Adults of Chinavia armigera have a general body color green to dark green, with a median longitudinal line and margins of the body yellowish (Rolston 1983). The distribution includes Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina and Uruguay (Schwertner and Grazia 2007). Chinavia armigera is associated with plants such as yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) (Aquifoliaceae), soybean (Glycine max L.) (Fabaceae), sugarcane (Saccharum L.) (Poaceae), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (Malvaceae) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Poaceae). The morphometric parameters of nymphal instars are shown in Table 2.

(Fig. 2). Body round and convex, surface without punctuation. General color dark brown to black. Head conical and strongly declivent; black, with median orange macula, which extends from the posterior portion of the head to the posterior margin of metanotum; clypeus with apex obtuse, surpassing mandibular plates, these subtriangular shaped. Ocelli absent. Antennae black, intersegmental areas with light brown color; antennal segments with short hairs well distributed. Antennal segment I shortest and antennal segment IV longest; antennal segments II and III subequal. Rostrum black, reaching the metacoxae. Thorax mostly dark, except for the median orange macula. Legs black, with hairs uniformly distributed on all segments, tibiae ventrally cylindrical and dorsally flattened, tarsi with two segments, a pair of tarsal claws and pulvili. Abdomen dark brown to black with the three pairs (3+3) of white maculae located between lateral dorsal plates and the first three median dorsal plates, and a white rounded median macula located anteriad of the first median dorsal plate. Dorso-abdominal scent glands ostioles of anterior, median and posterior glands present on dorsal plates placed at intersegmental line between the abdominal terga 3-4, 4-5 and 5-6 respectively. Dorsal median and lateral plates black, without punctuation, the lateral semi-circular, adjacent to the lateral margin of each segment. Spiracles near anterior margin of lateral plates, on abdominal segments II to VIII. From urosternites III to VII, 1+1 trichobothria placed medially of an imaginary line across spiracles and near posterior margin of each segment.

(Fig. 3). Body oval, less convex than in the first instar. Head predominantly black colored, densely punctured on the dorsum. Clypeus with apex obtuse, subequal to mandibular plates, larger than in the previous instar. Eye diameter equal to width of clypeus at base. Rostrum black, not reaching metacoxae. Thorax with 1+1 orange maculae along the margins of the pronotum; margins of pronotum and mesonotum serrate and slightly deflected. Hairs more abundant on the tibiae. Abdomen mostly dark brown; dorsal abdominal maculae distributed as follows: 1+1 white, rounded, located between the lateral and the first dorsal median plates; a white macula, small, rounded, located anteriad of first median dorsal plate; 4+4 white maculae between the lateral and median dorsal plates. Dorsal median and lateral plates black and punctured. From urosternites III to VII, 2+2 trichobothria, one trichobothrium placed medially of the spiracular line and the other along that line. Other characteristics as described for the first instar.

(Fig. 4). Mandibular plates subtriangular, length subequal to clypeus, whose apex is obtuse. Thorax densely punctured, predominantly black, except for the orange maculae on anterolateral margins, which are finely crenulated. Abdomen with a pair (1+1) of white, large and rounded maculae, one on each side of the first dorsal median plate; small white macula anteriad of first dorsal median plate; four pairs (4+4) of white maculae between the lateral and median dorsal plates. Black median and lateral dorsal plates, strongly punctured. Lateral plates semicircular in shape, with orange macula in the center, emarginated in black. Other characteristics as described in previous instars.

(Fig. 5). Body oval, predominantly dark brown. Mandibular plates with broad bands and clypeus with a thin median strip straw-yellow. Rostrum black, not reaching metacoxae. Thorax predominantly black, except a straw-yellow macula without defined shape and an orange macula along the anterolateral margins. Posterior margin of mesonotum sinuous, denoting the scutellum and formation of wing pads, which reach the posterior margin of metanotum. Abdomen dark brown, sparse punctuation, not as dense as on the thorax, abdominal maculae distributed as follows: 1+1 white, round, large, located between the lateral plates and the first median dorsal plate; a white and oval macula located anteriad of the first median dorsal plate; 4+4 white maculae located between the dorsal median plates and the dorsal lateral plates; 1+1 white, small, rounded macula located along the posterolateral margins of the second median dorsal plate. Lateral plates semicircular, orange emarginated in black, slightly punctured; median plates predominantly black, coarsely punctured, with sparse brownish maculae. Other characteristics as described in previous instars.

(Fig. 6). Body oval to pyriform. Head flat, punctured. Mandibular plates predominantly straw-yellow, with black border and orange band extending from the anterior margin of the eyes to the apex of the clypeus, which is black, with a straw-yellow median strip, wider in the posterior portion, on the edge of the pronotum. Antennae generally straw-yellow, with black maculae. Thorax predominantly straw-yellow, with dark brown and sparse maculae, shapeless, producing a variegated appearance. Margins of pronotum and mesonotum serrate, with a pair (1+1) of anterolateral orange maculae. Pronotum wider; mesonotum more developed; scutellum well delimited. Wing pads well developed, surpassing the middle of abdominal segment III. Legs straw-yellow, with dark margins; hairs more abundant on the tibiae. Abdomen predominantly brown, with the same distribution and number of maculae observed in the 4th instar. Margin of the median dorsal plates darker than the center. Median dorsal plates predominantly orange. Urosternite VIII split longitudinally in females and entire in males. Other characteristics as described in previous instars.

Adults of Chinavia aseada have general body color green and margins of the body, head, pronotum, hemelytra and connexivum reddish (Rolston 1983). Distribution includes Brazil (Pará, Mato Grosso, Distrito Federal, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul) (Schwertner and Grazia 2007) and northern Argentina (Schwertner and Grazia 2007). The morphometric parameters of nymphal instars are shown in Table 3.

(Fig. 8). Body round and convex, surface without punctuation. General color dark brown to black. Head conical and strongly declivent; black, with median orange macula, which extends from the posterior portion of the head to the posterior margin of metanotum; clypeus with apex obtuse, not surpassing mandibular plates, these subtriangular shaped. Ocelli absent. Antennae black, intersegmental areas with orange color; antennal segments with short and uniformly distributed hairs. Antennal segment I shortest and antennal segment IV longest. Antennal segments III and IV subequal in size. Rostrum black, surpassing metacoxae.Thorax mostly dark, except for the orange median macula. Legs black, with hairs uniformly distributed on all segments, tibiae dorsally flattened, tarsi with two segments, a pair of tarsal claws and pulvili. Abdomen predominantly black, with white maculae distributed as follows: one pair (1+1) round and large, located between the lateral plates and the first median dorsal plate; a small macula anteriad of first median dorsal plate; two pairs (2+2) of small, located along the margins of the lateroposterior margins of the second and third median dorsal plates. Median dorsal plates black; ostioles on median dorsal plates I-III. Lateral plates semicircular, black, without punctuation, adjacent to lateral margin of each segment. Spiracles near ventral anterior margin of lateral plates, on urosternites II to VIII. From urosternites III to VII, 1+1 trichobothria placed medially of an imaginary line across spiracles and near posterior margin of each segment.

(Fig. 9). Body oval and less convex than first instar. Head less declivent than in previous instar, predominantly black, coarsely punctured on the dorsum. Clypeus obtuse at apex, subequal in size to the mandibular plates, larger than in previous instar. Eyes almost as wide as clypeus at base. Rostrum black, not reaching the metacoxae. Thorax with 1+1 orange maculae along the anterolateral margins of pronotum; lateral margins of pro- and mesonotum slightly deflected. Legs black, dense hairs on tibiae. Abdomen predominantly black, with 5+5 white maculae between lateral and median dorsal plates, one white small macula anteriad offirst median dorsal plate. Median and lateral dorsal plates black punctured. On the ventral plates, 2+2 trichobothria on urosternites III to VII. One trichobothrium medially of the spiracular line and the other along that line. Other characteristics as described for the first instar.

(Fig. 10). Some specimens can have an orange band in the middle of each mandibular plate. Thorax densely punctured, predominantly black, except for a few orange spots, with irregular shape and size. Pronotum trapezoidal, with 1+1 orange maculae along the anterolateral margins, which are serrate. Margins of mesonotum slightly serrate, with a pair (1+1) of orange maculae. Abdomen with a pair (1+1) of white, large maculae, which has approximately circular shape, located on each side of the first median dorsal plate. Lateral plates semicircular, orange outlined in black. A white and small macula, located above first median dorsal plate and two pairs (2+2) of white maculae between lateral and median dorsal plates. Median dorsal plates predominantly black, densely punctured, with irregularly shaped orange maculae located in the middle of the plate. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.

(Fig. 11). Body oval, predominantly black. Head less declivent than in third instar, large light orange bands on mandibular plates, clypeus black. Antennae light brown. Maculae on the dorsum of the thorax shapeless, the same color as the bands on mandibular plates. Pronotum trapezoidal; mesonotum rectangular, posterior margin wide, “V” shaped, denoting the formation of scutellum. Wing pads slightly developed, reaching posterior margin of metanotum. Legs light brown with black borders. Rostrum black, reaching metacoxae. Abdomen light brown, punctuation sparse, not as dense as on the thorax; white maculae distributed as follows: one pair (1+1) of round-shaped, large, located between lateral and median plates; one rounded, located anteriad of first median dorsal plate; four pairs (4+4) of white maculae, located between lateral and median dorsal plates. Lateral plates semicircular, orange outlined in black, slightly punctured; second and third median dorsal plates predominantly black, coarsely punctured with sparse orange maculae located in the middle of the plates. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.

(Fig. 12). Body oval to pyriform. Head flat, slightly punctured. Eyes with transverse straw-yellow band. Mandibular plates predominantly straw-yellow, with black margins. Clypeus predominantly black, with median straw-yellow band, wider in the posterior portion. Antennae predominantly straw-yellow. Thorax predominantly straw-yellow to light brown, with dark brown maculae, sparse, shapeless, producing a variegated appearance. Lateral margins of pronotum and mesonotum depressed, slightly serrate and deflected. Pronotum wide; mesonotum more developed; scutellum well delimited. Wing pads well developed, surpassing the middle of abdominal segment III. Legs straw-yellow to dark brown, with dark margins; hairs more abundant on the tibiae. Abdomen predominantly light brown, with same number and distribution of maculae observed in fourth instar. Median plates predominantly orange. Urosternite VIII split longitudinally in females and entire in males. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.

Adults have general body color green, connexivum red-orange with black maculae on posterolateral angles (Rolston 1983). The distribution includes the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Schwertner and Grazia 2007). The single sitting record is a fern Dennstaedtia globulifera (Poir.) Hieron (Pteridophyta) (Schwertner and Grazia 2007). The morphometric parameters of nymphal instars are shown in Table 4.

(Fig. 14). Body round and convex surface without punctuation. General coloration dark brown to black. Head conical and strongly declivent; black, with median orange macula, which extends from the posterior portion of the head to the anterior margin of mesonotum; clypeus with apex obtuse, slightly surpassing the mandibular plates, these subtriangular shaped. Ocelli absent. Antennae black; intersegmental areas with orange color; antennal segments with short and uniformly distributed hairs. Antennal segment I shortest and antennal segment IV longest. Antennal segments III and IV subequal in size. Rostrum black, reaching anterior margin of urosternite II. Thorax mostly dark, except for the orange median macula. Legs black, with hairs uniformly distributed on all segments, tibiae dorsally flattened, tarsi with two segments, a pair of tarsal claws and pulvili. Abdomen predominantly black, with three pairs (3+3) of white maculae, located between lateral and median plates. Median dorsal plates black; ostioles on median dorsal plates I-III. Lateral plates semicircular, black, without punctuation, adjacent to lateral margin of each segment. Spiracles near anterior margin of lateral plates, on urosternites II to VIII. From urosternites III to VII, 1+1 trichobothria placed medially of an imaginary line across spiracles and near posterior margin of each segment.

(Fig. 15). Body oval and less convex than first instar. General color black, with punctuation on the dorsum of the head, thorax, median and lateral plates. Head less declivent than in previous instar. Clypeus obtuse at apex, subequal in size to the mandibular plates, which are broader than that observed in previous instar. Eyes almost as wide as base of clypeus. Rostrum black, surpassing the anterior margin of urosternite III. Thorax with 1+1 orange maculae along the margins of pronotum; lateral margins of pro- and mesonotum slightly deflected. Legs black, hairs more dense on tibiae. Abdomen predominantly black, maculae distributed as follows: one, white, round maculae, located anteriad of first median plate; a pair (1+1) of white maculae, located on each side of the first lateral plates; a pair (1+1) of large, rounded, orange maculae, located between lateral plates and first median plate and four pairs (4+4) white, located between lateral and median plates, the third pair is the largest. Median and lateral dorsal plates black punctured. Urosternites III to VII with 2+2 trichobothria, one trichobothrium medially of the spiracular line and the other along that line. Other characteristics as described for the first instar.

(Fig. 16). Antennal segment I shorter, segments II and IV subequal in length, larger than segment III. Thorax punctured, predominantly black, except an orange maculae along each margin. Pronotum with margins slightly deflected and serrate. Legs black, except for the area between the femur and tibia, which has light brown color; hairs denser on the ventral surface of tibia and tarsus. Abdomen with a round white macula anteriad of first median plate; one pair (1+1) of orange maculae between the first median plate and lateral plates, and four pairs (4+4) of white maculae located between median and lateral plates of tergites IV-VII. Other characters as described for the previous instar.

(Fig. 17). Body oval, less convex than in earlier instars, predominantly black. Head less declivent than in previous instar, black, with punctures. Some specimens with an orange band in the middle of each mandibular plates. Antennae with abundant hairs on segments III and IV. Thorax predominantly black, with orange maculae at margins of pro- and mesonotum. Pronotum trapezoidal; mesonotum rectangular, posterior margin wide, V-shaped, denoting the formation of scutellum. Wing pads slightly developed, reaching posterior margin of metanotum. Dorsal abdominal maculae with the same color and distribution as observed in third instar, but wider. Lateral plates semicircular, predominantly orange, slightly punctured. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.

(Fig. 18). Body oval to pyriform, predominantly black. Head flat; mandibular plates wide, each with orange band present in some individuals. Thorax predominantly black, 1+1 orange maculae on pronotum and mesonotum along the anterolateral margins, median macula orange. Pronotum wider; mesonotum more developed; scutellum well delimited. Wing pads well developed, surpassing the middle of abdominal segment III. Legs black, hairs denser ventrally. Abdomen black, coarsely punctured with maculae dorsally distributed as follows: one pair (1+1) of orange maculae near first median plate, with another white, semicircular macula between the preceding two maculae; and four pairs (4+4) of white maculae, located near lateral plates, on segments IV to VII; lateral plates with semicircular orange maculae, outlined in black. Urosternite VIII split longitudinally in females and entire in males. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.

Adults of Chinavia runaspis havegeneral body color light green to dark green, with reddish orange color on the margins of mandibular plates, pronotum, basal third of hemelytra and connexivum (Schwertner and Grazia 2007). Chinavia runaspis is recorded for Venezuela, Suriname, Colombia, Brazil (Amapá, Pará, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Peru, Paraguay and Argentina (Schwertner and Grazia 2007). The morphometric parameters of nymphal instars are shown in Table 5.

(Fig. 20). Body round and convex, surface without punctuation. General coloration dark brown to black. Head conical and strongly declivent. Clypeus with apex obtuse, length subequal to that of mandibular plates, these subtriangular shaped. Ocelli absent. Diameter at eyes smaller than the base of clypeus. Antennae black, intersegmental areas light brown; antennal segments covered by few hairs sparsely distributed. Antennal segment I shortest and antennal segment IV longest. Antennal segments III and IV subequal in size. Rostrum black, slightly surpassing the mesocoxae. Thorax predominantly dark brown, with a large, rounded, orange macula, which extends from middle of the head to the posterior margin of mesonotum. Legs black, denser hairs on tibiae and tarsus; tarsi two-segmented with a pair of claws and pulvili. Tibiae dorsally flattened. Abdomen dark brown, with three pairs (3+3) of white maculae, located between lateral and median plates, which are black. Median dorsal plates black; ostioles on median dorsal plates I-III. Lateral plates semicircular, black, without punctuation, adjacent to lateral margin of each segment. Spiracles near anterior margin of lateral plates, on urosternites II to VIII. From urosternites III to VII, 1+1 trichobothria placed medially of an imaginary line across spiracles and near posterior margin of each segment.

(Fig. 21). Body oval and less convex than in first instar. Head less declivent than previous instar, predominantly black, coarsely punctured in the dorsum. Clypeus obtuse at apex, subequal in size to the mandibular plates, which are broader than in previous instar. Eyes almost as wide as base of clypeus. Rostrum black, reaching the metacoxae. Thorax with 1+1 orange maculae along the margins of pronotum; lateral margins of pro- and mesonotum slightly deflected. Legs black, dense hairs on tibiae and tarsus. Abdomen predominantly dark brown, maculae distributed as follows: one pair (1+1) of orange, rounded and large maculae, and two pairs (2+2) of white and rounded maculae. Median and lateral dorsal plates black punctured. Urosternites III to VII with 2+2 trichobothria, one trichobothrium medially of the spiracular line and the other along that line. Other characteristics as described for the first instar.

(Fig. 22). Mandibular plates and clypeus subequal in length. Thorax predominantly black, coarsely punctured, with a pair (2+2) of orange maculae along anterolateral margins, which are depressed, slightly deflected and not serrate. Abdomen predominantly black, with maculae distributed as follows: a white small, round macula, anteriad of first median plate; one pair (1+1) of large, orange, semicircular, located between first median and lateral plates; five pairs (5+5) of white and round maculae, located between lateral and median plates; and two pairs (2+2) of white, small maculae located near second and third median plates. All median and lateral plates predominantly black and coarsely punctured; lateral plates semicircular. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.

(Fig. 23). Body oval, less convex than in previous instars, predominantly black. Head less declivent than in third instar, clypeus black. Thorax predominantly black, except for shapeless, light orange maculae, on dorsum and margins. Maculae on the dorsum of the thorax light orange. Pronotum trapezoidal; mesonotum rectangular, posterior margin wide, V-shaped, denoting the formation of scutellum. Wing pads slightly developed, reaching posterior margin of metanotum. Lateral plates orange with black margin, with few punctures. Maculae on abdominal dorsum with the same coloration and distribution as in previous instar, but larger. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.

(Fig. 24). Body oval to pyriform. Head flat, slightly punctured; mandibular plates wide, each a longitudinal orange band. Thorax predominantly black with a pair (1+1) of orange maculae on pronotum along anterolateral margins and laterally on mesonotum. In some individuals, additional orange maculae are dispersed on the dorsum of the thorax. Pronotum wider, anterolateral margins slightly convex; mesonotum more developed, scutellum well delimited. Wing pads well developed, surpassing the middle of abdominal segment III. Legs black, hairs more abundant ventrally. Abdomen predominantly black, densely dotted, with maculae distributed as follows: one white macula anteriad of the first median plate; one pair (1+1) of orange maculae between lateral and first median plates; four pairs (4+4) white maculae lon segments IV-VII. Lateral plates semicircular, orange with black margins, with few punctures. Median plates predominantly black, coarsely punctured, with orange maculae in the center of the plate. Urosternite VIII split longitudinally in females and entire in males. Other characteristics as described in the previous instars.