Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yun Bu ( buy@sstm.org.cn ) Academic editor: Louis Deharveng
© 2019 Yun Bu, Yan Xiong, Yun-Xia Luan, Wen-Ying Yin.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Bu Y, Xiong Y, Luan Y-X, Yin W-Y (2019) Systematic and biogeographical study of Protura (Hexapoda) from Hainan Isaland of China: new species, checklist and distribution. ZooKeys 879: 149-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.879.34404
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More than 1500 proturan specimens from Hainan Island are systematically studied. An annotated list of all species of Protura from Hainan Island is provided and their geographical distribution is discussed. The genus Paracondeellum is reported from Hainan Island for the first time, and Paracondeellum paradisum sp. nov. is described. The type species Paracondeellum dukouense (Tang & Yin, 1988) is redescribed based on syntype, and the lectotype and paralectotype are designated. The characters of the genus Paracondeellum are redefined, and the two known species are compared in detail. The Protura fauna of Hainan Island is mainly composed of species from the Oriental region, with 91% of the species belonging to the families Berberentulidae and Eosentomidae.
distribution, diversity, Paracondeellum, new species, taxonomy, type specimen
Protura is a group of tiny soil-dwelling arthropods with more than 800 described species (
Hainan Island is the second largest island of China and is located off the southernmost point of the mainland (18°10'–20°10'N, 108°37'–111°03'E; Fig.
There are several previous publications on the Protura from Hainan Island. The first study reported 14 species of Eosentomidae from Hainan (
In 2011 and 2017, we investigated the soil fauna of Hainan Island on several occasions and collected many proturan specimens. In the present paper, Protentomidae is recorded for the first time and one new species of genus Paracondeellum Yin, Xie & Zhang, 1994 is identified and described. We checked the syntypes of the type species of Paracondeellum dukouense (Tang & Yin, 1988), designated a lectotype and paralectotype, and redescribed it in detail. In addition, based on more than 1500 proturans collected in Hainan Island from 1984 to 2017, a checklist is presented and the distribution of Protura on Hainan Island is summarized.
Most of specimens were collected between 1984 and 2004, and more recent specimens were collected during the expeditions in 2011 and 2017. All localities sampled so far are listed in Table
Number | Locality | Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Sampling years |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ledong County, Jianfengling National Natural Reserve | 18°23'– 18°52'N, 108°44'–109°02'E | 120–330 | 1984, 1993, 2003, 2004 |
2 | Wuzhishan City, Wuzhishan National Natural Reserve | 18°49'–18°59'N, 109°32'–109°43'E | 800–1200 | 1984, 1985, 2004, 2011 |
3 | Wuzhishan City, Diaoluoshan National Natural Reserve | 18°43'–18°58'N, 109°43'–110°03'E | 500–1000 | 1985, 2004 |
4 | Haikou City, Dongzhaigang National Natural Reserve | 19°51'–20°01'N, 110°32'–110°37'E | 20 | 2004 |
5 | Haikou City, Crater National Geological Park | 19°55'N, 110°12'E | 223 | 2003 |
6 | Tunchang County, Meiling Mountain | 19°22'N, 110°04'E | 150–230 | 2003 |
7 | Tunchang County, Limu Mountain | 19°17'N, 109°77'E | 600–1000 | 2003 |
8 | Baoting County, Ganshenling Provincial Natural Reserve | 18°39'N, 109°66'E | 500 | 2003 |
9 | Changjiang County, Qizi bay | 19°21'N, 108°40'E | 15 | 2011 |
10 | Baoting, Qixianling National Forest Park | 18°42'N, 109°40'E | 150 | 2017 |
11 | Sanya City, Yalong Bay Tropical Paradise Forest Park | 18°15'N, 109°38'E | 200 | 2017 |
12 | Sanya City, Luhuitou Park | 18°13'N, 109°29'E | 80 | 2017 |
13 | Sanya City, Sanya bay | 18°17'N, 109°22'E | 5 | 2017 |
Observations were made with a phase contrast microscope (Leica DM 2500). Photos were taken by a digital camera (Leica DMC 4500). Line drawings were made using a drawing tube. All specimens are deposited in the collections of Shanghai Natural History Museum (SNHM) and Shanghai Entomological Museum (SEM), Shanghai, China.
Abbreviations used in the text follow the paper by
Habitus short and robust. Pseudoculi circular without lever. Calyx of maxillary glands globular and smooth. Foretarsal sensilla of the exterior side reduced; interior sensilla b’ absent. Abdominal appendages I–II two-segmented each with four setae, III uni-segmented with two setae. Tergites II–VII without or with few anterior setae. Sternites II–III each with three posterior setae. Sternites IV–VII each with nine posterior setae; sternite VIII with four setae in one row. Female squama genitalis short, with pointed acrostyli (
South China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Hainan).
Paracondeellum Yin, Xie & Zhang, 1994 was originally separated from the genus Condeellum Tuxen, 1963. They have similar shapes of pseudocellus and maxillary gland, and the presence of setae Pc on sternites IV–V, but they can be easily separated by the chaetotaxy of tergite I (seta P5 absent in Paracondeellum but present in Condeellum) and sternite VIII (four setae in Paracondeellum vs six setae in Condeellum). In addition, Paracondeellum can be distinguished from the genus Neocondeellum Tuxen & Yin, 1982 by the shape of pseudocellus (posterior lever absent in Paracondeellum but present in Neocondeellum) and the chaetotaxy of sternites IV–V (setae Pc present in Paracondeellum but absent in Neocondeellum).
Paracondeellum paradisum sp. nov. is characterized by two pairs of A-setae on tergite I, one pair of A-setae, and eight pairs of P-setae on tergites II–VI, absence of A-setae and P2a seta on tergite VII, tergites IX and X with 12 and 10 setae, respectively, absence of seta d4 on dorsal side of head, and female squama genitalis short, with conical acrostylus.
Holotype, female (slide no. HN-SY-P2017016) (SNHM), China, Hainan, Sanya City, Yalong Bay Tropical Paradise Forest Park, soil of the tropical rain forest, 200 m elev., 18.25°N, 109.63°E, 22-III-2017, Y. Bu collector. Paratypes, 1 female (slide no. HN-SY-P2017071) (SNHM), same data as holotype.
Holotype: body length 570 μm, yellow-brown, foretarsus darker (Fig.
Head. Elliptic, length 80 μm, width 50 μm (Fig.
Paracondeellum paradisum sp. nov., holotype A head, dorsal view (cp = clypeal pore, fp = frontal pore) B pseudoculus C canal of maxillary gland D labial palpus E maxillary palpus F foretarsus, exterior view G foretarsus, interior view H dorsal thorax, right side I tergite I, right side (al = anterolateral pore, psm = posterosubmedial pore) J tergite VI, right side K comb L female quama genitalis. Arrows indicate pores. Scale bars: 10 μm (B, K); 20 μm (A, C–J, L).
Foretarsus. Length 31 μm, claw length 9 μm, TR = 3.4; empodium length 2 μm, EU = 0.22. Dorsal sensilla t-1 and t-2 slender and long, BS = 0.63; t-3 short and spatulate, not reaching base of claw (Fig.
Thorax. Thoracic chaetotaxy given in Table
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | 1, 2 | (2+2)/6 | A1, M |
P1, 2, 3 | |||||
II | 6/14 | A2, 4, M | (4+2)/4 | A1, 2, M | |
P1, 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5a | P1, 2 | ||||
III | 6/12 | A2, 4, M | (6+2)/4 | A1, 2, 3, M | |
P1, 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5 | P1, 2 | ||||
Abd. | I | 4/12 | A1, 5 | 4/2 | A1, 2 |
P1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | P1 | ||||
II–III | 2/16 | A1 | 4/3 | A1, 2 | |
P1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a, 5 | Pc, 2 | ||||
IV–VI | 2/16 | A1 | 4/9 | A1, 2 | |
P1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a, 5 | Pc, 1, 1a, 2, 3 | ||||
VII | 0/16 | 4/9 | A1, 2 | ||
P1, 1a, 2, 3, 3a, 4, 4a, 5 | Pc, 1, 1a, 2, 3 | ||||
VIII | 4/14 | A1, 3 | |||
P1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |||
IX | 12 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
X | 10 | 1, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
XI | 6 | 6 | 1, 2, 3 | ||
XII | 9 | 6 |
Abdomen. Abdominal chaetotaxy given in Table
A–C Paracondeellum paradisum sp. nov., holotype A sternite VI (spm = sternal posteromedial pore) B tergite VII, right side C sternite VII (spsm = sternal posterosubmedial pore). D–E Paracondeellum dukouense (Tang & Yin, 1988) holotype D foretarsus, exterior view E foretarsus, interior view. Arrows indicate pores. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Tergites I–VII with pores psm and al (Fig.
Abdominal appendages typical of the genus. Subapical setae and apical setae on appendage III 11 μm and 5 μm long respectively. Striate band on abdominal segment VIII reduced to a single serrate line (Fig.
Latin “paradisum”, after “Paradise Forest Park” where type specimens were collected.
China (Hainan)
The genus Paracondeellum Yin, Xie & Zhang, 1994 is endemic to China and was previously known by a single species, P. dukouense, from Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. Paracondeellum paradisum sp. nov. differs from P. dukouense in the shape of foretarsal sensilla, pseudoculus, and female squama genitalis, and in the body chaetotaxy. A comparison of the morphology of these two species is given in Table
Paracondeellum dukouense (Tang & Yin, 1988) is characterized by the one pair of A-setae on tergite I, absence of A-setae and P1a seta on tergites II–VI, absence of A-setae and nine pairs of P-setae (P2a present) on tergite VII, tergites IX and X with 14 and 12 setae respectively, absence of seta d4 on head, and female squama genitalis with pointed acrostylus.
Lectotype, female (slide no. 1), paralectotype, female (slide no. 2) (SEM), China, Sichuan, Dukou City (currently, Panzhihua City), Jinjiang County, soil under grass, 1155 m elev., 26.55N, 101.85E, 26-IX-1985, B.W. Tang and G.T. Jin collectors. We designated as the lectotype the female on slide no. 1 and the other female on slide no. 2 as the paralectotype.
Body length of holotype 880 μm and paratype 720 μm; yellow-brown, with foretarsus darker (Fig.
Paracondeellum dukouense (Tang & Yin, 1988), holotype A habitus B canal of maxillary gland C head, dorsal view D prosternum E mesosternum F tergite VI G tergites VII–VIII H sternite VI I sternite VII J sternite V K tergites VIII–XII L sternites VIII–XII. Arrows indicate pores. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Head. Elliptic, length 93–100 μm, width 70 μm. Dorsal setae longer than subdorsal and lateral ones, rostrum slightly protruded (Fig.
Foretarsus. Length 46–50 μm, claw length 15–17 μm, TR=2.9–3.1; empodium length 4–5 μm, EU=0.24–0.33. Dorsal sensilla t-1 and t-2 slender and long, BS=0.66; t-3 short sward-like, nearly reaching base of claw (Fig.
Thorax. Thoracic chaetotaxy given in Table
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | 1, 2 | (4+2)/6 | A1, 2, M |
P1, 2, 3 | |||||
II | 6/14 | A2, 4, M | (4+2)/4 | A1, 2, M | |
P1, 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5a | P1, 2 | ||||
III | 6/12 | A2, 4, M | (6+2)/4 | A1, 2, 3, M | |
P1, 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5 | P1, 2 | ||||
Abd. | I | 2/12 | A5 | 4/2 | A1, 2 |
P1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | P1 | ||||
II–III | 0/14 | 4/3 | A1, 2 | ||
P1, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a, 5 | Pc, 2 | ||||
IV–VI | 0/14 | 4/9 | A1, 2 | ||
P1, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a, 5 | Pc, 1, 1a, 2, 3 | ||||
VII | 0/18 | 4/9 | A1, 2 | ||
P1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4, 4a, 5 | Pc, 1, 1a, 2, 3 | ||||
VIII | 6/14 | A1, 3, 5 | |||
P1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |||
IX | 14 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
X | 12 | 1, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
XI | 6 | 6 | 1, 2, 3 | ||
XII | 9 | 6 |
Abdomen. Abdominal chaetotaxy given in Table
Tergites I–VII with pores psm and al, VIII with pores psm only, IX–XI without pores, XII with single median pore. Pores on sternites I–VI not observed due to the opacity of the old specimens (Fig.
Abdominal appendages typical of the genus. Subapical setae and apical setae on appendage III 12–13 μm and 6–8 μm long, respectively. Striate band on abdominal segment VIII reduced to a single serrate line (Fig.
Named for Dukou City (now Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province) where type specimens were collected.
China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
Paracondeellum dukouense was originally described based on two syntypes (
Comparison between Paracondeellum paradisum sp. nov. and P. dukouense (Tang & Yin, 1988).
Paracondeellum paradisum sp. nov. | P. dukouense | |
---|---|---|
body length (μm) | 570 | 720–880 |
pseudoculus (μm) | 8 | 13 |
foretarsus (μm) | 31 | 46–50 |
sensilla b and f | short, rod-like | longer, sward-like |
sensillum t-3 | short and spatulate | longer, sward-like |
A-setae on tergite I | 4 (A1, A5) | 2 (A5) |
A-setae on tergites II–VI | 2 (A1) | 0 |
P-setae on tergites II–VI | 16 (P1a present) | 14 (P1a absent) |
P-setae on tergite VII | 16 (P2a absent) | 18 (P2a present) |
A-setae on tergite VIII | 4 (A1, A3) | 6 (A1, A3, A5) |
setae on tergite IX | 12 (P3a absent) | 14 (P3a present) |
setae on tergite X | 10 (P3a absent) | 12 (P3a present) |
A-setae on prosternum | 2 (A2 absent) | 4 (A2 present) |
The description is given above.
1 male, 1 mj, locality 3, 19-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 4 females, 1 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, locality 1, 14-I-2004; 10 females, 6 mj, locality 2, 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Neimenggu).
5 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 female, VI-1993; 1 female, IV-1994, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 9 females, 2 males, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 1 female, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 6 females, 1 male, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 9 females, 2 males, 13 mj, locality 1, 14-I-2004; 7 females, 3 males, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 1 female, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 2 females, 5 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 2 females, 1 male, 2 mj, locality 9, 20-III-2011, coll. Y. Bu & C. W. Huang. 14 females, 10 male, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017; 3 males, locality 12, 17-X-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi).
3 females, locality 2, 14-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangxi).
4 females, 1 male, locality 1, 30-XI-1984; 2 females, 2 males, locality 2, 14-XI-1984; 1 male, 2 mj, locality 3, 19-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
2 female, 1 male, locality 2, 19-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, Ningxia).
2 females, locality 2, 14-XI-1984; 5 females, 5 males, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi); Japan.
4 females, locality 1, 1-XII-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 1 male, 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 7 females, 5 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 1 mj, locality 3, 27-I-2004; 3 females, 1 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 7 females, 9 males, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guizhou).
3 females, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Yunnan, Guizhou).
2 females, 2 males, locality 1, 19-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Jiangxi)
1 female, locality 1, 17-XII-2002; 1 female, locality 2; 8 females, 4 males, 1 mj, locality 3, 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
1 female, 1male, 1 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 7 females, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, 1 LI, locality 13, 16-X-2017; 1 LI, locality 12, 17-X-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in South China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan).
1 female, locality 5, 26-II-2003, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Ningxia).
8 females, 6 males, 2 mj, locality 1, XII-1984; 24 females, 24 males, 27 mj, locality 3, 23-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 3 males, locality 8, 22-II-2003, coll. Y. Xiong. 2 females, 3 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong, Sichuan).
40 females, 33 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, VI-1993, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 1 female, 5 males, locality 8, 22-II-2003; 4 females, 1 male, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 1 female, 3 males, 4 mj, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 19 female, 15 males, 8 mj, locality 1, 7-X-2003; 33 females, 31 males, 15 mj, locality 1, 14-I-2004; 1 male, locality 3, 960 m elev., 27-I-2004; 8 females, 8 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Yunnan).
2 females, 2 males, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan); Malaysia, Brunei.
2 females, 1 male, locality 2, 14-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan, Yunnan).
1 female, 2 males, 1 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, 1 male, 2 mj, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 1 female, 2 males, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 6 females, 3 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 2 females, 1 male, 1 mj, locality 2, 820 m elev., 27-I-2004; 3 females, 2 males, 2 mj, locality 3, 1000 m elev., 27-I-2004; 2 females, 1 male, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 2 females, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, locality 10, 23-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong, Sichuan).
1 female, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi)
1 female, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Liaoning).
5 females, 3 males, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 13 females, 7 males, 9 mj, locality 8, 22-II-2003; 1 female, 1 mj, locality 5, 20-I-2003; 8 females, 13 males, 7 mj, locality 5, 26-II-2003; 1 female, 1 male, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 2 females, 5 males, 2 mj, locality 5, 15-VI-2003; 2 females, 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 3 females, 1 male, 2 mj, locality 7, 13-VII-2003; 5 females, 2 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 46 females, 45 males, 29 mj, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 12 females, 20 males, 10 mj, locality 2, 820 m elev., 27-I-2004; 5 females, 5 males, 2 mj, locality 1, 500 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 male, locality 2, 20-III-2011, coll. Y. Bu & C. W. Huang. 8 females, 7 males, 3 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Widely distributed in China (Hainan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Fujian, Guizhou, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Shaanxi).
2 females, 1 male, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 1 female, 2 males, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 5 females, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi).
1 female, 1 male, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu.
China (Hainan).
5 females, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 female, VII-1993, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 1 female, 3 males, 3 mj, locality 8, 22-II-2003; 4 females, 3 males, 4 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 2 mj, locality 1, 15-I-2004; 3 females, 1 male, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 2 females, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan).
2 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 mj, VI-1993, locality 1, coll. C. H. Liao. 1 female, locality 5, 20-I-2003; 3 mj, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 4 females, 2 males, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, locality 9, 20-III-2011, coll. Y. Bu & C. W. Huang. 2 females, 1 male, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017; 1 male, locality 10, 23-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Xisha Islands, Yongxing Island).
2 females, locality 1, 25-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 4 males, 7 mj, locality 6, 2-III-2003; 9 females, 3 males, 10 mj, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 2 females, 2 males, locality 1, 14-IV-2004; 2 females, 1 mj, locality 1, 15-VII-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan).
2 females, locality 1, 19-I-1985, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 1 females, 2 males, locality 1, 14-IV-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
1 female, 1 male, locality 1, 6-X-2003, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan).
1 female, 1 male, locality 1, 7-X-2003, 14 females; 7 males, locality 1, 14-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 male, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong).
1 female, locality 1, 14-IV-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. 1 female, 1 male, locality 10, 23-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangdong).
6 females, 1 mj, locality 3, 1000 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Shaanxi).
1 female, 1 mj, locality 11, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
China (Hainan, Guangxi).
5 females, 2 males, 1 mj, locality 1, 6-X-2003; 1 female, locality 1, 14-IV-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan).
2 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 4 males, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 1 male, locality 3, 600 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.
China (Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan).
The 34 species of Protura recorded from Hainan Island belong to 11 genera and five families (Protentomidae, Berberentulidae, Sinentomidae, Fujientomidae and Eosentomidae) (Table
The list of proturan species from Hainan Island and their distribution in Hainan Island and three neighboring mainland provinces.
Classification | Species | Hainan | Guangdong | Guangxi | Yunnan |
Acerentomata Yin, 1996 | |||||
Protentomidae Ewing, 1936 | |||||
Paracondeellum Yin, Xie & Zhang, 1994 | P. paradisum sp. n.* | 11** | |||
Berberentulidae Yin, 1983 | |||||
Baculentulus Tuxen,1977 | B. tienmushanensis (Yin, 1963) | 2, 3, 5, 11 | + | ||
Kenyentulus Tuxen, 1981 | K. ciliciocalyci Yin, 1987 | 1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 | + | ||
K. dolichadeni Yin, 1987 | 2 | ||||
K. hainanensis Yin, 1987 | 1, 3 | + | |||
K. henanensis Yin, 1983 | 2 | + | |||
K. japonicus (Imadate, 1961) | 2 | + | |||
K. jianfengensis Yin, 1987 | 1, 2 | ||||
K. jinghongensis Yin, 1983 | 1 | + | |||
K. minys Yin, 1983 | 1 | + | + | ||
Amphientulus Tuxen, 1981 | A. sinensis Xiong, Xie & Yin, 2005 | 1, 3 | + | ||
Sinentomata Yin, 1996 | |||||
Sinentomidae Yin, 1965 | |||||
Sinentomon Yin, 1965 | S. erythranum Yin, 1965 | 1, 5, 12, 13 | + | + | + |
Fujientomidae Yin, 1996 | |||||
Fujientomon Yin, 1977 | F. dicestum Yin, 1977 | 5 | |||
Eosentomata Yin, 1996 | |||||
Eosentomidae Berlese, 1909 | |||||
Eosentomon Berlese, 1909 | E. actitum Zhang, 1983 | 1, 3, 8, 11 | + | ||
E. hainanense Yin, 1986* | 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 | + | + | ||
E. iban Imadate, 1965 | 1 | ||||
E. jinhongense Yin, 1982 | 2 | + | |||
E. margarops Yin & Zhang, 1982 | 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 | + | |||
E. novemchaetum Yin, 1965 | 11 | ||||
E. orientale Yin, 1965 | 1 | + | + | ||
E. sakura Imadate & Yosii, 1959 | 1, 2, 4–8, 11 | + | + | + | |
E. shanum (Zhang, 1984) | 1, 4 | + | |||
E. spanum Yin, 1986* | 1 | ||||
E. tropicum Yin, 1986* | 1, 8, 11 | ||||
E. xishaense Yin, 1988 | 1, 5, 9–11 | ||||
E. yanshanense Yin & Zhang, 1982 | 1, 4, 6 | + | + | + | |
E. zhanjiangense Zhang, 1983 | 1 | + | |||
Anisentomon Yin, 1977 | A. hainanense Xiong, Bu & Yin, 2008* | 1 | |||
A. quadrisetum Zhang & Yin, 1981 | 1, 11 | + | + | ||
Neanisentomon Zhang & Yin, 1984 | N. yuenicum Zhang & Yin, 1984 | 1, 10 | + | ||
Paranisentomon Zhang & Yin, 1984 | P. tuxeni (Imadate & Yosii, 1959) | 3 | |||
Pseudanisentomon Zhang & Yin, 1984 | P. paurophthalmum Zhang & Yin, 1984 | 11 | + | ||
P. molykos Zhang & Yin, 1984 | 1 | + | + | ||
P. sininotiale Zhang & Yin, 1984 | 1, 4 | + |
By comparing the species distribution, we found that the Protura fauna of Hainan Island is closely related to those of neighboring mainland regions (
Among the mainland regions neighboring Hainan Island, the Protura fauna of Yunnan Province has been systematically studied (
Sampling localities in Hainan Island are still sparse, and additional collection of proturans should be made in the future, so as to reveal the true diversity and provide a better understanding of the biogeography of Protura on the Hainan Island.
We give our cordial gratitude to Mr Gentao Jin, Mr Zuyao Liu, Mr Chonghui Liao, Mr Bowei Tang, and Mr Chengwang Huang for their help in the collection of specimens, to Mr Yiming Yang for his help in preparation of slides, to Mr Rongdong Xie for his identification of part specimens and to Dr Yi Bai for his help in preparation of the map of Hainan Island. We also appreciate Professor José G. Palacios-Vargas for his linguistic corrections to the manuscript as well as his valuable advice. Special thanks are given to Dr Julia Shrubovych and Dr Loris Galli for their valuable comments and review of the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31772509, 31471958 and 31772510), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (no. 17ZR1418700), and the Open Project of Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration (no. SHUES2019A11).