Body length between 3–15 mm; antenna of both sexes with 13–32 segments, males may have smooth more or less protruding sensillae (tyloids; Figs 51, 56, 77, 100, 266, 271, 283, 295, 315, 575) usually on 11^th–14^th antennal segments; females have sparse white scales or specialized seta on the outside of the middle antennal segments (Carmean and Kimsey 1998); eye relatively long, extending almost to level of mandible; mandibles large and usually asymmetrical (with 3–4 large teeth on left mandible and 4–5 teeth on right mandible), and distinctly overlapping when closed; maxillary palp 6-segmented and labial palp 3-segmented, but palpi reduced in Nomadina, Bakeronymus and Pseudonomadina (maxillary palp with 2–4 segments and labial palp 2-segmented); occipital (or genal) carina ending at hypostomal carina near mandibular condylus (Fig. 2) or below mandible; propleuron short in front of mesoscutum; fore wing with wide costal cell (C1 in Fig. 1) and at least 9 closed cells; hind wing with 2 closed cells and no postero-basal lobe; all legs with trochanter and trochantellus, but dorsal triangular part of trochanter of hind leg (not trochantellus as mentioned by Carmean and Kimsey 1998) differentiated by an oblique groove (Fig. 230), except in Boreogonalos, Nomadina, Bakeronymus and Pseudonomadina where the hind trochanter is undivided (Fig. 4); plantar lobes of tarsal segments present (Fig. 5); tarsal claws cleft (bifurcate), with inner tooth larger than outer one (Fig. 5); propodeal spiracle covered by a flap (Fig. 3), but minute in Bakeronymus; propodeal foramen rounded (“U-shaped”) or arched (“V-shaped”) dorsally and often with distinct dorsal carina or rim (Figs 12, 23, 34, 114, 161, 249, 491, 599); median carina of propodeum often absent or reduced but distinct in Pseudogonalos (Fig. 260); metasoma low on propodeum; ovipositor not exposed. Males can be recognised by having a pair of thin flaps (parameres) at apex of metasoma, and 6–7 sternites visible and second sternite flattened or sometimes slightly concave medio-posteriorly. Females have an undivided (usually triangular, but sometimes (Lycogaster) truncate or emarginate) sternite (= hypopygium) apically, with 5 additional sternites visible and second sternite often convex or protruding medio-posteriorly.

Although Trigonalidae has been more commonly used (Carmean and Kimsey 1998), we follow Weinstein and Austin (1991) and Lelej (2003) in using the family name as corrected by Krieger (1894) to Trigonalyidae; for the argumentation see Lelej (2003).

Body length 7.7–10.1 mm; antenna with 13–15 segments, of female third antennal segment 0.8 times as long as fourth segment and slender (Fig. 9); apical half of antenna of female and of male with hardly moniliform and symmetric segments (Fig. 9); male antenna without tyloids; antennal sockets closer to eyes than to each other; vertex with medio-longitudinal depression dorsally, widened anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 8); anterior ocellus slightly lower situated than posterior ocelli in depression (Fig. 8); clypeus not differentiated from face; mandibles narrow in anterior view, mandibular condyli far from eye and submedially attached to head (Fig. 10); maxillary and labial palpi with 4 and 2 segments, respectively and apical segment of labial palp slender and tapered; maxillary palp about 0.7 times as long as mandible and with distinct segments (Fig. 11); vein 1-SR of fore wing short (Fig. 17); hind basitarsus enlarged; hind trochanter without oblique groove; propodeal foramen rounded dorsally and with lamelliform rim (Fig. 12); first tergite subpetiolate and comparatively narrow basally (Fig. 14); protuberance of second sternite of ♀ small and forked, and of third sternite large and obtuse.

Reared from the nest of Polistinae (Vespidae) (Yamane and Terayama 1983).

Paratype, ♀ (RMNH), “[China:] Taiwan, Nantou county, Renai town, Nanfeng village”, “[collected] 12.VIII.1980, r[eared] from Parapolybia varia, emer[ged] 14–16.VIII.[1980], M. Terayama”, “Paratype ♀ Bakeronymus typicus seidakka ssp. n. Yamane et Terayama, 1983”. The holotype ♀ (HUS) and 2 ♀ paratypes (Yamane Collecton, Kagoshima University) are not examined.

Eyes remain distinctly separated from mandibular condyli; fourth antennal segment slightly widened apically; middle lobe of mesoscutum with large yellow patch; truncate apical part of scutellum 0.7 times as wide as scutellum anteriorly; fore wing with three submarginal cells; apical half of hind basitarsus ivory; propodeum reticulate-rugose, with short rugae interconnecting transverse rugae.

Female paratype, length of body 10.1 mm (of fore wing 9.3 mm).

Head. Antenna with 14 segments; frons and vertex smooth and strongly shiny (Fig. 7), glabrous; head gradually narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 8); temple smooth and strongly shiny; occipital carina narrow medio-dorsally; supra-antennal elevations hardly developed as a thin rim and smooth; clypeus slightly protruding and thin medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height (Fig. 13); mesopleuron densely and finely rugulose, anteriorly mixed with distinct rugae, dull; transverse mesopleural groove narrow and finely crenulate; notauli medium-sized and distinctly crenulate; mesoscutum largely reticulate-rugose and matt, contrasting with shiny head (Fig. 12); scutellar sulcus absent medially, narrow and crenulate laterally; scutellum reticulate-rugulose, convex and somewhat above level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially protruding, obtuse and medially smooth (Fig. 12); propodeum largely reticulate-rugose (Fig. 12).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.9 times as long as apically wide, gradually narrowed basally, with large elliptical depression medially and concave apically; second tergite and sternite smooth; hypopygium incised apically.

Colour. Blackish brown or dark brown with rich yellow pattern (including mesopleuron; Figs 6, 9, 12, 13, 15); palpi and antenna (except largely yellow scapus) rather dark brown; patch on coxae, fore and middle trochanters partly, apex of fore and middle femora, fore tibia, base of middle and hind tibiae, all tarsi more or less pale yellow; pterostigma and marginal cell of fore wing and surroundings dark brown; remainder of wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Male. Unknown.

Reared from nest of Parapolybia varia (Fabricius) (Polistinae: Vespidae) in Taiwan (Yamane and Terayama 1983). Collected in August.

China (Taiwan).

Only one species is known from China: Bakeronymus seidakka Yamane & Terayama, 1983, re-instated. It was described as a subspecies of Bakeronymus typicus Rohwer, 1922, from the Philippines, but comparison with specimens of this species with a paratype of Bakeronymus seidakka shows considerable differences. For instance, the middle lobe of mesoscutum is entirely dark brown; the truncate apical part of the scutellum half as wide as the scutellum anteriorly; the fore wing has only two submarginal cells; the apical half of hind basitarsus is dark brown; the eyes are close to the mandibular condyli; the fourth antennal segment is distinctly widened apically and the propodeum has transverse rugae, without short interconnecting rugae. Therefore, we treat the taxon from Taiwan as an independent species, despite that some of the differences may be sex-related (e.g. the distance between the eye and the mandibular condylus).

Body length 8–13 mm; antenna with 18–23 segments; antenna of ♂ without tyloids; area above supra-antennal elevations flat, superficially finely rugulose and elevations small or nearly absent (Fig. 19); apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular (Fig. 22); mandibular condyli remain far removed from eyes (Fig. 22); vertex normal, at most with slight median depression dorsally (Fig. 20); head with long setae, transverse and flattened dorsally (Fig. 20); metanotum weakly convex and spaced rugose medially (in Bareogonalos huisuni: Fig. 23) or strongly lamelliform protuberant and densely sculptured; propodeum strongly areolate-rugose; hind trochanter simple, its dorsal triangular part not separated from basal part, but rarely partly differentiated (Tsuneki 1991); hind tarsus slightly or not modified; metasoma smooth and usually shiny or finely and rather densely punctate and rather dull; vein 1-SR of fore wing medium-sized to long (Fig. 28); protuberance of third sternite of ♀ similarly sized as protuberance of second sternite in lateral view or somewhat smaller (Fig. 26).

Reared from Vespa, Vespula, Dolichovespula and Provespa spp. (Vespinae: Vespidae); the larva of at least one species has a final ectoparasitoid phase (Carmean 1991; Carmean and Kimsey 1998). Collected in August–October.

As pointed out by Tsuneki (1991) Nippogonalos differs by having the head much narrower than the mesoscutum (nearly as wide as mesoscutum in typical Bareogonalos). The name Nippogonalos could be used as subgeneric name in Bareogonalos for the species with an enlarged mesosoma resulting in a comparatively small head.

Paratypes, ♀ (RMNH) “[China:] Taiwan, Nantou, Kwantau Shih, 15.III.1973, S. Yamane”, or “6.VI.1973, S. Yamane”, “Paratype Bareogonalos huisuni Sk. et S. Yamane”. Holotype ♀ (HUS) and 3 ♀ topotypic paratypes (HUS) are not examined.

Head nearly as wide as mesoscutum (Fig. 23); anterior half of scutellum distinctly convex and above level of mesoscutum; metanotum weakly convex and without protuberance, its setae medium-sized (Fig. 23); protuberance of second sternite of ♀ densely setose and widely truncate medially (Fig. 26); metasoma largely finely and rather densely punctate and rather dull (Figs 25, 27).

Female paratype, length of body 11.0 mm (of fore wing 10.7 mm).

Head. Antenna with 20 segments, segments of apical half about as long as wide (Fig. 21); frons and vertex smooth and strongly shiny (Figs 19, 20), with long yellowish setae; head gradually narrowed behind eyes and nearly as wide as mesoscutum (Fig. 23); dorsal length of eye 1.7 times length of temple (Fig. 20); temple smooth and shiny; occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally and with a short crenula; supra-antennal elevations hardly developed as a thin rim and smooth; clypeus moderately emarginate and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height (Fig. 24); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove largely smooth and weakly shiny, above groove coarsely irregularly reticulate; transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli medium-sized and distinctly crenulate; mesoscutum largely irregularly rugose and matt, contrasting with shiny head (Fig. 23); scutellar sulcus present medially and narrowed, laterally wide and coarsely crenulate; scutellum reticulate-rugose, convex and anteriorly above level of mesoscutum, posteriorly flattened and finely sculptured; metanotum flattened and medially with some rugae (Fig. 23); propodeum largely irregularly reticulate-rugose (Fig. 23).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.3 times as long as apically wide, gradually narrowed basally, with wide oval depression medially and straight apically; second tergite densely finely punctulate and slightly shiny; second sternite smooth and shiny, its medio-apical protuberance densely setose and widely truncate medially (Fig. 26), protuberance of third sternite similar to it but smaller (Fig. 26); hypopygium truncate apically.

Colour. Black or dark brown (including palpi) with yellow pattern (including mesopleuron; Figs 18, 23, 24, 26); mandible largely chestnut brown; scapus and pedicellus yellow, third and following segments brown, but apical half of antenna dark brown; pronotum dorso-apically and dorsally, pair of wide patches on mesoscutum anteriorly, scutellum (except posteriorly), axilla partly, lateral patch of propodeum, basal 0.4 of second tergite (except small anterior patch and laterally), anterior quarter of 3^rd–5^th tergites (except laterally) and narrow median stripe of 4^th–7^th tergites, apex of fore and middle femora, base of fore and middle tibiae, yellow; hind coxa dorso-apically, inner side of middle trochanter and hind trochanter and trochantellus pale yellow; pterostigma and veins 1-SR, 1-M and more distal veins of fore wing light brown; membrane of anterior half of fore wing rather dark brown, remainder of wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Male. Unknown (“males” reported by Yamane and Yamane (1975) concerns females).

Reared from Vespula flaviceps karenkona Sonan (Vespinae: Vespidae). Collected in March.

China (Taiwan).

The illustrated paratype is a female and not a male as reported by Yamane and Yamane (1975).

Length of body 6.6–12.0 mm; antenna black and with 23–27 segments; area above supra-antennal elevations flat, more or less punctate, without protuberance between elevations and inner side of supra-antennal elevations flat, smooth and black (Figs 40, 55, 66, 75, 87, 98); tyloids on 11^th–14^th antennal segments of male short and nearly circular or elliptical (Figs 51, 56, 77, 100; unknown of Jezonogonalos laeviceps and Jezonogonalos nigrata sp. n.); occipital carina widened medio-dorsally; apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular; vertex normal, at most with slight median depression dorsally (Fig. 75); mandibles wide in anterior view and sublaterally attached to head (Fig. 39); metanotum strongly convex and finely sculptured medially (Fig. 59); anterior propodeal sulcus crenulate and medially widened (Fig. 59); posterior propodeal carina curved and distinctly protruding and more or less separated from foramen medio-dorsally (Figs 44, 59, 69, 80, 93, 103); fore wing with large dark patch below pterostigma; vein 1-SR of fore wing long (Figs 42, 57, 68, 78, 89, 101); hind trochanter black or ivory; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; second and third sternites of ♀ flat and moderately sclerotized and no protuberances (Figs 48, 72, 95, 107); body without pale pattern, at most malar space and margins of basal metasomal sternites and tergites narrowly ivory, remainder black.

Unknown.

Jezonogonalos Tsuneki was treated as valid genus in the revision by Carmean and Kimsey (1998) and synonymized with Pseudogonalos Schulz by Lelej (1995). We agree with Carmean and Kimsey (1998) that the shape of the supra-antennal elevations is different enough to retain both genera as valid.

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 10.VIII.1957, Ke-ren Huang, IOZ(E)1495441”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ + 3 ♂ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 26.VII.1957, Ke-ren Huang, IOZ(E)1495240, IOZ(E)1495242; id., but 7.VII.1957, IOZ(E)1495244; id., but 9.VII.1957, IOZ(E)1495243”; 1 ♂ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Chudian, 1783 m, 20.VI.1957, Fu-xing Zhu, IOZ(E)1495241”; 1 ♂ (ZJUH) “[China:] Sichuan, Hongya County, Mt. Wawu, 6.VII.2009, Jiang-li Tan, 200906392”.

Occipital carina widened medio-dorsally, with short carinae (Fig. 40); outer side of supra-antennal elevations subvertical and elevations about 0.7 times as long as scapus (Figs 40, 43); head dorsally coarsely reticulate-punctate (Fig. 40); apical half of supra-antennal elevations yellowish brown (Fig. 40); tyloids of male antenna elliptical and short (Fig. 51); basal half of metasoma largely smooth, apical half mainly punctate (Fig. 46); metasoma largely black with narrow orange-brown apical band at apex of all tergites (Figs 46, 47); first tergite about 0.7 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 46); third sternite about 0.2 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 48).

Holotype, female, length of body 6.6 mm (of fore wing 5.8 mm).

Head. Antenna with 23 segments; frons coarsely reticulate-punctate (Fig. 39), with rather long setae; vertex coarsely reticulate-punctate behind posterior ocellus, spaced punctate (interspaces much wider than width of punctures) posteriorly (Fig. 40); temple largely smooth with sparse fine punctures (Fig. 43); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 1.5 times as long as temple (Fig. 40); occipital carina strongly widened and lamelliform medio-dorsally, with many short carinae; supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 0.7 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and largely smooth except for sparse punctures; clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 45); mesopleuron antero-dorsally irregularly rugose, dorso-posteriorly smooth and shiny and antero-ventrally obliquely rugose; notauli wide, deep and largely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum irregularly rugose, lateral lobes mainly finely rugose (Fig. 44); scutellar sulcus complete, very wide and crenulate; scutellum densely reticulate-rugose, convex posteriorly and flattened anteriorly and medially; metanotum medially strongly lobe-shaped protruding and largely rugose (Fig. 44); propodeum coarsely rugose (Fig. 44); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform (foramen about twice as wide as high medially).

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.6 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 42).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.7 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with distinct elliptical depression medially (Fig. 46); second tergite largely smooth with sparse fine punctures posteriorly, other tergites superficial coriaceous anteriorly, densely finely punctate posteriorly (Fig. 46); sternites densely finely punctate; second sternite weakly curved in lateral view; third sternite about 0.1 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 48); hypopygium triangular in ventral view (Fig. 48).

Colour. Black; inner orbita narrowly orange-brown; apical half of supra-antennal elevations yellowish brown, clypeus with a narrow transverse orange-brown patch; minute patch of outer orbita, vertex posteriorly, occipital carina medially and mandible largely yellowish brown (Figs 39, 40, 43); mesosoma laterally black except for brown dorsal rim of pronotal side; middle lobe of mesoscutum with pair of narrow brown patches anteriorly; axilla with medium-sized brown patch; metanotum with pair of small lateral yellowish brown patches; metasoma dorsally black, with narrow orange-brown apical band at apex of all tergites and first two sternites (Figs 46, 47, 48); palpi dark brown; antenna brown, becoming darker apically; legs dark brown to black; pterostigma brown, remainder of wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Length of body 6.6–9.8 mm, of fore wing 5.8–8.7 mm; propodeum with pair of small brown spots; vertex coarsely reticulate-punctate; temple rugulose-punctate; second tergite with dense fine punctures posteriorly; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 1.5–1.6 times as long as vein 1-SR.

Male. Length of body 8.3–9.1 mm, of fore wing 6.8–7.8 mm; antenna with 23 segments, tyloids elliptical, 0.25 times as long as segment on 11^th–13^th segments and nearly circular on 14^th and 15^th segments; in general males are darker than females: vertex and outer orbita entirely black; mesosoma with or without brown patches; first and third tergites sometimes without narrow orange-brown apical band; genitalia extruded (Fig. 52).

Collected in June–August.

China (Sichuan).

Named after the elliptical tyloids of the male antenna and “fera” (Latin suffix for “carry, have”).

Holotype, ♂ (ZJUH) “[China:] Tibet, Ranwu–Chayu, 22.VI.2009, Jiang-li Tan, 200906372”.

Supra-antennal elevations 0.5–0.7 times as long as scapus and outer side of elevations often subvertical, smooth, strongly shiny and only apically ivory (Fig. 55); tyloids of male antenna nearly circular or short elliptical (Fig. 56); occipital carina extensively crenulate dorsally and widened (Fig. 55); third submarginal cell of fore wing about 0.4 times as long as second submarginal cell; first discal cell of fore wing less elongate (Fig. 57); first metasomal tergite about as long as its apical width (Fig. 61); third sternite 0.6–0.7 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 61); metasoma of male largely smooth and entirely black, slender (Fig. 61).

Holotype, male, length of body 9.3 mm (of fore wing 7.2 mm).

Head. Antenna incomplete, tyloids nearly circular, 0.1 times as long as segment on 10^th segment and 0.2 times as long as segments on 11^th –15^th segments (Fig. 56); frons rugose (Fig. 54); vertex and temple largely smooth and shiny with sparse and fine punctures (Figs 55, 58); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 0.9 times as long as temple (Fig. 55); occipital carina strongly widened and lamelliform, extensively crenulate dorsally; supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 0.7 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and largely smooth except for sparse punctures; clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 60); mesopleuron transversely reticulate-rugose anteriorly and smooth posteriorly (Fig. 60); transverse mesopleural groove moderately wide, shallow but distinctly crenulate; notauli moderately wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum somewhat transversely rugose, lateral lobes of mesoscutum mainly finely rugose with a shallow furrow medially (Fig. 59); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum densely and coarsely rugose, slightly convex medially and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially protruding, obtuse and densely and finely punctate (Fig. 59); propodeum obliquely rugulose antero-laterally, transversely striate medially and irregular rugose posteriorly (Fig. 59); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform, foramen medially 0.7 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.6 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 57).

Metasoma. First tergite 1.1 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with distinct elliptical depression antero-medially, slightly convex posteriorly (Fig. 61); second–fifth tergites and all sternites largely smooth except for sparse superficial punctures (Fig. 61); second sternite rather flat; third sternite about 0.7 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 63); genitalia extruded (Fig. 62).

Colour. Black; inner orbita narrowly, apex of supra-antennal elevation and malar space ivory (Fig. 54); mandibular teeth, palpi and tegulae dark brown; tibiae and tarsi rather brownish; pterostigma and apical half of first submarginal cell to anterior half of marginal cell of fore wing and area below that dark brown, remainder of wing membrane subhyaline.

Female. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in June.

China (Tibet).

Named after its collector, Dr Jiang-li Tan from Northwest University at Xi’an.

Holotype, ♀ (OMNH) “[China:] Formosa, Arisan, 2-23.X.1918, J Sonan, M. Yoshino”, “Taiwanogonalos laeviceps Tsuneki, ♂ [sic!], holotype”.

Occipital carina wide lamelliform and only with a short carina medio-dorsally (Fig. 66); supra-antennal elevations entirely black; middle lobe of mesoscutum largely smooth (Fig. 69); propodeum with 1-2 transverse rugae medially (Fig. 69); second submarginal cell of fore wing small and narrowed anteriorly (Fig. 68); fore wing with more or less conspicuous dark brown patch below pterostigma (Fig. 68); metasoma of ♂ entirely black dorsally or nearly so, but apical 0.4 of first tergite largely ivory except medially (Fig. 71); first tergite 0.6–0.8 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 71); third sternite about 0.5 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 72).

Holotype (mutilated as indicated in original description), female (not male as indicated in original description!), length of body 6.5 mm (of fore wing about 5.0 mm).

Head. Antenna unknown [male antenna with 21 segments (including scapus) glued on card with longitudinal tyloids on 10^th–15^th segments is most likely of holotype of Taeniogonalos alticola]; frons spaced punctulate; vertex largely smooth, sparsely punctulate and strongly shiny (Fig. 66), with rather short setae; temple largely smooth (Fig. 67); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view as long as temple (Fig. 66); occipital carina wide lamelliform medio-dorsally with one short carina and few short sublateral carinae; supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 0.6 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and largely smooth except for sparse punctures, latero-basally with pit-shaped depression (Fig. 66); clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 70); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove largely smooth but superficially rugulose anteriorly, above groove smooth but rugose anteriorly and no vertical groove (Fig. 70); transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and widely crenulate; notauli narrow anteriorly, wide posteriorly and coarsely crenulate; mesoscutum largely smooth, spaced finely punctate and shiny, with some rugae posteriorly (Fig. 69); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum largely smooth (except some punctulation and medio-posteriorly coarsely crenulate) and shiny, longitudinally depressed medially and anteriorly above level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially hardly protruding, obtuse and smooth (Fig. 69); propodeum rugulose anteriorly (and sulcus medially widely crenulate and depressed), with smooth patches antero-laterally, with few transverse rugae medially (Fig. 69); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and curved, foramen medially 0.6 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.2 times as long as vein 1-SR and distinctly curved; veins r and 2-SR long (Fig. 68); second submarginal cell of fore wing small and narrowed anteriorly.

Metasoma. First tergite 0.7 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with indistinct depression basally (Fig. 71); second and following tergites smooth and strongly shiny (Fig. 71); sternites mainly smooth; second sternite weakly curved in lateral view; third sternite about half as long as second sternite (Fig. 72).

Colour. Black or dark brown; mandible (except apically), malar space largely, inner orbita narrowly, pronotum latero-dorsally, minute lateral patch of scutellum, posterior half of first segment largely (except medially), large patch laterally of second tergite, trochanters, trochantelli and base of femora ivory; palpi and tegulae yellowish brown; remainder of legs more or less brown or dark brown; pterostigma (but basally yellowish), veins and marginal cell (except apically) dark brown or brown; remainder of wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in October.

China (Taiwan).

Holotype, ♂ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Xixiangchi, 1800–2000 m, 17.VIII.1957, Ke-ren Huang, IOZ(E)1495440”.

Occipital carina widened medio-dorsally, with short carinae (Fig. 75); outer side of supra-antennal elevations subvertical and elevations about 0.7 times as long as scapus (Figs 75, 79); head dorsally coarsely reticulate-punctate (Fig. 75); apical half of supra-antennal elevations yellowish brown (Fig. 75); tyloids of male antenna elliptical and short (Fig. 77); basal half of metasoma largely smooth, apical half mainly punctate (Fig. 82); metasoma largely black pair of small lateral patches on first and second tergites, apical margin of first and second sternites (Figs 83, 84); first tergite about 0.7 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 84); second sternite simple (Fig. 84); third sternite about 0.2 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 84).

Holotype, male, length of body 9.6 mm (of fore wing 7.7 mm).

Head. Antenna with 25 segments, tyloids circular, 0.5 times as long as segment on 11^th–14^th segments and 0.2 times as long as segments on 10^th and 16^th segments (Fig. 77); frons densely punctate; vertex spaced and finely punctate (interspaces much wider than width of punctures) (Fig. 75), with short setae; temple largely smooth with sparse fine punctures (Fig. 79); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 1.2 times as long as temple (Fig. 75); occipital carina moderately widened and lamelliform medio-dorsally, with many short carinae; supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 0.7 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and largely smooth except for sparse punctures; clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.8 times its height (Fig. 81); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove reticulate-rugose anteriorly and largely smooth with sparse fine punctures posteriorly, above groove similar (Fig. 81); transverse mesopleural groove narrow, deep and moderately crenulate; notauli narrow anteriorly, widened posteriorly and coarsely crenulate; mesoscutum densely and coarsely rugose, rugae on lateral lobes of mesoscutum less coarse (Fig. 80); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum densely and coarsely rugose, convex medially and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially protruding, obtuse and densely and finely punctate (Fig. 81); propodeum rugulose anteriorly with smooth patches antero-laterally, transversely striate medio-posteriorly (Fig. 80); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform, foramen medially 0.6 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.2 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 78).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.8 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with distinct elliptical depression medially (Fig. 82); second tergite largely smooth with sparse fine punctures posteriorly, other tergites superficial coriaceous anteriorly, densely finely punctate posteriorly (Fig. 82); sternites densely and rather coarsely punctate; second sternite weakly curved in lateral view; third sternite about 0.4 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 84); genitalia extruded (Fig. 83).

Colour. Black; mandible largely except brown teeth, inner orbita narrowly, apical half of supra-antennal elevations, pair of wide patches of clypeus, malar space pair of narrow patches of middle lobe of mesoscutum antero-laterally, small medial patch of metanotum, pair of small lateral patches on first and second tergites, apical margin of first and second sternites, base of fore trochanter and trochantellus, fore and hind trochanters and trochantelli ivory (Figs 74, 75, 80, 83, 84); metasoma ventrally black; palpi and antenna dark brown; ivory, fore tarsi and tibia yellowish brown, remainder of legs dark brown to black; pterostigma and anterior half of marginal cell dark brown, remainder of wing membrane subhyaline.

Female. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in August at 1800–2000 m.

China (Sichuan).

Named after the yellow supra-antennal protuberances: from “luteus” (Latin for “yellow”).

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Xixiangchi, 1800–2000 m, 17.VIII.1957, Ke-ren Huang, IOZ(E)1495442”. Paratypes: 2 ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 28.VII.1957, Ke-ren Huang, IOZ(E)1495443; id., but 19.VIII.1957, You-cai Lu, IOZ(E)1495444”.

Occipital carina very wide and crenulate medio-dorsally (Fig. 87); outer side of supra-antennal elevations subvertical and elevations about 0.7 times as long as scapus (Figs 87, 90); apical half of supra-antennal elevations black (Fig. 87); head dorsally coarsely reticulate-punctate (Fig. 87); frons and vertex densely and coarsely punctate (Figs 86, 87); basal half of metasoma largely smooth, apical half mainly punctate (Fig. 93); metasoma largely black, second tergite with pair of small pale yellow spots postero-laterally (Fig. 94); first tergite about 0.7 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 95); second sternite simple (Fig. 95); third sternite about 0.2 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 95).

Holotype, female, length of body 10.5 mm (of fore wing 8.6 mm).

Head. Antenna with 23 segments; frons densely and coarsely punctate; vertex densely punctate behind stemmaticum, becoming spaced punctate posteriorly (Fig. 87); temple largely smooth with sparse fine punctures (Fig. 90); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 0.7 times as long as temple (Fig. 87); occipital carina strongly widened and lamelliform medio-dorsally, with many short carinae; supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 0.7 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and densely punctate; clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 92); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove obliquely rugulose anteriorly and largely smooth with sparse fine punctures posteriorly, above groove densely and coarsely rugose (Fig. 92); transverse mesopleural groove narrow, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli wide and coarsely crenulate; mesoscutum densely and coarsely rugose (Fig. 93); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum coarsely reticulate-rugose, convex medially and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially protruding, lamelliform and bluntly bifurcating apically and coarsely rugose (Fig. 93); propodeum obliquely rugulose anteriorly, transversely striate medially, smooth and shiny posteriorly (Fig. 93); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform, foramen medially 0.4 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.1 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 89).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.6 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with shallow elliptical depression medially (Fig. 93); second to sixth tergites largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; sternites densely and finely punctate; second sternite slightly convex in lateral view; third sternite about 0.3 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 95); hypopygium triangular in ventral view (Fig. 95).

Colour. Black; malar space, lateral margin of all tergites and posterior margin of second sternite ivory; teeth of mandible, antenna and tegulae dark brown; second tergite with pair of small pale yellow spots postero-laterally; legs dark brown to black; pterostigma and posterior half of first submarginal cell to anterior half of marginal cell and area below that dark brown, remainder of wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Length of body 8.6–11.0 mm, of fore wing 6.8–8.7 mm; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 1.1–1.6 times as long as vein 1-SR; second to sixth tergites largely superficially coriaceous with sparse and fine punctures.

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in July–August at 1800–2000 m.

China (Sichuan).

Named after the black supra-antennal protuberances: from “niger” (Latin for “black”).

Holotype, ♂ (OMNH) “[China:] Taiwan, Habon, 1.V.1929, K. Sato”, “Taiwanogonalos satoi Tsuneki, ♂, holotype”.

Occipital carina wide lamelliform and with short carina medio-dorsally and some small carinae near it (Fig. 98); supra-antennal elevations entirely black; middle lobe of mesoscutum densely transversely striate (Fig. 103); propodeum with an irregular transverse ruga medially (Fig. 103); second submarginal cell of fore wing medium-sized, parallel-sided and laterally about as high as wide anteriorly (Fig. 101); fore wing with more or less conspicuous dark brown patch below pterostigma (Fig. 101); metasoma of ♂ black or dark brown dorsally or nearly so (Fig. 105); first tergite 0.8 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 105); third sternite about 0.4 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 107).

Holotype, male, length of body 6.9 mm (of fore wing 6.4 mm).

Head. Antenna with 24 segments, elliptical tyloids on 11^th–15^th segments (Fig. 100); frons spaced punctulate; vertex largely smooth, sparsely punctulate and strongly shiny (Fig. 98), with medium-sized setae; temple largely smooth (Fig. 102); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 1.7 times as long as temple (Fig. 98); occipital carina wide lamelliform medio-dorsally with one short carina and few short sublateral carinae; supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 0.6 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and largely smooth except for a longitudinal groove and sparse punctures, latero-basally with depression (Fig. 98); clypeus rather concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 104); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove largely smooth but superficially rugulose anteriorly, above groove smooth but rugulose anteriorly and with distinct crenulate vertical groove (Fig. 104); transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and widely crenulate; notauli moderately wide and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum densely transversely striate (Fig. 103), mesoscutum partly smooth and shiny, spaced punctate, with some striae posteriorly (Fig. 103); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum largely smooth (except some punctulation and rugae and medio-posteriorly narrowly crenulate) and shiny, longitudinally slightly depressed medially and anteriorly above level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially hardly protruding, evenly convex and smooth (Fig. 103); propodeum rugulose anteriorly (and sulcus medially widely crenulate and depressed), with irregular transverse ruga medially (Fig. 103); posterior propodeal carina thick, wide lamelliform and curved, foramen medially 0.7 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.2 times as long as vein 1-SR and distinctly curved; veins r and 2-SR long (Fig. 101); second submarginal cell of fore wing medium-sized, parallel-sided and laterally about as high as wide anteriorly.

Metasoma. First tergite 0.8 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with wide depression basally (Fig. 105); second and following tergites largely smooth and strongly shiny (Fig. 105); sternites smooth, except for superficial punctures; second sternite weakly curved in lateral view; third sternite 0.4 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 107).

Colour. Black or dark brown; mandible (except apically), palpi (except basally), malar space largely, inner orbita very narrowly, pronotum latero-dorsally, tegulae, first segment laterally, large patch of second segment laterally, trochanters, trochantelli and base of femora ivory (Fig. 96); remainder of legs more or less brown (but coxae dark brown); pterostigma (but medially pale brown), veins and marginal cell (except apically) brown; remainder of wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in May.

China (Taiwan).

Body length 5.5–15.0 mm; antenna with 22–24 segments, of ♀ widened medially (Fig. 111, but hardly so in Lycogaster angustula sp. n.); antenna of ♂ without tyloids; supra-antennal elevations small, without depression dorsally (Figs 110, 121, 132, 146); vertex convex and shiny; mandibular condyli close to level of eyes (Figs 113, 122, 135, 149); apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular (Fig. 122); metanotum smooth, shiny and weakly convex (Figs 114, 123, 136, 150); triangular dorso-apical part of hind trochanter separated by an oblique groove; fore trochanter subparallel-sided and distinctly longer than hind trochanter; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; basal half of third metasomal sternite with a posteriorly steep, smooth and complete transverse ledge (Figs 118, 129, 140; may be partly hidden under second sternite and rather low in Lycogaster violaceipennis); second sternite with pair of small triangular teeth on apical protuberance (Fig. 118; but only with pair of lobe-shaped flaps in male of Lycogaster violaceipennis) and sometimes absent; epipleura of tergites laterally strongly pigmented; fifth sternite of ♀ distinctly emarginate medio-posteriorly (Fig. 118).

In the New World reared as hyperparasitoid of Ichneumonidae in caterpillars of the families Saturniidae and Notodontidae (Carmean and Kimsey 1998). The record from Eumeninae nests probably concerns prey caterpillars that have been infested with both Ichneumonidae and Trigonalyidae.

It is clear from the original description (Magretti 1897) and from the redescription of Schulz (1908) that Lycogaster rufiventris (Magretti, 1897) from Myanmar was correctly assigned to the genus Lycogaster by Schulz (1908), Bischoff (1938) and Weinstein and Austin (1991). It has the medial third of the fore wing dark brown as Lycogaster flavonigrata and Lycogaster nigralva, but differs by the entire reddish metasoma, the absence of distinct separate teeth besides finely dentate lamelliform protuberance of second sternite and the distinctly convex vertex. The interpretation by Carmean and Kimsey (1998; based on specimens from central and southern India and retaining this species in the genus Trigonalys) seems to be incorrect considering the redescription of the holotype female by Schulz (1908) and the distribution of the genus Trigonalys.

Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Zhejiang, Mt. Tianmu, 29.VII.2011, Sheng-nan Son, 201101299”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Zhejiang, Mt. Tianmu, Xianrending, 1520 m, 1.VII.2001, Mei-hua Piao, 200106404”; 1 ♂ (ZJUH), “[China:] Zhejiang, Qingyuan, Mt. Baishanzu, 1856 m, 13.VIII.2003, Xiao-xia Yu, 20058591”.

Antenna of female elongate and hardly widened medially (Fig. 111); pair of small submedial acute teeth on elevation of second sternite close to each other (Fig. 118); second tergite smooth and strongly shiny (Fig. 116); mesosoma black dorsally.

Holotype, female, length of body 6.7 mm (of fore wing 5.4 mm).

Head. Antenna with 23 segments, elongate and hardly widened medially (Fig. 111); frons spaced punctate (interspaces much wider than width of punctures) and shiny (Fig. 109); vertex and temple largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures (Figs 110, 113); head subparallel-sided behind eyes, distinctly narrowed posteriorly and 1.1 times wider than mesoscutum (Fig. 110); dorsal length of eye 0.9 times length of temple (Fig. 110); occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally and without crenulae; supra-antennal elevations hardly developed as a thin rim and smooth; clypeus weakly emarginate and comparatively thin medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height (Fig. 115); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove rugose to punctate anteriorly, largely smooth and shiny posteriorly, above groove similar but rugose anteriorly; transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli narrow anteriorly, widened posteriorly and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum sparsely and coarsely punctate anteriorly, rugose at posterior end, lateral lobes sparsely and rather finely punctate (Fig. 114); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate (Fig. 114); scutellum largely smooth (except some punctures), distinctly shiny, rather flat and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum flat, shiny and smooth medially (Fig. 114); propodeum largely obliquely rugulose to rugose with smooth interspaces medially and posteriorly (Fig. 114); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and slightly arched, foramen medially 0.5 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.7 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 112).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.4 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with rather distinct elliptical depression medially (Fig. 116); second-fifth tergites largely smooth with sparse fine punctures; sternites sparsely and finely punctate; second sternite strongly convex in lateral view, its medio-apical protuberance with pair of small submedial acute teeth close to each other (Fig. 118); third sternite about 0.1 times as long as second sternite, with distinct ledge (Fig. 117); hypopygium truncate apically (Fig. 118).

Colour. Black; metasoma somewhat brownish; mandibular teeth, palpi and tegulae dark brown; legs dark brown to black with tibiae and tarsi paler; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Length of body 7.9 mm, of fore wing 6.1 mm; second tergite with pair of small ivory spots medio-laterally; second–fifth tergites rather densely and coarsely punctate.

Male. Length of body 8.7 mm, of fore wing 6.7 mm; antenna with 23 segments and without tyloids; vertex sparsely and rather coarsely punctate; sculpture of mesosoma coarser than that in female; second–fifth tergites and sternites densely and coarsely punctate; genitalia extruded.

Unknown. Collected in July–August at 1520–1856 m.

China (Zhejiang).

Named after the elongate and hardly widened antenna of the female: from “elongatus” (Latin for “prolonged”).

Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Fujian, Shaxian County, 14.X.1980”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Damenglong, 650 m, 11.IV.1958, Shu-yong Wang, IOZ(E)1495238”; 1 ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 850 m, 22.VIII.1958, Le-yi Zheng, IOZ(E)1495239”; 1 ♀ (CASSF) “China, S. Kiangsi, Sunwu, 12.vii.1936”, “L. Gressitt collector”, “Lycogaster celebesiensis (Szépligeti, 1902). Det. Carmean, 1993”.

Antenna of female distinctly widened medially (Fig. 124); outer side of supra-antennal elevations strongly oblique and elevations 0.2 times as long as scapus (Fig. 121); vertex comparatively flat in lateral view (Fig. 122); area between ocelli and eye distinctly punctate (Fig. 121); mandible and mesosoma entirely black (Figs 120, 123); lateral lobes of mesoscutum sparsely punctate laterally (Fig. 123); medial third of fore wing largely dark brown (Fig. 125); vein m-cu of fore wing subinterstitial (Fig. 125); second metasomal sternite largely yellow posteriorly (Fig. 129); second sternite with pair of comparatively far separated small triangular teeth sublaterally and in between sternite convexly protruding medio-posteriorly (Fig. 129); second tergite punctate and moderately shiny (Fig. 127).

Holotype, female, length of body 13.4 mm (of fore wing 10.1 mm).

Head. Antenna with 23 segments, segments after third segment distinctly widened and after 14^th segments becoming gradually slenderer (Fig. 124); frons coarsely and rather densely punctate and vertex spaced punctate (interspaces often much wider than width of punctures) and shiny (Figs 120, 121), with short greyish setae; head subparallel-sided behind eyes, distinctly narrowed posteriorly and 1.3 times wider than mesoscutum (Fig. 121); dorsal length of eye 0.9 times length of temple (Fig. 121); temple smooth, shiny and with medium-sized whitish setae; occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally and without crenula; supra-antennal elevations hardly developed as a thin rim and smooth; clypeus weakly emarginate and comparatively thin medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height (Fig. 126); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove densely rugose anteriorly and spaced punctate and weakly shiny posteriorly, above groove similar but rugae finer posteriorly denser punctate; transverse mesopleural groove narrow, deep and moderately crenulate; notauli narrow anteriorly, widened posteriorly and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum coarsely vermiculate rugose and weakly shiny (Fig. 126), its lateral lobes mainly coarsely punctate and medially with smooth interspaces; scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum largely smooth (except some punctures), distinctly shiny, rather flat and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum flat, shiny and smooth medially (Fig. 126); propodeum largely densely finely rugose and carina of foramen thick and arched (Fig. 126); foramen medially 0.6 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.3 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 125).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.4 times as long as apically wide, gradually narrowed basally, flattened medially and weakly convex apically; second–fifth tergites largely densely coarsely punctate and rather moderately shiny; second sternite similarly sculptured as tergite, its medio-apical protuberance lamelliform and convex medio-apically (Fig. 129) and with pair of triangular submedial teeth, third sternite only with distinct ledge (Fig. 129); hypopygium truncate apically.

Colour. Black (including mandible); palpi, fore tibia and tarsus, tegulae, pterostigma and veins dark brown; apex of middle trochantellus, hind trochanter and trochantellus, and narrowly base of hind femur ivory; pair of large lateral patches on second and third tergites and apically on second sternite yellow; fore wing largely dark brown but paler subbasally (Fig. 125).

Variation. Length of body 11.5–13.1 mm, of fore wing 8.9–10.0 mm; length of vein 1-M 1.9–2.1 times as long as vein 1-SR; outer side of fore tibia ivory; vein m-cu of fore wing subinterstitial or postfurcal by 0.2 times length of vein m-cu; third tergite with a pair of small to medium-sized yellow or ivory patches laterally.

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in April, July, August and October at 650–850 m.

China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Yunnan).

Name derived from “flavus” (Latin for “yellow) and “niger” (Latin for “black”) because of the yellow-black pattern of the second sternite.

This species was confused with Lycogaster celebesiensis (Szépligeti) by Carmean and Kimsey (1998). Lycogaster flavonigrata differs as follows: medial third of fore wing dark brown (largely subhyaline of Lycogaster celebesiensis); area between ocelli and eye distinctly punctate (mainly smooth); mandible and mesosoma entirely black (with yellow patches); protuberance of second metasomal sternite convexly protruding medially or truncate (straight or weakly concave medio-apically).

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS) “[China], Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Baoguosi, 550–750 m, 23.V.1957, Fu-xing Zhu”.

Antenna of female distinctly widened medially (Fig. 133); vertex less flattened in lateral view than that of Lycogaster flavonigrata (Fig. 135); area between ocelli and eye distinctly punctate (Fig. 132); mandible and mesosoma entirely black (Figs 131, 136); lateral lobes of mesoscutum densely punctate laterally (Fig. 136); vein m-cu of fore wing comparatively far postfurcal (Fig. 134); medial third of fore wing largely dark brown (Fig. 134); second sternite black posteriorly (Fig. 140); medio-posterior lamella of second sternite convex (Fig. 140); protuberance of second metasomal sternite convexly protruding medially or truncate (Fig. 140), submedial acute teeth of second sternite comparatively far removed from each other (Fig. 140); second tergite punctate and moderately shiny (Fig. 138).

Holotype, female, length of body 8.9 mm (of fore wing 6.8 mm).

Head. Antenna with 23 segments, segments after third segment distinctly widened and after 14^th segments becoming gradually slenderer (Fig. 133); frons coarsely and rather densely punctate and vertex spaced punctate (interspaces often much wider than width of punctures) and shiny (Figs 131, 132), with short greyish setae; head subparallel-sided behind eyes, distinctly narrowed posteriorly and 1.1 times wider than mesoscutum (Fig. 132); dorsal length of eye 0.7 times length of temple (Fig. 132); temple smooth, shiny and with medium-sized whitish setae; occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally and without crenula; supra-antennal elevations hardly developed as a thin rim and smooth; clypeus weakly emarginate and comparatively thin medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 137); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove densely rugose anteriorly and spaced punctate and weakly shiny posteriorly, above groove densely rugose; transverse mesopleural groove narrow, deep and moderately crenulate; notauli widened, deep and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum transversely rugose and weakly shiny (Fig. 138), lateral lobes densely and coarsely punctate; scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum largely smooth (except some punctures), distinctly shiny, rather flat and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum flat, shiny and smooth medially (Fig. 138); propodeum oblique rugulose anterio-laterally, remainder of propodeum coarsely rugose with small smooth interspaces medially and carina of foramen thick and arched (Fig. 138); foramen medially 0.8 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.1 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 134).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.4 times as long as apically wide, gradually narrowed basally, with shallow elliptical depression medially (Fig. 138) and flattened apically; second–fifth tergites spaced punctate (interspaces much wider than width of punctures) and rather shiny; second sternite coarsely and densely punctate, its medio-apical protuberance lamelliform and convex medio-apically (Fig. 140) and with pair of triangular submedial teeth, third sternite only with distinct ledge (Fig. 140); hypopygium truncate apically.

Colour. Black (including mandible); apex of all trochanters ivory, all tarsus, tegulae, pterostigma and veins dark; pair of large lateral patches on second tergite and small patches on basal third tergite and apically on second sternite yellow; fore wing largely brown but paler subbasally (Fig. 134).

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in May at 550–750 m.

China (Sichuan).

Name derived from “niger” (Latin for “black”) and “alvus” (Latin for “belly”) because of the entirely black second sternite.

Lectotype here designated, ♂ (IZCAS) “[China: Zhejiang], Mokan Shan (= Mt. Mogan), Musée Heude”, “10.VII.[19]37, O. Piel”, “♂ Lycogaster violaceipennis Chen”. Paralectotype: 1 ♂ (IZCAS); damaged, mainly head and mesosoma remaining), with same label data.

1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Baoguosi, 550–750 m, 7.VI.1957, You-cai Lu, IOZ(E)1495236; id., but 30.V.1957, Fu-xing Zhu, IOZ(E)1495237”; 1 ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Sichuan, Mt. Emei, 4.VI.1957, Ke-ren Huang, IOZ(E)1495438”.

Outer side of supra-antennal elevations strongly oblique and elevations 0.2 times as long as scapus (Fig. 146); antenna of ♀ comparatively less elongate and distinctly widened medially; area between ocelli and eye largely coarsely and densely punctate (Fig. 146); mandible black (♀) or largely ivory (except dark brown teeth; ♂) (Fig. 145); mesosoma largely reddish brown dorsally; fore wing largely dark brown (Fig. 148); second tergite punctate and moderately shiny; second sternite of ♀ with pair of widely separated triangular teeth sublateral teeth and in between sternite strongly convexly protruding medio-posteriorly (Fig. 143); second metasomal sternite of ♂ with pair of small sublateral flaps, flat medio-posteriorly and sternite weakly convex medially in lateral view (Fig. 154).

Lectotype, male, length of body 14.4 mm (of fore wing 11.5 mm).

Head. Antenna with 24 segments, without tyloids, segments after third segment distinctly widened and after 14^th segments becoming gradually slenderer (Fig. 147); frons and vertex coarsely and densely reticulate-punctate (Figs 145, 146), with medium-sized yellowish setae; head subparallel-sided behind eyes, gradually narrowed posteriorly and about 1.3 times wider than mesoscutum (Fig. 146); dorsal length of eye 0.8 times length of temple (Fig. 146); temple coarsely and densely reticulate-punctate, with rather long yellowish setae; occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally, with a few weak carinae; supra-antennal elevations hardly developed as a thin rim and smooth; clypeus weakly emarginate and comparatively thin medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 151); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove coarsely and densely reticulate-punctate anteriorly and oblique rugose posteriorly, above groove coarsely rugose with several large crenulae medially; transverse mesopleural groove narrow, deep and moderately crenulate; notauli widened, coarsely crenulate; mesoscutum densely reticulate-rugose (Fig. 150); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum densely reticulate-rugose, rather flat and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum flat, shiny and smooth medially (Fig. 150); propodeum irregularly rugose and carina of foramen thick and arched (Fig. 150); foramen medially 0.5 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.4 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 148).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.4 times as long as apically wide, gradually narrowed basally, with shallow elliptical depression medially (Fig. 152) and flattened apically; second–fifth tergites largely densely and coarsely punctate and rather moderately shiny; second sternite similarly sculptured as tergite, with pair of small sublateral flaps (Fig. 154), flat medio-posteriorly and sternite weakly convex medially in lateral view; third sternite about 0.2 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 154); genitalia extruded (Fig. 153).

Colour. Black; mandible largely ivory except dark brown teeth; palpi, pterostigma and veins dark brown; mesosoma largely reddish brown except for ventral half of mesopleuron and metapleuron and posterior half of propodeum dark brown to black; outer side of fore femur, large part of middle and hind femur, all coxae and tarsus dark brown, remainder of legs ivory; pair of large lateral patches on second tergite yellow; fore wing largely dark brown, but paler subbasally (Fig. 148).

Variation. Length of body 12.3 mm, of fore wing 9.7 mm; legs darker; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 2.0 times as long as vein 1-SR.

Female. Length of body 14.4–15.0 mm, of fore wing 11.5–12.0 mm; medio-apical protuberance of second sternite lamelliform and convex medio-apically (Fig. 143) and with pair of triangular submedial teeth, third sternite with distinct ledge (Fig. 143); hypopygium incised apically.

Unknown. Collected in May–July at 550–750 m.

China (Zhejiang, Sichuan).

Body length 3.5–14.1 mm; antenna with 21–32 segments, often with a pale band in apical third of antenna and slender medially (Fig. 158), of male without tyloids (Fig. 199); supra-antennal elevations smooth and shiny, usually comparatively large (Figs 157, 170, 188, 222, 233), without depression dorsally and moderately to widely separated; vertex normal, at most with slight median depression dorsally (Figs 157, 170, 188, 222, 233); apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular (Fig. 2); mandibles wide in anterior view and sublaterally attached to head (Fig. 156); occipital carina narrow and smooth but widened and finely crenulate in Orthogonalys hagoromonis; mesoscutum and scutellum often smooth or sparsely punctulate (Fig. 174), at most moderately punctate with wide smooth interspaces, but mesoscutum densely sculptured anteriorly in Orthogonalys hagoromonis; metanotum concave latero-dorsally and often sculptured, matt and distinctly convex medially (Fig. 161); anterior propodeal sulcus distinctly crenulate (Fig. 174), rarely partly reduced; posterior propodeal carina curved and lamelliform; but reduced in Orthogonalys formosana and Orthogonalys hagoromonis; vein 1-SR of fore wing medium-sized to long (Figs 159, 172, 211, 224, 235); fore wing subhyaline (Fig. 224), at most slightly infuscate below pterostigma in female; triangular dorso-apical part of hind trochanter separated by an oblique groove (Fig. 230); fore trochanter subparallel-sided and distinctly longer than hind trochanter; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; second metasomal sternite and tergite flat in lateral view, weakly sclerotized and smooth (Fig. 164); second sternite in ventral view flat medially or weakly convex and no medial elevation or teeth posteriorly; basal half of third sternite flat, without a distinct ledge anteriorly (Fig. 241); fifth sternite of female straight or slightly emarginate medio-posteriorly (Fig. 241); body often slender (including metasoma) and sometimes ichneumonid-like (Fig. 231).

In the New World reared as hyperparasitoid of Tachinidae in caterpillars (Carmean and Kimsey 1998; Murphy et al. 2009).

Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH) [China:] Zhejiang, West Mt. Tianmu, Xianrending, 2–4.VI.1990, Zu-hua Shi, 902316”. Paratypes: 4 ♂ (ZJUH), “[China:] Zhejiang, Mt. Tianmu, 18.VI.1983, Yun Ma, 831073, 831375; id., but 21.VII.1987, Xiao-ming Lou, 874118; id., but 1998, Ming-shui Zhao, 998359”; 3 ♀ + 13 ♂ (ZJUH, RMNH), “[China:] Zhejiang, West Mt. Tianmu, Laodian–Xianrending, 1250–1506 m, 17–18.VI.1988, Xue-xin Chen, 891504, 891770, 891914, 891251, 891771, 891772; id., but Jun-hua He, 890471, 890480, 890612, 890350, 891101, 890492; id., but Xin-geng Wang, 892613, 892754, 892859; id., but Yan-ming Chen, 892384”; 8 ♀ + 40 ♂ (ZJUH, RMNH), “[China:] Zhejiang, West Mt. Tianmu, Xianrending, 2–4.VI.1990, Jun-hua He, 904928, 904973, 904975, 904932, 905254, 905201; id., but Zu-hua Shi, 901514, 902370, 901691, 901700, 902551, 901403, 901855, 902179, 902546, 902178, 901974, 901975, 901434, 902180, 902319, 901856, 902253; id., but Xin-geng Wang, 902978, 903022, 902988, 902871, 902992, 902704, 902705, 902760, 902743, 903882, 903314, 903881; id., but Yong-gen Lou, 900249, 900271, 900316, 900862, 900311; id., but Hai-jun Hu, 901241, 901079, 901090, 901314, 901082, 901238; id., but 14.VII.1998, Ming-shui Zhao, MT, 992457, 200010686; id., but 20.VII.1998, 992654”; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (ZJUH, RMNH), “[China:] Zhejiang, West Mt. Tianmu, 16–18.V.1990, Shi-jun Guo, 883038; id., but 31.V.1998, Xue-xin Chen, 980329”; 1 ♂ (ZJUH), “[China:] Hubei, Qianjiaping, 26.VIII.1982, Shang-bo Shi, 870104”; 1 ♂ (SCAU), “[China:] Sichuan, Wanglang National Nature Reserve, 16.VII.2006, Yi-ping Wang, SCAU 253”; 1 ♂ (SCAU), “[China:] Sichuan, Wolong National Nature Reserve, 20–21.VII.2006, Yi-ping Wang, 20115697”.

Vertex black medio-posteriorly (Fig. 157); head dorsally and mesoscutum largely smooth, punctulate (Figs 157, 161); mesosoma laterally with limited pale yellow or ivory pattern (Fig. 161); posterior half of propodeum largely smooth except some transverse rugae (Fig. 161); spiracle of propodeum slightly protruding (Fig. 162); vein 1m-cu of fore wing connected to first submarginal cell (Fig. 159); legs (including hind tibia and tarsus) mainly yellowish brown, but outer side of hind coxa (except base) largely dark brown (Fig. 162); first tergite less robust and without median groove, its apical half of first tergite entirely pale yellowish (both sexes; Figs 163, 167); medially third sternite half as long as second sternite (Fig. 165).

Holotype, ♀, length of body 6.9 mm (of fore wing 6.1 mm).

Head. Antenna with 25 segments; frons, vertex and temple smooth with sparse superficial punctures; head subparallel-sided behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 1.3 times as long as temple (Fig. 157); occipital carina weakly developed and weakly crenulate dorsally (Fig. 157); supra-antennal elevations medium-sized (about 0.4 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and largely smooth except for sparse fine punctures (Fig. 157); clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height (Fig. 162); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove smooth, above groove mainly smooth with longitudinal foveolae medially; transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum densely punctate anteriorly, largely smooth with sparse fine punctures posteriorly, lateral lobes densely punctate rugose with a narrow mid-longitudinal furrow (Fig. 161); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum mainly smooth medially, rather flat and anteriorly near level of scutellum (Fig. 161); metanotum medially slightly convex, not protruding and smooth (Fig. 161); propodeum irregularly rugulose antero-medially, transversely striate medially, antero-lateral corner and posterior half largely smooth (Fig. 161); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and hardly arched, foramen medially 0.2 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.2 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 159).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.5 times as long as apically wide, smooth and without depression antero-medially (Fig. 163); other tergites and sternites smooth to superficially coriaceous and shiny (Fig. 163); third sternite as long as second sternite (Fig. 165); hypopygium triangular in ventral view (Fig. 165).

Colour. Black; mandible largely (but teeth dark brown), entire inner orbita narrowly, narrow stripes behind eyes posteriorly on vertex, large posterior spot on middle lobe of mesoscutum, broad median longitudinal stripe on scutellum, large median spot on metanotum, stripe on upper pronotum and lower pronotum, broad patch on lower mesopleuron, small spot on metapleuron, large lateral spots on propodeum, coxae dorsally, fore and mid trochanters and trochantelli, postero-lateral margin of second–fifth tergites and metasoma ventrally largely, ivory; clypeus black; metasoma dorsally largely dark brown, apical 0.7 of first and second tergite brownish; anterior margin of sternites with narrow transverse dark brown band; palpi yellowish brown; antenna black with a small subapical ivory band; coxae dark brown ventrally; remainder of legs yellowish brown; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Length of body 5.8–7.0 mm, of fore wing 5.1–6.2 mm; ivory stripe on posterior vertex reduced into small spot or absent; lateral ivory spots on propodeum large or reduced; ivory patch on lower mesopleuron small; metasoma largely dark brown to black with first and second tergites and sternites largely yellowish brown; clypeus with pair of ivory spots laterally; legs darker; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 2.0–2.3 times as long as vein 1-SR.

Male. Length of body 5.6–8.1 mm, of fore wing 4.5–6.3 mm; antenna with 24–25 segments; ivory stripe along inner orbita narrow or broad; ivory stripe along outer orbita reduced or extending to malar space; clypeus largely dark brown with pair of ivory spots, largely ivory or entirely ivory; upper mesopleuron with ivory spot or absent; propodeum with large lateral spots or absent; legs and metasoma similar to that of female; genitalia extruded (Fig. 167).

Unknown. Collected in June–August at 1250–1506 m.

China (Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan).

Named after the late Prof. Dr Sicien H. Chen (Beijing), in honour of his great contribution to entomology in China and to biology in general.

Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Guizhou, Suiyang, Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve, 4.VI.2010, Jie Zeng, 20115981”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (ZJUH) topotypic and same date, but 20115980; 1 ♂ (ZJUH) “[China:] Ningxia, Mt. Liupan, Sutai, 24.VI.2008, MT, Jing-xian Liu, 200800477”; 1 ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huoditang, 1580–1650 m, 27.VI.1999, De-cheng Yuan, SCAU 347”; 1 ♂ (SCAU) “[China:] Sichuan, Wanglang National Nature Reserve, 24.VII.2006, Yi-Ping Wang, SCAU 268”; 4 ♂ (ZJUH, RMNH) “[China:] Yunnan, Dali, Yunlong, 3.VI.2009, Jiang-li Tan, 200906671, 200906673, 200906677, 200906678”.

Antenna without ivory band subapically (Fig. 171); occipital carina weakly developed and smooth dorsally (Fig. 170); frons moderately shiny and partly superficially punctate (Fig. 169); area besides and behind lateral ocellus smooth; supra-antennal elevations comparatively low; clypeus strongly convex ventro-medially; mandible largely ivory; scutellum densely finely punctate and sometimes with some fine longitudinal carinae, without longitudinal depression and moderately shiny (Fig. 174); mesosoma without pale pattern dorsally, mesoscutum black medially (Fig. 174); third submarginal cell 0.4–0.5 times as long as second submarginal cell; pterostigma brown; fore femur orange-brown or brownish-yellow; anterior 0.7 of first metasomal tergite and anterior 0.2 of second tergite nearly black (Fig. 176).

Holotype, female, length of body 7.6 mm (of fore wing 6.9 mm).

Head. Antenna with 24 segments; frons densely and finely punctate; vertex largely smooth with sparse fine punctures behind stemmaticum (Fig. 170); temple smooth (Fig. 173); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 1.3 times as long as temple (Fig. 170); occipital carina weakly developed and smooth dorsally (Fig. 170); supra-antennal elevations medium-sized (about 0.3 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and rugose (Fig. 170); clypeus slightly concave and strongly convex medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height (Fig. 175); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove largely smooth with sparse oblique striations, above groove rugose anteriorly and smooth posteriorly; transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; mesoscutum densely punctate rugose, lateral lobe with a narrow mid-longitudinal furrow (Fig. 174); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum densely punctate rugose, rather flat and anteriorly near level of scutellum (Fig. 174); metanotum medially slightly protruding, obtuse and rugose (Fig. 174); propodeum antero-laterally smooth, irregularly rugose medially and transversely areolate posteriorly (Fig. 174); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and hardly arched, foramen medially 0.3 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.3 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 172).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.9 times as long as apically wide, smooth and without depression medially (Fig. 176); other tergites and sternites smooth to superficially coriaceous and shiny (Fig. 176); third sternite about 0.5 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 178); hypopygium truncate in ventral view (Fig. 176).

Colour. Head black with inner orbita ivory up to malar space; mesosoma black; metasoma largely dark brown to nearly black, posterior 0.3 of first tergite and sternite, posterior 0.8 of second tergite, entirely third tergite and second sternite, anterior half of third tergite reddish-yellow; mandible largely ivory with teeth reddish-yellow to dark brown; palpi yellowish brown; antenna black to dark brown; trochanters and trochantelli ivory, coxae and hind femur black, remainder of legs yellowish brown with tarsi paler; pterostigma brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Length of body 7.8–9.6 mm, of fore wing 6.9–8.4 mm; frons sparsely and superficially punctate; vertex with small ivory spots posteriorly; clypeus with small yellowish brown spot medially or ivory ventrally; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 2.1–2.3 times as long as vein 1-SR.

Male. Length of body 6.1–8.0 mm, of fore wing 5.2–6.9 mm; antenna with 24 segments; frons densely and coarsely or finely punctate; clypeus entirely ivory; colour of metasoma similar to female; genitalia extruded (Fig. 180).

Unknown. Collected in June–July at 1580–1650 m.

China (Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan).

Named after the ventro-medially strongly convex clypeus: from “clypeus” (Latin for “shield”).

It is close to Orthogonalys hagoromonis Teranishi, 1929, from Japan, but it can be separated from the latter by the yellow or ivory inner orbita and the lower supra-antennal elevations.

Holotype of Orthogonalys elongata, ♀ (OMNH, head missing), “[Japan], Sapporo, Maruyama, 24.VII.1923, C. T[eranishi]”, “Allotype, Orthogonalos elongata”. Holotype of Orthogonalos debilis, ♀ (OMNH), “[Japan], Yamanashi, Mt. Minobu, 12.VI.1928, K. Sato”, “Allotype, Orthogonalos debilis”. Holotype of Orthogonalos hirasana, ♂ (OMNH), “[Japan], Shiga-ken, Mt. Hira, VII.1927, C. C. T[eranishi]”, “Holotype, Orthogonalos hirasana”.

1 ♂ (ZJUH), “[China:] Henan, Song County, Mt. Baiyun, 1400 m, 19.VII.2003, Yan-bing Shen, 20047315”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “[China:] Henan, Neixiang County, Mt. Baotianman, 14.VII.1998, Yun Ma, 986459”; 2 ♀ (ZJUH), “[China:] Sichuan, Tianquan, Laba River, 15.VII.2006, Hong-ying Zhang, 200610725, 200610723”; 1 ♀ (ZJUH), “[China:] Tibet, Lage–Hangmi, 12.VI.2009, Jiang-li Tan, 200908322”.

Face and temple usually with small pale patches, but sometimes entirely absent; mesoscutum very densely to rather sparsely sculptured, as striations of supra-antennal elevations; mesosoma with linear ivory pattern dorsally (at least with large ivory patches on scutellum and metanotum; Figs 182, 190, 202, 213); posterior half of propodeum largely smooth (Figs 182, 190, 202, 213); vein 1m-cu of fore wing connected to first submarginal cell (Figs 195, 200, 211); legs mainly black or dark brown (except pale trochanter and trochantellus); apical half of first tergite with pair of pale spots (♀) or black (♂) (Figs 184, 192, 204, 215, 219); medially third sternite 0.8–1.0 times as long as second sternite (Figs 185, 194, 206, 217), rarely less; fifth and sixth metasomal tergites dark brown or black medio-apically (Figs 181, 192, 202, 215); comparatively slender species (Figs 181, 186, 196, 207).

Redescribed after a female from Sichuan, length of body 7.4 mm (of fore wing 6.2 mm).

Head. Antenna with 25 segments; frons and vertex sparsely and superficially punctate; temple smooth; head subparallel-sided behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 1.2 times as long as temple (Fig. 209); occipital carina weakly developed and weakly crenulate dorsally (Fig. 209); supra-antennal elevations medium-sized (about 0.4 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and largely smooth except for sparse fine punctures (Fig. 209); clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 214); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove smooth, above groove mainly smooth with longitudinal foveolae medially; transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum densely punctate rugose anteriorly, largely smooth with sparse fine punctures posteriorly, lateral lobe densely punctate rugose with a narrow mid-longitudinal furrow (Fig. 213); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum mainly smooth, rather flat and anteriorly near level of scutellum (Fig. 213); metanotum medially slightly convex, not protruding and smooth (Fig. 213); anterior half of propodeum irregularly areolate or rugose, posterior half largely smooth with a longitudinal carina medially (Fig. 213); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and hardly arched, foramen medially 0.3 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.5 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 211).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.5 times as long as apically wide, smooth and without shallow depression antero-medially (Fig. 215); other tergites and sternites smooth to superficially coriaceous and shiny (Figs 215, 217); third sternite about 0.6 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 217); hypopygium triangular in ventral view (Fig. 217).

Colour. Black; mandible largely (but teeth dark brown), broad stripes of inner and outer orbita, clypeus largely (except for median dark brown spot), large posterior spot on middle lobe of mesoscutum, broad median longitudinal stripe on scutellum, large median spot on metanotum, stripe on upper pronotum and lower pronotum, oblique stripe on upper mesopleuron and broad patch on lower mesopleuron, small spot on metapleuron, large lateral spots on propodeum, trochanters and trochantelli and outer side of coxae, posterior and lateral margin of all metasomal tergites and sternites, ivory or pale yellow; remainder of metasoma largely dark brown to nearly black; palpi yellowish brown; antenna black with a large ivory band subapically; fore and mid tibiae and all tarsi yellowish brown, remainder of legs dark brown to nearly black; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Length of body 5.8–8.3 mm, of fore wing 4.7–7.4 mm; upper mesopleuron with large interrupted ivory patch or an oblique stripe or mesosoma laterally entirely (Japan) or largely black; ivory patch of mesoscutum present or absent; ivory patches on posterior and lateral margin of all tergites and sternites comparatively small or large; clypeus entirely ivory or with dark median spot; inner and outer orbita widely ivory but largely black in holotype of Orthogonalos debilis; hind coxa entirely dark brown or largely ivory dorsally; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 1.9–2.5 times as long as vein 1-SR.

Male. Length of body 7.4 mm, of fore wing 6.0 mm; antenna with 24 segments; ivory stripe along outer orbita reduced or wide (as in holotype of Orthogonalos hirasana); lateral mesosoma and propodeum entirely black; metasoma largely black, only with postero-lateral margin of first and second tergites and sternites dark brown (but absent in holotype of Orthogonalos hirasana); ventral half of clypeus ivory; genitalia extruded (Fig. 219).

Unknown. Collected in June–July, up to 1400 m.

China (Henan, Sichuan, Tibet); Russia (Far East); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu) (Lelej 2003).

Holotype, ♀ (OPU), “[China:] Formosa, Nokosan, V.1922, M. Kato”, “Holotype Orthogonalos formosana Ter., ♀”.

Vertex with large yellow patch medio-posteriorly (Fig. 222); head dorsally and mesoscutum coarsely punctate (Figs 222, 226); mesosoma laterally with extensive pale yellow or ivory pattern (Fig. 227); posterior half of propodeum obliquely rugose (Fig. 227); spiracle of propodeum distinctly protruding (Fig. 227); vein 1m-cu of fore wing connected to first submarginal cell (Fig. 224); legs mainly yellowish brown, including outer side of hind coxa (except base) but hind tibia (except basal quarter) and tarsus dark brown (Fig. 230); first tergite robust and with median groove, its apical half of first tergite entirely pale yellowish (both sexes; Fig. 228); medially third sternite half as long as second sternite.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 9.0 mm (of fore wing 8.3 mm).

Head. Antenna incomplete, with 26 segments according to original description; frons and vertex coarsely punctate and partly with smooth interspaces equal to width of punctures or wider; temple smooth; head subparallel-sided behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 1.1 times as long as temple (Fig. 222); occipital carina narrow, non-lamelliform and smooth dorsally (Fig. 222); supra-antennal elevations medium-sized (about 0.5 times as long as scapus), outer side oblique and punctate, apically smooth and non-lamelliform (Fig. 222); clypeus nearly straight and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height (Fig. 227); postero-dorsal corner of pronotal side protruding far posteriorly (Fig. 227); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove distinctly punctate with smooth interspaces about equal to diameter of punctures, above groove densely punctate and partly with rugae; transverse mesopleural groove anteriorly wide, deep and coarsely crenulate, narrow and finely crenulate posteriorly; notauli wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; mesoscutum coarsely punctate with wide smooth interspaces, lateral lobes with a narrow mid-longitudinal furrow (Fig. 226); scutellar sulcus wide and coarsely crenulate; scutellum mainly smooth except some punctures, rather convex and anteriorly above level of scutellum (Fig. 226); metanotum medially moderately convex and protruding, smooth (Fig. 226); propodeum irregularly reticulate-rugose, posteriorly partly smooth and median carina nearly complete (Fig. 226); posterior propodeal carina weakly developed and non-lamelliform and distinctly arched, foramen medially about as high as wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.7 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 224); second submarginal cell 1.6 times longer than third cell.

Metasoma. First tergite 0.4 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with linear depression medially (Fig. 228); other tergites and sternites smooth to superficially coriaceous and shiny (Fig. 228); third sternite half as long as second sternite (Fig. 229); hypopygium truncate in ventral view.

Colour. Black; mandible, clypeus, face, curved patch behind eye dorsally, triangular patch behind stemmaticum, ventral half of outer orbita and inner orbita largely and widely, large posterior patch on middle lobe of mesoscutum and on scutellum, metanotum medially, large patches on propodeum medio-posteriorly and laterally, pronotal side dorsally and ventrally, two large patches on mesopleuron and large patch on metapleuron, first metasomal tergite and sternite largely, second tergite laterally, second sternite largely, second–fourth tergites latero-posteriorly, fifth and sixth tergites posteriorly, seventh tergite, third–fifth sternites laterally, pale yellow or ivory; remainder of metasoma dark brown; antenna black with a wide ivory band (apex of 10^th and 12^th–19^th segments) subapically and scapus and pedicellus largely dark brown; fore leg missing; middle and hind legs brownish-yellow, but coxae narrowly basally, hind tibia (except basally) and hind tarsus dark brown; pterostigma and veins dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in May.

China (Taiwan).

Holotype, ♀ (SCAU) “[China:] Shaanxi, Mt. Taibai, 107°53.505’E, 34°07.430’N, 1580 m, 30.VI.1999, Xiao-yu Jiang, SCAU 272”. Paratypes: 2 ♀ (IZCAS) “[China:] Shaanxi, Ningshan, Dashuigou, 1500–1760 m, 30.VI.1999, De-cheng Yuan, 200105000, 200105001”; 1 ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Guangxi, Longsheng, Huaping, 25–26.VI.1982, Jun-hua He, No. 823513”; 1 ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] 903839”.

Face and temple usually with small pale patches, but sometimes entirely absent; mesoscutum very densely to rather sparsely sculptured, as striations of supra-antennal elevations; mesosoma with linear ivory pattern dorsally (at least with large ivory patches on scutellum and metanotum; Fig. 237); posterior half of propodeum coarsely transversely rugose (Fig. 237); vein 1m-cu of fore wing connected to first submarginal cell (Fig. 235); legs mainly black or dark brown (except pale trochanter and trochantellus; Fig. 231); apical half of first tergite partly black, with brownish or ivory apical transverse band (Fig. 239); medially third sternite 0.6–0.7 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 241); fifth and sixth metasomal tergites more or less ivory medio-apically (Fig. 239); comparatively robust species (Fig. 231).

Holotype, female, length of body 10.2 mm (of fore wing 9.4 mm).

Head. Antenna with 27 segments; frons densely and finely punctate (Fig. 232); vertex and temple smooth and shiny (Fig. 236); head subparallel-sided behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 0.9 times as long as temple (Fig. 233); occipital carina narrowly lamelliform with a weak short carina medio-dorsally (Fig. 233); supra-antennal elevations medium-sized (about 0.4 times as long as scapus), outer side subvertical and obliquely and weakly striate (Fig. 233); clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height (Fig. 238); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove somewhat transversely rugulose antero-ventrally and smooth postero-dorsally, above groove rugose anteriorly and smooth posteriorly; transverse mesopleural groove wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli moderately wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum transversely punctate-rugose, lateral lobes mainly irregularly punctate rugose with narrow, smooth mid-longitudinal line (Fig. 237); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum longitudinally rugose, slightly convex and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially slightly convex, not protruding and largely smooth with sparse fine punctures (Fig. 237); propodeum irregularly rugose anteriorly, transversely and more coarsely rugose posteriorly (Fig. 237); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and slightly arched, foramen medially 0.2 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.3 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 235).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.7 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with distinct elliptical depression antero-medially (Fig. 239); second–sixth tergites smooth to superficially coriaceous and shiny (Fig. 239); sternites superficially coriaceous; third sternite about 0.4 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 241); hypopygium triangular in ventral view.

Colour. Black; mandible largely (but teeth orange-brown or black), two patches at inner orbita, clypeus faintly medially, large posterior spot on middle lobe of mesoscutum, broad median longitudinal stripe on scutellum, large median spot on metanotum, small posterior spot and large lateral spots on propodeum, narrow stripe on posterior margin of first metasomal tergite and anterior margin of second tergite, almost entirely fifth and sixth tergites and first and second sternites and antero-latero margin of third sternite, ivory; palpi yellowish brown; basal half of antenna black, medially ivory and dark brown apically (Fig. 234); femur, tibia and tarsus of fore leg and tarsus of hind leg yellowish brown, remainder of legs dark brown to nearly black; pterostigma of fore wing dark brown, remainder of wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation. Length of body 9.0–12.6 mm, of fore wing 7.7–10.8 mm; antenna of ♀ with 27–29 segments; frons without ivory stripes or stripes continuous, clypeus with pair of ivory spots, entirely ivory or black, vertex and outer orbita with ivory spots or stripes; pronotal side with ivory stripe antero-dorsally; propodeum entirely black; antenna medially orange-yellow; legs darker or paler; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 1.2–3.1 times as long as vein 1-SR.

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in June and August at 1500–1760 m.

China (Shaanxi, Guangxi).

Named after the comparatively robust body of this species: from “robustus” (Latin for “hard and strong like an oak”).

Length of body 5.5–13.9 mm; antenna black and with 23–28 segments; area above supra-antennal elevations distinctly depressed, smooth, with low triangular or transverse protuberance between elevations and inner side of supra-antennal elevations flat, smooth and black (Figs 244, 256); tyloids on 11^th–14^th antennal segments of male short and nearly circular (Fig. 266); occipital carina widened medio-dorsally; apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular (Fig. 255); vertex normal, at most with slight median depression dorsally (Fig. 244); mandibles wide in anterior view and sublaterally attached to head (Fig. 243); metanotum strongly convex and finely sculptured medially (Fig. 249); anterior propodeal sulcus finely crenulate laterally (Fig. 249); fore wing with large dark patch below pterostigma; vein 1-SR of fore wing long (Figs 246, 258); hind trochanter black; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; second and third sternites of ♀ flat and moderately sclerotized and no protuberances (Fig. 264); body without pale pattern, at most malar space and margins of basal metasomal sternites and tergites narrowly ivory, remainder black.

Reared as hyperparasitoid of Ichneumonidae in caterpillars and from Diprionidae (Carmean and Kimsey 1998).

Holotype, ♀ (SCAU) “[China:] Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helan, Halawu–Shatangzi, 3.VIII.2010, sweeping, Rui Guo, SCAU 183”.

Notauli narrow and finely crenulate; malar space nearly black; middle mesoscutal lobe convex and shiny, sparsely punctate.

Holotype, female, length of body 7.8 mm (of fore wing 6.2 mm).

Head. Antenna with 23 segments; frons largely smooth with sparse small punctures (Fig. 243); vertex and temple largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures (Fig. 244); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 0.8 times as long as temple (Fig. 244); occipital carina strongly widened and lamelliform, coarsely crenulate medio-dorsally (Fig. 244); supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 1.1 times as long as scapus), outer side flat and smooth (Fig. 244); clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height (Fig. 250); mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove rugose anteriorly and rugulose to smooth posteriorly, above groove rugose (Fig. 250); transverse mesopleural groove moderately wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli narrow and finely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum convex and shiny, sparsely punctate anteriorly, rugose at posterior end, lateral lobes sparsely punctate and medially with smooth interspaces (Fig. 249); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum densely reticulate-punctate, rather flat and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially protruding, obtuse and reticulate-rugose (Fig. 249); anterior propodeal sulcus without crenulae medially (Fig. 249); propodeum obliquely rugulose to rugose medially, smooth and shiny antero-laterally and posteriorly (Fig. 249); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and curved, foramen medially 0.4 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.6 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 246).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.5 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with shallow elliptical depression antero-medially (Fig. 251); second–fifth tergites largely smooth except for sparse superficial punctation; sternites largely smooth except for sparse superficial punctation; second sternite slightly convex (Fig. 252); third sternite about 0.4 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 252); hypopygium triangular in ventral view.

Colour. Black; malar space nearly black, somewhat brownish; mandibular teeth, palpi, tegulae, fore and mid tibiae and tarsi, pterostigma and anterior half of marginal cell of fore wing dark brown, remainder of wing membrane pale brown.

Male. Unknown.

Unknown. Collected in August.

China (Inner Mongolia).

From “angustus” (Latin for “narrow”) after the narrow notauli.

1 ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Liaoning, Benxi, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, 15–18.VII.2011, Sheng-nan Song, 201100085”; 1 ♂ (ZJUH) “[China:] Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helang, 30.VII.2010, Hong-fei Cai, 201100273”; 1 ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Beijing, Mt. Xi, 28.IV.1986”; 1 ♀ (ZJUH) “[China:] Henan, Jiyuan, 7.VI.2000, Ping Cai, 200102094”.

Notauli comparatively wide and coarsely crenulate; malar space ivory; middle mesoscutal lobe less convex than of Pseudogonalos angusta and rather matt, largely densely punctate.

Redescribed after a female from Liaoning, length of body 10.9 mm (of fore wing 8.2 mm).

Head. Antenna with 26 segments; frons densely and finely punctate (Fig. 255); vertex and temple largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures (Figs 256, 259); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view 0.7 times as long as temple (Fig. 256); occipital carina strongly widened and lamelliform, coarsely crenulate medio-dorsally (Fig. 256); supra-antennal elevations strongly enlarged (about 1.1 times as long as scapus), outer side flat and smooth (Fig. 256); clypeus slightly concave and thick medio-ventrally.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height (Fig. 261); mesopleuron transversely reticulate-rugose anteriorly, rugulose to smooth posteriorly; transverse mesopleural groove moderately wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; notauli moderately wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum largely densely punctate and rugose at posterior end, lateral lobes mainly finely rugose (Fig. 260); scutellar sulcus wide, both medially and laterally and coarsely crenulate; scutellum densely reticulate-punctate, rather flat and anteriorly near level of mesoscutum; metanotum medially protruding, obtusely bifurcate dorsally and reticulate-rugose (Fig. 260); anterior propodeal sulcus crenulate-rugose and more or less widened medially; propodeum largely coarsely reticulate-rugose except for small smooth area on antero-lateral and posterior margin (Fig. 260); posterior propodeal carina thick lamelliform and curved, foramen medially 0.4 times higher than wide basally.

Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.4 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig. 258).

Metasoma. First tergite 0.6 times as long as apically wide, smooth and with distinct elliptical depression antero-medially (Fig. 262); second–fifth tergites largely smooth except for sparse superficial punctures; first and second sternites largely smooth except for sparse superficial punctation, third–fifth sternites densely and superficially punctate (Fig. 264); second sternite slightly convex (Fig. 263); third sternite about 0.3 times as long as second sternite (Fig. 264); hypopygium triangular in ventral view.

Colour. Black; malar space ivory; mandibular teeth, palpi, tegulae, fore and mid tibiae and tarsi dark brown; pterostigma and posterior half of first submarginal cell to anterior third of marginal cell of fore wing and area below it dark brown, remainder of wing membrane pale brown.

Variation. Length of body 9.4–11.5 mm, of fore wing 7.9–8.9 mm; antenna of ♀ with 25 (1), 26 (2) or 28 (1) segments; propodeum coarsely rugose anteriorly, transversely striate medially and smooth posteriorly; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 1.4–1.9 times as long as vein 1-SR.

Male. Length of body 11.3 mm, of fore wing 9.2 mm; antenna with 25 segments, tyloids nearly circular, 0.2 times as long as segment on 11^th–15^th segments (Fig. 266); genitalia extruded; third–seventh tergites densely and superficially punctate.

Hyperparasitoid of Ichneumonidae in caterpillars and reared from Diprionid sawflies (Carmean and Kimsey 1998). Collected in China in April, June and July.

China (Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei and Henan); Russia; Ukraine; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Western Europe (Lelej 2003).

Body length 4.3–13.0 mm; antenna with 21–26 segments, without pale band and slender medially (Fig. 306), of male with linear tyloids (= elevated elongate areas) on 11^th–16^th antennal segments (Fig. 415); supra-antennal elevations smooth or punctate, without depression dorsally, remain far separated from each other medially and without horizontal “shelf” between antennal bases (Figs 269, 319, 330, 363, 374, 408, 419, 430, 454, 465, 487, 509, 520, 551, 562, 573, 584); temple usually punctate or reticulate-punctate and moderately shiny (Fig. 587); occipital carina ending at hypostomal carina at level of mandibular base; vertex flattened, without median depression dorsally (Fig. 584); apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular (Fig. 457); mandibles wide in anterior view and sublaterally attached to head (Fig. 453); mesoscutum and scutellum distinctly punctate or rugose (Fig. 458); metanotum at least partly convex latero-dorsally and often sculptured (Fig. 309); vein 1-SR of fore wing medium-sized to long (Figs 272, 489); fore wing often with subapical dark patch (Fig. 410) or large part of fore wing dark brown (Fig. 449); triangular dorso-apical part of hind trochanter separated by an oblique groove; fore trochanter subparallel-sided and distinctly longer than hind trochanter; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; propodeal foramen more or less arched dorsally and often with a lamelliform carina; second sternite convex in lateral view (Fig. 312; but less so in males: Figs 316, 581), strongly sclerotized and frequently densely punctate (Fig. 592), sometimes with a medio-posterior elevation (Fig. 592) but without pair of small teeth; third sternite at most 0.7 times as long as second sternite; basal half of third sternite flat, without a distinct ledge anteriorly (Fig. 592); hypopygium of ♀ pointing anteriorly toward second sternite or straight down or pointing posteriad; body variable, often moderately robust (Figs 317, 328, 452, 485, 507, 582).

Reared as hyperparasitoid of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) and parasitoid flies (Tachinidae) in caterpillars, but some species are primary parasitoids of Pergid sawflies in Australia (Raff 1934; Carne 1969; He and Chen 1986; Weinstein and Austin 1995; Carmean and Kimsey 1998).

The enigmatic genus Ischnogonalos Schulz, 1907, is synonymized; it fits well in the genus Taeniogonalos as redefined in this paper. Unfortunately, the holotype of the type species could not be found. It is aberrant because of the comparatively slender first metasomal tergite, the posteriorly protruding propodeum, the swollen male antennal segments and the pair of minute teeth medio-posteriorly on the second metasomal sternite.

Trigonalys lachrymosa Westwood, 1874, from Mindanao (Philippines) was assigned to the genus Lycogaster Shuckard by Bischoff (1938) without giving arguments and the name was changed into Lycogaster lacrimosa. The holotype should be in the Semper collection (ZMB?) but could not be traced. Judging from the original description and the figure it does not belong in the genus Lycogaster. The comparatively long vein 1-SR of the fore wing, the narrow third submarginal cell of the fore wing and the yellow pattern of the mesosoma (middle lobe of mesoscutum antero-laterally, axilla and metanotum laterally with yellow patches) indicate that it belongs to the genus Taeniogonalos, resulting in the new combination Trigonalys lachrymosa (Westwood, 1874), comb. n.

Holotype of Taeniogonalos alticola, ♂ (OMNH), “[China:] Taiwan, 27.V.1929, K. Sato”, “Taiwanogonalos alticola Tsuneki, ♂, holotype”. Holotype of Taeniogonalos minima, ♂ (OMNH), same label data, but “Taiwanogonalos minima Tsuneki, ♂, holotype”. Holotype of Taeniogonalos similis, ♂ (OMNH), same label data, but “Taiwanogonalos similis Tsuneki, ♂, holotype”.

Outer side of supra-antennal elevations comparatively steep (angle about 45°) and elevations about 0.5 times as long as scapus and area between elevations distinctly concave (Fig. 269); occipital carina narrow, non-lamelliform and smooth medio-dorsally or nearly so (Fig. 269); head anteriorly and posteriorly, mesosoma dorsally and pronotum laterally entirely black (Figs 268, 269, 274, 275); vertex largely smooth and strongly shiny (Fig. 269); mesoscutum weakly sculptured (Fig. 274); notauli crenulate posteriorly (Fig. 274); scutellum entirely black (Fig. 274); metanotum of male black medially (Fig. 274); fore wing of male subhyaline (Fig. 272; female unknown); propodeum comparatively slender (Fig. 274); propodeal foramen comparatively narrow and posterior propodeal carina distinctly arched (Fig. 274); first metasomal tergite with wide ivory band or pair of patches posteriorly (Fig. 276); second sternite of male slightly convex medio-posteriorly and entirely dark brown (Fig. 278); third sternite of female unknown; metasoma dorsally largely dark brown, only first tergite apically and seventh tergite ivory (Fig. 276).

Holotype of Taeniogonalos alticola, male, length of body 6.0 mm (of fore wing 5.4 mm).

Head. Antenna incomplete, with 11 segments remaining; frons moderately punctate with smooth interspaces much wider than width of punctures; vertex sparsely punctulate and strongly shiny (Fig. 269), with rather long setae; temple largely smooth with few punctures at orbita (Fig. 273); head gradually narrowed behind eyes, eye in dorsal view nearly as long as temple (Fig. 269); occipital carina narrow, non-lamelliform, smooth (Fig. 269); supra-antennal elevations medium-sized (about 0.5 times as long as scapus), outer side distinctly oblique (angle about 45°) carinate and with few punctures and rugae (Fig. 269); area between elevations distinctly concave (Fig. 269); clypeus distinctly concave and thick medio-ventrally.