Tipula tripunctata Fabricius, 1781 (subsequent designation by Westwood 1840) [= phragmitidis (Schrank, 1781)].

Limonia is characterized in the family by the following features: body color from yellow to gray, brown or black; medium-sized (body length 5.3–12.1 mm, wing length 5.4–13.2 mm); first thoracic segment elongate; episternum setose; tarsal claw with three to five teeth; wing wide with well-developed anal angle, pattern ranging from completely transparent or patternless to smoky or with dotted markings; Sc₁ apically reaching from base of Rs to branching point of Rs; Sc₂ close to apex of Sc₁; terminal section of R₁ continuing direction of R₁ and longer than R₂ (often at least two times longer than R₂); discal cell closed; basal deflection of CuA₁ at or slightly before branching point of M; male genitalia with wide ninth tergite slightly emarginate at posterior margin; gonocoxite with wide but often low ventromesal lobe; gonostylus single, situated apically, wider at base, narrowed and slightly arched at apex; aedeagus simple, elongate with bifid apex that is turned into the ventral margin; paramere wide at base; cercus of female terminalia slightly turned upwards (Savchenko 1985; Reusch and Oosterbroek 1997; Stary and Salmela 2004; Kolcsár et al. 2017; Podenas and Podeniene 2017; Starý 2018).

Flagellar verticils 2 times length of corresponding segment. Prescutum with three dark-brown longitudinal stripes. Wing pale brown with distinct, large, brown stigma; apical Sc₁ slightly beyond base of Rs. Posterior margin of tergite 9 broadly emarginated. Paramere ending at 5/6 of aedeagus. Female, hypogynial valve 3.7 times longer than wide at base.

Male (n = 10): body length 7–9 mm, wing length 8–9.5 mm.

Head mostly dark brown (Figs 6, 7). Vertex dark brown. Occiput dull yellow. Head with black setulae. Antenna dark brown and 14-segmented; pedicel oval; flagellomeres pale brown, nearly cylindrical; flagellar verticils black, 2 times longer than corresponding segment. Rostrum and nasus brown to dark brown. Nasus 3/5 as long as rostrum. Labella pale yellow except inner margin brown, with black setulae. Palpi black brown with black setulae, terminal two segments pale brown.

Thorax mostly brown (Figs 1, 2). Cervical sclerite brown with black outer margin. Pronotum dull brown with black setulae. Prescutum with three dark-brown longitudinal stripes, median one with black setulae at outer margin. Scutum dark brown with black setulae at postero-lateral margin. Scutellum brown with tapered yellow median stripe. Mediotergite dark brown (Fig. 2). Mesopleura yellow to dark brown; subspiracular sclerite dull brown with pale-yellow spot at postero-lateral corner; episternum pale yellow to dark brown; katepisternum with black setulae and tapering, dark-brown marking at antero-lateral corner. Legs with coxae, trochanters yellow to pale brown except fore coxa yellow to dark brown; femora brown with one dark-brown, subapical ring; tibia brown; tarsi reddish brown to dark brown. Setulae on legs black. Wing hyaline, pale brown with large brown stigma at branching of R₁₊₂; apical Sc₁ slightly beyond base of Rs, Sc₂ apically reaching 1/5 of Rs; basal deflection of CuA₁ before branching point of M (Fig. 3). Halter: stem dull brown; knob bicolor, upper part pale brown to dark brown, lower part white (Fig. 1).

Figures 1–3. 

Limonia macrostigma, male 1 habitus, lateral view 2 head and thorax, dorsal view 3 right wing. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Abdomen (Fig. 1). Mainly dull brown. Each abdominal segment with one pale yellow ring at posterior margin. Abdomen covered with golden setulae.

Hypopygium dull brown (Figs 4–7). Posterior margin of tergite 9 broadly emarginated (Fig. 4). Gonocoxite weakly constricted at apex. Gonostylus with apex sharp, base swollen (Figs 4, 5). Paramere with fan-shaped base, very slender apex ending at 5/6 of aedeagus (Figs 4–7). Aedeagus forked; ventral mid-protrusion along middle line (Figs 4–7).

Figures 4–7. 

Limonia macrostigma, male 4 hypopygium, dorsal view 5 hypopygium, ventral view 6 hypopygium, lateral view 7 Aedeagus and paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Female (n = 4): body length 7–8 mm, wing length 8–9 mm.

Female resembling male in head, thorax and wing. Female terminalia dull brown. Cercus yellowish brown, slightly arched dorsally at apex, slender, 3 times longer than wide at base. Hypogynial valve 3.7 times longer than wide at base; lateral margin with triangular, black marking (Figs 8–9).

Figures 8–9. 

Limonia macrostigma, female 8 cercus and hypogynial valves, lateral view 9 cercus and hypogynial valves, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

1 male, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Celebaixiang, 48.08N, 86.331E, elev. 530 m, 2016.VII.9, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 7 males, 2 females, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.69N, 86.80E, elev. 1170 m, 2016.VII. 12, Jinlong Ren (light trap) (CAU). 12 males, 2 females, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.67N, 86.80E, elev. 1020 m, 2016.VII.12, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 8 males, 4 females, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.67N, 86.79E, elev. 1630 m, 2016.VII.12, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 2 males, 3 females, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.69N, 86.79E, elev. 1170 m, 2016.VII.12, Jinlong Ren (light trap) (CAU). 2 females (CAU), China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.66N, 86.79E, elev. 1730 m, 2016.VII.13, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Kanas, 48.68N, 86.99E, elev. 1470 m, 2016.VII.16, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Kanas Lake, 48.74N, 87.01E, elev. 1390 m, 2016.VII.17, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Kanas, 48.69N, 87.00E, elev. 1330 m, 2016.VII.18, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 2 males, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.58N, 87.45E, elev. 1160 m, 2016.VII.21, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 female, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.57N, 87.43E, elev. 1090 m, 2016.VII.22, Jinlong Ren (light trap) (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1200 m, 2016.VII.23, Jinlong Ren (CAU).

Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (Xinjiang: Burqin, Hababe), Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

This is the first report of this species from China. The position of Sc relative to Rs and female body color shows the geographic variation. First, specimens from Xinjiang (Burqin, Altay Mountain) have Sc₁ slightly beyond basal Rs, Sc₂ reaching 1/5 of Rs (Fig. 3), similar wing venation with Savchenko’s drawing (Savchenko 1985: 145, fig. 95.2), whereas specimens from Korea have Sc₁ reaching 1/3 of Rs, Sc₂ reaching 1/4 of Rs (Podenas and Podeniene 2017: 17, fig. 25). Moreover, female specimens from Xinjiang have the dark brown sternites, whereas Korean specimens have the yellow sternites (Podenas and Podeniene 2017:19).

Occipital marking Y-shaped. Flagellar verticils 3 times longer than corresponding segment. Postgena with short narrow stripe near inner margin of eyes. Prescutum with one broad, dark-brown mid-longitudinal stripe. Wing stigma pale brown with yellowish brown margin; Sc₁ apically reaching 3/5 of Rs. Abdominal dorsum with one dark-brown mid-longitudinal stripe. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with two finger-like sclerotized protrusions. Gonostylus with blunt apex and swollen base. Paramere reniform, apex ended at 2/5 of aedeagus. Aedeagus with strong ventral mid-protrusion.

Male (n = 2): body length 9–10.5 mm, wing length 10–11 mm.

Head mostly yellow (Figs 10, 11). Vertex dull yellow. Occiput dull yellow, covered with black setulae. Occipital marking dark brown, but pale brown at posterior part, Y-shaped, with anterior marking linked with inner margin of eyes. Head with black setulae. Antenna 14-segmented; scape dark brown, pedicel yellowish brown, flagellomeres yellowish brown; flagellar verticils black, three times longer than corresponding segment. Nasus 1/2 as long as rostrum. Rostrum and nasus brown to dark brown. Labella pale yellow, with black setulae and inner margin with brown. Postgena light yellow with short narrow stripe near inner margin of eyes. Palpi dark brown with black setulae.

Figures 10–12. 

Limonia medexocha sp. nov., male 10 male habitus, lateral view 11 head and thorax, dorsal view 12 right wing. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Thorax mostly yellow (Figs 10, 11). Cervical sclerite pale brown with black outer margin. Pronotum dull yellow with dull brown median stripe. Prescutum with one broad, dark-brown mid-longitudinal stripe and black setulae at lateral margin. Scutum dark brown with black setulae around outer margin. Scutellum dark brown with tapered yellow median stripe. Mediotergite dark brown (Fig. 11). Mesopleura entirely light yellow except katepisternum with dark brown margin at antero-lateral corner and subspiracular sclerite dull yellow; center of episternum with eight black setulae. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow; femora yellowish brown with dark-brown terminal ring; tibiae yellowish brown, with dull brown subapical ring; tarsi reddish brown to dark brown. Setulae on legs black. Wing hyaline, pale brown; stigma pale brown with yellowish brown margin; Sc₁ apically reaching 3/5 of Rs; while Sc₂ apically reaching 3/4 of Rs; basal deflection of CuA₁ far before branching point of M. (Fig. 12). Halter with dull-brown stem and pale-brown to dark-brown knob (Fig. 10).

Abdomen mainly light yellow (Fig. 10). Dorsum with one dark-brown mid-longitudinal stripe. Abdominal segments 7–9 entirely dark brown; hypopygium mostly dark brown.

Hypopygium (Figs 9–12). Posterior margin of tergite 9 with two finger-like, sclerotized protrusions that constrict at base and project outward at apex (Fig. 9). Gonocoxite wide at base and narrow at apex, longer than wide. Gonostylus with blunt apex and swollen basal protrusion that is strongly outward and hairy (Figs 9–11). Paramere reniform with small apical protrusion and rod-shaped; apex ended at 2/5 of aedeagus (Figs 13–16). Aedeagus complex; mid-ventral margin with strong protrusion which is long and rectangular in lateral view (Fig. 15); outer margin serrated; apex with small notch; spherical protrusion located mid-ventrally at base (Figs 13–16).

Figures 13–16. 

Limonia medexocha sp. nov., male 13 hypopygium, dorsal view 14 hypopygium, ventral view 15 hypopygium, lateral view 16 aedeagus and paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 17–19. 

Limonia phragmitidis, male 17 male habitus, lateral view 18 head and thorax, dorsal view 19 right wing. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Female (unknown)

Holotype male, China: Ningxia, Guyuan, Liupan Mountain, 35.38N, 106.31E, elev. 2210 m, 2017.VII.20, Jiale Zhou (CAU). Paratypes: 1 male, China: Sichuan, Pingwu, Wanglang, elev. 2910 m, 2017.VII.29, Yuqiang Xi (CAU).

China (Ningxia: Guyuan; Sichuan: Pingwu).

The specific name, from Latin, medius (adj., meaning “middle”), and Greek exocha (adj., meaning “protruded”), refers to the median protrusion at the dorsal margin of the aedeagus.

This new species is very unique and differs from other known species of Limonia. This new species is somewhat similar to L. macrostigma (Schummel, 1829) in wing stigma. It can be separated from the latter by the following features: body yellow; occiput yellow with Y-shaped marking; gonostylus with obtuse apex; paramere with obtuse apex; aedeagus with strong mid-ventral protrusion. In L. macrostigma, the body is brown; the occiput is black brown; the prescutum has two lateral stripes; the gonostylus has a slender apex; the paramere has a slender and pointed apex; and the aedeagus has no mid-dorsal protrusion (Podenas and Podeniene 2017).

Flagellar verticils shorter than corresponding segment. Pronotum dark brown. Prescutum with one narrow, deep-brown longitudinal stripe. Wing pale brown with three small, brown markings at base of Rs, apical Sc, and R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 1/2 of Rs. Gonostylus with sharp apex and swollen base. Paramere ended at 3/5 of aedeagus. Aedeagus with unique H-shaped pattern at the mid-ventral margin. Female, hypogynial valve 2.1 times longer than wide at base.

Male (n = 7): body length 7–8.5 mm, wing length 8–9 mm.

Head dull brown (Figs 17, 18). Vertex dull brown. Occiput dull yellow, covered with black setulae. Antenna yellow and 14-segmented; scape yellow; pedicel oval; flagellomeres nearly cylindrical; flagellar verticils black, shorter than corresponding segment. Rostrum brown or dark brown. Labella pale yellow, except inner margin brown covered with black setulae. Palpi brown with black setulae.

Thorax mostly yellow (Figs 17, 18). Cervical sclerite pale brown, with black outer margin. Pronotum dark brown with black setulae. Prescutum with rather narrow, brown longitudinal stripe (anterior part wider than posterior part). Scutum pale yellow, with black setulae around outer margin. Scutellum pale yellow. Mediotergite pale yellow to yellow (Fig. 18). Mesopleura pale yellow to yellow; subspiracular sclerite pale yellow; anepimeron and katepisternum with black setulae. Legs with coxae and trochanters pale yellow; femora yellow with one dark-brown subapical ring; tibiae brown; tarsi brown to dark brown. Setulae on legs black. Wing hyaline, pale brown, with three small brown markings at base of R_s, apical Sc, and R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 1/2 of Rs; basal deflection of CuA₁ before branching point of M (Fig. 19). Halter: stem white; knob bicolor with upper part pale yellow to yellow while lower part white (Fig. 17).

Abdomen mainly yellow (Fig. 17). Sternite 8 reddish brown. Each abdominal segment with one pale-brown ring at posterior margin. Abdomen covered with golden setulae.

Hypopygium pale yellow (Figs 20–23). Posterior margin of tergite 9 narrowly emarginated (Fig. 20). Gonocoxite long cylindrical. Gonostylus with sharp apex and swollen base that covered with black setulae (Figs 20, 21). Paramere with fan-shaped base and sharp apex that ends at 3/5 of aedeagus (Figs 20–23). Aedeagus forked; ventral margin with mid-protrusion that triangular in lateral view and unique H-shaped pattern in middle (Figs 20–23).

Figures 20–23. 

Limonia phragmitidis, male 20 hypopygium, dorsal view 21 hypopygium, ventral view 22 hypopygium, lateral view 23 aedeagus and paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Female (n = 6): body length 8–10 mm, wing length 8–10 mm.

Female resembling male in head, thorax, and wing. Female terminalia pale yellow. Cercus yellowish brown, slightly arched dorsally at apex, slender, and 2.3 times longer than wide at base. Hypogynial valve 2.1 times longer than wide at base; lateral margin with black marking (Figs 24, 25).

Figures 24–25. 

Limonia phragmitidis, female 24 cercus and hypogynial valves, lateral view 25 cercus and hypogynial valves, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

1 male, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.69N, 86.79E, elev. 1170 m, 2016.VII.12, Jinlong Ren (light trap) (CAU). 24 males, 20 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.43N, 87.57E, elev. 1040 m, 2016.VII.21, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 60 males, 40 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.58N, 87.45E, elev. 1160 m, 2016.VII.21, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 47 males, 37 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1150 m, 2016.VII.22, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 35 males, 30 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1210 m, 2016.VII.23, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 female, China, Xinjiang, Gongliu, Kuerdening, 43.28N, 82.95E, elev. 1270 m, 2017.VII.26, Bing Zhang (CAU). 1 female, China, Xinjiang, Gongliu, Kuerdening, 43.25N, 82.83E, elev. 1140 m, 2017.VII.26, Bing Zhang (light trap) (CAU).

Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China (Xinjiang: Burqin, Habahe, Gongliu), Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkey, Ukraine.

This is the first report of this species from China.

Flagellar verticils black, 1.6 times longer than corresponding segment. Prescutum with one triangular, brown longitudinal stripe. Wing pale brown, with one small grayish black marking at R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 1/2 of Rs. Gonocoxite long cylindrical. Gonostylus with sharp apex and swollen, hairy base. Paramere with fan-shaped base and blunt apex that ends at 1/2 of aedeagus. Aedeagus with Y-shaped pattern at mid-ventral margin. Female, hypogynial valve 2.3 times longer than wide at base.

Male (n = 19): body length 7–9 mm, wing length 8–9 mm.

Head yellow (Figs 26–28). Vertex yellow. Occiput dull yellow, covered with black setulae. Antenna yellow and 14-segmented; scape yellow; pedicel oval; flagellomeres cylindrical and bicolor, brown at base and pale yellow at apex; flagellar verticils black, 1.6 times longer than corresponding segment. Rostrum and nasus pale yellow, nasus 1/4 as long as rostrum. Labella pale yellow, with black setulae, except inner margin brown. Palpi yellow except terminal segment brown.

Figures 26–28. 

Limonia stigma, male 26 male habitus, lateral view 27 head and thorax, dorsal view 28 right wing. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Thorax mostly yellow (Figs 17, 18). Cervical sclerite yellow with black margin at antero-lateral margin. Pronotum dark brown, with black setulae. Prescutum with one brown, triangular longitudinal stripe (anterior part wider than posterior part); two setulae and longitudinal rows at middle. Scutum pale yellow, with black, oblique setulae at middle. Scutellum white. Mediotergite pale yellow, variegated with white (Fig. 27). Mesopleura pale yellow to yellow; subspiracular sclerite yellow; katepisternum with black setulae. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow; femora dull yellow with one dark-brown subapical ring; tibiae brown with dark-brown subapical ring; tarsi brown to dark brown. Setulae on legs black. Wing hyaline, pale brown with one small grayish black marking at R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 1/2 of Rs; basal deflection of CuA₁ before branching point of M (Fig. 28). Halter dull yellow; knob bicolor, with upper part dull yellow and lower part white (Fig. 26).

Abdomen mainly yellow (Fig. 26). Sternite 7 reddish brown. Each abdominal segment with one pale-brown ring at posterior margin. Abdomen covered with golden setulae.

Hypopygium yellow (Fig. 26). Posterior margin of tergite 9 emarginated (Fig. 29). Gonocoxite long cylindrical. Gonostylus with sharp apex and swollen and hairy base (Figs 29, 30). Paramere with fan-shaped base and blunt apex that ended at 1/2 of aedeagus (Figs 29–32). Aedeagus forked; ventral margin with mid-protrusion triangular in lateral view; unique Y-shaped pattern at middle that anterior margin with short mid-protrusion (Figs 20–23).

Figures 29–32. 

Limonia stigma, male 29 hypopygium, dorsal view 30 hypopygium, ventral view 31 hypopygium, lateral view 32 aedeagus and paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Female (n = 11): body length 7.5–9 mm, wing length 7.5–10 mm.

Female resembling male in head, thorax, and wing. Female terminalia pale yellow. Cercus yellowish brown, slightly arched dorsally at apex, slender, and 3 times longer than wide at base. Hypogynial valve 2.3 times longer than wide at base; lateral margin with triangular black marking (Figs 33, 34).

Figures 33–34. 

Limonia stigma, female 33 cercus and hypogynial valves, lateral view 34 cercus and hypogynial valves, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

6 males, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.43N, 87.57E, elev. 1040 m, 2016.VII.21, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 13 males, 2 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.58N, 87.45E, elev. 1160 m, 2016.VII.21, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 32 males, 16 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1150 m, 2016.VII.22, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 10 males, 3 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1200 m, 2016.VII.23, Jinlong Ren (CAU).

Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (Xinjiang: Burqin), Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.

This is the first report of this species from China.

Flagellar verticils 1.5 times longer than corresponding segment. Prescutum with three reddish-brown longitudinal stripes. Scutum dark brown, with triangular yellow marking at postero-lateral margin. Wing dull brown, variegated with zigzag whitish bands at origin of Rs before cord; Sc₂ apically reaching 1/2 of Rs. Posterior margin of tergite 9 emarginated with two finger-like, sclerotized protrusions. Paramere with blunt apex that ends at 7/10 of aedeagus. Female, hypogynial valve 1.8 times longer than wide at base.

Male (n = 4): body length 6.5–7 mm, wing length 7–7.5 mm.

Head mostly black-brown (Fig. 35). Vertex dark brown. Occiput dark brown, covered with sparse setulae. Antenna 14-segmented; scape, pedicel, and flagellomeres black-brown, except for basally dull-yellow first flagellomere; flagellar verticils black, 1.5 times longer than corresponding segment. Nasus 2/5 as long as rostrum. Rostrum and nasus brown to dark brown, with black setulae. Labella pale brown, with black setulae. Palpi brownish gray, with black setulae.

Figures 35–38. 

Limonia subcosta sp. nov., male 35 male habitus, lateral view 36 head and thorax, dorsal view 37 right wing 38 wing of Limonia pernigrina Alexander, 1938, holotype. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Thorax (Figs 35, 36). Mostly reddish brown to black brown. Cervical sclerite dark brown, with black outer margin. Pronotum dark brown, with sparse black setulae. Prescutum with three reddish brown longitudinal stripes. Scutum dark brown, with triangular yellow marking at postero-lateral margin. Scutellum brown with black setulae at posterior margin. Mediotergite reddish brown, with U-shaped, black-brown marking at posterior margin (Fig. 28). Mesopleura entirely black-brown; episternum with sparse, yellow setulae. Legs: coxae and trochanters brown, with black setulae; femora, tibiae, and tarsi dull brown; femora with two subapical rings (outer one black-brown, inner one dull brown). Wing dull brown, variegated with zigzag whitish bands at origin of Rs before cord (basal section of R₄₊₅, r-m, and m-cu); Sc₂ apically reaching 1/2 of Rs; basal deflection of CuA₁ slightly beyond branching point of M; R₂ absent (Fig. 37). Halter with stem brown; knob dull brown (Fig. 35).

Abdomen (Fig. 35). Mainly reddish brown. Posterior margin of abdominal segments 1–4 with dark-brown ring. Venter dull yellow. Posterior margin of abdominal segments 5–8 with pale yellow ring. Hypopygium reddish brown. Abdominal setulae black.

Hypopygium (Figs 39–42). Posterior margin of tergite 9 emarginated with two finger-like, sclerotized protrusions (Fig. 39). Gonocoxite wider than long (Figs 39–41). Gonostylus black-brown, apically slender, and basally with slightly swollen covered with longer setulae (Figs 31, 32). Proctiger globular and membranous. Paramere with short obtuse apex (Fig. 34). Paramere with fan-shaped base and blunt apex that ended at 7/10 of aedeagus (Figs 41, 42). Aedeagus forked; ventral margin with mid-protrusion that anterior margin with cube-shaped (Figs 40, 42).

Figures 39–42. 

Limonia subcosta sp. nov., male 39 hypopygium, dorsal view 40 hypopygium, ventral view 41 hypopygium, lateral view 42 aedeagus and paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Female (n = 5): body length 7–8 mm, wing length 7–8.5 mm.

Female resembling male in head, thorax, and wing. Female terminalia (Fig. 46) reddish brown. Cercus brown, with slightly arched dorsally at apex, slender, and 2 times longer than wide at base. Hypogynial valve 1.8 times longer than wide at base; lateral margin with oval, black marking (Figs 43, 44).

Figures 43–44. 

Limonia subcosta sp.nov., female 43 cercus and hypogynial valves, lateral view 44 cercus and hypogynial valves, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Holotype male, China: Shaanxi, Foping, Panda valley, 33.66N, 107.98E, elev. 1470 m, 2016.VII.10–2016.VII.21, Ruie Nie (Malaise trap) (CAU). Paratypes: 2 males, 2 females, China: Shaanxi, Foping, Panda valley, 33.67N, 107.98E, elev. 1460 m, 2016.VII.17–2016.VII.19, Ruie Nie (Malaise trap) (CAU). 1 male, China: Shaanxi, Foping, Panda valley, 33.67N, 107.979E, elev. 1470 m, 2016.VII.17, Ruie Nie (Malaise trap) (CAU). 1 male, 1 female, China: Shaanxi, Foping, Panda valley, 33.67N, 107.98E, elev. 1470 m, 2016.VII.17–2016. VII.21, Ruie Nie (Malaise trap) (CAU). 2 females, China: Shaanxi, Yangxian, Maopingzhen, elev. 910 m, 2017. VIII.8, Xulong Chen (Malaise trap) (CAU).

China (Shaanxi: Foping, Yangxian).

The specific name, from Latin, sub and costa (meaning “below the costa”, refers to relative position of Sc to Rs.

This new species is similar to L. pernigrina Alexander, 1938 in the wing marking and shape of the gonostylus. It can be separated from the latter by the following features: Sc₂ ended at 1/2 of Rs; branch pointing of Rs with small, whitish spot; posterior margin of tergite 9 with a narrow, median recession and long, finger-like protrusions (Figs 29, 31). In L. pernigrina, the Sc₂ ends almost at branch of Rs; the branch pointing of Rs has a large whitish band that is linked anteriorly with the costal margin of the wing (Fig. 30); and the posterior margin of tergite 9 has a broad, median recession and short, finger-like protrusions (Alexander 1938b).

Flagellar verticils 2 times longer than corresponding segment, but shorter in some specimens. Prescutum with one very broad brown mid-longitudinal stripe. Wings yellow variegated with grayish smoky markings, and three grayish spots at basal Rs, apical Sc and R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 1/2–3/4 of Rs. Gonostylus long and slender. Posterior margin of tergite 9 emarginated. Gonostylus with sharp apex and swollen base. Apex of paramere ended at 3/4 of aedeagus. Ventral margin of aedeagus with H-shaped. Female, hypogynial valve 2.3 times longer than wide at base.

Male (n = 13): body length 6–8 mm, wing length 7–8 mm.

Head dull brown (Figs 45, 46). Vertex dull brown, with two yellow markings at outer margin near eyes (Fig. 46). Occiput dull yellow, covered with black setulae. Antenna yellow and 14-segmented; scape and pedicel dull brown; flagellomeres nearly cylindrical; flagellar verticils grayish yellow, 2 times longer than corresponding segment but short in some specimens. Nasus 1/2 as long as rostrum. Rostrum brown or dull brown. Labella pale yellow, except inner margin brown. Palpi brown, with black setulae.

Figures 45–47. 

Limonia sylvicola, male 45 male habitus, lateral view 46 head and thorax, dorsal view 47 right wing. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Thorax mostly brownish yellow (Figs 45, 46). Cervical sclerite pale brown, with black outer margin. Pronotum dark brown, with black setulae. Prescutum with broad, brown longitudinal stripe, and with black setulae at lateral margin. Scutum brown, with black setulae at outer margin. Scutellum pale yellow, but mid-anterior margin with round, yellow marking. Mediotergite dull brown (Fig. 46). Mesopleura dull yellow; subspiracular sclerite brownish yellow; anepimeron and katepisternum with black setulae. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow, except frontal coxae brown; femora yellow, with one dark-brown subapical ring; tibiae yellow, with reddish-brown subapical ring; tarsi yellow to dark brown onwards. Setulae on legs black. Wings yellow, variegated with grayish smoky markings, and three grayish spots at basal Rs, apical Sc, and R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 1/2–3/4 of Rs; basal deflection of CuA₁ beyond branching point of M; some specimens R₂ absent in some specimens (Fig. 47). Halter: stem white; knob dull gray.

Abdomen mainly brown (Fig. 45). Sternite 8 reddish brown. Each abdominal segment with one pale-brown ring at posterior margin. Abdomen covered with golden setulae. Abdominal segments 7–8 reddish brown.

Hypopygium reddish brown (Figs 49–51). Posterior margin of tergite 9 emarginated (Fig. 48). Gonocoxite long cylindrical. Gonostylus with sharp apex and swollen base covered with black setulae (Figs 48, 49). Paramere with fan-shaped base and sharp apex, ending at 3/4 of aedeagus (Figs 49–51). Aedeagus forked; ventral margin with mid-protrusion triangular in lateral view; ventral margin with uniquely H-shaped pattern in middle and anterior margin fish-tail-like in shape (Figs 49, 51).

Figures 48–52. 

Limonia sylvicola, male 48 hypopygium, dorsal view 49 hypopygium, ventral view 50 hypopygium, lateral view 51 aedeagus and paramere 52 habitat, Hemu, Burqin, Xinjiang, China on 22 June 2017. Scale bars: = 0.1 mm (48–51).

Female (n = 4): body length 9 mm, wing length 8–10 mm.

Female resembling male in head, thorax, and wing. Female terminalia pale yellow. Cercus yellow with slightly arched dorsally at apex, slender and 2.4 times longer than wide at base. Hypogynial valve 2.3 times longer than wide at base; lateral margin with broad, black marking (Figs 53, 54).

Figures 53–54. 

Limonia sylvicola, female 53 cercus and hypogynial valves, lateral view 54 cercus and hypogynial valves, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

This species is often collected with L. phragmitidis (Schrank, 1781) and L. stigma (Meigen, 1818), and it is a dominant species in Hemu (China: Xinjiang, Burqin). These species often aggregate in shaded understory plants in white birch forests during the day (Fig. 46).

1 male, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.68N, 86.79E, elev. 1350 m, 2016.VII.11, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.67N, 86.80E, elev. 1020 m, 2016.VII.12, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.67N, 86.79E, elev. 1630 m, 2016.VII.12, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 male China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.66N, 86.79E, elev. 1730 m, 2016.VII.13, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 2 males, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Kanas, 48.68N, 86.99E, elev. 1470 m, 2016.VII.16, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 7 males, 2 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Kanas Lake, 48.74N, 87.01E, elev. 1390 m, 2016.VII.17, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 2 males, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Kanas, 48.66N, 87.00E, elev. 1310 m, 2016.VII.19, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 female, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.43N, 87.57E, elev. 1040 m, 2016.VII.21, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 12 males, 9 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.58N, 87.45E, elev. 1160 m, 2016.VII.21, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 103 males, 58 females (CAU), China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1150 m, 2016.VII.22, Jinlong Ren. 1 male, 1 female, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.572530N, 87.433929E, elev. 1090 m, 2016.VII.22, Jinlong Ren (light trap) (CAU). 276 males, 152 females, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1200 m, 2016.VII.23, Jinlong Ren (CAU).

China (Xinjiang: Burqin, Habahe), Japan (Hokkaido), Kazakhstan, Russia.

This is the first report of this species from China.

Flagellar verticils 2.5 times longer than corresponding segment. Prescutum with five narrow, brown longitudinal stripes, except middle and lateral stripes dark brown. Wings with three dull-brown spots at basal Rs, apical Sc, and R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 7/10 of Rs. Gonostylus with sharp apex and wider base. Apical paramere ended at 5/7 of aedeagus. Ventral margin of aedeagus with Y-shaped pattern.

Male (n = 3): body length 9–10 mm, wing length 7–8 mm.

Head dark brown (Figs 55, 56). Vertex dark brown (Fig. 56). Occiput dull yellow, covered with black setulae. Antenna yellow and 14-segmented; scape and pedicel dull brown; flagellomeres brown, nearly cylindrical; flagellar verticils grayish yellow, 2.5 times longer than corresponding segment. Nasus 1/2 as long as rostrum. Labella pale yellow, covered with black setulae, except inner margin brown. Palpi brown, with black setulae.

Figures 55–57. 

Limonia taurica, male 55 male habitus, lateral view 56 head and thorax, dorsal view 57 right wing. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Thorax mostly brown (Figs 55, 56). Cervical sclerite dull brown, with black outer margin. Pronotum dark brown, with black setulae. Prescutum with five narrow, brown longitudinal stripes, except middle and lateral stripes dark brown, lateral margin of prescutum with oval, dark marking (Fig. 56). Scutum reddish brown, with triangular yellow marking at postero-lateral margin, covered with sparse setulae at anterior margin. Scutellum dull yellow, with pale yellow markings at posterior margin. Mediotergite reddish brown, with two dull yellow markings at posterior margin (Fig. 56). Mesopleura reddish brown; subspiracular sclerite reddish brown; katepisternum with black setulae. Legs with coxae and trochanters dull yellow, except frontal coxae brown; femora yellow with dark-brown subapical ring; tibiae yellow with reddish-brown subapical ring; tarsi yellow to dark brown onwards. Setulae on legs black. Wings brown with three dull-brown spots at basal Rs, apical Sc, and R₂; Sc₁ apically reaching 7/10 of Rs (Fig. 57). Halter: stem white to brown; knob brown but white at posterior part.

Abdomen mainly pale brown (Fig. 55). Each abdominal segment with broad, reddish-brown ring at posterior margin. Abdominal segments 7 and 8 entirely reddish brown. Abdominal setulae golden.

Hypopygium reddish brown (Figs 58–61). Posterior margin of tergite 9 slightly emarginated (Fig. 58). Gonocoxite long cylindrical. Gonostylus with sharp apex and the wider base (Figs 58, 59). Paramere with fan-shaped base and blunt apex, ending at 5/7 of aedeagus (Figs 58–61). Aedeagus forked; ventral margin with mid-protrusion triangular in lateral view; ventral margin with Y-shaped middle and anterior margin rounded (Figs 49, 51).

Figures 58–61. 

Limonia taurica, male 58 hypopygium, dorsal view 59 hypopygium, ventral view 60 hypopygium, lateral view 61 aedeagus and paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Female (n = 5): body length 8.5–9 mm, wing length 9–10 mm.

Female resembling male in head, thorax, and wing. Female terminalia pale yellow. Cercus yellow with slightly arched dorsally at apex, slender, and 3 times longer than wide at base. Hypogynial valve 5.3 times longer than wide at base; lateral margin with triangular, black marking (Figs 62, 63).

Figures 62–63. 

Limonia taurica, female. 62 cercus and hypogynial valves, lateral view 63 cercus and hypogynial valves, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

2 males, 2 females, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.69N, 86.79E, elev. 1170 m, 2016.VII.12, Bing Zhang (light trap) (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Kanas, 48.68N, 86.99E, elev. 1470 m, 2016.VII.16, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 2 females, China: Xinjiang, Habahe, Baihabacun, 48.69N, 86.78E, elev. 1170 m, 2016.VII.13, Bing Zhang (light trap) (CAU). 1 male, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1150 m, 2016.VII.22, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 1 female, China: Xinjiang, Burqin, Hemu, 48.56N, 87.44E, elev. 1200 m, 2016.VII.23, Jinlong Ren (CAU). 2 males, 1 female, China: Inner Mongolia, Hohehot, Xiaojinggou, 39.79N, 111.40E, elev. 1400 m, 2016.VII.27, Ding Yang (CAU).

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China (Xinjiang: Burqin, Habahe; Inner Mongolia: Hohehot), Czech Rep., France, Germany, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.

This is the first report of this species from China.