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Research Article
A new genus and species of berothids (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber
expand article infoQiang Yang‡, Chaofan Shi§, Dong Ren|
‡ Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
§ Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| Capital Normal University, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Qiang Yang ( yq11_1984@126.com )

Academic editor: Shaun Winterton
© 2019 Qiang Yang, Chaofan Shi, Dong Ren.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Yang Q, Shi C, Ren D (2019) A new genus and species of berothids (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber. ZooKeys 864: 99-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35271
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9F207A95-C905-444F-BB5D-19F69E9C7549
Open Access

Abstract

A new genus and species of Berothidae is described from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Myanmar amber. Ansoberotha jiewenae gen. et sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other berothid genera by the long antenna, the scape with ca. 100 flagellomeres, the forewing with four ra-rp, MPand CuA are pectinately branched, and the hind wing with one oblique cua-cup between CuA stem and the distal branch of CuP.

Keywords

Beaded lacewing, Burmese, fossil, long scape, Mesozoic

Introduction

Berothidae is a small family of Neuroptera, comprising approximately 110 extant species assigned to 24 genera, which were divided into six subfamilies (Aspöck and Randolf 2014, Oswald 2019). The family are distributed over all the biogeographic realms except for the Oceania and Antarctica. They are mainly restricted to the tropics and subtropics, with a few occurring in the temperate zone between 50°. Berothidae form a neuropteran clade with Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae, although the phylogenetic relationships among the three families are still controversial (Tjeder 1959; Willmann 1990; Aspöck and Mansell 1994; Aspöck et al. 2001; Beutel et al. 2010; Zimmermann et al. 2011; Randolf et al. 2013, 2014; Aspöck and Randolf 2014; Haring and Aspöck 2004; Winterton et al. 2010; Engel et al. 2018). In particular, the disagreement on the familial status of Rhachiberothidae resulted in the questionable assignment of the extinct subfamily Paraberothinae (Nel et al. 2005; Makarkin and Kupryjanowicz 2010; Makarkin 2015). Herein, we tentatively follow the cladograms of Neuroptera in Wang et al. (2017), and exclude Rhachiberothidae including Paraberothinae from the family Berothidae.

Berothidae have a fossil history dating back to the Middle Jurassic. Approximately 22 genera with 33 species have been described, mainly distributed in the Eurasia, North and South America (as shown in Table 1). Among them, ten genera with 13 species have been described from the Myanmar amber, representing the most abundant and diverse morphology of the fossil berothids (Engel 2004; Engel and Grimaldi 2008; Yuan et al. 2016; Makarkin 2018; Huang et al. 2019). Herein, a new genus and species of Berothidae is described from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber.

Table 1.
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List of named fossil Berothidae.

Species Age Locality Reference
Sinosmylites pectinatus Hong, 1983 Middle Jurassic Bathonian to Callovian Inner Mongolia, China (Jiulongshan Formation) Hong 1983
Sinosmylites fumosus Makarkin, Yang & Ren, 2011 Middle Jurassic Bathonian to Callovian Inner Mongolia, China (Jiulongshan Formation) Makarkin et al. 2011
Sinosmylites rasnitsyni Makarkin, Yang & Ren, 2011 Middle Jurassic Bathonian to Callovian Inner Mongolia, China (Jiulongshan Formation) Makarkin et al. 2011
Berothone protea (Panfilov, 1980) Upper Jurassic Upper Callovian–Kimmeridgian Karatau, Kazakhstan (Karabastau Formation) Khramov 2015
Berothone gracilis (Panfilov, 1980) Upper Jurassic Upper Callovian–Kimmeridgian Karatau, Kazakhstan (Karabastau Formation) Khramov 2015
Krokhathone parva Khramov, 2015 Upper Jurassic Upper Callovian–Kimmeridgian Karatau, Kazakhstan (Karabastau Formation) Khramov 2015
Krokhathone tristis Khramov, 2015 Upper Jurassic Upper Callovian–Kimmeridgian Karatau, Kazakhstan (Karabastau Formation) Khramov 2015
Sinosmylites karatavicus Khramov, 2015 Upper Jurassic Upper Callovian–Kimmeridgian Karatau, Kazakhstan (Karabastau Formation) Khramov 2015
Sinosmylites auliensis Khramov, 2015 Upper Jurassic Upper Callovian–Kimmeridgian Karatau, Kazakhstan (Karabastau Formation) Khramov 2015
Sinosmylites hotgoricus Khramov, 2015 Upper Jurassic Khoutiyn-Khotgor, Mongolia (Ulan-Ereg Formation) Khramov 2015
Epimesoberotha parva Jepson, Makarkin & Coram Early Cretaceous Early Berriasian Durlston Bay, England (Lulworth Formation) Jepson et al. 2012
Banoberotha enigmatica Whalley, 1980 Early Cretaceous Valanginian/Hauterivian Lebanese amber (Jezzine) Whalley 1980
Sibelliberotha rihanensis Azar & Nel, 2013 Early Cretaceous Valanginian/Hauterivian Lebanese amber (Jezzine) Azar and Nel 2013
Oloberotha sinica Ren & Guo, 1996 Early Cretaceous Barremian Liaoning, China (Yixian Formation) Ren and Guo 1996
Ansoberotha jiewenae gen. & sp. n. Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber This paper
Dasyberotha eucharis Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Ethiroberotha elongata Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Haploberotha carsteni Makarkin, 2018 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Makarkin 2018
Haploberotha persephone Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Iceloberotha kachinensis Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Iceloberotha simulatrix Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Jersiberotha myanmarensis Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Jersiberotha tauberorum Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Protoberotha minuta Huang, Ren & Wang, 2019 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Huang et al. 2019
Systenoberotha magillae Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Telistoberotha libitina Engel & Grimaldi, 2008 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Engel and Grimaldi 2008
Maculaberotha nervosa Yuan, Ren & Wang, 2016 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Yuan et al. 2016
Magniberotha recurrens Yuan, Ren & Wang, 2016 Late Cretaceous lowermost Cenomanian Myanmar amber Yuan et al. 2016
Jersiberotha luzzii Grimaldi, 2000 Late Cretaceous Turonian Raritan (New Jersey) amber Grimaldi 2000
Jersiberotha similis Grimaldi, 2000 Late Cretaceous Turonian Raritan (New Jersey) amber Grimaldi 2000
Nascimberotha picta Grimaldi, 2000 Late Cretaceous Turonian Raritan (New Jersey) amber Grimaldi 2000
Microberotha macculloughi Archibald & Makarkin, 2004 Early Eocene Hat Creek amber, British Columbia Archibald and Makarkin 2004
Elektroberotha groehni Makarkin & Ohl, 2015 Late Eocene Baltic amber Makarkin and Ohl 2015
Xenoberotha angustialata Makarkin, 2017 Early Eocene late Ypresian Colorado, USA (Green River Formation) Makarkin 2017

Materials and methods

This study is based on one female specimen from Myanmar amber. The amber pieces were collected in the Hukawng Valley (the state of Kachin in northern Myanmar). A detailed map of the Hukawng Valley is given by Grimaldi et al. (2002: fig. 1). The volcanoclastic matrix of the amber is estimated to be ~98.79 ± 0.62 million years old, i.e., near the Albian/Cenomanian (Early/Late Cretaceous) boundary (Shi et al. 2012). The biological inclusions of Myanmar amber represent a sample of a tropical forest community in equatorial southeastern Asia at ~12°N paleolatitude (Grimaldi et al. 2002; Poinar et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2019; Lin et al. 2019). The specimen was deposited by Ms Dan Zuo in the collections of the Key Laboratory of Insect Evolution & Environmental Changes, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China (CNUB; Dong Ren, Curator). The specimen was examined using a Zeiss Discovery V20 stereomicroscope and photographed with an AxioCam HRc digital camera attached to the Zeiss Discovery V20 stereomicroscope (both instruments Carl Zeiss Light Microscopy, Göttingen, Germany). Line drawings were prepared with the Adobe Illustrator CS6 and with the aid of Adobe Photoshop CS6.

Venational terminology generally follows Kukalová-Peck and Lawrence (2004) as interpreted by Yang et al. (2012, 2014). Terminology of details of venation (e.g., spaces, veinlets, traces) follows Oswald (1993). Crossveins are designated after the longitudinal veins with which they connect and are numbered in sequence from the wing base.

Abbreviations:

AA1–AA3 first to third anterior anal vein;

CuA anterior cubitus;

CuP posterior cubitus;

MA / MP anterior and posterior branches of media;

RA anterior radius;

RP posterior radius;

RP1 proximal-most branch of RP;

RP2 branch of RP distal to RP1;

ScA subcosta anterior;

ScP subcosta posterior.

Systematic paleontology

Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758

Order Neuroptera Linnaeus, 1758

Family Berothidae Handlirsch, 1906

Ansoberotha gen. nov.

http://zoobank.org/A9486E3A-C995-430F-9D54-F45F1DC9279B

Type (and only) species

Ansoberotha jiewenae gen. et sp. nov.

Etymology

The generic name is a combination of the Latin ansa (meaning haft, handle), and Berotha, the type genus of the family, in reference to the long scapus. Gender feminine.

Diagnosis

Antenna long, more than 6.6 mm, longer than body or forewings; scape elongate, ca. 0.64 mm, almost 12 times as long as wide; flagellum with about 100 flagellomeres. Pronotum elongate, about three times as long as wide. Forewing with one basal sc-r and four ra-rp, M forked distal to the separation of RP; MP, CuA pectinately branched. Hind wing with one r-m between RP stem and MA; one oblique cua-cup between CuA stem and distal branch of CuP.

Ansoberotha jiewenae gen. et sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/08878C7B-AC2C-48D8-BD01-824134515A83
Figures 1, 2

Etymology

The specific epithet is named after Ms Jiewen Zhao (Hunan, China), the daughter of this amber’s owner (Ms Dan Zuo). Her mother hopes that this honour will promote Jiewen’s interests in natural history.

Diagnosis

As for the genus.

Holotype

CNU-NEU-MA2018072, female, a nearly complete and well-preserved specimen.

Locality and horizon

Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, northern Myanmar; lowermost Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous.

Description

Holotype CNU-NEU-MA2018072. Total body length 4.0 mm. Head and body with numerous scattered, fine setae; head about as wide as long. Compound eyes large. Antenna filiform, over 6.6 mm, with scattered setae all over; scape elongate, ca. 0.64 mm, almost 12 times as long as wide; pedicel as long as wide, slightly thicker than flagellum; flagellum with approximately 100 flagellomeres, the last few flagellomeres tapering. Pronotum elongate, narrower than head, about three times as long as wide; pro-, meso-, and metanotum with scattered, long, fine setae. Legs relatively long and slender, with numerous short setae intermixed with long setae. Forelegs: coxa elongated; femur long and slender; tibia slightly inflated nearly as long as femur; basitarsus nearly three times as long as the second tarsomere, the last four tarsomeres of the same length, each tarsomeres with two ended spur. Mid- and hind legs coxa coniform, thicker than forelegs. Each leg with two pretarsal claws, one big arolium. Abdomen nine segments, with scattered short setae; gonapophysis lateralis elongate.

Forewing length 5.5 mm, width 1.5 mm (left forewing/LFW); length 4.9 mm, width 1.8 mm (right forewing/RFW); elongated ovoid, apex rounded, with dense relatively short setae on veins and longer setae on margins; trichosors prominent along entire wing margin. Humeral vein crossvein-like; presumable ScA not detected; costal space relatively broad; most subcostal veinlets simple, not forked, only three (LFW) or four (RFW) distal apex subcostal veinlets forked once, pterostigma not present. ScP and RA fused distally, entering margin before wing apex; ScP+RA with five forked veinlets. Subcostal space slightly narrower than costal space, basally narrowed; only one sc-r present in right forewing, left forewing not detected due to preservation; four ra-rp crossveins located proximal to the fusion of ScP and RA. RP separated from R distal to sc-r, with six (LFW) or five (RFW) branches; RP4 (LFW) dichotomously forked, RP3 (RFW) pectinately forked, with three branches; only one crossveins detected between RP1, RP2 in LFW. M divided into MA and MP distal to the origin of RP and proximal to the separation of RP1 from RP stem, one ma-mp crossvein present; MA distally pectinately forked, with three branches; MP pectinately forked, with seven (LFW) or six (RFW) branches; two crossveins between stem RP, MA and RP1, MA. Cu divided into CuA and CuP near wing base, with one m-cu detected in LFW, two in RFW; CuA pectinately forked, with five (LFW) or six (RFW) distal forked branches; CuP pectinately forked, with three or four simple branches, one crossvein between CuA, CuP in RFW detected. AA1 with a distal fork; AA2, AA3 not detected; no crossveins detected between AA region. Membrane without colour pattern.

Hind wing elongate, length 5.1 mm, width 1.5 mm (left hind wing/LHW); length 5.2 mm, width 1.5 mm (right hind wing/RHW). Trichosors prominent along entire wing margin. Costal space narrow, dilated distal to the fusion of ScP and RA; subcostal veinlets simple, widely spaced, pterostigma not present. Subcostal space no crossveins detected. ScP and RA fused distally, entering margin before wing apex; ScP+RA with seven (LHW) or five (RHW) veinlets, most with distal fork. RA space wider than subcostal space, with two (LHW) or three (RHW) ra-rp located proximal to the fusion of ScP and RA. RP originated slightly distal to wing base, with five pectinate branches, most forked distally; RP4 of LHW, RP3 of RHW dichotomously forked distally; no crossveins between RP branches; one r-m between RP stem and MA. M forked distal to origin of RP and proximal to the origin of RP1; MA dichotomously branched distally; MP pectinately forked, with six (LHW) or five (RHW) branches, most with distal fork; one ma-mp between MA and MP. Cu divided into CuA and CuP near wing base; with two m-cu detected, one near wing base, another located between RP and CuA branches; CuA long, parallel with the posterior margin, pectinately branched with eight (LHW) or 10 (RHW) simple branches; CuP with three distal simple pectinate branches; one oblique cua-cup between CuA stem and diatal branch of CuP. AA1 with a distal fork; AA2 simple; AA3 not detected; no crossveins detected between AA region. Membrane without colour pattern.

Figure 1. 

Ansoberotha jiewenae gen. et sp. nov., holotype CNU-NEU-MA2018072 A photograph of holotype B detailed photograph of antenna, arrow shows the long scape C detailed photograph of abdomen, arrow shows the gonapophysis lateralis. Scale bars 2 mm (A) and 1 mm (B, C).

Figure 2. 

Ansoberotha jiewenae gen. et sp. nov., holotype CNU-NEU-MA2018072 A, B photograph of left forewing and line drawing C, D photograph of right forewing and line drawing E, F photograph of left hind wing and line drawing G, H photograph of right hind wing and line drawing. Scale bars 1 mm.

Remarks

Ansoberotha gen. nov. is distinctly different from the other Burmese amber berothid genera by having following characters: (1) Ansoberotha gen. nov. antenna is very long, over 6.6 mm, longer than body or forewings; the scape is elongate, ca. 0.64 mm, almost 12 times as long as wide; the flagellum with approximately 100 flagellomeres; other genera without such long antenna, scape, or so many flagellomeres; (2) the forewing of Ansoberotha gen. nov. with four ra-rp; Ethiroberotha and Protoberotha without ra-rp; Haploberotha and Maculaberotha with only one ra-rp; Jersiberotha, Iceloberotha, Telistoberotha, and Dasyberotha with two ra-rp; (3) the forewing MP and CuA are pectinately branched, with no less than five branches; (4) the hind wing of Ansoberotha gen. nov. with one oblique cua-cup between CuA stem and the distal branch of CuP; other genera do not have this crossvein.

Acknowledgements

We appreciate the valuable comments and useful suggestions on our manuscript from the editor (Dr. Shaun L. Winterton), the reviewer (Dr. Vladimir N. Makarkin), and another anonymous reviewer. We thank Ms Dan Zuo (Changsha, Hunan, China) for donated of the type specimen to us for study. This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41602014, 31501881, 31730087), Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (grant no. IRT-17R75), Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities (IDHT20180518), Scientific Research Foundation of Guangzhou University (69-18ZX10150).

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