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ZooKeys 388: 17–34, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.388.6316
A review of Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus species group from China, with the description of three new species (Diptera, Chironomidae)
Wenbin Liu 1,†, Xiaolong Lin 1,‡, Xinhua Wang 1,§
1 College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
† http://zoobank.org/BA99D0CE-0E18-46EF-BB3B-061CDE4A25B9
‡ http://zoobank.org/AC3964DC-0709-4DCB-96AA-6EBEDFA04C07
§ http://zoobank.org/ACC3483B-5DD1-4F2D-88F7-1CE4C6458B68

Corresponding author: Author (xhwang@nankai.edu.cn)

Academic editor: V. Blagoderov

received 26 September 2013 | accepted 21 February 2014 | Published 12 March 2014
(C) 2014 Wenbin Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Citation: Liu W, Lin X, Wang X (2014) A review of Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus species group from China, with the description of three new species (Diptera, Chironomidae). ZooKeys 388: 17–34. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.388.6316

Abstract

The Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus species group from China is reviewed. Three new species, R. (P.) brochus sp. n., R. (P.) rotundus sp. n. and R. (P.) serratus sp. n. are described as adult males. R. (P.) imperfectus Makarchenko & Makarchenko, 2005, R. (P.) robacki (Beck & Beck, 1964) and R. (P.) valgus Chaudhuri & Sinharay, 1983 are recorded from China for the first time and annotated. The diagnosis for the species group is emended and a key to adult males of the species group in China is presented.

Keywords

Chironomidae, Rheocricotopus, chalybeatus species group , new species, key, China

Introduction

The genus Rheocricotopus was erected by Thienemann and Harnisch (1932). Originally, Edwards (1929) treated it as a group of the genus Spaniotoma Philippi, 1865. Brundin (1956) reaffirmed the valid generic status of Rheocricotopus to be followed by Lehmann (1969) and other workers. It can be separated from other orthoclad genera by the following combination of characters: hairy eyes; without dorsomedial extension; developed pulvilli; acrostichals beginning near antepronotum; plate-like superior volsella and pointed anal point with posterolaterally directed setae. The immature stages of Rheocricotopus can be collected in streams and rivers, rarely in the littoral zone of lakes (Cranston et al. 1989). So far, 70 species (Ashe and O’Connor 2012) were recorded in all zoogeographic regions in the world.

Sæther (1985) reviewed the genus Rheocricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, 1932 in the world and divided the genus into two subgenera (Rheocricotopus sensu stricto and Psilocricotopus Sæther) including six species groups (atripes species group, chalybeatus species group, godavarius species group, tuberculatus species group, fuscipes species group and effusus species group). Wang and Sæther (2001) erected orientalis, a new species group. The Rheocricotopus chalybeatus species group can be distinguished from other species groups by the following combination of characters: gonostylus either with pronounced, preapical, triangular crista dorsalis or with apically sharp upward bend fused with apparent crista dorsalis; humeral pit moderately large, ovoid or circular, if large and somewhat rectangular gonostylus bent sharply upwards distally; superior volsella rounded, relatively small, never with projection. To date, 22 species were recorded in the chalybeatus species group (Sæther 1985; Caspers 1987; Chaudhuri and Sinharay 1983; Hazra and Chaudhuri 2004; Johannsen 1932; Makarchenko and Makarchenko 2005; Sasa 1990, 1991; Sasa and Suzuki 2000; Wang and Zheng 1989, 1991; Wang et al. 2004).

In China, 6 species of chalybeatus species group [Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) emeiensis Wang & Zheng, 1989, Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nigrus Wang & Zheng, 1989, Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus Wang & Zheng, 1991, Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus Wang & Zheng, 1991, Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus (Edwards, 1929) and Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) taiwanensis Wang et al., 2004] had been recorded (Wang 2000, Wang et al. 2004).

Based on specimens from China, in this paper, three new species are described, and a key to the Chinese species of chalybeatus group is presented.

Materials and methods

The morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980). The material examined was mounted on slides following the procedures outlined by Sæther (1969). The specimens examined in this study are deposited in the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China.

Taxonomy
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus Wang & Zheng, 1991

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_bifasciatus

Rheocricotopus bifasciatus Wang & Zheng, 1991: 100.
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus Wang, 2000: 639, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 560.
Specimens examined.

Type material: Holotype, ♂, Chongqing City, Jinfo Mountain, 29°01'90"N, 107°16'20"E, 9.v.1986, sweeping, Wang XH. Paratype (1): 1♂, as holotype.

Additional material: 1♂, Sichuan Province, Yajiang County, 30°15'00"N, 101°02'00"E, 14.vii.1997, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Hunan Province, Taoyuan County, 28°63'72"N, 111°13'79"E, 17.vii.2004, sweeping, Yan CC; 3♂♂, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Jingyuan County, 35°66'33"N, 106°29'08"E, 7.viii.1987, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Jingyuan County, 35°66'33"N, 106°29'08"E, 8.viii.1987, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Gansu Province, Yuzhong County, 35°90'00"N, 104°11'00"E, 4.viii.1993, sweeping, Bu WJ.

Diagnosis.

This species can be separated from other members of the group by the following combination of characters: tergites I, II and IV pale brown, others dark brown; AR 0.90; wing anal lobe reduced; humeral pit large, ovoid; Costal extension 83 μm long.

Remarks.

The additional specimens are similar to the description of Wang and Zheng (1991). The species is recorded from Palearctic Region for the first time.

Distribution.

China (Chongqing Municipality, Sichuan, Hunan and Gansu Provinces, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region).

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus Wang & Zheng, 1991

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_brachypus

Rheocricotopus brachypus Wang & Zheng, 1991: 101.
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus Wang, 2000: 639, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 560.
Specimens examined.

Type material: Holotype, ♂, Guangdong Province, Fengkai County, Heishiding National Nature Reserve, 23°30'02"N, 111°55'01"E, 12.iv.1985, sweeping, Wang XH.

Additional material: 1♂, Hubei Province, Hefeng County, 29°91'00"N, 110°03'00"E, 16.vii.1999, light trap, Ji BC; 1♂, Sichuan Province, Yajiang County, 30°15'00"N, 101°02'00"E, 14.vii.1997, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Xizang Autonomous Region, Bayi County, Shergmla Mountain, 29°64'07"N, 94°36'01"E, 28–30.ix.1997, yellow trap, Solhøy T & Skartveit J.

Diagnosis.

This species can be separated from other members of the group by the following combination of characters: AR 0.43; anal lobe developed; anal point robust.

Remarks.

Wang and Zheng (1991) described this species without humeral pit which as diagnostic characteristic. However, after examining the holotype, we find a medium, relatively shallow, ovoid humeral pit existing.

Distribution.

Oriental China (Guangdong, Hubei and Sichuan Provinces, Xizang Autonomous Region).

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brochus sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/74D7F9E8-E9E8-4BE0-A21B-DDEB23C88D8B

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_brochus

Figs 1–6
Diagnosis.

The adult male can be distinguished from known species of the species group and the genus by the following combination of characters: crista dorsalis tooth-liked; tergites I, II and IV yellow, tergite III mainly yellow with a brown circular area, other tergites brown.

Description.

Male imago (n = 12)

Total length 1.75–2.70, 2.18 mm. Wing length 1.25–1.60, 1.33 mm. Total length/wing length 1.35–1.78, 1.68. Wing length/length of profemur 1.76–2.31, 2.04.

Coloration. Head and thorax brown. Tergites (Fig. 1) I, II and IV yellow, tergite III mainly yellow but having a brown circular area, other tergites brown.

Figures 1–6.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brochus sp. n., male. 1 abdomen tergites coloration 2 cibarial pump, tentorium and stipes 3 wing 4 thorax 5 hypopygium (dorsal view) 6 hypopygium (ventral view).

Head. AR 0.63–0.89, 0.72. Ultimate flagellomere 245–360, 284 μm long. Temporal setae 4–7, 5, including 1–3, 2 inner verticals; 1–3, 2 outer verticals and 0–2, 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 7–10, 8 setae. Cibarial pump, tentorium and stipes as in Fig. 2. Tentorium 75–140, 123 μm long, 13–25, 19 μm wide. Stipes 100–125, 118 μm long, 8–10, 8 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 20–25, 23; 38–55, 47; 90–130, 105; 110–138, 120; 205–250, 232. L: 5th/3rd 1.92–2.67, 2.23. Third palpal segment with 2 sensilla clavata.

Wing (Fig. 3). Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.06–1.13, 1.07. Costal extension 45–65, 51 μm long. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 3–6, 5 setae. Remaining veins bare. Squama with 1–2, 2 setae.

Thorax (Fig. 4). Antepronotum with 2–4, 4 lateral setae. Dorsocentrals 5–7, 6; acrostichals 9–13, 11; prealars 2–3, 3. Scutellum with 2–4, 4 setae. Humeral pit moderately large, ovoid.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 23–40, 35 μm long; spurs of mid tibia 13–25, 15 μm and 10–18, 12 μm long; spurs of hind tibia 38–50, 41 μm and 10–20, 15 μm long. Hind tibial comb with 9–12, 10 spines, 20–48, 31μm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 35–45, 41 mm, of mid tibia 33–45, 41 mm, of hind tibia 30–45, 38 mm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in Table 1.

Table 1.

Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brochus sp. n.

P1 P2 P3
fe 530–924, 662 530–800, 713 570–820, 629
ti 640–860, 713 530–690, 670 660–870, 724
ta1 570–770, 618 330–450, 362 410–550, 446
ta2 310–420, 343 150–200, 161 180–260, 205
ta3 210–300, 240 100–130, 110 150–210, 169
ta4 150–200, 163 50–120, 63 70–100, 83
ta5 70–95, 81 55–70, 57 60–80, 69
LR 0.83–0.90, 0.88 0.61–0.65, 0.63 0.60–0.63, 0.61
BV 2.32–2.52, 2.41 3.94–4.62, 4.10 3.30–3.49, 3.42
SV 2.07–2.32, 2.20 3.11–3.48, 3.26 2.95–3.07, 3.02
BR 2.00–4.00, 2.98 1.57–3.00, 2.51 2.25–3.25, 2.67

Hypopygium (Figs 5–6). Anal point tapering to apex, 33–41, 37 μm long, 25–50, 37 μm wide in base, with 3–4, 4 lateral setae in each side. Laterosernite IX with 1–3, 2 setae. Phallapodeme 35–68, 55 μm long. Transverse sternapodeme 35–88, 59 μm long. Gonocoxite 138–191, 157 μm long. Superior volsella triangular, 20–40, 31 μm long, with 5–8, 7 setae. Gonostylus 60–75, 66 μm long. Megaseta 9–13, 11 μm long. Crista dorsalis tooth-shaped. HR 2.11–2.60, 2.38. HV 2.59–3.60, 3.31.

Type material.

Holotype: ♂ (BDN. C11A32), China, Zhejiang Province, Yueqing City, Lingdi County, Jiulong Village, 28°31'00"N, 120°96'00"E, 18.iv.2011, sweeping, Lin XL. Paratypes (11): 4♂♂, as holotype; 6♂♂, Hubei Province, Hefeng County, 29°91'00"N, 110°03'00"E, 16.vii.1999, light trap, Ji BC; 1♂, Jiangxi Province, Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, 27°48'11"N, 117°39'30"E, 13.vi.2004, light trap, Yan CC.

Etymology.

The specific name is an adjective, from Latin brochus, meaning tooth, referring to tooth-shaped crista dorsalis.

Remarks.

The new species resembles Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus Wang & Zheng, 1991 and Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) insularis Makarchenko & Makarchenko, 2005 in the following combination of characters: anal point long, pointed distally; wing anal lobe reduced; crista dorsalis tooth-shaped. But the new species can be separated from the latter species in the basis following combination of characters in Table 2.

Table 2.

Main differences between Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brochus sp. n., Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus and Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) insularis.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brochus sp. n. Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) insularis
AR 0.63–0.89, 0.72 0.90 0.71–0.74
Length of costal extension 45–65, 51 μm 83 μm 96 μm
Squama 1–2, 2 setae 2 setae 8 setae
Shape of humeral pit medium, oviod large, rounded oviod
Tergite coloration TI, II, IV yellow, TIII with a brown circular area, others brown TI, II, IV yellow, others brown all tergites brown

Female and immature stages unknown.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus (Edwards, 1929)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_chalybeatus

Spaniotoma chalybeatus Edwards, 1929: 331.
Eukiefferiella urbanus Goetghebuer, 1932: 101.
Trichocladius lerutbi Goetghebuer, 1939: 2.
Rheocricotopus chalybeatus Lehmann, 1969: 354; Hirvenoja 1973: 340; Langton 1984: 98.
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus Sæther, 1985: 82; Wang 2000: 639, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 561.
Specimens examined.

2♂♂, Liaoning Province, Dandong City, Fengcheng City, Cao River, 40°62'50"N, 124°06'96"E, 1.iv.1993, sweeping, Wang JC; 4♂♂, Gansu Province, Longnan City, Gankang County, 33°33'10"N, 105°90'31"E, 2.viii.1982, sweeping, Bu WJ; 1♂, Shandong Province, Zaozhuang City, Shanting District, Beizhuang Town, 34°99'20"N, 102°52'32"E, 28.v.1994, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Shandong Province, Yantai City, Muping District, 37°38'62"N, 121°59'57"E, 28.viii.1988, sweeping, Li HY; 1♂, Shaanxi Province, Baoji City, Feng County, Tsinling Mountains, 34°23'44"N, 106°90'01"E, 27.vii.1994, sweeping, Ji BC; 3♂♂, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou City, Yueqing City, Furong Town, 33°64'03"N, 121°02'73"E, 2.viii.2010, light trap, Lin XL.

Diagnosis.

This species can be separated from its congeners by the following combination of characters: AR 0.89–1.15; R with 2–4 setae; squama with 8–14 setae; Costa not produced or scarcely produced.

Remarks.

The additional specimens mainly agree with the description of Lehmann and other workers. But costal extension of specimens from Oriental Region (35–40 μm long) longer than from Palearctic Region (0–15 μm long).

Distribution.

China (Liaoning, Gansu, Shandong, Shaanxi and Zhejiang Provinces), Algeria, Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Corsica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) emeiensis Wang & Zheng, 1989

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_emeiensis

Rheocricotopus emeiensis Wang & Zheng, 1989: 311.
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) emeiensis Wang, 2000: 639, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 563.
Specimens examined.

Type material: Holotype, ♂, Sichuan Province, Leshan City, Emei Mountain, 29°58'18"N, 103°29'15"E, 17.v.1986, sweeping, Wang XH.

Additional material: 1♂, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Haba County, 48°17'00"N, 86°42'00"E, 15.vii.2002, sweeping, Tang HQ; 2♂♂, Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong City, Liuba County, Xiaoliuba Village, 33°64'03"N, 106°90'31"E, 4.viii.1994, sweeping, Ji BC; 2♂♂, Shaanxi Province, Xi’an City, Zhouzhi County, Banfangzi, 33°81'84"N, 107°99'64"E, 7.viii.1994, light trap, Ji BC; 2♂♂, Shaanxi Province, Xi’an City, Zhouzhi County, Banfangzi, 33°81'84"N, 107°99'64"E, 10.viii.1994, light trap, Ji BC; 1♂, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Fumin County, 25°22'61"N, 102°52'32"E, 1.vi.1996, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Yiliang County, 24°92'24"N, 103°13'95"E, 2.vi.1996, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Fujian Province, Xiamen City, 24°48'24"N, 118°08'44"E, 15.v.1993, sweeping, Bu WJ; 1♂, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, 26°60'17"N, 106°70'36"E, 10.vii.1995, light trap, Bu WJ; 1♂, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, Huaxi District, 26°41'34"N, 106°66'66"E, 23.vii.1995, sweeping, Bu WJ.

Diagnosis.

This species can be separated from other members of the group by the following combination of characters: R bare; anal point short, pointed distally.

Remarks.

The additional specimens are similar to the description of Wang and Zheng (1989). The species is recorded from Palearctic Region for the first time.

Distribution.

China (Fujian, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Yunnan Provinces, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) imperfectus Makarchenko & Makarchenko, 2005

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_imperfectus

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) imperfectus Makarchenko & Makarchenko, 2005: 126; Makarchenko and Makarchenko 2011: 120, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 564.
Specimens examined.

1♂, Hubei Province, Shennongjia Forest Region, 31°74'56"N, 110°67'53"E, 19.vii.1997, sweeping, Du YZ; 1♂, Hubei Province, Lichuan City, 30°29'37"N, 108°93'20"E, 30.vii.1999, sweeping, Ji BC; 12♂♂, Shaanxi, Baoji City, Feng County, Tsinling Mountains, 34°23'44"N, 106°90'01"E, 28–30.vii.1994, sweeping, Bu WJ; 1♂, Shaanxi, Ankang City, Ningshan County, Huoditang Town, 33°43'38"N, 108°44'81"E, 12.viii.1994, sweeping, Bu WJ; 1♂, Shaanxi, Ankang City, Ningshan County, Xunyangba Town, 33°54'82"N, 108°54'77"E, 17.viii.1994, sweeping, Bu WJ; 10♂♂, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Guyuan City, Jingyuan County, Liupan Mountain, 35°78'97"N, 106°28'93"E, 6–7.viii.1987, sweeping, Wang XH.

Diagnosis.

This species can be separated from other members of the group by the following combination of characters: AR 0.47; humeral pit large and rounded; acrostichal absent; anal point of hypopygium sharply triangular, with 10 setae along the edges; gonostylus slightly curved, with roundish triangular crista dorsalis.

Remarks.

Chinese specimens mainly agree with the description of Makarchenko and Makarchenko (2005), but Chinese specimens with more setae in R (4–8) than the specimens in Russia (R with 3 setae).

Distribution.

China (Hubei and Shaanxi Provinces, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Russia (Far East).

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nigrus Wang & Zheng, 1989

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_nigrus

Rheocricotopus nigrus Wang & Zheng, 1989: 311.
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nigrus Wang, 2000: 639; Makarchenko and Makarchenko 2011: 120, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 566.
Specimens examined.

Type material: Holotype, ♂, Hubei Province, Xiangyang City, Gucheng County, 32°29'00"N, 111°64'00"E, 5.v.1986, sweeping, Wang XH; Paratype (1): 1♂, as holotype.

Additional material: 2♂♂, Zhejiang Province, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, 27°73'23"N, 119°19'06"E, 18.iv.1995, sweeping, Ji BC; 11♂♂, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Bayingolin, Kuerleying Town, 41°74'10"N, 86°10'82"E, 26.viii.2002, light trap, Tang HQ; 1♂, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Bayingolin, Yuli County, 41°57'00"N, 86°30'00"E, 25.v.2002, sweeping, Tang HQ; 1♂, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Haba County, 48°17'00"N, 86°42'00"E, 15.vii.2002, sweeping, Tang HQ; 1♂, Fujian Province, Nanping City, Mangdang Mountain, 26°69'52"N, 118°12'55"E, 22.ix.2002, sweeping, Liu Z; 1♂, Fujian Province, Nanping City, Mangdang Mountain, 26°69'52"N, 118°12'55"E, 23.ix.2002, sweeping, Liu Z.

Diagnosis.

The adult male can be separated from other members of the group by the following combination of characters: body totally dark brown; AR 1.30; dorsocentrals 20; humeral pit large, similar to the square.

Remarks.

The species distributed in both Oriental and Palearctic Region. The specimens from Palearctic Region have fewer dorsocentrals (13–17) than those from Oriental Region (20).

Distribution.

China (Hubei, Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), Russia (Far East).

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) robacki (Beck & Beck, 1964)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_robacki

Tricocladius robacki Beck & Beck, 1964: 204.
Rheocricotopus kenorensis Sæther, 1969: 88.
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) robacki Sæther, 1985: 79, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 567.
Specimens examined.

1♂, Shaanxi Province, Xi’an City, Zhouzhi County, Banfangzi, 33°81'84"N, 107°99'64"E, 10.viii.1994, light trap, Ji BC; 8♂♂, Jiangxi Province, Yichun City, Yifeng County, 28°39'69"N, 114°67'55"E, sweeping, Yan CC; 1♂, Fujian Province, Longyan City, Shanghang County, 25°05'21"N, 116°41'52"E, 6.v.1993, sweeping, Wang XH; 2♂♂, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Boertala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Sailimu lake, 44°62'32"N, 81°20'48"E, 30.vii.2002, sweeping, Tang HQ; 7♂♂, Guizhou Province, Zunhua City, Daozhen County, Dasha River, 28°86'58"N, 107°60'73"E, 25.v.2004, light trap, Tang HQ; 2♂♂, Guizhou Province, Zunhua City, Daozhen County, Dasha River, 28°86'58"N, 107°60'73"E, 24.viii.2004, sweeping, Yu X; 3♂♂, Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Eryuan County, Niujie Town, 26°25'55"N, 99°98'90"E, light trap, Wang BX; 1♂, Tibet, Xigaze, Nielamu County, 27°98'73"N, 85°98'32"E, 15.8.1987, light trap, Deng CY; 1♂, Tibet, Xigaze, Nielamu County, 27°98'73"N, 85°98'32"E, 21.9.1987, light trap, Deng CY.

Diagnosis.

The species is characterized by having a relatively high AR (1.14–1.24), very weak and short acrostichals, 8–14 dorsocentrals, reduced number of bristles on squama, anal tergite extending beyond tip of anal point, superior volsella triangular, crista dorsalis triangular, apex pointed.

Remarks.

Chinese specimens mainly agree with the description of Sæther (1969, 1985). It is recorded in Palearctic Region for the first time. Chinese specimens have lower body length (2.55–3.13 mm) and lower AR 1.07 than species from Nearctic Region (total length 3.10–3.30 mm, AR 1.18).

Distribution.

China (Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and Yunnan Provinces, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tibet), Canada, U.S.A.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) rotundus sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5796E5A3-6914-462C-97E2-9CE1709E522E

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_rotundus

Figs 7–11
Diagnosis.

The adult male of the new species can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: low AR 0.25–0.29; superior volsella rounded.

Description.

Male (n = 2).

Total length 1.58–1.98 mm. Wing length 0.86–1.20 mm. Total length/wing length 1.66–1.84. Wing length/length of profemur 1.74–2.61.

Coloration. Head and abdomen yellow brown, thorax without distinct pattern.

Head. Antenna as in Fig. 7. AR 0.25–0.29. Ultimate flagellomere 88–118 μm long. Temporal setae 3–4, including 1–2 inner verticals and 2 outer verticals. Clypeus with 6–12 setae. Tentorium 115–130 μm long, 23–25 μm wide. Stipes 115–118 μm long, 4–5 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 48–53, 30–45, 48–60, 68–90, 123–163. L: 5th/3rd 2.56–2.71.

Wing (Fig. 8). Anal lobe normally developed. VR 1.17–1.19. Costal extension 30–38 μm long. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 1–3 setae. Remaining veins bare. Squama with 2 setae.

Figures 7–11.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) rotundus sp. n., male. 7 antenna 8 wing 9 thorax 10 hypopygium (ventral view) 11 hypopygium (dorsal view).

Thorax (Fig. 9). Antepronotum with 4 lateral setae. Dorsocentrals 6–11; acrostichals 6–8, prealars 3. Scutellum with 2–6 setae. Humeral pit moderately large, ovoid.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 23–40 μm long; spurs of mid tibia 13–18 μm long and 12–15 μm long; spurs of hind tibia 27–38 μm and 13–15 μm long. Hind tibial comb with 8–16 spines, 13–27 μm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 25–40 mm, of mid tibia 25–38 mm, of hind tibia 23–40 mm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3.

Table 3.

Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) rotundus sp. n.

P1 P2 P3
fe 330–490 350–475 310–445
ti 380–500 310–485 350–520
ta1 218 135–240 188–300
ta2 153 80–135 108–165
ta3 120 65–110 90–145
ta4 75 35–50 35–65
ta5 50 40–50 50–65
LR 0.57 0.44–0.49 0.54–0.58
BV 2.33 3.48–3.61 2.88–3.00
SV 3.26 4.00–4.89 3.22–3.51
BR 2.67 2.00–2.80 3.06–3.83

Hypopygium (Figs 10–11). Anal point triangular, 20–28 μm long, with 4 lateral setae each side. Laterosernite IX with 2 setae. Phallapodeme 48–50 μm long. Transverse sternapodeme arcuate with normally oral projection, 33–40 μm long. Gonocoxite 125–135 μm long. Superior volsella rounded, plate-shaped and sclerotized, 28–38 μm long and 20–27 μm wide, covered with 8 short setae and a few microtrichia. Gonostylus 55–70 μm long, with distinct, triangular crista dorsalis. Megaseta 8–10 μm long. HR 1.93–2.27. HV 2.82–2.87.

Type material.

Holotype: ♂ (BDN. G5A42), China, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua City, Pan’an County, Dapanshan National Nature Reserve, 28°98'02"N, 120°52'63"E, 18.vii.2012, sweeping, Lin XL. Paratype (1): 1♂, Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Eryuan County, Niujie Town, 26°25'55"N, 99°98'90"E, sweeping, Wang BX.

Etymology.

The specific name is an adjective, from Latin rotundus, meaning rounded, referring to rounded superior volsella.

Remarks.

The new species resembles Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) notabilits Caspers, 1987 in the following combination of characters: low AR; humeral pit medium, ovoid; the shape of anal point. But the new species can be separated from latter species on the basis of following characters: (1) costal extension of the new species (30–38 μm) much shorter than Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) notabilits Caspers (72 μm); (2) anal lobe of the new species developed, which reduced in Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) notabilits Caspers; and (3) crista dorsalis of the new species distinct, triangular subapical, which pronounced, rounded in Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) notabilits Caspers.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) serratus sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/D6FD7A2F-87EB-4513-A6D4-F122B14548DA

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_serratus

Figs 12–15
Diagnosis.

The adult male of the new species can be distinguished from known species of the species group and the genus by the following combination of characters: crista dorsalis sawtooth-shaped, hyaline, high as megaseta; high HR (2.61–3.42) and HV (3.40–5.00).

Description.

Male imago (n = 4)

Total length 2.55–3.00, 2.73 mm. Wing length 1.33–1.95, 1.69 mm. Total length/wing length 1.44–1.94, 1.64. Wing length/length of profemur 2.21–2.35, 2.27.

Coloration. Head and abdomen yellow, thorax dark brown.

Head. AR 0.71–0.78, 0.74. Ultimate flagellomere 285–355, 323 μm long. Temporal setae 0–3, 1, including 0–1, 1 inner vertical; 0–2, 1 outer vertical and 0–1, 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 9–12, 10 setae. Tentorium 140–153, 148 μm long, 33–40, 38 μm wide. Stipes 65–75, 68 μm long, 3–7, 4 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 35–70, 47; 48–58, 53; 103–123, 114; 118–155, 141; 205–238, 219. L: 5th/3rd 1.67–2.02, 1.92.

Wing (Fig. 12). Anal lobe slightly developed. VR 1.13–1.20, 1.17. Costal extension 50–88, 71 μm long. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 4–11, 7 setae. Remaining veins bare. Squama with 6–13, 9 setae.

Figures 12–15.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) serratus sp. n., male. 12 wing 13 thorax 14 hypopygium (ventral view) 15 hypopygium (dorsal view).

Thorax (Fig. 13). Antepronotum with 1–7, 4 lateral setae. Dorsocentrals 6–9, 7; acrostichals 9–15, 12; prealars 3. Scutellum with 4–6, 5 setae. Humeral pit moderately large, egg-shaped.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 40–48, 44 μm long; spurs of mid tibia 15–25, 19 μm and 15–20, 17 μm long; spurs of hind tibia 43–55, 48 μm and 18–23, 19 μm long. Hind tibial comb with 11–13, 12 spines, 30–50, 40 μm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 35–45, 41 mm, of mid tibia 36–45, 41 mm, of hind tibia 38–45, 43 mm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in Table 4.

Table 4.

Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) serratus sp. n.

P1 P2 P3
fe 600–830, 743 570–800, 700 600–780, 715
ti 650–810, 760 660–720, 698 660–850, 783
ta1 520–780, 640 310–410, 380 380–530, 475
ta2 290–390, 350 150–200, 183 200–270, 253
ta3 205–270, 250 100–140, 125 160–220, 198
ta4 155–200, 181 55–80, 71 90–120, 105
ta5 90–100, 95 60–80, 73 70–90, 83
LR 0.78–0.96, 0.84 0.47–0.58, 0.54 0.58–0.63, 0.61
BV 2.39–2.55, 2.44 3.71–4.22, 3.96 2.17–3.04, 2.81
SV 1.95–2.61, 2.37 3.56–3.97, 3.69 2.92–3.32, 3.17
BR 1.75–2.11, 1.91 2.10–2.22, 2.19 2.40–3.55, 2.99

Hypopygium (Figs 14–15). Anal point triangular, pointed distally, 33–50, 41 μm long, 20–30, 24 μm wide, with 4–5, 5 lateral setae each side. Laterosernite IX with 2–3, 3 setae. Phallapodeme 23–28, 25 μm long. Transverse sternapodeme 18–33, 26 μm long. Gonocoxite 180–205, 195 μm long. Superior volsella triangular, 35–43, 40 μm long, with 7–8, 8 setae. Gonostylus 60–75, 67 μm long. Megaseta 13–15, 14 μm long. Crista dorsalis sawtooth-shaped, hyaline, high as megaseta. HR 2.61–3.42, 2.91. HV 3.40–5.00, 4.09.

Type material.

Holotype: ♂ (BDN. 10058), China, Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Eryuan County, Niujie Town, 26°25'55"N, 99°98'90"E, light trap, Zhou CF. Paratypes (3): 1♂, Zhejiang Province, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, 27°73'23"N, 119°19'06"E, 15.vii.1994, Ji BC; 1♂, Tibet, Xigaze, Nielamu County, 27°98'73"N, 85°98'32"E, 21.9.1987, light trap, Deng CY; 1♂, Sichuan Province, Xiangcheng County, 28°93'44"N, 99°79'72"E, 12.vi.1996, light trap, Wang XH.

Etymology.

The specific name is an adjective, from Latin serratus, meaning sawtooth, referring to the sawtooth-shaped crista dorsalis.

Remarks.

The new species resembles Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) himalayensis Chaudhuri & Sinharay, 1983 in the triangular anal point, but it can be separated from the latter species on the basis of following characters: (1) costal extension of the new species much longer (50–88 μm), than Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) himalayensis Chaudhuri & Sinharay (25 μm); (2) humeral pit in the new species medium, ovoid, which rounded in the latter species; (3) crista dorsalis sawtooth-shaped, hyaline in the new species, which moderately pronounced in the latter species.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) taiwanensis Wang, Yan & Maa, 2004

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_taiwanensis

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) taiwanensis Wang, Yan & Maa, 2004: 239, Ashe and O’Connor 2012: 567.
Specimens examined.

Type material: Holotype, ♂, Taiwan Province, Taipei City, Guandu, Wetland, 25°11'56"N, 121°47'14"E, 20.x.1988, sweeping, Maa CJ.

Diagnosis.

The adult male can be separated from other members of the group by the following combination of characters: all veins of wing bare; low AR (0.71); squama with 3 setae; very pronounced crista dorsalis.

Distribution.

China (Taiwan Province).

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) valgus Chaudhuri & Sinharay, 1983

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rheocricotopus_valgus

Rheocricotopus valgus Chaudhuri & Sinharay, 1983: 402.
Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) valgus Ashe & O’Connor, 2012: 568.
Specimens examined.

1♂, Guangdong Province, Fengkai County, Heishiding, 23°30'02"N, 111°55'01"E, 20.iv.1988, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Guangxi Province, Longsheng County, 25°89'26"N, 110°21'21"E, 16.v.1990, sweeping, Wang XH; 1♂, Guangxi Province, Jinxiu County, 24°14'00"N, 110°19'00"E, 1.vi.1990, light trap, Wang XH; 2♂♂, Hubei Province, Hefeng County, 29°91'00"N, 110°03'00"E, 16.vii.1999, light trap, Ji BC; 1♂, Hubei Province, Xianfeng Mountain, 29°70'00"N, 119°14'00"E, 25.vii.1999, sweeping, Ji BC; 1♂, Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu, 27°73'23"N, 119°19'06"E, 13.vii.1995, light trap, Ji BC; 4♂♂, Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Qingyuan County, Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, 27°73'23"N, 119°19'06"E, 24.vii.2012, light trap, Lin XL; 1♂, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou City, Taishun County, Wuyanling National Nature Reserve, 27°71'15"N, 119°64'64"E, 3.viii.2005, light trap, Ji BC; 1♂, Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Jingning County, 27°97'67"N, 119°63'12"E, 27.vii.2012, light trap, Lin XL.

Diagnosis.

This species can be separated from other members of the group by the following combination of characters: R without seta; tergites I, II and anterior part of tergite V pale brown, tergites IV and VIII brown, anal point with 4–5 setae on each side and 1 seta at the base; gonocoxite with a prominent triangular basal lobe bearing 3–4 setae.

Remarks.

The Chinese specimens generally agree with the original description by Chaudhuri and Sinharay (1983), though some measured differences between the Chinese specimens and those of Chaudhuri and Sinharay (1983) are shown in Table 5.

Table 5.

Differences in the Chinese and Indian specimens of Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) valgus

Chinese specimens Indian specimens
Squama 5–8, 7 setae 9 setae (average)
HR 1.98–2.15, 2.08 2.20 (average)
HV 2.88–3.20, 3.03 3.40 (average)
Distribution.

China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and Zhejiang Provinces), India.

Key to adult males of Rheocricotopus chalybeatus species group in China
1 Anal lobe reduced 2
– Anal lobe moderately or very developed 5
2 Costa not beyond R4+5 Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) robacki (Beck & Beck)
– Costa beyond R4+5 3
3 Squama with 9 setae Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus Wang & Zheng
– Squama bare, or with 1 seta 4
4 Tergites I, II, IV yellow, tergite III with a brown circular area, others brown Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brochus sp. n.
– All tergites I-IX dark brown Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) imperfectus Makarchenko & Makarchenko
5 AR 0.25–0.29; superior volsella rounded Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) rotundus sp. n.
- AR 0.45–1.30; superior volsella triangular 6
6 Humeral pit large, similar to the square 7
– Humeral pit rounded or ellipsoid 8
7 Dorsocentrals 20; R1 with 1 seta Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nigrus Wang & Zheng
– Dorsocentrals 10–14; R1 bare Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus (Edwards)
8 Crista dorsalis sawtooth-shaped, transparent Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) serratus sp. n.
– Crista dorsalis triangular or rectangular 9
9 Costal extension 120 μm long; AR 1.20 Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) valgus Chaudhuri & Sinharay
– Costal extension 30–45 μm long; AR 0.43–1.00 10
10 Acrostichals absent 11
– Acrostichals 7–9 Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus Wang & Zheng
11 Supraalars present; crista dorsalis rectangular Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) emeiensis Wang & Zheng
– Supraalars absent; crista dorsalis triangular Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) taiwanensis Wang, Yan & Ma
Acknowledgements

Financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant No. 30870329; 31272284; 31301908), Fauna of China (FY120100) and Sino-French Haihe IWRM Project (grant No. 2013DFA71340) are acknowledged with thanks. We are grateful to Bingchun Ji and Yufen Li who made parts of slide preparations.

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