Research Article |
Corresponding author: Wisut Sittichaya ( wisut.s@psu.ac.th ) Academic editor: Miguel Alonso-Zarazaga
© 2019 Wisut Sittichaya, Sarah M. Smith, Roger A. Beaver.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Sittichaya W, Smith SM, Beaver RA (2019) Ten newly recorded species of xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Xyleborini) from Thailand. ZooKeys 862: 109-127. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.862.34766
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Ten species of ambrosia beetles of the tribe Xyleborini, Amasa beesoni (Eggers, 1930), Amasa opalescens (Schedl, 1937), Amasa cylindrotomica (Schedl, 1939), Arixyleborus hirsutulus Schedl, 1969, Beaverium latus (Eggers, 1923), Cnestus protensus (Eggers, 1930), Coptodryas quadricostata (Schedl, 1942), Cryptoxyleborus confusus Browne, 1950, Cryptoxyleborus percuneolus (Schedl, 1951) and Cyclorhipidion vigilans (Schedl, 1939), are recorded here for the first time in Thailand. Diagnostic characters, illustrations, distribution and biological data are provided for each species. Xylosandrus ramulorum (Schedl, 1957), stat. res. is removed from synonymy with Amasa cylindrotomica and reinstated as a valid species.
Diversity, Oriental region, reinstated species, southern Thailand, xyleborines
The Scolytinae is a subfamily of bark and wood-boring weevils which includes more than 6000 species (
The first checklist of the Scolytinae of Thailand was that of
Specimens were collected from three forest complexes in peninsular southern Thailand over a thirteen to fifteen month trapping period. Ethanol-baited flight intercept traps were placed in 12 study sites in 10 conservation areas in the Titiwangsa Mountain Range, Nakhon Sri Thammarat Mountain Range and Phuket Mountain Range (Fig.
Peninsular Thailand showing forest covered areas (green), and conservation areas in which the beetles were trapped (stars). Labels indicate study areas where newly recorded species were captured. (Modified from http://new.forest.go.th/land/)
Pseudoxyleborus beesoni
Amasa beesoni
(Eggers):
Large, 4.60−4.79 mm (N = 2) long; stout, 2.0−2.1 times longer than wide; body smooth, shining nearly glabrous, yellowish brown to dark brown in color; eye completely divided; antennal club with sutures obscured (type 5;
THAILAND, Khao Lak-Lam Ru National Park, Phang Nga Province, 8°39'22.4"N 98°17'31.6"E, tropical rainforest, ethanol-baited trap, 01.v.2015 (1), 01.iv.2015 (1), (W. Sittichaya).
Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar. New to Thailand.
Recorded from Dimocarpus longan Lour and Xerospermum intermedium Radlk. (Sapindaceae) and possibly with a fixed association with this family (
This species can be distinguished from all other Amasa recorded in Thailand by the completely divided eye and the small teeth at the apex of the elytral disc on the first interstriae.
Pseudoxyleborus cylindrotomicus Schedl, 1939: 40.
Xyleborus cylindrotomicus
(Schedl):
Xylosandrus cylindrotomicus
(Schedl):
Amasa cylindrotomica
(Schedl):
Synonyms: Xyleborus semitruncatus Schedl, 1942: 35. Synonymy:
Xyleborus truncatellus
Schedl, 1951: 79. Synonymy:
Xyleborus jucundus
Schedl, 1954: 138 (new name for Xyleborus truncatellus Schedl, 1951 non
Small, 2.1 mm (N = 1) long; stout, 2.0 times longer than wide; body shining, nearly glabrous, yellowish brown to brown in color; eye deeply emarginate; antennal club with sutures obscured (type 5;
THAILAND, Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, 6°59'32.1"N 100°08'57.8"E, tropical rainforest, ethanol-baited trap, 01.ii.2014 (1) (W. Sittichaya).
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra). New to Thailand.
Recorded only from Syzygium aromaticum Merr & LM Perry (clove) (Myrtaceae).
This species can be distinguished from all other Amasa recorded in Thailand by its small size (2.1 mm long) and stout appearance; elytra approximately as long as the pronotum, and elytral declivity dull, glabrous.
It should be noted that the Afrotropical species, Xyleborus ramulorum Schedl, 1957, included as a synonym of A. cylindrotomica by
Xyleborus opalescens Schedl, 1937: 550
Amasa opalescens
(Schedl):
Large, 4.5 mm long (N = 1); moderately stout, 2.5 times longer than wide; body shining, declivity opalescent, brown in color; eye deeply emarginated, almost completely divided; antennal club with first segment smaller than second (type 4;
Thailand, Bang Lang National Park, Yala Province, Thailand-Malaysia border, 5°48'51.8"N 101°17'14.7"E, ex. small branches of unknown tree, 01.ii.2014 (1).
‘Borneo’, East and West Malaysia, Vietnam. New to Thailand.
Recorded from Eugenia sp. and Tristania sp. (Myrtaceae), and possibly with a fixed association with this family (
This species can be distinguished from all other Amasa recorded in Thailand by its large size (4.5 mm), moderately stout form (2.5 times longer than wide), declivital summit entirely carinate without teeth on first interstriae, declivity smooth, subshining, opalescent, strial punctures large, irregularly spaced, and eye deeply emarginated, almost completely divided.
Arixyleborus hirsutulus Schedl, 1969: 212.
Small, 2.0 mm (N = 1) long; 2.27 times longer than wide; pronotum shining, elytra densely setose, dark brown to black in color; pronotum from dorsal view with sides parallel, weakly elongate and rounded frontally (type 7;
THAILAND, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat Province, lowland tropical rainforest, 5°47'44"N, 101°50'07"E, 01.iii.2015 (1), ethanol-baited trap (W. Sittichaya).
Philippines; imported to Japan from Borneo and Indonesia (Maluku). New to Thailand.
Anisoptera sp., Dipterocarpus sp., Dryobalanops sp., Shorea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae), Artocarpus sp. (Moraceae), and an unidentified species of Sapotaceae (
This species can be distinguished from all other Arixyleborus recorded in Thailand by the elytral striae and interstriae covered with small equally sized granules and without strial furrows and interstrial ridges, elytra densely setose with the setae increasing in density toward the apex.
Xyleborus latus Eggers, 1923: 177.
Terminalinus latus
(Eggers):
Beaverium latus
(Eggers):
Large, 6.6 mm long (N = 1); stout, 2.2 times longer than wide; body covered with golden setae, setae longer on declivity, reddish brown to dark brown in color; pronotum from dorsal view conical (type 0;
THAILAND, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat Province, lowland tropical rainforest, 5°47'44"N, 101°50'07"E, 01.v.2015 (1), ethanol-baited trap (W. Sittichaya).
‘Borneo’, East and West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra). New to Thailand.
Recorded from Maranthes corymbosa Blume (Chrysobalanaceae), Shorea balanocarpoides Symington, S. leprosula Miq., Shorea sp. (Dipterocarpaceae), Intsia palembanica Miq. (Fabaceae), Castanopsis inermis (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook.f., Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder (Fagaceae) (
This species can be distinguished from all other Beaverium recorded in Thailand by the body brown to dark brown in color, declivital posterolateral margins carinate, declivity flat, and densely covered with long golden setae.
Xyleborus protensus Eggers, 1930: 201.
Cnestus protensus
(Eggers):
Large, 4.0 mm long (N = 1); stout, 2.0 times longer than wide; body strongly shining, glabrous, black in color; pronotum from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6;
THAILAND, Khao Lak-Lam Ru National Park, Phang Nga Province, 8°39'22.4"N, 98°17'31.6"E, tropical rainforest, ethanol-baited trap, 01.xii.2014 (1) (W. Sittichaya).
India (Meghalaya), Indonesia (Java). New to Thailand.
Unknown. Cnestus species, as far as is known, are twig and shoot-borers, and the gallery system is typical of such species with a short radial or circumferential gallery running to the middle of the stem, and longitudinal branches up and down the stem in which the brood develop (
This species can be distinguished from all other Cnestus recorded in Thailand by the strongly produced pronotal apex armed with strong serrations, pronotal base without a mycangial tuft, elytral declivity strongly rounded and convex. This species most closely resembles C. nitidipennis (Schedl), and can be distinguished by the distinctly larger size, much larger, coarser and more numerous pronotal apical serrations, punctures on pronotal base clearly coarser and denser, and sides of pronotum parallel for approximately half of the total length.
Xyleborus quadricostatus Schedl, 1942: 30.
Coptodryas quadricostata (Schedl): Wood and Bright, 1992: 826.
Moderately sized, 3.0 mm (N = 1) long; stout 2.0 times longer than wide; body moderately setose, brown to dark brown in color; pronotum from dorsal view round and robust (type 5;
THAILAND, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat Province, lowland tropical rainforest, 5°47'44"N, 101°50'07"E, 01.i.2015 (1), ethanol-baited trap (W. Sittichaya).
‘Borneo’, East and West Malaysia, Indonesia (Java). New to Thailand.
Recorded from Campnosperma sp. (Anacardiaceae), Shorea leprosula Miq., S. parvifolia Dyer (Dipterocarpaceae), Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae), and Garcinia sp. (Clusiaceae).
This species can be distinguished from all other Coptodryas recorded in Thailand by the declivital summit with four sharp spines extending beyond the summit.
Cryptoxyleborus confusus Browne, 1950: 644.
Small, 2.0 mm long (N = 1); very elongate, 3.3 times longer than wide; body nearly glabrous, light brown in color; pronotum elongated basic shape (type 7;
THAILAND, Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, 6°59'32.1"N 100°08'57.8"E, tropical rainforest, ethanol-baited trap, 01.iv.2014 (1) (W. Sittichaya).
Brunei Darussalam, East and West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra). New to Thailand.
Recorded from several species of Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
This species is closely related to C. vestigator Schedl, which has the elytra more strongly posteriorly tapered and is more strongly shining in appearance. Cryptoxyleborus confusus seems to be somewhat morphologically variable and DNA could show that the species is not monophyletic.
Xyleborus percuneolus Schedl, 1951: 85.
Xyleborinus percuneolus
(Schedl):
Cryptoxyleborus percuneolus
(Schedl):
Minute, the smallest Cryptoxyleborus species, 1.4 mm long; elongate, 2.55 times longer than wide; body dull, glabrous except for mycangial tuft along elytral base, red brown to brown in color; antennal club approximately circular, first segment smaller than second (type 4;
THAILAND, Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, 6°59'32.1"N, 100°08'57.8"E, tropical rainforest, ethanol-baited trap, 01.vi.2015 (1) (W. Sittichaya).
Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (Sabah). New to Thailand.
Like other species of Cryptoxyleborus, its hosts are probably confined to trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae (
This species can be distinguished from all other Cryptoxyleborus recorded in Thailand by its minute size (1.4 mm), elytral base sinuate and lacking mycangial pits.
Xyleborus vigilans Schedl, 1939: 43.
Cyclorhipidion vigilans
(Schedl):
Large, 5.5 mm long (N = 5); elongate, 2.45−2.48 times longer than wide; pronotum with less vestiture than elytra, elytra densely covered with interstrial setae, density of vestiture varies; brown to dark brown in color; pronotum from dorsal view basic shape, anterior margin subquadrate, sides parallel (type 3;
THAILAND, Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, 6°59'32.1"N, 100°08'57.8"E, tropical rainforest, ethanol-baited trap, 01.i.2014 (1), 01.iii.2014 (1), 01.iv.2015 (3) (W. Sittichaya).
East and West Malaysia, Indonesia (Java). New to Thailand.
Recorded only from ‘kalapa tjoeng’ (Horsfieldia glabra (Reinw. ex Blume) Warb.) (Myristicaceae) (
This species can be distinguished by the large size, and anterior margin of pronotum extended anteriad and armed with 4−6 medium sized serrations; elytra elongate tapering from base to angularly rounded apex, discal striae 1‒3 impressed, interstriae 2 widened and outwardly curved in middle of disc, interstriae 3 correspondingly narrowed, interstriae granulate on upper part of declivity. This species is similar to species in the genus Fortiborus, but the body is densely covered with long hairs and the lower part of the eye is larger than the upper part.
The xyleborine fauna of Thailand is the most well-known and diverse in South-East Asia with 146 species previously recorded. The ten additional records presented here illustrate both the richness of this fauna and how much remains to be discovered, particularly in the south of the country. Three of the species we reported were already known from South-East Asia, while the remaining seven are shared with the Indo-Malayan fauna. We have not included a key to the xyleborines of Thailand in this paper because a monograph of the tribe in East and South-East Asia is currently being prepared (Smith, Beaver, Cognato, in prep.). This will include a key to the xyleborines of the whole of this region. Most xyleborine species have broad distributions, and this large-scale monograph will provide the necessary information and tools to identify genera and species, and assist in the recognition of new taxa. This publication reports new records of Xyleborini found during an intensive survey of Thai forests. Additional new records of species from other tribes will be covered in future papers as further study is necessary.
We are most grateful to Dr. H. Schillhammer (NHMW) for access to specimens. Special thanks also go to Mr Sunate Karapan, Ms Chananrat Nuankaew, Ms Kumaree Na-chalame and Mr Phuchit Saekong for facilitation in specimen collecting in Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat Province, and all staff of the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in the study areas. This research was supported by Thailand Research Fund (TRF), project number DBG–6180023. Sarah Smith was funded by USDA-APHIS Cooperative Agreement Award 16-8130-0666-CA.