 3, 5 and 7 with tubercles; apical declivity abrupt, with distinct subapical callus; apex entire (not bifid), subacute. Metathoracic wings present, well developed.

Legs. Fore coxae tangent, slightly closer to anterior margin than to posterior margin of prosternum; protibiae curved inwards near apex, with distinct mucro and 6–8 small denticles on inner face (except in Stenocyphus tuberculatus, lacking mucro and denticles); metatibial apex distinctly expanded; corbels broad, densely covered with scales; apical comb about 2× longer than dorsal comb; tarsomeres 1 and 2 elongate.

Abdomen (Figs 11–13). Intercoxal portion about 1.75× as wide as cavities of metacoxae; ventrite 2 about 1.20× as long as ventrites 3+4.

Female genitalia. Sternite VIII (Figs 14–16) subrhomboidal, slightly to moderately sclerotized, apex bearing long setae; apodeme 2–3× as long as plate. Ovipositor (Figs 17–19) slender, long (about 2/3 of abdomen), slightly curved on lateral view, with or without coarse setae along external sides of posterior 2/3 of baculi; coxites slightly sclerotized with short setae; baculi subparallel to slightly divergent towards base; styli well developed. Spermatheca (Figs 20–22) with subcylindrical or subglobose body, conical nodulus, indistinct or slightly developed ramus and short to moderately long cornu (not or reaching opening of gland); spermathecal duct membranous, narrow, as long as half length of ovipositor; spermathecal gland 2× as long as spermatheca.

Male genitalia. Penis (Figs 23–26) as long as ventrites 1–5, about 1.45–1.50× as long as temones, slightly curved in lateral view, with rounded apex and large ostium. Endophallus with curled flagellum.

Males slenderer and smaller than females; antennae slightly longer; pronotum less transversal and longer in relation to elytral disc (LE/LP: 2.13–3.05 in males; LE/LP: 2.90–3.27 in females); elytra more elongate (LE/WE: 1.62–1.79 in males; LE/WE: 1.54–1.57 in females), with tubercles slightly smaller than in females.

Stenocyphus is distributed along the coastal hills of eastern Brazil, in Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states. This area corresponds to the Atlantic province of the Neotropical region sensu Cabrera and Willink (1980), or Brazilian Atlantic Forest according to the biogeographic scheme of Morrone (2002, 2006). It is characterized by a pluvial forest of trees of 30–40 meters high, with a lower stratum rich in palms, lianas and epiphytes.

Stenocyphus bituberosus is easily distinguished by the presence of one pair of large conical tubercles, slightly directed backwards, on posterior 2/3 of elytral interval 5, near declivity. This species differs from Stenocyphus sextuberosus in the following characters: body larger, scape of antennae slightly shorter, elytra with a single pair instead of three pairs of tubercles, intercoxal portion of abdomen slightly broader than cavity of metacoxae, spermatheca slender and aedeagus not flattened towards apex in lateral view.

LB: female (Figs 1, 4) 12.7–15.6 mm long; male 11.2–12.7 mm long (LS: female 10.1–12.2 mm; male 8.5–9.8 mm).

Vestiture uniformly whitish or tan.

Rostrum (Fig. 7) (LR/WR: 0.98–1.15) with sides slightly convergent toward apex (WF/WR: 1.23–1.45); preocular impression slight; prementum subcordiform.

Antennae (Fig. 8) (LB/LA: 2.49–3.00) with scape slightly exceeding posterior margin of eyes; funicular article 2, 1.50–1.79× as long as article 1; club oval (LC/WC: 2.14–2.37).

Pronotum (Figs 1, 4) (WP/LP: 1.19–1.32) longitudinally impressed on disc and flanks; hind margin moderately bisinuate.

Scutellar shield subtriangular, covered with cream colored, lanceolate scales.

Elytra (Figs 1, 4) slender (LE/WE: 1.54–1.77; LE/LP: 2.67–3.00), with a pair of conical tubercles directed backwards, on posterior 2/3 of interval 5 near declivity; humeri slightly prominent; disc flat, slightly elevated towards declivity; punctures of striae deep; intervals slightly wavy (with undulating transverse impressions).

Legs. Protibiae slender, setose, with distinct mucro and 6–8 small denticles on inner face; mesotibiae with minute mucro and without denticles; metatibiae without mucro or denticles; corbels broad, covered with cream colored scales; apical comb almost 2× as long as dorsal comb.

Abdomen (Fig. 11). Intercoxal portion about 1.75× as wide as cavities of metacoxae.

Female genitalia. Sternite VIII (Fig. 14) with plate 2.13× as long as apodeme. Ovipositor (Fig. 17) without setae along sides of subparallel baculi; styli slightly visible from ventral view. Spermatheca (Fig. 20) with subcylindrical, slender body, short nodulus, curved towards opening of gland, indistinct ramus and moderately long cornu (reaching opening of gland); spermathecal duct as long as half length of ovipositor; spermathecal gland 2× as long as spermatheca.

Male genitalia. Penis (Figs 23–24) about 1.45× as long as temones. Endophallus with two lateral long sclerites and a flagellum.

Type material. Lectotype of Cyphus bituberosus female, pinned, from Brazil, NHRS, labeled as type. Here designated to fix the concept of Cyphus bituberosus and to ensure the universal and consistent interpretation of the same.

Other material. BRAZIL. No loc: (1♀ USNM, 1♂ MNRJ), col. Bovie thru Buchanan (1♂ USNM), Deyr (2♀♀, 1♂ MCZ), Gorham (1♀ MCZ), Bowdetch (1♂ MCZ), Bruch (1♀ MLP), Pascoe (1♀ BMNH), Schoenherr coll (3♀♀ 1♂ NHRS). São Paulo: Embú, 5-III-1972, Lane col. (1♂ MZSP). Rio de Janeiro: no loc., 1905, Fry coll (1♂ BMNH). Espirito Santo: no loc. (2♀♀ AMNH).

Brazil, states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo.

Variation in Stenocyphus bituberosus is mainly related to body size, morphometrics and extent of development of the elytral tubercles.

The new species Stenocyphus sextuberosus is easily distinguished by the presence of three pairs of tubercles on the elytral disc, two on interval 3 and one on interval 5. The largest pair of tubercles is slightly directed backwards, placed on the posterior 2/3 of interval 3, and followed by a small one; the tubercle on interval 5 is large but rounded and is placed near the declivity. The other species of Stenocyphus bear two (Stenocyphus bituberosus) or more than six elytral tubercles (Stenocyphus tuberculatus). Stenocyphus sextuberosus also differs from the closest species Stenocyphus bituberosus in the following characters: body slightly smaller, scape of antennae slightly longer, elytra with three pairs of tubercles instead of one pair, intercoxal portion of abdomen slightly broader than cavities of metacoxae, spermatheca more globose and aedeagus flattened towards apex in lateral view. The main differences with Stenocyphus tuberculatus are in the shape of the scutellar shield (triangular instead of suboval), the presence of mucro and denticles on the protibiae, the absence of rows of setae along sides of the ovipositor, and the shape of the spermatheca (with apex of nodulus shorter, curved towards opening of gland, and indistinct ramus).

LB: female (Figs 2, 5) 13.6 mm long; male 10.6–11.3 mm long (LS: female 10.9 mm; male 8.4–9.5).

Vestiture uniformly tan.

Rostrum (Fig. 2) (LR/WR: 1.18) with sides slightly convergent toward apex (WF/WR: 1.43); preocular impression slight;prementum subcordiform.

Antennae (Fig. 9) (LB/LA: 2.60) with scape almost reaching anterior margin of pronotum; funicular article 2, 1.65× as long as article 1; club oval (LC/WC: 2.40).

Pronotum (Figs 2, 5) (WP/LP: 1.25) longitudinally impressed on disc and flanks; hind margin moderately bisinuate.

Scutellar shield subtriangular, densely covered with cream colored, lanceolate scales.

Elytra (Figs 2, 5) slender (LE/WE: 1.57; LE/LP: 3.27), with three pairs of tubercles on posterior third, two on interval 3 and one on interval 5, the latter between the other two: first pair on interval 3 large, slightly directed backwards, second pair on interval 3 small, and tubercles on interval 5 large but rounded; humeri slightly prominent; disc flat, slightly elevated towards declivity; punctures of striae deep; intervals slightly wavy except the distinctly elevated and light colored anterior 1/4 of interval 3 and anterior 2/4 of interval 5.

Legs. Protibiae slender, setose, with distinct mucro and 5–7 minute denticles on inner face; mesotibiae with minute mucro and without denticles; metatibiae without mucro and denticles; corbels broad, covered with cream colored scales; apical comb almost 2× as long as dorsal comb.

Abdomen (Fig. 12). Intercoxal portion about 1.25× as wide as cavity of metacoxae.

Female genitalia. Sternite VIII (Fig. 15) with plate 3× as long as apodeme. Ovipositor (Fig. 18) without setae along sides of subparallel baculi; styli directed outwards. Spermatheca (Fig. 21) with subglobose body, short nodulus curved towards opening of gland, indistinct ramus and moderately long cornu (reaching opening of gland); spermathecal duct membranose, as long as half length of ovipositor; spermathecal gland 2× as long as spermatheca.

Male genitalia. Penis (Figs 25–26) about 1.5× as long as temones, flattened towards apex in lateral view. Endophallus with spines at proximal end and a flagellum.

The name of the new species is an adjective that refers to the six tubercles present on the elytral disc, a distinct character that allows differentiation from the remaining species of Stenocyphus.

Holotype female, 13.6 mm long, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “Cantareira, São Paulo, 30-XII-1939, Halik” “HOLOTYPE/ Stenocyphus/ sextuberosus/ del Río & Lanteri”[red printed label]. Deposited at USNM. Paratypes. Males, pinned, from the same locality as holotype, 1-II-1962, Halik (1 USNM), 23-XII-1959, Halik (1 MZSP). Male, pinned, from Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, PN, 1100m, 8–13-XII-2004, Monné MA, Monné ML & Mermudes col. (1 MZSP).

Brazil, states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

Stenocyphus tuberculatus is easily distinguished by the presence of three series of conical tubercles along elytral intervals 3, 5 and 7, from base to apex, with the largest tubercles placed near the declivity of interval 3. It also differs from the other two species of Stenocyphus by the following characters: elytral disc with fine, dark, erect setae scattered on posterior 2/3, rostrum almost subparallel-sided; scutellar shield suboval; elytral disc slightly convex and elevated towards declivity, with indistinct punctures of striae; all tibiae with indistinct mucro and denticles; protibiae broad and densely setose; ovipositor with coarse setae along external sides of apical 2/3 of baculi; spermathecae slender, with moderately long nodulus, not curved towards opening of gland.

LB: female (Figs 3, 6) 16 mm long (LS: 13 mm). Vestiture whitish, except on dorsum of rostrum, head and pronotum which are tan coloured. Elytral disc with fine, dark, erect setae scattered on posterior 2/3.

Rostrum (Fig. 3) (LR/WR: 1.00) with sides very slightly convergent toward apex (WF/WR: 1.20). Eyes larger than in the other two species; preocular impression strong; prementum subcircular.

Antennae (Fig. 10) (LB/LA: 2.67) with scape exceeding posterior margin of eyes, almost reaching anterior margin of pronotum; funicular article 2, 1.53× as long as article 1; club elongate (LC/WC: 2.80).

Pronotum (Figs 3, 6) (WP/LP: 1.16) with irregular impressions on disc and flanks; hind margin strongly bisinuate.

Scutellar shield suboval, covered with subcircular whitish scales.

Elytra (Figs 3, 6) moderately broad (LE/WE: 1.55; LE/LP: 3.25), with three series of conical tubercles along intervals 3, 5 and 7, small on anterior third and large near declivity; humeri strongly prominent; disc slightly convex, elevated towards apical declivity; punctures of striae indistinct; intervals flat, except those having tubercles.

Legs. All tibiae with indistinct mucro and denticles; protibiae broad, densely setose; metatibial apex with broad corbel, covered with brown scales; apical comb more than 2× longer than dorsal comb.

Abdomen (Fig. 13). Intercoxal portion as wide as cavities of metacoxae.

Female genitalia. Sternite VIII (Fig. 16) with plate about 2.5× as long as apodeme. Ovipositor (Fig. 19) with coarse setae along external sides of apical 2/3 of baculi; baculi divergent towards base; styli directed backwards. Spermatheca (Fig. 22) with slender subcylindrical body, moderately long nodulus, not curving towards opening of gland, distinct ramus and short cornu (not reaching opening of gland); spermathecal duct and gland not seen.

Male. Unknown.

Type material. Holotype of Compsus tuberculatus Hustache, female, pinned, from Brazil, Espirito Santo, MNHN, labeled as type.

Other material. BRAZIL. Espirito Santo: Santa Teresa, 28/11/1966, C. T. & C. Elias (1♀ DZUP).

Brazil, state of Espirito Santo.

Stenocyphus tuberculatus (Hustache) was originally described in Compsus Schoenherr, 1823 (Entiminae: Eustylini) and transferred to Neoericydeus (Entiminae: Naupactini) by Kuschel (1955). Based on the characters of the rostrum, this species clearly belongs to Naupactini and not to Eustylini, however, we do not agree with its placement in Neoericydeus, a South American genus with three species that needs revision. The type species Neoericydeus gratiosus Hustache, 1938 lacks elytral tubercles and shows a vestiture of greenish or bluish iridescent scales, interrupted with setose black maculae on the pronotum and elytra, the same as in the genera Ericydeus Pascoe, 1880 and Briarius [Fischer de Waldheim] 1829 (see Lanteri 1995; Lanteri and del Río 2003).

The characters of Neoericydeus tuberculatus are typical of Stenocyphus, thus this species is herein transferred to this genus as Stenocyphus tuberculatus. The other two species of Stenocyphus are more similar to each other in most characters, and they lack the rows of setae on each side of the baculi of the ovipositor. Unfortunately, male genitalia could not be studied due to the absence of material.

The Brazilian species of Naupactini distributed in Espirito Santo state are usually strongly differentiated from other congeners ranging in southern distributions (e.g. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states). The pattern of morphological differentiation along the Brazilian Atlantic forests seen in Stenocyphus is also present in species of Briarius, Cyrtomon Schoenherr, 1823, Ericydeus and Teratopactus Heller, 1921 (Lanteri 1990a, 1995, Lanteri and del Río 2003, del Río et al. 2006).