Eleven new species of theridiosomatid spiders from southern China (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

Shuqiang Li; Qingyuan Zhao

doi:10.3897/zookeys.255.3272

ZooKeys 255: 1–48, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.255.3272

Eleven new species of theridiosomatid spiders from southern China (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

Qingyuan Zhao 1,2,†, Shuqiang Li 1,‡

1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

† urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:37C8117C-D5AE-4900-9FE6-E89AC30554CE

‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:0968F85E-881F-43FD-8E6A-BE570F9E334F

Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li (lisq@ioz.ac.cn)

Academic editor: J. Miller

received 23 April 2012 | accepted 13 December 2012 | Published 27 December 2012

(C) 2012 Qingyuan Zhao. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Abstract

Two new genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae, Alaria gen.n. with the type species Alaria chengguanensis sp. n., Menglunia gen.n. with the type species Menglunia inaffecta sp. n., are described from Guizhou and Yunnan, China. Nine more new species from Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Yunnan Provinces of southern China are described: Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n., Baalzebub youyiensis sp. n., Karstia nitidasp. n., Karstia prolata sp. n., Ogulnius hapalus sp. n., Theridiosoma plumaria sp. n., Theridiosoma triumphalis sp. n., Theridiosoma vimineum sp. n., Zoma fascia sp. n. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.

Keywords

Biodiversity, taxonomy, canopy, cave, leaf litter

Introduction

Theridiosomatids are small (usually ≤ 3mm), widely distributed, and cryptozoic spiders, which can be found in damp, dark habitats (litter layer of forest or caves). They can be easily recognized by the presence of a pair of pits on the anterior margin of the sternum near the labial base (Fig. 9D), the disproportionately large globular pedipalps (except for genus Menglunia), and the long dorsal trichobothria on the third and fourth tibia (Coddington 1986).

The genera of family Theridiosomatidae were reviewed and revised by Coddington in 1986. Based on cladistic analysis, he recognized 4 subfamilies: Platoninae, Epeirotypinae, Ogulniinae and Theridiosomatinae. He also described/redescribed 9 genera and validated 28 species in his paper. Since then, 5 new genera and 25 new species have been discovered worldwide. In 2011, Wunderlich introduced three new theridiosomatid species from Laos and recognized one new subfamily: Luangnaminae. He also downgraded Platoninae, Epeirotypinae, and Ogulniinae to tribal rank based on rare or special characters. According to Platnick (2012), there are currently 16 genera and 89 species belonging to this family. Three widespread genera including Ogulnius, Theridiosoma, Wendilgarda, can be found in China and other Asian countries. The genus Coddingtonia was the first genus known only from China. As a monotypic genus, Coddingtonia is distinguished from other theridiosomatids by its distantly-separated spermathecae and long copulatory ducts. Miller et al. (2009) also discovered new species from other six genera, three of which were found in China for the first time. Zoma dibaiyin as the second speices and first known male from the genus Zoma, gives us new thoughts about the validation of Theridiosoma taiwanica (Zhang & Zhu, 2006). According to the illustrations given by that paper, we found that it resembles several critical features possessed by Zoma rather than Theridiosoma. We have no doubt that it will make more sense if it could be transferred to genus Zoma. The genus Karstia, including two species, was created by Chen (2010). As the second genus endemic to China, Karstia is placed in the Theridiosomatinae for three synapomorphies it shares with the other members of this subfamily: a row of short bristles on the cymbium at the junction with cymbial lamella, elongated median apophysis with a trough or groove along its upper surface, and singly attached egg sacs (Chen 2010: figs 12, 13, 30). Two new species of Kastia are described here in this paper, merely on the basis of the female characteristics, further diagnosis will be done when males are collected. To a certain extant, Karstia and Baalzebub are seemingly closely related, despite the fact Karstia has a few unique features: presence of cymbium apophysis, and stout, overlapped spermathecae, the accuracy or verity of it is still questionable to us, and more study efforts desperately need to be put into this extraordinary genus in the future.

Theridiosomatids in China are mainly found in the southern provinces: Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan and Yunnan, which is consistent with the tropical and subtropical preferences typical for this family. Some theridiosomatids are associated with caves, which are characterized by stable humidity and temperature. In this paper, we provide descriptions and distribution data for eleven new species collected in Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Yunnan.

Method

Specimens were examined using a LEICA M205 C stereomicroscope. Further details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. All illustrations were made using a camera lucida attached to an Olympus BX51 compound microscope, and then inked on ink jet plotter paper. Male and female genitalia were examined and illustrated after being dissected from the spiders’ bodies. Left pedipalps of male spiders were illustrated, except as otherwise indicated. Vulvae of female were removed and cleared in lactic acid or warm 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution before illustration. All embolic divisions and vulvae were illustrated after being embedded in Arabic gum. Type specimens examined were preserved in 75% ethanol solution. Photos were taken with an Olympus c7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope. Images from multiple focal planes were combined using Helicon Focus (version 3.10.3) image stacking software. All measurements are given in millimeters. Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus).

SEM images were taken using the HITACHI S-3000N at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Specimens for SEM examination were critical point dried and sputter coated with gold-palladium. Specimens were mounted on copper pedestal using double-sided adhesive tape.

All type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.

Chaetotaxy. Macrosetae are marked for the dorsal (d), prolateral (p), retrolateral (r), and ventral (v) surfaces of the legs. Metatarsal trichobothrium (Tm) is given as the ratio of the distance between the proximal margin of the metatarsus and the root of the trichobothrium divided by the total length of the metatarsus (Locket and Millidge 1953) and Tm value for each leg is given as Tm I, Tm II, Tm III, Tm IV respectively.

Abbreviations and conventions. Abbreviations used in the text are given in Table 1. References to figures in cited papers are listed in lowercase type (fig.); Figures of this paper are noted with an initial capital (Fig.).

When extra materials are examined and recorded, and the paratype’s collecting information is the same as holotype’s, it will be implied in brackets as [same data as holotype].

Table 1.

List of abbreviations used in the text and figures.

Male pedipalp
Co	conductor
E	embolus
EA	embolic apophysis
MA	median apophysis
PC	paracymbium
T	tegulum
Vulva
CD	Copulatory duct
S	spermatheca
Spinnerets spigot morphology
AC	aciniform gland spigot
AG	aggregate gland spigot
ALS	anterior lateral spinneret
CY	cylindrical gland spigot
FL	flagelliform gland spigot
MAP	major ampullate gland spigot
mAP	minor ampullate gland spigot
PI	piriform gland spigot
PLS	posterior lateral spinneret
PMS	posterior median spinneret
t	tartipore
Institution
IZCAS	Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Taxonomy

Key to Theridiosomatidae from southern China

(Species known from one sex is marked as ‘m’ or ‘f’ to represent their holotype’s sex ‘male’ or ‘female’; if unmarked, it means they are known from both sexes)

1	Posterior median eyes separated by about their diameter or more (Figs 20C–D)	2
	Posterior median eyes separated by less than 1/2 their diameter or less (Figs 7C–D)	3
2	The turning made by the copulatory ducts bends outwardly (Fig. 20B). Median apophysis mesally with a projection oriented distoventrally (Fig. 19A). Embolic apophysis long, whip-like (Fig. 19C)	Ogulnius hapalus sp. n.
–	The turning made by the copulatory ducts bends inwardly. Median apophysis with apex oriented distodorsally. Embolic apophysis filiform (Miller et al. 2009: figs 5C, 3D, 4G)	Ogulnius barbandrewsi
3	Females	4
–	Males	21
4	Scape present (Fig. 2B)	5
–	Scape absent (Fig. 16A)	14
5	Scape protruding from beneath the epigynal plate (Fig. 4A)	6
–	Scape protruding from epigyne’s posterior rim (Fig. 7A)	9
6	Scape less sclerotized, smaller and partially exposed (Coddington 1986: fig. 206)	7
–	Scape more sclerotized, and utterly exposed. Spermathecae juxtaposed. Copulatory ducts rise and curl up to form a blunt-tipped projection at each side (Figs 2A, 5D)	Alaria chengguanensis sp. n.
7	Spermathecae juxtaposed, unseparated	8
–	Spermathecae separated (Song and Zhu 1994: fig. 5)	(f) Wendilgarda assmensis
8	Epigyne with a deeper median invagination of the posterior margin Miller et al. 2009: 11D	Wendilgarda muji
–	Epigyne with a blunt tip and concave posterior margin (Zhu and Wang 1992: fig. 3)	Wendilgarda sinensis
9	Spermathecae distally fused (Fig. 7B)	10
–	Spermathecae juxtaposed or overlapped (Fig. 11B)	11
10	Scape with a central pit on the epigynal plate. Spermathecae long, narrow, form an arcade-shaped conformation (Figs 7A–B)	Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n.
–	Scape with a semi-transparent distal tip. Spermathecae small, elliptical (Figs 9A–B)	(f) Baalzebub youyiensis sp. n.
–	Epigyne subtriangular, pointed posteriorly with concave margins so medial part is more acute than lateral part (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 3E)	(f) Baalzebub nemesis
11	Spermathecae juxtaposed (Fig. 11B)	12
–	Spermathecae overlapped at the tip (Chen 2010: fig. 6)	13
12	Epigyne small, with a short, distally spherical scape protruding from posterior margin of epigynal plate (Figs 17A, D, E)	(f) Karstia nitidasp. n.
–	Epigyne with a long, apiculate scape protruding perpendicularly (slightly tilted) from posterior margin of epigynal plate (Figs 5A, 18E–F)	(f) Karstia prolata sp. n.
13	Epigyne with an apiculate, approximately triangular scape. Spermathecae potato-like, bulging and stout (Chen 2010: fig. 20)	Karstia coddingtoni
–	Epigyne with a triangular scape protruding from its posterior rim. Spermathecae peanut-shape stout and simple (Chen 2010: fig. 6)	Karstia upperyangtz
14	Spermathecae separated by less their diameter or juxtaposed (Fig. 16B)	15
–	Spermathecae separated by nearly their diameter (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 11F)	(f) Coddingtonia euryopoides
15	Spermathecae spherical, separated from each other (Fig. 16B)	Menglunia inaffecta sp. n.
	Spermathecae juxtaposed (Fig. 2A)	16
16	Abdomen with silver patches forming curved transverse strip (Figs 29C–D)	17
	Abdomen without silver patches forming curved transverse strip	18
17	The upper rim of the spermathecae is the same height as the copulatory ducts (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 11B)	Zoma didaiyin
–	The spermathecae is above the loop made by the copulatory ducts (Fig. 29B)	Zoma fascia sp. n.
18	Epigyne with a deep atrium, height of opening about one third the width in posterior view (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 3B)	Epeirotypus dalong
–	Atrium absent (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 3F) or slit-like (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 13A), height of opening (if visible) much less than one third the width in posterior view	19
19	Epigyne with pair of processes arising from posterolateral margin running toward each other (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 3H)	(f) Theridiosoma shuangbi
–	Epigyne without pair of processes arising from posterolateral margin	20
20	Posterior margin of epigyne with median longitudinal slit (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 9A)	Theridiosoma diwang
–	Posterior margin of epigyne without median longitudinal slit, but with a median transverse ridge (Zhang et al. 2006: fig. 2)	Theridiosoma taiwanica
21	Embolic apophysis absent (Fig. 1C)	22
–	Embolic apophysis present (Fig. 6C)	24
22	Tegulum without tuberculate-textured mesal lobe	23
–	Tegulum with tuberculate-textured mesal lobe. Median apophysis lightly sclerotized, with fine distoventral projection. Conductor a complex of sclerotized and membranous structure enveloping thick embolus for most of its length (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 2A)	Epeirotypus dalong
23	Embolus long, whip-like, mostly enveloped in conductor (Figs 1B–D). Median apophysis disproportionately large, orienting and stretching along the longitudinal axis of pedipalp (Figs 1A, 3A)	Alaria chengguanensis sp. n.
–	Embolus short, stout (Figs 15B, 17B). Tegulum suboval shaped (Fig. 15D). Median apophysis with a short projection oriented distoventrally (Fig. 15A)	Menglunia inaffecta sp. n.
24	Embolic division simple with one filiform embolic apophysis (Fig. 28C)	25
–	Embolic division complex with more than one embolic apophysis (Fig. 24C)	26
25	Exposed embolic apophysis short with a triangular tip, embolus ‘Z’-shaped (Figs 28A–D)	Zoma fascia sp. n.
–	Exposed embolic apophysis long; embolic division with a moderate branching (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 10F)	Zoma dibaiyin
26	The mesal bristle of the embolic apophysis protruding from beneath the conductor and lying long the mesal side of the conductor itself (Coddington 1986: fig. 198)	27
–	The palp without a mesal bristle of apophysis protruding from beneath the conductor and lying long the mesal side of the conductoritself	28
27	Conductor with a spear-shaped apophysis, above median apophysis (Zhu and Wang 1992: fig. 7)	Wendilgarda sinensis
–	Conductor without a spear-shaped apophysis. Palpa tibia with one trichobothrium. Median apophysis sclerotized with concave dorsal margin (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 12E)	Wendilgarda muji
28	Embolic apophysis with blunt, spatulate processes, without a mesal bristle (Coddington 1986: fig. 162; Chen 2010: fig. 11)	29
–	Embolic apophysis fragments, filiform, with tips protruding out of conductor (Fig. 24B)	31
29	Median apophysis elongated and has a trough of groove along its upper surface. Cymbium with apophysis (Chen 2010: figs 26–27)	30
–	Median apophysis small, triangular and cleft (Figs 6A, D). Embolic apophysis spatulate arching structure with abruptly acuminated distal ends (Fig. 6C)	Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n.
30	Cymbium apophysis small. Paracymbium with a long spine on the distal end (Chen 2009: fig. 13)	Karstia upperyangze
–	Cymbium apophysis big, distally crooked. Paracymbium without a long spine (Chen 2009: fig. 27)	Karstia coddingtoni
31	Conductor with plumose branching (Fig. 22C). Median apophysis with a curved lobe attenuates distally (Fig. 23A)	(m) Theridiosoma plumaria sp. n.
–	Conductor without plumose branching	32
32	Two embolic apophysis fragments form a 'V'-shaped conformation (Figs 24A–B)	(m) Theridiosoma triumphalis sp. n.
–	One embolic apophysis fragment forms a beak-shaped conformation (Figs 26A–B). Conductor with a piece of long, pliant apophysis protruding from its ridge and stretching towards median apophysis (Figs 26B, D)	(m) Theridiosoma vimineum sp. n.

Genus Alaria gen. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A977D6FD-0DFF-448D-A83D-09193762595F

http://species-id.net/wiki/Alaria

Type species.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n.

Etymology.

The generic epithet is derived from the Latin ‘alarius’, meaning ‘of wings’, which refers to the two projections of the copulatory ducts at each side, which resembles a pair of wings. Gender is feminine.

Diagnosis.

The unique structure of epigyne distinguishes Alaria from other theridiosomatids. Like in Wendilgarda and Chthonopes, the scape in female Alaria protrudes from beneath epigynal plate (Coddington 1986: figs 206, 213; Wunderlich 2011: figs 18d–e), but is utterly exposed, and more sclerotized, like a shield attached to the abdomen (Figs 2A–B, 4A–B). The conformation of the copulatory ducts is similar to that in Ogulnius obtectus (Coddington 1986: fig. 113), but copulatory ducts make one coil before the conjuncture with spermathecae instead a fold (Fig. 2B). The paracymbium in Alaria is neither a T-shaped lobe as in most thridiosomatids nor a broad apophysis as in Epeirotypinae, it is a thick, elongated structure with a small hooked projection (Fig. 3D). The long, whip-like embolus in Alaria resembles embolic apophysis in Ogulnius (Coddington 1986: figs 100–101, 116, 118), but proportionately much longer and mostly enveloped in conductor (Fig. 1B–D). The median apophysis of Alaria is disproportionately large, stretching along the longitudinal axis of pedipalp with two curved, pointed distal ends (Figs 1A, 3A), which is never seen in any other theridiosomatid genus. Based on the combination of features mentioned above, Alaria should be recognized as a new genus, and is likely close to Wendilgarda and Chthonopes.

Species.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5EEE5079-3F6D-48CC-84D1-1A26BAD71F78

http://species-id.net/wiki/Alaria_chengguanensis

Figs 1–5

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Guizhou: Bijie City, Chengguan Town, Xiaohe Village, Xiniu Cave, 27°21.231'N, 105°17.186'E, elevation ca 1515 m, 30 April 2007, J. Liu & Y.C. Lin (IZCAS), 1 male.

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 13 males, 8 females.

Etymology.

This specific name chéng guān ( ) refers to its type locality; adjective.

Diagnosis.

See diagnosis for genus.

Description.

Carapace brownish red, with symmetric dark veins. Sternum yellow with dark brown margins. Legs yellow, dark brown distally at joints, especially tibiae. Abdomen tan with dark grey and silver patches (Figs 2A–B).

Male pedipalp: Patella with strong sinuous macroseta. Tibia with two trichobothria. Cymbium with small cluster of long setae proximally (Figs 1B, 3D). Paracymbium elongated, curved near base (Figs 1B, 3D). Tegulum smooth. Median apophysis wide, longitudinally grooved, strongly sclerotized, with curved and pointed distal region. Conductor a thick, looped, blade-shaped structure enveloping embolus for most of its length (Figs 1B–D). Embolus long, slim.

Vulva: Epigyne with long, tongue-shaped scape protruding from beneath its concaved margin. Scape slightly humped with a small transverse opening at its distal end. Spermathecae juxtaposed. Copulatory ducts rise and curl up to form a blunt-tipped projection at each side (Figs 2A, 5D).

Male (holotype): Total length 2.10, carapace 1.24 long, 1.08 wide, clypeus 0.13, sternum 0.6 long, 0.6 wide, coxae IV separated by two thirds their width. Posterior median eyes separated by half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur d 1, patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 1, v 2, r 1, metatarsus p 1, v 1; Leg II: femur d 2, patella d 2, tibia d 1, p 1, v 1, r 1, metatarsus p 1, v 1; Leg III: femur d 3, patella d 1, tibia p 1, v 2, metatarsus d 1, p 1, r 1; Leg IV: femur d 1, tibia p 1, v 1, r 1, metatarsus p 1, v 1, r 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.27; Tm II: 0.30; Tm III: 0.84; Tm IV: 0.24. Leg measurements: I 3.98 (1.25, 0.50, 0.85, 0.88, 0.50); II 3.09 (1.00, 0.43, 0.63, 0.63, 0.40); III 2.27 (0.68, 0.35, 0.38, 0.48, 0.38); IV 2.95 (0.93, 0.38, 0.63, 0.63, 0.38).

Female (one of paratypes): Total length 2.50, carapace 1.25 long, 1.25 wide, clypeus 0.08, sternum 0.78 long, 0.63 wide, coxae IV separated by 1 time their width. Posterior median eyes separated by half their diameter. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.21 ; Tm II: 0.25; Tm III: 0.48; Tm IV: 0.27. Leg measurements: I 4.66 (1.05, 0.63, 0.95, 0.95, 0.63); II 3.75 (1.20, 0.55, 0.75, 0.75, 0.50); III 2.48(0.75, 0.33, 0.50, 0.50, 0.40); IV 3.75 (1.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.75, 0.50).

Figure 1.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n., male holotype. A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Pedipalp, ventral view C Embolic division, dorsal view D Pedipalp, retrolateral view. Co conductor; MA median apophysis; PC paracymbium; T tegulum. Scale bars: D as A.

Figure 2.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n., male holotype (C) and female paratype (A–B, D). A Vulva, dorsal view B Epigyne, ventral view C Male, dorsal view D Female, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; S spermatheca. Scale bars: B as A.

Figure 3.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n., SEM of pedipalp of a male paratype. A Prolateral view, detail showing MA B Retrolateral view C Retrolateral view, detail showingembolus D Retrolateral view, detail showing PC. Co conductor E Embolus; MA median apophysis; PC paracymbium; T tegulum.

Figure 4.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n., SEM of a female paratype. A Epigyne, ventral view B Epigyne, lateral view C Spinnerets D ALS E PMS F PLS. AC aciniform gland spigot; AG aggregate gland spigot; ALS anterior lateral spinneret; CY cylindrical gland spigot; MAP major ampullate gland spigot; mAP minor ampullate gland spigot; n nubbin; PI piriform gland spigot; PLS posterior lateral spinneret; PMS posterior median spinneret; t tartipore.

Figure 5.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n., male holotype (A–B) and female paratype (C–D). A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Embolic division, dorsal view C Epigyne, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; Co conductor; MA median apophysis; S spermatheca. Scale bars: D as C.

Genus Baalzebub Coddington, 1986

Baalzebub Coddington, 1986: 71. Type species Baalzebub baubo Coddington, 1986.

Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7E74FF15-FCE5-45FB-807A-12724669D543

http://species-id.net/wiki/Baalzebub_rastrarius

Figs 6–8

Material examined.

Holotype:CHINA, Guizhou: Bijie City, Chengguan Town, Xiaohe Village, Xiniu Cave, 27°21.231'N, 105°17.186'E, elevation ca 1515 m, 30 April 2007, J. Liu & Y.C. Lin (IZCAS), 1 male.

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 1 male, 7 females. CHINA, Guizhou: Xishui County, Sangmu Town, Tuhe Village, Dongkouwan Cave, 28°15.679'N, 106°18.355'E, elevation ca 1271 m, 16 March 2011, Z.G. Chen & Z.W. Zha (IZCAS), 4 males, 8 females; Dafang County, Wenge Town, Taibai Village, Yelaoda Cave, 27°10.869'N, 105°28.289'E, elevation ca 1398 m, 12 March 2011, Z.G. Chen & Z.W. Zha (IZCAS), 2 males, 2 females.

Etymology.

The epithet comes from Latin word ‘rastrarius’ which means ‘of a hoe’, referring to the hoe-shaped conductor in prolateral view; adjective.

Diagnosis.

The presence of small, cleft median apophysis and blunt, spatulate processes of embolic apophysis in males, and tip-fused spermathecae in females indicates that this species belongs to the genus Baalzebub. Conductor in males envelopes the entire embolic apophysis (Fig 6A), which is similar to Baalzebub albinotatus, butthe rectangular conductor and the small, pointed cymbium apophysis are different from other described Baalzebub species. Females distinguished by the triangular epigynal plate, similar to Baalzebub baubo (Coddington 1986: figs 183, 184), but distinguished by the narrower, arcade-shaped spermathecae (Fig. 7B).

Description.

Carapace yellow tan. Sternum yellow with dark orange margins and setae. Legs yellow, dark brown distally at joints, especially tibiae. Abdomen tan with 2–4 rows of dark grey patches, the first two of which are connected by a perpendicular grey patch at midline, and two pairs of small dorsal brown spots (Figs 7C–F).

Male pedipalp: Patella with strong sinuous macroseta. Tibia with two trichobothria. Cymbium with a row of short regular bristles at its junction with cymbial lamella. Paracymbium with a long, pointed distal end (Fig. 6B). Cymbium apophysis small and pointed (Fig. 6B). Median apophysis triangular, strongly sclerotized (Figs 6A, 8A). Conductor a sub-rectangular translucent theca covering the complex embolic division and embolic apophysis. Embolic apophysis a spatulate arching structure with abruptly acuminated distal ends (Fig. 6C).

Vulva: Epigyne with a smooth triangular scape protruding from posterior margin of epigyne plate (Figs 7A–B). A deep pit lies on the epigynal mesal anterior edge. Spermathecae long, narrow, meeting at the tip to form an arcade-shaped structure. Copulatory ducts follow simple curve (Figs 7B, 8D).

Male: Total length 1.75, carapace 0.94 long, 1.09 wide, clypeus 0.25, sternum 0.53 long, 0.56 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur p 1, patella d 1, tibia d 3, r 1; Leg II: femur r 1, patella d 2, tibia d 1, r 1; Leg III: patella d 2, tibia d 1; Leg IV: patella d 2, tibia d 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.25; Tm II: 0.29; Tm III: 0.23; Tm IV: 0.26. Leg measurements: I 4.66 (1.50, 0.50, 1.26, 1.00, 0.40); II 3.45 (1.10, 0.40, 0.80, 0.80, 0.35); III 2.50 (0.75, 0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.45); IV 3.10 (0.75, 0.60, 0.75, 0.70, 0.30).

Female: Total length 2.24, carapace 0.93 long, 0.93 wide, clypeus 0.11, sternum 0.5 long, 0.5 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.28; Tm II: 0.25; Tm III: 0.45; Tm IV: 0.27. Leg measurements: I 4.17 (1.38, 0.48, 0.98, 0.88, 0.45); II 3.39 (1.10, 0.43, 0.73, 0.75, 0.38); III 2.50 (0.75, 0.35, 0.50, 0.55, 0.35); IV 3.11 (1.00, 0.33, 0.65, 0.75, 0.38).

Figure 6.

Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n., male holotype. A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Pedipalp, retrolateral view C Embolic division, retrolateral view D Pedipalp, ventral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; PC paracymbium; T tegulum. Scale bars: B as A.

Figure 7.

Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n., male holotype (C) and female paratype (A–B, D–F). A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Male, dorsal view D Female, dorsal view E Female, ventral view F Female, lateral view. CD copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: B as A, D as E.

Figure 8.

Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n., male holotype (A–B) and female paratype (C–D). A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Embolic division, retrolateral view C Epigyne, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; Co conductor; MA median apophysis; S spermatheca. Scale bars: D as C.

Baalzebub youyiensis sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:791FC4A5-1C1F-4E54-97BA-EEDF7FAFFCA9

http://species-id.net/wiki/Baalzebub_youyiensis

Figs 9–10

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Guangxi: Pingxiang City, Youyi County, Bantou Village, Niuyan Cave, 22°05.666'N, 106°45.439'E, elevation ca 251 m, 18 January 2011, Z.G. Chen & Z.W. Zha (IZCAS), 1 female.

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 3 females.

Etymology.

This specific name formed from the Chinese words for friendship yŏu yì ( ), which is the name of the county where this species was collected; adjective.

Diagnosis.

Females distinguished from other described Baalzebub by the shape of the semi-transparent scape, which is proportionately shorter and with a blunt tip (Fig. 9A). Spermathecae, contrasted with narrow, long spermathecae in other Baalzebub species, is relatively shorter and smaller compared to the ovoid loops made by copulatory ducts (Fig. 9B)

Description.

Carapace broad, orange. Sternum yellow with dusky margins. Legs yellow, brown from patella to tarsus (except for leg I, which only brown distally at joints). Abdomen beige with irregular light, greenish-grey patches (Figs 9C–E).

Vulva: Epigyne with a short, pointed triangular scape with concave lateral margins protruding from posterior margin of epigyne plate, through which dark orange vulva is visible (Fig. 9A). Scape translucent. Epigyne plate with transverse grooves (Fig. 9A). Spermathecae small, elliptical, joining each other at the tip (Figs 9B, 10B). Copulatory ducts simple, with three coils toward spermathecae.

Female: Total length 2.10, carapace 1.00 long, 1.00 wide, clypeus 0.19, sternum 0.53 long, 0.53 wide, coxae IV separated by 1.00 time their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur d 1, p 1, patella d 1, tibia d 2, p 1, r 1; Leg II: patella d 3, tibia d 2, r 1; Leg III: patella d 2, tibia d 2, r 2; Leg IV: patella d 2, tibia d 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.20; Tm II: 0.15; Tm III: 0.19; Tm IV: 0.22. Leg measurements: I 3.76 (1.20, 0.40, 0.88, 0.80, 0.48); II 3.2 (1.00, 0.36, 0.72, 0.64, 0.48); III 2.24 (0.72, 0.32, 0.44, 0.45, 0.31); IV 2.92 (1.00, 0.40, 0.60, 0.52, 0.40).

Male unknown.

Figure 9.

Baalzebub youyiensis sp. n., female holotype. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Female, dorsal view D Female, ventral view E Female, lateral view. CD copulatory duct; S spermatheca. Scale bars: A as B, C, D as E.

Figure 10.

Baalzebub youyiensis sp. n., female holotype. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; S spermatheca. Scale bars: B as A.

Genus Karstia Chen, 2010

Karstia Chen, 2010: 2. Type species Karstia upperyangtzica Chen, 2010.

Karstia nitida sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5ABD3E69-462D-4811-9851-EF178144FE62

http://species-id.net/wiki/Karstia_nitida

Figs 11–12

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Guangxi: Hechi City, Hechi County, Laba Village, Shoushui Cave, 24°41.229'N, 107°52.609'E, elevation ca 268 m, 31 March 2011, Z.G. Chen & Z.W. Zha (IZCAS), 1 female.

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 14 females.

Etymology.

This specific name comes from the Latin word ‘nitidus’ which means ‘shinning and elegant’, referring to the glossiness of the swollen tip of the epigynal scape; adjective.

Diagnosis.

Females distinguished by the following combination of characters: the structure of the scape, the stout, overlapped spermathecae (Fig. 11B), and the habitus of this species (Figs 11C–E). Spermathecae oval-shaped with vertically longer diameter, slightly detached from each other along their inner margin. The abdomen large, contrasted with distinctly small epigynal area. The scape structure is quite different from other Karstia or Baalzebub species: the tip of scape is swollen and shimmery, and the lateral margins of the plate extend toward the scape tip to form a armet-shaped conformation (Fig. 11A). Generic placement tentative pending discovery and examination of the male.

Description.

Carapace pale yellow with yellow ocular region. Sternum yellow with tan margins. Legs yellow, brown distally at joints. Abdomen dark grey mottled with white patches (Figs 11C–E).

Vulva: Epigyne small, with short, distally spherical scape protruding from posterior margin of epigyne plate. Epigyne plate extends posteriorly, together with scape to form a barbute-shaped conformation (Figs 11A, 12A). End of scape glossy with black purfle (Fig. 11A). Spermathecae peanut-shaped, juxtaposed, slightly detached from each other (Figs 11B, 12B). Copulatory ducts follow simple rout to form small loops and one turning before connected with spermathecae at the bottom (Figs 11B, 12B).

Female: Total length 3.25, carapace 1.38 long, 1.13 wide, clypeus 0.10, sternum 0.70 long, 0.65 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur p 1, r 1, patella d 1, tibia d 2, p 2, v 2, r 1, metatarsus d 1, v 2, r 1; Leg II: femur d 2, patella d 2, tibia d 4, p 1, v2, metatarsus p 1, v 2; Leg III: femur d 1, patella d 2, tibia d 1, v 1, metatarsus d 3; Leg IV: patella d 2, tibia d 1, v 1, r 1, metatarsus d 2. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.23; Tm II: 0.21; Tm III: 0.16; Tm IV 0.22. Leg measurements: I 4.00 (0.56, 0.63, 1.09, 1.09, 0.63); II 4.16 (1.25, 0.50, 0.94, 0.94, 0.53); III 2.98 (0.78, 0.47, 0.63, 0.63, 0.47); IV 3.66 (1.25, 0.38, 0.78, 0.78, 0.47).

Male unknown.

Figure 11.

Karstia nitida sp. n., female holotype. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Habitus, dorsal view D Habitus, ventral view E Habitus, lateral view. CD copulatory duct S spermatheca. Scale bars: C, D as E.

Figure 12.

Karstia nitida sp. n., female holotype. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct, S spermatheca.

Karstia prolata sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:38E8200D-E27D-4710-ABEE-FBF657944027

http://species-id.net/wiki/Karstia_prolata

Figs 13–14

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Guangxi: Pingxiang City, Youyi County, Bantou Village, Niuyan Cave, 22°05.666'N, 106°45.439'E, elevation ca 251 m, 18 January 2011, Z.G. Chen & Z.W. Zha (IZCAS), 1 female.

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 9 females.

Etymology.

The specific name is derived from the Latin word ‘prolatus’ meaning elongated’, and refers to the extended epigynal scape; adjective.

Diagnosis.

Females distinguished by the protruding scape and the overlapped, stout spermathecae. The long acute-angled scape protrudes vertically from the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 13B, F), which is different from other known Karstia species and Baalzebub species.

Description.

Relatively large in total body length, compared to other theridiosomatid species. Carapace greenish tan, with brown ocular region. Sternum yellow with dark margins. Femur yellow, brown from patella to tarsus. Abdomen beige with evenly distributed silver spots within dorsal area and 8 or more rows of mesally disrupted greenish grey patches, with a large, wedge-shaped greenish grey patch between epigyne and spinnerets (Figs 13D–E).

Vulva: Epigyne with a long, apiculate scape protruding perpendicularly (slightly tilted) from posterior margin of epigyne plate, flanked by a cluster of long sinuous setae on each side (Figs 13A, E–F). Two deep grooves occur at the posterior base of epigyne which are likely connected to the copulatory openings (Figs 13B, E). Tip of scape glossy black (Fig. 13A). Spermathecae peanut-shaped, juxtaposed (Fig. 13C). Copulatory ducts’ routing simple, half-looped (Figs 13C, 14B).

Female: Total length 3.85, carapace 1.92 long, 1.25 wide, clypeus 0.15, sternum 0.63 long, 0.65 wide, coxae IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur d 2, p 1, patella d 2, tibia d 2, p 2, v 1, r 1, metatarsus p 1, v 3, r 1; Leg II: femur d 2, patella d 2, tibia d 1, p 2, v 1, r 1, metatarsus p 1, v 2, r 1; Leg III: femur d 1, v 1, patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 2, v 2, metatarsus d 3; Leg IV: tibia d 2, p 1, metatarsus d 2. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.13; Tm II: 0.22; Tm III: 0.27; Tm IV: 0.22. Leg measurements: I 6.35 (2.00, 0.75, 1.35, 1.50, 0.75); II 5.25 (1.50, 0.70, 1.10, 1.20, 0.75); III 3.35 (0.95, 0.45, 0.70, 0.75, 0.50); IV 4.60 (1.50, 0.50, 1.00, 1.00, 0.60).

Male unknown.

Figure 13.

Karstia prolata sp. n., female holotype. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, posterior view C Vulva, dorsal view D Habitus, dorsal view E Habitus, ventral view F Habitus, lateral view. CD copulatory duct; S spermatheca. Scale bars: B as A, D, F as E.

Figure 14.

Karstia prolata sp. n., female holotype. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; S spermatheca.

Genus Menglunia gen. n.

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http://species-id.net/wiki/Menglunia

Type species.

Menglunia inaffecta sp. n.

Etymology.

The generic epithet refers to the place měng lún ( ) where these specimens were collected. Menglun Town is located at Xishuangbanna in Yunnan province, where tropical rain forest harbors countless species, both vertebrates and invertebrates. Gender is feminine.

Diagnosis.

Distinguished from other theridiosomatids by the extremely simple, short embolus, and the round, separated spermathecae. The pedipalp in males is an elliptical (slightly rectangular in total), theca-textured, and obscurely circumscribed structure (Figs 15A, D). Conductor is less extensive, and fully covers the embolus (Fig. 18A). The embolus is beak-like, and enveloped in conductor (Fig. 15B). Unlike any other theridiosomatid genus, the median apophysis in Menglunia is merely a small projection, mildly curved without any sharp tip or trough (Fig. 15A). Spermathecae similar to Coddingtonia euryopoides (Miller et al. 2009) and Luangnam discobulbus (Wunderlich, 2011), but instead of being elliptical and separated by their diameter, they are more rounded and separated by less than half of their diameter. Copulatory duct is shorter and forms a simple loop which is about the same height as spermathecae’s diameter, compared to the big loop and higher-positioned copulatory ducts in Coddingtonia euryopoides and L. discobulbus (Fig. 16B).

Species.

Menglunia inaffecta sp. n.

Menglunia inaffecta sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:63DFDE88-8154-412E-B02E-47A71157F286

http://species-id.net/wiki/Menglunia_inaffecta

Figs 15–18

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, 21°55.035'N, 101°16.500'E, elevation ca 558 m, 22 July 2007, primary tropical seasonal rain forest, searching, G. Zheng (IZCAS), 1 male.

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 9 males, 9 females.

Etymology.

Its Latin origin ‘inaffectus’ means ‘natural and simple’, which refers to the simplicity of the structure of the male pedipalp; adjective.

Diagnosis.

See diagnosis for genus.

Description.

Carapace yellow tan. Sternum yellow with greenish brown margins and sparse hairs. Legs thick, yellow. Abdomen beige with small, irregularly-distributed greenish brown spots.

Male pedipalp: Patella with erect macroseta. Tibia with one trichobothrium. Paracymbium with a short pointed distal end (Fig. 17A). Tegulum sub-oval. Median apophysis with a small projection oriented distoventrally (Figs 15A, 18A). Conductor kidney-shaped, translucent theca. Embolus beak-shaped, stout (Figs 15A–B, 17B).

Vulva: Epigyne with obscure plate margins (Figs 16A, 17A). Spermathecae round, separated from each other (Fig. 16B). Copulatory duct short and simple (Fig. 16B).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.00, carapace 0.40 long, 0.44 wide, clypeus 0.05, sternum 0.30 long, 0.25 wide, coxae IV separated by 1.5 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d 2, tibia d 2, p 1; Leg II: patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 1, r 1; Leg III: patella d 2. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.27; Tm II: 0.38; Tm III: 0.36. Leg measurements: I 1.10 (0.31, 0.13, 0.25, 0.23, 0.18); II 0.84 (0.25, 0.06, 0.20, 0.20, 0.13); III 0.66 (0.18, 0.11, 0.13, 0.13, 0.11); IV 0.76 (0.19, 0.13, 0.19, 0.14, 0.11).

Female (one of paratypes): Total length 1.00, carapace 0.63 long, 0.48 wide, clypeus 0.05, sternum 0.30 long, 0.30 wide, coxae IV separated by 1.5 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.32; Tm II: 0.38; Tm III: 0.29. Leg measurements: I 1.09 (0.32, 0.20, 0.24, 0.25, 0.18); II 1.02 (0.25, 0.19, 0.23, 0.20, 0.15); III 0.75 (0.19, 0.11, 0.13, 0.18, 0.14); IV 0.91 (0.25, 0.13, 0.21, 0.18, 0.14).

Figure 15.

Menglunia inaffecta sp. n., male holotype. A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Embolic division C Pedipalp, ventral view D Pedipalp, retrolateral view. E embolus; MA median apophysis; PC paracymbium; T tegulum. Scale bars: A, D as C.

Figure 16.

Menglunia inaffecta sp. n., male holotype (C) and female paratype (A–B, D–F). A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Male habitus, dorsal view D Female habitus , dorsal view E Female habitus, ventral view F Female habitus, lateral view. CD copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A as B, E as D.

Figure 17.

Alaria chengguanensis sp. n., SEM of male paratype (A–B) and female paratype (C–F). A Pedipalp, retrolateral view B Pedipalp, retrolateral view, detail showing embolus C Epigyne D ALS E PMS F PLS. AC aciniform gland spigot; AG aggregate gland spigot; ALS anterior lateral spinneret; CY cylindrical gland spigot E embolus; FL flagelliform gland spigot; MAP major ampullate gland spigot; mAP minor ampullate gland spigot; PC paracymbium; PI piriform gland spigot; PLS posterior lateral spinneret; PMS posterior median spinneret; t tartipore.

Figure 18.

Menglunia inaffecta sp. n., male holotype (A–B) and female paratype (C–D). A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Embolic division, retrolateral C Epigyne, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; Co conductor; MA median apophysis S spermatheca.

Genus Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882

Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882: 432. Type species Ogulnius obtectus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882.

Ogulnius hapalus sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2CE2BCE0-15BC-488A-A363-872B6BA232F0

http://species-id.net/wiki/Ogulnius_hapalus

Figs 19–21

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, 21°55.035'N, 101°16.500'E, elevation ca 558 m, 22 July 2007, primary tropical seasonal rain forest, fogging, G. Zheng (IZCAS), 1 male.

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 2 males, 6 females.

Etymology.

This specific name describes the softness and fragility of this species. The Latin origin is ‘hapalus’ meaning ‘delicate and tender’; adjective.

Diagnosis.

Though lack of one genetic feature, which is fourth legs are longer than the first legs (subequal in females), other generic characteristics of Ogulnius can be seen in this species: tapering whip-like embolic apophysis in males (Fig. 19C), transverse grooves on epigyne in females, separated and juxtaposed posterior median eyes (Coddington 1986). Males distinguished from other described Ogulnius species by the shape of median apophysis and the proportion of embolic apophysis. The median apophysis in Ogulnius hapalus.is similar to that in Ogulnius gloriae (Coddington 1986: fig. 99): mesally wide, with a projection oriented distoventrally (Fig. 19A). The embolic apophysis is proportionately longer than that in Ogulnius barbandrewsi (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 5F). The Females distinguished by the routing of copulatory ducts and the peanut-shaped spermathecae. The fold made by the copulatory ducts is bending outwardly (Fig. 20B), instead of inwardly as in Ogulnius barbandrewsi (Miller et al. 1986: fig. 3D). The posterior lip of epigyne in Ogulnius hapalus concave in stead of convex as in Ogulnius pullus (Brignoli 1981: fig.1).

Description.

Carapace pale yellow. Sternum ivory. Legs pale yellow, semi-transparent. Abdomen pale with soft, translucent cuticle.

Male pedipalp: Patella with strong sinuous macroseta. Tibia with one trichobothrium. Paracymbium slim with filiform projection distally. Median apophysis curvy, mesally wide, with apex oriented distoventrally (Figs 19A, 21A). Conductor a translucent theca covering about two thirds length of the long filiform embolic apophysis (Figs 19C–D).

Vulva: Epigyne with transverse groove and a concave posterior margin (Fig. 20A). Spermathecae peanut-shaped, juxtaposed (Fig. 20B). Copulatory ducts bend downwardly at top and wide at entrance (Figs 20B, 21B).

Male: Total length 1.00, carapace 0.50 long, 0.40 wide, clypeus 0.09, sternum 0.25 long, 0.25 wide, coxae IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by 1.5 times their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 1; Leg II: patella d 1, tibia d 1; Leg III: patella d 1, tibia d 1; Leg IV: patella d 1, tibia d 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.23; Tm II: 0.19; Tm III: 0.27. Leg measurements: I 1.00 (0.30, 0.18, 0.20, 0.20, 0.12); II 0.87 (0.26, 0.12, 0.20, 0.16, 0.13); III 0.57 (0.11, 0.10, 0.11, 0.15, 0.10); IV 0.64 (0.15, 0.10, 0.14, 0.15, 0.10).

Female: Total length 1.41, carapace: 0.50 long, 0.44 wide, clypeus 0.23, sternum 0.30 long, 0.25 wide, coxae IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated 1.5 times their diameter. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.25; Tm II: 0.21; Tm III: 0.27. Leg measurements: I 0.95 (0.20, 0.25, 0.15, 0.20, 0.15); II 0.82 (0.25, 0.12, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15); III 0.62 (0.12, 0.10, 0.15, 0.15, 0.10); IV 0.90 (0.30, 0.15, 0.15, 0.20, 0.10).

Figure 19.

Ogulnius hapalus sp. n., male holotype. A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Pedipalp, ventral view C Embolic division, retrolateral view D Pedipalp, retrolateral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis T tegulum. Scale bars: D as A, C as B.

Figure 20.

Ogulnius hapalus sp. n., male holotype (C) and female paratype (A–B, D–F). A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Male habitus, dorsal view D Female habitus, dorsal view E Female habitus, ventral view F Female habitus, lateral view. CD copulatory duct; S spermatheca. Scale bars: B as A, D, E as F.

Figure 21.

Ogulnius hapalus sp. n., male holotype (A–B) and female paratype (C–D). A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Embolic division, retrolateral view C Epigyne, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; Co conductor; MA median apophysis; S spermatheca.

Genus Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879

Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 193. Type species Theridiosoma argenteolum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 (= Theridiosoma gemmosum (L. Koch, 1878)).

Theridiosoma plumaria sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:34DDB1DE-B435-4A41-8EF7-A40B43ACC9E0

http://species-id.net/wiki/Theridiosoma_plumaria

Figs 22–23

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Hainan: Mt. Jianfengling National Nature Reserve: Tianchi watershed 18°44.383'N, 108°51.062'E, elevation ca 888 m, 19 July 2007, S. Li (IZCAS), 1 male.

Paratype: CHINA: Hainan: Mt. Bawangling National Nature Reserve, 5 kilometers past Dongerjianchazhan, 19°05.186'N, 109°11.802'E, elevation ca 1010 m, 25 July 2007, S. Li (IZCAS), 1 male.

Etymology.

The specific name was taken from the Latin word ‘plumarius’ which means ‘of feathers’. It refers to the plumose branching of its conductor theca (Figs 22B–C); adjective.

Diagnosis.

Males, similar to Theridiosoma gemmosum (L. Koch) (Coddington 1986: figs 134, 135), distinguished from any other known male Theridiosoma from Asia by the following characters: broader, slightly groovy median apophysis with an acuminated tip, and the exposed branchings of embolic apophysis (Fig. 22A).

Description.

Carapace yellow tan. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs yellow. Abdomen tan with sparse silver specks and symmetric dark grey patches.

Male pedipalp: Patella with strong macroseta. Tibia with two trichobothria. Paracymbium hooked with pointed distal end. Tegulum large with tuberculate mesal lobe (Figs 22A, D). Median apophysis a curved lobe attenuate distally. Conductor a translucent theca covering fragmented embolic apophysis, with plumose branching and erect tip near tegulum (Fig. 22B). Embolic apophysis fragment tips protruding out of the conductor (Figs 22A–C). Embolic apophysis fragments long, slim (Figs 22D, 23B).

Male: Total length 1.60, carapace 0.80 long, 0.80 wide, clypeus 0.20, sternum 0.40 long, 0.40 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur p 1, patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 1, r 1; Leg II: femur r 1, patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 1, r 1; Leg III: patella d 1, tibia p 1, r 1, metatarsus p 1; Leg IV: patella d 2, tibia d 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.0.25; Tm II: 0.19. Leg measurements: I 3.16 (0.93, 0.35, 0.75, 0.75, 0.38); II 2.80 (0.88, 0.28, 0.63, 0.63, 0.38); III 1.66 (0.50, 0.18, 0.35, 0.38, 0.25); IV 1.83 (0.50, 0.25, 0.38, 0.45, 0.25).

Figure 22.

Theridiosoma plumaria sp. n., male holotype. A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Pedipalp, retrolateral view C Pedipalp, ventral view D Embolic division, retrolateral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; T tegulum. Scale bars: B, C as A.

Figure 23.

Theridiosoma plumaria sp. n., male holotype. A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Embolic division, retrolateral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; T tegulum.

Female unknown

Theridiosoma triumphalis sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:958EEF84-677E-4E46-B673-AA78B5FF63E6

http://species-id.net/wiki/Theridiosoma_triumphalis

Figs 24–25

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Hainan: Mt. Jianfengling National Nature Reserve: Tianchi watershed, 18°44.383'N, 108°51.062'E, elevation ca 888 m, 19 July 2007, S. Li (IZCAS), 1 male.

Etymology.

The specific Latin word ‘triumphalis’ meaning ‘of victory’ refers to the 'V'-shaped conformation made by the two embolic apophysis fragments (Figs 24A, B, 25B); adjective.

Diagnosis.

Males distinguished from other described Asian Theridiosoma species by the shape of median apophysis: a small, curved projection with an attenuated tip extending distoventrally (Fig. 24B). Embolic apophysis fragmented, similar to Theridiosoma caaguara (Rodrigues and Ott 2005: figs 4, 5), but different in details: four pieces of different shapes, the longest one with a whip-like tip, the longer one broad, with a blunt end (Fig. 24C).

Description.

Carapace yellow tan. Sternum yellow with dark margins. Legs yellow. Due to poor preservation condition, abdomen too shriveled to make out its original color pattern.

Male pedipalp: Patella with strong macroseta. Paracymbium elongate with attenuated tip. Tegulum smooth with tuberculate ventral ridge. Median apophysis curved lobe with attenuated distal end. Conductor translucent theca covering most fragmented embolic apophysis, with a small rough ventral area (Fig. 24A). Two embolic apophysis fragment tips protruding out of the conductor tip to form a 'V'-shaped conformation (Fig. 24B). Embolic apophysis with four separate sclerotic fragments (Figs 24C, 25A).

Male: Total length 1.7, carapace 0.50 long, 0.50 wide, clypeus 0.09, sternum 0.31 long, 0.31 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur r 1, patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 1; Leg II: patella d 1, tibia d 2, p 1; Leg III: tibia p 1; Leg IV: tibia d 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.21; Tm II: 0.27; Tm III: 0.20. Leg measurements: I 2.01 (0.63, 0.25, 0.50, 0.38, 0.25); II 1.76 (0.50, 0.25, 0.38, 0.38, 0.25); III 1.33 (0.30, 0.13, 0.15, 0.25, 0.15); IV 1.14 (0.38, 0.13, 0.25, 0.25, 0.13).

Figure 24.

Theridiosoma triumphalis sp. n., male holotype. A Right pedipalp, prolateral view B Right pedipalp, retrolateral view C Embolic division, retrolateral view D Right pedipalp, ventral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; T tegulum. Scale bars: B as A.

Figure 25.

Theridiosoma triumphalis sp. n., male holotype. A Embolic division, retrolateral view B Right pedipalp, prolateral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; T tegulum.

Female unknown

Theridiosoma vimineum sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7E3616F4-8E17-4E5D-9892-98A2860B8AC3

http://species-id.net/wiki/Theridiosoma_vimineum

Figs 26–27

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA, Yunnan: Menglun Town: Xingshuangbanna Botanical Garden, 21°55.428'N, 101°16.441'E, elevation ca 598 m, 19–26 May 2007, primary tropical seasonal rain forest, searching, G. Zheng (IZCAS), 1 male.

Etymology.

The specific name is derived from Latin word ‘vimineus’ meaning ‘pliant’, refers to the long, pliant apophysis that protrudes from the conductor (Fig. 26B); adjective.

Diagnosis.

Males similar to Theridiosoma semiargentum (Simon) (Coddington 1986: figs 154, 156), but different in the details of embolic apophysis fragments and the shape of median apophysis. The apophysis protruding from the conductor is longer and slimmer in Theridiosoma vimineum, spur on the conductor is absent, and the median apophysis lacks a pointed hook at the tip.

Description.

Carapace yellow. Sternum tan with dark margins. Legs yellow. Abdomen tan with light grey spots randomly distributed on the dorsal area.

Male pedipalp: Patella with macroseta. Tibia with one trichobothrium. Paracymbium elongate with sharp tip. Tegulum smooth with rough mesal lobe. Median apophysis slightly grooved, semi-transparent at the distal end (Figs 26B, 27B). Conductor translucent theca with a hooked end oriented proximally (Fig. 26A). A piece of long, flat embolic apophysis fragment with a attenuated tip protruding from the ridge of conductor and stretching toward median apophysis (Figs 26B, D). Embolic apophysis fragmented into long, slim bristles (Fig. 26C).

Male: Total length 1.75, carapace 0.95 long, 0.50 wide, clypeus 0.19, sternum 1.54 long, 0.35 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur d 1, patella d 2, tibia d 2, p 1; Leg II: patella d 2, tibia d 2, r 1; Leg III: patella d 1, tibia r 2; Leg IV: tibia d 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.23; Tm II: 0.20. Leg measurements: I 2.18 (0.68, 0.25, 0.50, 0.50, 0.25); II 1.86 (0.63, 0.20, 0.38, 0.40, 0.25); III 1.03 (0.35, 0.13, 0.15, 0.25, 0.15); IV 1.31 (0.38, 0.18, 0.30, 0.30, 0.15).

Female unknown

Figure 26.

Theridiosoma vimineum sp. n., male holotype. A Right pedipalp, prolateral view B Right pedipalp, retrolateral view C Embolic division of right pedipalp, retrolateral view D Right pedipalp, ventral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; PC paracymbium; T tegulum. Scale bars: A as B.

Figure 27.

Theridiosoma vimineum sp. n., male holotype. A Embolic division of right pedipalp, retrolateral view B Right pedipalp, prolateral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; T tegulum.

Genus Zoma Saaristo, 1996

Zoma Saaristo, 1996: 51. Type species: Zoma zoma Saaristo, 1996.

Zoma fascia sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4FC78696-B0B2-413F-B8F1-A4FF9D25591F

http://species-id.net/wiki/Zoma_fascia

Figs 28–30

Material examined.

Holotype: CHINA: Hainan: Mt. Bawangling National Nature Reserve, 5 kilometers past Dongerjianchazhan, 19°05.186'N, 109°11.802'E, elevation ca 1010 m, 25 July 2007, S. Li (IZCAS), 1 male.

Paratypes: CHINA: Hainan: Mt. Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve, Diaoluoshan Resort, 18°43.766'N, 109°51.815'E, elevation ca 1010 m, 15 August 2007, S. Li (IZCAS), 1 female; Mt. Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, Huxiaolongyin scenery, on the mountain by the river, 18°45.159'N, 108°54.604'E, elevation ca 900 m, 20 July 2007, S. Li (IZCAS), 1 female; Mt. Limushan Provincial Nature Reserve, Qulinggulinyuan, 19°10.686'N, 109°44.490'E, elevation ca 654 m, 12 August 2007, C.X. Wang (IZCAS), 1 female; [same data as holotype] (IZCAS), 1 female; Mt. Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, east valley of Tianchi, 18°54.691'N, 108°51.588'E, elevation ca 811 m, 17 July 2007, S. Li (IZCAS), 1 female.

Etymology.

The specific name comes from a Latin word ‘fascia’, which refers to the silver band on its abdomen; noun.

Diagnosis.

Males distinguished by the presence of a filiform embolic apophysis extending beyond the conductor tip and a 'Z'-shaped embolus (Figs 28B, D). Exposed portion of embolic apophysis is smaller compared to Zoma didaiyin (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 10F).

Female distinguished from Zoma didaiyin by the mildly convex posterior margin of the epigyne and the higher position of the spermathecae relative to the copulatory ducts (Figs 29A, B).

Description.

Carapace brownish yellow in males, brown in females. Sternum yellow with dark brown margins. Legs yellow. Abdomen beige in males, dark grey in females with silver pecks forming a transverse belt.

Male pedipalp: Patella with macroseta. Tibia with one trichobothrium. Paracymbium hooked with short, pointed tip (Fig. 28B). Median apophysis lightly sclerotized, similar to Zoma didaiyin (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 10D). Conductor translucent. Embolic apophysis filiform, with triangular tip (Fig. 28C).

Vulva: Epigyne a flat orange plate with a low median pit. Spermathecae subspherical, juxtaposed. Copulatory ducts follow simple curve (Fig. 29A, B) .

Male: Total length 1.52, carapace 0.72 long, 0.60 wide, clypeus 0.14, sternum 0.37 long, 0.31 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur p 1, patella d 1, tibia d 1, p 1, r 1; Leg II: patella d 2, tibia d 3, v 2, r 1; Leg III: patella d 1, tibia d 1; Leg IV: patella d, tibia d 1. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.21; Tm II: 0.20; Tm III: 0.27. Leg measurements: I 2.19 (0.70, 0.25, 0.50, 0.47, 0.27); II 1.99 (0.63, 0.23, 0.44, 0.39, 0.30); III 1.16 (0.31, 0.23, 0.22, 0.23, 0.17); IV 1.45 (0.39, 0.21, 0.31, 0.31, 0.23).

Female: Total length 1.80, carapace 0.88 long, 1.00 wide, clypeus 0.18, sternum 0.50 long, 0.30 wide, coxae IV separated by their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: Tm I: 0.30; Tm II: 0.19; Tm III: 0.27. Leg measurements: I 2.11 (0.63, 0.31, 0.47, 0.39, 0.31); II 1.97 (0.63, 0.31, 0.39, 0.39, 0.25); III 1.47 (0.47, 0.23, 0.31, 0.25, 0.21); IV 1.16 (0.31, 0.23, 0.23, 0.23, 0.16).

Figure 28.

Zoma fascia sp. n., male holotype. A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Pedipalp, retrolateral view C Embolic division, retrolateral view D Pedipalp, ventral view. Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; PC paracymbium; T tegulum. Scale bars: A as B.

Figure 29.

Zoma fascia sp. n., male holotype (C) and female paratype (A–B, D–F). A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Male habitus, dorsal view D Female habitus, dorsal view E Female habitus, ventral view F Female habitus, lateral view. CD copulatory duct; S spermatheca. Scale bars: A as B, D, E as F.

Figure 30.

Zoma fascia sp. n., male holotype (A–B) and paratype female (C–D). A Pedipalp, prolateral view B Embolic division, retrolateral view C Epigyne, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. CD copulatory duct; Co conductor; EA embolic apophysis; MA median apophysis; S spermatheca. T tegulum.

Figure 31.

Locality records for eleven theridiosomatid spider species in China. 1 Alaria chengguanensis gen. n., sp. n. 2 Baalzebub rastrarius sp. n. 3 Baalzebub youyiensis sp. n. 4 Karstia nitida sp. n. 5 Karstia prolata sp. n. 6 Menglunia inaffecta gen. n., sp. n. 7 Ogulnius hapalus sp. n. 8 Theridiosoma plumaria sp. n. 9 Theridiosoma triumphalis sp. n. 10 Theridiosoma vimineum sp. n. 11 Zoma fascia sp. n.

Acknowledgement

The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Jeremy A. Miller (Naturalis Biodiversity Center) and Michael G. Rix (Western Australian Museum). The study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (China National funds for Distinguished Young Scientists-31025023) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-Z-8).

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