ZooKeys 320: 51–62, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.320.4927
New species and records of Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer from China (Diptera, Chironomidae)
Xing Li 1,†, Xiao-long Lin 1,‡, Xin-hua Wang 1,§
1 College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

Corresponding author: Xinhua Wang (xhwang@nankai.edu.cn)

Academic editor: V. Blagoderov

received 28 February 2013 | accepted 26 July 2013 | Published 31 July 2013


(C) 2013 Xing Li. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Citation: Li X, Lin X-l, Wang X-h (2013) New species and records of Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer from China (Diptera, Chironomidae). ZooKeys 320: 51–62. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.320.4927

Abstract

The Chinese species of Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer are reviewed. Two species, Parametriocnemus fortis sp. n. and Parametriocnemus vittatus sp. n. are described and illustrated as males, and Parametriocnemus ornaticornis (Kieffer), Parametriocnemus scotti (Freeman) and Parametriocnemus brundini Sinharay & Chaudhuri are recorded from China for the first time. A key to the males of the seven Chinese Parametriocnemus speciesis given.

Keywords

Chirnomidae, Parametriocnemus, new species, new records, China

Introduction

The genus Parametriocnemus was described as a subgenus of Metriocnemus van der Wulp by Goetgebuer (1933), based on Metriocnemus stylatus Kieffer, 1924. It was raised to genus by Brundin (1956). The genus presently include 34 species worldwide. Seven species are recorded from the Oriental Region, 19 from the Palaearctic Region, 6 from the Nearctic Region, 1 from the Neotropical Region, 3 from the Afrotropical Region and 2 from the Australasian Region (Ashe and O’Connor 2012).

Wang (2000) listed two species of Parametriocnemus from China, Parametriocnemus stylatus and Parametriocnemus lundbecki, based on males, while a record of Parametriocnemus lundbeckii was treated as dubious. Based on recently collected material from China, two new species are described and three additional species are recorded. A key to the males of the Chinese Parametriocnemus is presented.

Materials and methods

The morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980). The material examined was mounted on slides in Canada balsam, following the procedure outlined by Sæther (1969). Measurements are given as ranges.

The types and other material is housed in the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China (BDN).

Species descriptions
Parametriocnemus brundini Sinharay & Chaudhuri

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parametriocnemus_brundini

Parametriocnemus brundini Sinharay & Chaudhuri, 1979: 119.
Meterial examined.

CHINA: Fujian Province, Daiyun Mountain, 25°41'0.38"N, 118°11'23"E, 1 male, 13.iv.2002, light trap, Z. Liu.

Remarks.

The species can be separated from other members of the genus by having a brown body; absence of band on mesonotum; setae on abdominal terga in transverse rows; long anal point; and a triangular inferior volsella. According to Sinharay and Chaudhuri (1979), the color of the India specimen is brown. The Chinese specimen is lighter brown; other differences between specimens from China and India as in Table 1.

Table 1.

Difference between specimens from China and India of Parametriocnemus brundini Sinharay & Chaudhuri, male.

Parametriocnemus brundini Sinharay & Chaudhuri Chinese specimens (n=1) India specimens (n=1)
AR 1.03 1.06
Color of thorax yellowish brown
Color of abdomen yellowish I–IV brown, rest dark brown
LR1 0.82 0.77
LR3 0.62 0.44
Distribution.

In China the species is known from the Fujian Province in the Oriental region only.

Material examined.

Holotype male (BDN No.007), CHINA: Tibet, Shergmla Mountain, Lulang, 29°56'36"N, 94°47'57"E, 29.ix.1997, light trap, T. Solhøy & J. Skartveit.

Diagnostic characters.

The male differs from other members of the genus by having a long, strong anal point, twice as long as gonostylus, and a high HV.

Etymology.

From Latin, adjective, fortis – meaning strong, referring to the long and strong anal point.

Description.

Male (n=1).

Total length 3.03 mm. Wing length 2.08 mm. Total length / wing length 1.46. Wing length / length of profemur 2.59.

Coloration. Head and wing light brown. Legs yellow. Thorax and abdomen blackish brown.

Head. AR 0.57. Temproal setea 13, including 8 inner verticals, 2 outer verticals and 3 postobitals. Clypeus with 11 setae. Tentorium 185 µm long, 38 µm wide. Palpomeres lost.

Wing (Fig. 1). Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.06. Costal extension 75 µm long, ending above to very slightly proximal to apex of M3+4. Brachiolum with 1 seta, C extension with 5 non-marginal setae, Sc bare, R with 23 setae, R1 with 16, R4+5 with 37, RM with 1, M with 2, M1+2 with 64, M3+4 with 39, Cu with 20, Cu1 with 28, Pcu with 30, and An with 22 setae. Cell m proximal to RM with 9 setae, r4+5 with 162, m1+2 with 176, m3+4 with 125, an with 2, and cu with 23 setae. Squama with 8 setae.

Thorax. Antepronotum with 1 setae. Dorsocentrals 20, acrostichals 3, prealars 6. Scutellum with 7 setae.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 43 µm long, spurs of mid tibia 20 µm and 18 µm long, of hind tibia 43 µm and 25 µm long. Width at apex of mid tibia 40 µm. Comb of 10 setae, shortest seta 30 µm long, longest seta 50 µm long. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 2.

Table 2.

Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs segments of Parametriocnemus fortis sp. n., male (n = 1).

fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4
p1 800 920 640
p2 820 810 420 185 137 93
p3 910 990 640 300
ta5 LR BV SV BR
p1 0.70
p2 80 0.52 4.16 3.22
p3 0.65

Hypopygium (Figs 2–3). Anal point strong, 143 µm long, 88 µm wide at base. Tergite IX including anal point with 5 setae. Laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Pallapodeme 43 µm long, trasverse sternapodeme 60 µm long. Gonocoxite 163 µm long, interifor volsella triangular. Gonostylus 71 µm long, megaseta 14 µm long. HR 2.31, HV 4.30.

Figures 1–3.

Parametriocnemus fortis sp. n., male. 1 wing 2 hypopygium(dorsal view) 3 hypopygium (ventral view).

Remarks.

The species is similar to Parametriocnemus stylatus (Kieffer) in the structure of the hypopgium, but can be distinguished by having much stronger anal point.

Distribution.

The specimen was collected in Tibet in Palaearctic China.

Parametriocnemus lundbeckii (Johannsen)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parametriocnemus_lundbeckii

Metriocnemus lundbeckii Johannsen, 1905: 302.
Parametriocnemus lundbeckii (Johannsen); Sublette (1967: 5379); Sæther (1969: 115).
Material examined.

CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Tianmu Mountain, 30°18'44"N, 119°26'35"E, 7 males, 12.xi.1998, light trap, H. Zhou.

Remarks.

The species differs from other members of the genus by having a triangular, broad inferior volsella with bluntly rounded corner. The species is very similar to Parametriocnemus stylatus (Kieffer), but differs in the shape of the inferior volsella, and the preapical projection of the gonostylus is much smaller and pointed than that in Parametriocnemus lundbeckii (Brundin 1956). According to Sæther (1969), the immature stages seem to be inseparable, and as Parametriocnemus stylatus is known to be very variable (see Thienemann 1937) it might be a synonym of Parametriocnemus lunbdbeckii.

Distribution.

The species has been recorded from the Oriental, Neotropical and Nearctic Regions, and occurs in both of Oriental and Palaearctic China.

Parametriocnemus ornaticornis (Kieffer)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parametriocnemus_ornaticornis

Metriocnumus ornaticornis Kieffer, 1917: 225.
Parametriocnemus ornaticornis (Kieffer); Freeman (1961: 660); Hazra et al. (2002: 45).
Meterial examined.

CHINA: Fujian Province, Daiyun Mountain, 25°41'0.38"N, 118°11'23"E, 2 males, 13.ix.2002, light trap, Z. Liu. Yunnan Procince, Eryuan County, Meiyou River, 26°6'40"N, 99°57'3"E, 1 male, 24.v.1996, light trap, C. Zhou. Henan Province, Luanchuan County, Lonyuwan National Forest Park, 33°46'41"N, 111°37'45"E, 1 male, 10.vii.1996, J. Li. Hunan Province, Yanling county, Taoyuan Hole, 26°25'21"N, 113°40'9"E, 1 male, 16.vii.2004, light trap, C. Yan.

Remarks.

The species can be separated from other members of the genus by having a comparatively low AR (0.31–0.46), macrotrichiae forming streaks in the apical half of the wing, squama with 4–5 setae, and anal point with bare apex and 3–4 setae on each side. The species was described from Australia by Kieffer (1917) as a member of Metriocnemus van der Wulp, and was transferred to Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer by Freeman (1961). The specimens from China are in accordance with the original description, but have a lower LR and AR than specimens from India. The differences between specimens from China and India are listed in Table 3.

Table 3.

Difference between specimens from China and India of Parametriocnemus ornaticornis (Kieffer), male.

Parametriocnemus ornaticornis (Kieffer) Chinese specimens (n=5) India specimens (n=4)
AR 0.31–0.46 0.41–0.46
TL 1.44–2.42 2.25–2.52
TL/WL 1.04–1.75 1.77–1.88
LR1 0.69–0.83 0.81–0.82
LR2 0.49–0.55 0.55–0.56
LR3 0.58–0.63 0.60–0.63
SV1 2.03–2.74 3.08–3.14
SV2 3.93–4.42 5.09–5.13
SV3 3.06–3.39 4.00–4.11
BR1 0.77–2.13 2.20–2.25
BR2 2.00–2.75 2.40–4.00
BR3 2.63–3.56 3.00–3.83
Distribution.

The species has been recorded from Australia (Kieffer 1917) and India (Hazra et al. 2002). It occurs in both Oriental and Palaearctic China.

Parametriocnemus scotti (Freeman)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parametriocnemus_scotti

Metriocnemus scotti Freeman, 1953: 129.
Parametriocnemus scotti (Freeman); Lehmann (1979: 42).
Material examined.

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Liupan Mountain, 35°47'22"N, 106°17'36"E, 1 male, 9.viii.1987, light trap, X. Wang. Zhejiang Province, Taizhou City, Xianju County, Shenxianju Mountain, 28°42'17"N, 120°36'38"E, 1 male, 14.iv.2011, sweep net, X. Lin.

Remarks.

The species can be separated from other members of the genus by having a short anal point with bare, rounded apex; triangular inferior volsella, and clavate antenna with numerous curved bristles apically. The species is similar to Parametriocnemus brundini Sinharay et Chaudhuri in the structure of the hypopgium; it has a short anal point with bare apex, while that in Parametriocnemus brundini is longer. The species was redescribed and figured by Lehmann (1979, figs 124–125). However, no data for the legs was given; lengths (in µm) and proportions of the legs of the Chinese specimens are therefore given in Table 4.

Table 4.

Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs segments of Chinese specimens of Parametriocnemus scotti (Freeman), male (n=2).

fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4
p1 610–680 690–700 500–560 215–300 194–218 138–141
p2 590–700 560–750 282–490 132–245 97–193 62–105
p3 660–720 720–740 430–480 194–248 150–178 88–105
ta5 LR BV SV BR
p1 98–128 0.71–0.81 2.47–2.64 2.45–2.62 1.10–2.75
p2 58–93 0.50–0.65 3.06–3.50 2.96–4.08 2.20–3.0
p3 40–78 0.60–0.65 3.19–3.84 3.05–3.21 2.67–6.13
Distrubution.

The species has been recorded from Ethiopia (Abyssinia), Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) in the Afrotropical Region (Lehmann 1979), and it occurs in both Oriental and Palaearctic China.

Parametriocnemus stylatus (Kieffer)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parametriocnemus_stylatus

Figs 4–6
Metriocnemus stylatus Kieffer, 1924: 97.
Parametriocnemus stylatus (Kieffer); Wang (2000: 638).
Meterial examined.

CHINA: Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain, 27°43'46"N, 118°1'52"E, 1 male, 24.iv.2002, light trap, W. Bu. Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain, 27°43'46"N, 118°1'52"E, 1 female, 30.viii.1993, light trap, X. Wang. Fujian Province, Shanghang Country, Buyun Mountain, Shiyankeng, 25°15'59"N, 116°51'50"E, 1 male, 6.v.1993, light trap, X. Wang. Beijing City, Huairong District, 40°19'15"N, 116°37'59"E, 2 males, 15.x.1994, light trap, X. Wang. Henan Province, Luanchuan County, Longyuwan National Forest Park, 33°46'41"N, 111°37'45"E, 1 male, 10.vii.1996, light trap, J. Li. Sichuan Province, Yaan City, Yajiang River, Sandaoqiao Town, 29°53'48"N, 103°10'19"E, 1 male, 9.vi.1996, light trap, X. Wang. Sichuang Province, Yanan City, Yajiang County, 29°53'48"N, 103°10'19"E, 1 female, 14.vi.1996, light trap, X. Wang. Shannxi Province, Zhouzhi County, Banfangzi Town, 34°9'47"N, 108°13'19"E, 1 male, 7.viii.1994, light trap. X. Wang. Zhejiang Province, Tianmu Mountain, 30°18'44"N, 119°26'35"E, 2 males, 12.xi.1998, light trap. X. Wang. Yunnan Province, Eryuan County, Niujie Town, Futian Village, Meigong Stream, 26°6'40"N, 99°57'3"E, 5 males, 24.v.1996, light trap, C. Zhou. Guizhou Province, Daozhen County, Dasha River, 26°38'19"N, 108°3'41"E, 3 larvae, 23.v.2004, leg, H. Tang.

Remarks.

The male differs from other members of the genus by having AR 0.79–1.09, wing membrane with numerous setae, a rather slender gonostylus without projection, robust anal point, and gonocoxite with a broad, subrectangular inferior volsella.

According to Wang (2000), five females of this species were collected in the Yunnan Province. After re-examing the specimens, we found that all five specimens apparently are intersexes. One of these intersexes has a 10 segmented antenna, two have a 6 and two a 5 segmented antenna. They are morphologically similar to males, but differ from all species of Parametricnemus in structure of the male hypopygium and the female-like antenna, reduced number of setae on the antennal flagellum, and low antennal ratio (Figs 4–6). None of the males from the other localities appear to be intersexes.

Figures 4–6.

Parametriocnemus stylatus (Kieffer), intersex. 4 antenna, five segmented 5 antenna, six segmented; 6 antenna, ten segmented.

Distribution.

The species has been recorded from the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions and occurs in both Oriental and Palaearctic China.

Type material.

Holotype male (BDN No.11836), CHINA: Sichuan Province, Shimian County, Sala River, 29°13'40"N, 102°21'34"E, 16.vi.1996, sweep net, X. Wang.

Diagnostic characters.

The male differs from other members of the genus by having a low AR, and tergites II–III with brown vita, tergites IV–V with three brown patches, and tergites VI–VII all brown. Ultimate flagellomere is expanded in the middle, tapering toward apex, with 4 long, curved sensilla chaetica subapically.

Etymology.

From Latin, noun, vitta – meaning ribbon, referring to tergites II–VII having brown vita.

Description.

Male (n=1).

Total length 2.55 mm. Wing length 1.43 mm. Total length / wing length 1.58. Wing length / length of profemur 2.30.

Coloration. Head, legs and antenna brown. Thorax light brown. Abdomen yellowish, tergites II–III with brown vita, 2/3 the width of the tergite, tergites IV–V with three brown patches on each tergite, and tergites VI –VII all brown (Fig. 7).

Figures 7–11.

Parametriocnemus vittaus sp. n., male 7 abdomen 8 antenna9 wing 10 hypopygium (dorsal view) 11 hypopygium(ventral view).

Head. AR 0.58. Ultimate flagellomere expand in the middle, tapering toward apex, with 4 long, curved sensilla chaetica subapically (Fig. 8). Temporal setae 9, including 4 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals and 1 postobital. Clypenus with 13 setae. Tentorium 110 µm long, 10 µm wide. Length of palpomeres (in µm): 23, 30, 85, 105, 160. Length ratio of palpomere 5/3 1.88.

Wing (Fig. 9). Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.22. Costal extension 120 µm long. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 20, R1 with 9, R4+5 with about 300, M without setae, M3+4 with 17 setae. Most of the wing membrane densely covered with setae; cell r4+5 with 141 setae, m3+4 with 13 setae. Squama with 8 seta.

Thorax. Antepronotum with 1 setae. Dorsocentrals 10, acrostichals 13, prealars not visible. Scutellum with 8 setae.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 33 µm long, spurs of mid tibiae 23 µm and 20 µm long, of hind tibia 50 µm and 18 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 35 µm, of mid tibia 40 µm, of hind tibia 50 µm. Comb of 10 setae, shortest seta 28 µm long, longest seta 60 µm long. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 5.

Table 5.

Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs segments of Parametriocnemus vittatus sp. n., male (n=1).

fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4
p1 620 670 540 264 194 132
p2 660 610 300 136 97 78
p3 690 750 410 180 154 90
ta5 LR BV SV BR
p1 100 0.81 2.65 2.39 1.36
p2 75 0.49 4.07 4.23 1.80
p3 88 0.55 3.61 3.51 1.43

Hypopygium (Figs 10–11). Tergite IX including anal point with 5 setae. Laterosternite IX with 6 setae. Anal point 38 µm long, 33 µm wide. Gonocoxite 208 µm long, inferior volsella triangular. Gonostylus 75 µm long, megaseta 13 µm long. HR 2.77, HV 3.4.

Remaks.

The new species is similar to Parametriocnemus stylatus in the structure of the hypopyium, while the body color is close to Parametriocnemus scotti. However, both Parametriocnemus stylatus and Parametriocnemus scotti lack brown vita on tergites II–VII.

Distribution.

The species was collected in Sichuan Province in Oriental China.

Key to adult males of Parametriocnemus in China
1 Ultimate flagellomere with 3–4 long, curved sensilla chaetica subapically 2
Ultimate flagellomere without long, curved sensilla chaetica subapically, sometimes with numerous short curved bristles 3
2 AR 0.31–0.46; ultimate flagellomere short, not expended in the middle; tergites II–VII without brown vita or patches; inferior volsella broadly rounded Parametriocnemus ornaticornis (Kieffer)
AR 0.58; ultimate flagellomere long, expended in the middle, tapering towards apex; tergites II–VII with brown vita or patches; inferior volsella trangular Parametriocnemus vittatus sp. n.
3 Inferior volsella broadly rounded; entire wing membrane densely clothed with setae 4
Inferior volsella triangular; basal half of wing membrane bare or at most with scattered setae in anal cell 5
4 Gonostylus with broad, transparent, preapical crista dorsalis Parametriocnemus lundbeckii (Johannsen)
Gonostylus without transparent, preapical crista dorsalis Parametriocnemus stylatus (Kieffer)
5 Anal point 80–143 µm long, extending well below posterior margin of tergite IX; squama with 8 setae; AR≤ 0.6 or ≥ 1.0; antenna without numerous curved bristles 6
Anal point short, 25–40 µm long, not extending below posterior margin of tergite IX; squama with 2–5 setae; AR 0.77–0.88; antenna with numerous curved bristles Parametriocnemus scotti (Freeman)
6 AR 0.57; anal point 143 µm long, without setae; setae on terga not arranged in rows; acrostichichals in single, irregular rows; HV 4.3 Parametriocnemus fortis sp. n.
AR 1.03, anal point 80 µm long, with setae; setae on terga arranged in transverse rows; acrostichichals in two irregular rows; HV 3.12 Parametriocnemus brundini Sinharay et Chaudhuri
Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Trond Andersen, University Museum of Bergen, for valuable advice and discussions. Mr. Ji Bing-Chun, Mrs. Li Yu-Fen made the slide preparations. Financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (grant No. 30770249, 30870329, J0630963), Zhejiang Provincial National Science Foundation of China (Y3100486) and Fauna of China (FY120100) is thankfully acknowledged.

References
Ashe P, O’Connor JP (2012) A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 2. Orthocladiinae. Irish Biogeographical Society & National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 986 pp.
Brundin L (1956) Zur Systematik der Orthocladiinae (Dipt. Chironomidae). Reports from the Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm 37: 5-185.
Freeman P (1953) Chironomidae (Diptera) from Western Cape Province - I. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society (Series B) 22 (7/8): 127–135.
Freeman P (1961) The Chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 611–737. doi: 10.1071/ZO9610611
Goetghebuer M (1933) Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d’Europe (Deuxième note). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 72 (11/12): 287–294.
Hazra N, Saha GK, Chaudhuri PK (2002) Records of Orthoclad species from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas of India (Diptera: Chironomidae), with notes on their ecology. Hydrobiologia 474: 41-55. doi: 10.1023/A:1016511702944
Johannsen OA (1905) Aquatic nematocerous Diptera II. Chironomidae. In: Needham JG, Morton KJ, Johannsen OA (Eds). May flies and midges of New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum 68: 1-352.
Kieffer JJ (1917) Chironomides d’Australie conservés au Musée National Hongrois de Budapest. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 15: 175-228.
Kieffer JJ (1924) Chironomides nouveaux ou rares de l’Europe centrale. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle 30: 11-110.
Lehmann J (1979) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Fließgewässern Zentralafrikas (Systematik, Ökologie, Verbreitung und Produktionsbiologie). I. Teil: Kivu-Gebiet, Ostzaire. Spixiana Supplement 3: 1-144.
Sæther OA (1969) Some Nearctic Podonominae, Diamesinae, and Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 170: 1-154.
Sæther OA (1980) Glossary of chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 14: 1-51.
Sinharay DC, Chaudhuri PK (1979) Genus Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer from India (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 10: 119-123.
Sublette JE (1967) Type specimens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the Cornell University Collection. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 40: 477-564.
Thienemann A (1937) Chironomiden-Metamorphosen (Diptera). XV. Mitteilungen Entomologischen Gesellschaft zu Halle 15: 22-36.
Wang X (2000) A revised checklist of Chironomidae from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter O (Ed). Late 20th Century Research on Chironomidae. An sAnthology from the 13th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen: 629-652.