Research Article
Print
Research Article
Morphological and molecular analyses reveal two new insular species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from Satun Province, southern Thailand
expand article infoNatee Ampai‡, Attapol Rujirawan‡, Perry L. Wood Jr§, Bryan L. Stuart|, Anchalee Aowphol‡
‡ Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
§ Auburn University, Auburn, United States of America
| North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, United States of America

Corresponding author: Anchalee Aowphol ( fsciacl@ku.ac.th )

Academic editor: Aaron Bauer
© 2019 Natee Ampai, Attapol Rujirawan, Perry L. Wood Jr, Bryan L. Stuart, Anchalee Aowphol.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation: Ampai N, Rujirawan A, Wood Jr PL, Stuart BL, Aowphol A (2019) Morphological and molecular analyses reveal two new insular species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from Satun Province, southern Thailand. ZooKeys 858: 127-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.858.34297
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9B2E9663-2364-45C7-970E-260846A9734C
Open Access

Abstract

We describe two new insular gecko species of the genus Cnemaspis from Tarutao, Adang, and Rawi islands in Satun Province, southern Thailand. The new species are distinguished from their congeners in having a unique combination of morphological, scalation, and color pattern characters, and by genetic divergence in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. was found to be a member of the C. kumpoli group, but is distinguished from all other species in that group by having 8–9 supralabials and 8 infralabials; 4–5 pore-bearing precloacal scales, pores rounded; 17–19 paravertebral tubercles randomly arranged; 27–29 subdigital lamellae under the fourth toe; subcaudal region yellowish, with smooth scales and a single enlarged median row; black gular markings in males and females; and 17.24–22.36% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergences. Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. was found to be a member of the C. siamensis group, but is distinguished from all other species in that group by having 10 supralabials and 9 infralabials; 6–8 pore-bearing precloacal scales, pores rounded and arranged in a chevron shape; 23–25 randomly arranged, separated paravertebral tubercle rows; 26–28 subdigital lamellae under the fourth toe; subcaudal scales keeled, without enlarged median row; gular region, abdomen, limbs and subcaudal region yellowish in males only; gular marking absent in males and females; and 8.30–26.38 % uncorrected pairwise sequence divergences. Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. occurs in karst formations on Tarutao Island, while Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. is found near granitic, rocky streams on Adang and Rawi islands.

Keywords

Island, rock geckos, species diversity, systematics

Introduction

Southeast Asia is a global biodiversity hotspot with extraordinary levels of species endemism (Myers et al. 2000). Southern Thailand serves as an important biogeographic transition zone between the Indochinese and Sundaic biotas, especially at the Isthmus of Kra and the Kangar-pattani line (Hughes et al. 2003; Woodruff and Turner 2009; Woodruff 2010; Parnell 2013). Southern Thailand has high levels of species diversity and endemism of reptiles (Sodhi et al. 2004; Grismer et al. 2010; Das and van Dijk 2013; Wood et al. 2017).

The rock gecko genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 currently contains 57 recognized species distributed throughout Southeast Asia (Grismer et al. 2014; Riyanto et al. 2017; Wood et al. 2017; Uetz et al. 2018). The number of recognized Cnemaspis species has increased rapidly during the past two decades (e.g. Bauer and Das 1998; Das 2005; Bauer et al. 2007; Grismer et al. 2009, 2014, 2015b; Grismer and Chan 2010; Wood et al. 2013, 2017; Riyanto et al. 2017). Thailand currently contains 16 recognized species of Cnemaspis (Grismer et al. 2010, 2014; Wood et al. 2017; Uetz et al. 2018) ranging from Chanthaburi in the east (Bauer and Das 1998), Sai Yok to the west (Grismer et al. 2010), and south through the Thai peninsula to the Malaysian border and its offshore islands (Grismer et al. 2014; Wood et al. 2017). Species delimitation of Cnemaspis in Thailand has been hindered by their conserved morphology and microhabitat specialization (Bauer and Das 1998; Grismer et al. 2010, 2014; Wood et al. 2017). Earlier taxonomic studies on Cnemaspis relied on morphology (e.g. Smith 1925; Taylor 1963; Bauer and Das 1998; Das and Leong 2004) but recent studies have incorporated molecular data to aid clarifying species boundaries in Thailand (e.g. Grismer et al. 2010; 2014; Wood et al. 2017). Grismer et al. (2014) recognized four groups of Cnemaspis in Thailand on the basis of morphological and molecular data: the siamensis group, the chanthaburiensis group, the kumpoli group (= Pattani clade of Grismer et al. 2014), and the affinis group. The siamensis group contains species that occur throughout western Thailand, southward to southern Thailand, and include C. chanardi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya, C. huaseesom Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya, C. kamolnoranathi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya, C. omari Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Onn, Quah & Pauwels, C. phangngaensis Wood, Grismer, Aowphol, Aguilar, Cota, Grismer, Murdoch & Sites, C. punctatonuchalis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya, C. roticanai Grismer & Onn, C. siamensis Smith, C. thachanaensis Wood, Grismer, Aowphol, Aguilar, Cota, Grismer, Murdoch & Sites, and C. vandeventeri Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya. The chanthaburiensis group contains species that occur from the northern margin of the Gulf of Thailand, eastward to Cambodia and southern Vietnam, and include C. aurantiacopes Grismer & Ngo, C. caudanivea Grismer & Ngo, C. chanthaburiensis Bauer & Das, C. lineogularis Wood, Grismer, Aowphol, Aguilar, Cota, Grismer, Murdoch & Sites, C. neangthyi Grismer, Grismer & Chav, C. nuicamensis Grismer & Ngo, and C. tucdupensis Grismer & Ngo. The kumpoli group is composed of four species, C. biocellata Grismer, Chan, Nasir & Sumontha, C. kumpoli Taylor, C. monachorum Grismer, Ahmad, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood & Grismer, and C. niyomwanae Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya, that occur from southern Thailand to northern Malaysia. The affinis group contains species that occur from southern Thailand to central Peninsular Malaysia, including C. affinis Stoliczka, C. harimau Chan, Grismer, Anuar, Quah, Muin, Savage, Grismer, Ahmad, Remigio & Greer, C. pseudomcguirei Grismer, Ahmad, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood, Grismer, C. shahruli Grismer, Chan, Quah, Muin Savage, Grismer, Ahmad, Greer & Remegio, C. mcguirei Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan, C. grismeri Wood, Quah, Anuar & Muin, C. flavolineata Nicholls, C. temiah Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Onn, Quah & Pauwels, C. narathiwatensis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya, C. hangus Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Onn, Quah & Pauwels, C. selamatkanmerapoh Grismer, Wood, Mohamed, Chan, Heinz, Sumarli, Chan & Loredo, C. bayuensis Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan, and C. stongensis Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Onn, Quah & Pauwels. Although a large number of Cnemaspis species have been reported from Thailand, only two species are known to occur on islands in Thailand: C. chanardi from Samui, Phangan and Ko Tao islands, and C. siamensis from Phuket Island (Grismer et al. 2010, 2014). It is evident that the diversity of Cnemaspis on the islands of southern Thailand, especially those containing isolated karst formations and granitic rocky streams, remains poorly studied.

During recent fieldwork in 2017–2018 on Tarutao, Adang, and Rawi islands, Satun Province, southern Thailand, specimens of Cnemaspis were collected that differed from all other named species. Herein, we evaluate the morphological and molecular distinctiveness of these specimens.

Materials and methods

Sampling

Specimens of Cnemaspis were collected from Tarutao, Adang, and Rawi islands in Tarutao National Park, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand (Fig. 1) between November 2017–April 2018. Specimens were collected by hand during the day (1000–1800 h) and at night (1900–2200 h). Liver or muscle samples for genetic analysis were collected and preserved in 95% ethanol after euthanasia. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and later transferred to 70% ethanol for permanent storage. Specimens and tissue samples were deposited in the herpetological collection at the Zoological Museum of Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (ZMKU) and the Thailand Natural History Museum, Pathum Thani, Thailand (THNHM).

Figure 1. 

Map illustrating the holotype locality (red star) and paratype localities (red circles) of Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. at Tarutao Island, Satun Province, Thailand; the holotype locality (green star) and paratype localities (green circles) of Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. at Adang and Rawi islands, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand.

Morphology

Only adult individuals were used in the morphological analysis, as determined by the presence of hemipenes or precloacal pores in males, and the presence of calcium glands or eggs in females. Measurements were taken by the first author on the left side of preserved specimens to the nearest 0.1 mm using digital calipers under a Nikon SMZ 445 dissecting microscope. Sixteen measurements were taken following Grismer et al. (2014) and Wood et al. (2017): snout-vent length (SVL), taken from tip of snout to the anterior margin of vent; tail width (TW) at the base of the tail immediately posterior to the postcloacal swelling; tail length (TL), as distance from the vent to the tip of the tail, whether original or regenerated; forearm length (FL), taken on the dorsal surface from the posterior margin of the elbow while flexed 90° to the inflection of the flexed wrist; tibia length (TBL), taken on the ventral surface from the posterior surface of the knee while flexed 90° to the base of the heel; head length (HL), as distance from the posterior margin of the retroarticular process of the lower jaw to the tip of the snout; head width (HW) at the angle of the jaws; head depth (HD), as the maximum height of head from the occiput to the throat; axilla-groin length (AG), taken from the posterior margin of the forelimb at its insertion point on the body to the anterior margin of the hind limb at its insertion point on the body; eye diameter (ED), as the maximum horizontal diameter of the eyeball; eye-snout distance (ES), measured from the anterior margin of the eyeball to the tip of snout; eye-ear distance (EE), measured from the anterior edge of the ear opening to the posterior edge of the eyeball; eye-nostril distance (EN), measured from the anterior most margin of the eyeball to the posterior margin of the external nares; inner orbital distance (IO), as the width of the frontal bone at the level of the anterior edges of the orbit; internarial distance (IN), measured between the medial margins of the nares across the rostrum; and ear length (EL), taken from the greatest vertical distance of the ear opening.

Meristic characters of scale counts and external observations of morphology were taken following Grismer et al. (2014) and Wood et al. (2017): number of supralabial and infralabial scales, counted from below the middle of the orbit to the rostral and mental scales, respectively; texture of scales on the anterior margin of the forearm; number of paravertebral tubercles between limb insertions, counted in a straight line immediately left of the vertebral column; presence or absence of a row of enlarged, widely spaced, tubercles along the ventrolateral edge of the body flank between limb insertions; number of subdigital lamellae beneath the fourth toe (=4th toe lamellae), counted from the base of the first phalanx to the claw; general size (i.e., strong, moderate, weak) and arrangement (i.e., random or linear) of dorsal body tubercles; number, orientation and shape of precloacal pores; relative size of subcaudal and subtibial scales; and number of postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base.

Comparative material was examined in the holdings of THNHM (Appendix 1), and comparative data were obtained from the original descriptions of other Thai species of Cnemaspis (Grismer et al. 2009; Grismer and Chan 2010; Grismer et al. 2010; Wood et al. 2017).

Molecules

Genomic DNA was extracted from liver tissue of eight individuals of Cnemaspis (Table 1) using the Qiagen DNAeasy tissue kit (Valencia, CA, USA). An 1,296 bp fragment of mitochondrial (mt) DNA consisting of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene and the flanking tRNAs Trp, Ala, Asn and Cys was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR; 95 °C for 2 min, 95 °C for 35 s, 52 °C for 35s, 72 °C for 35 s) for 33 cycles using the primers L4437b (5’-AAGCAGTTGGGCCCATACC-3’; Macey et al. 1997) and H5934 (5’ AGRGTGCCAATGTCTTTGTGRTT-3’; Macey et al. 1997). PCR products were purified using the AccuPrep® PCR Purification Kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea), and were sequenced using the amplifying primers and the internal sequencing primer CyrtintF1 (5’-TAGCCYTCTCYTCYATYGCCC-3’; Siler et al. 2010) on an ABI 3730 automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). Sequences were edited and aligned using Geneious v.5.6.3 (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). All new sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MK862112 to MK862119 (Table 1).

Table 1.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Samples used in this study, including catalogue numbers, Genbank accession numbers and localities of voucher specimens. Voucher abbreviations are as follows: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum at Brigham Young University (BYU), California Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA (FMNH), La Sierra University Herpetological Collection (LSUHC), Universiti Sains Malaysia Herpetological Collection at the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia (USMHC), and Zoological Museum of Kasetsart University (ZMKU).

Species Locality Collection no. Genbank accession no. Reference
Cyrtodactylus intermedius Cambodia, Kampot FMNH 263228 KT13107 Grismer et al. 2015a
Hemidactylus garnotii Myanmar, Mon State, Kyaihto Township, Kyait Hti Yo Wildlife Sanctuary. CAS 222276 EU68364 Bauer et al. 2008
Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Adang Island ZMKU R 00767 MK862112 This study
Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Adang Island THNHM 28207 MK862113 This study
Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Adang Island ZMKU R 00770 MK862114 This study
Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Rawi Island ZMKU R 00775 MK862115 This study
Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Rawi Island ZMKU R 00776 MK862116 This study
Cnemaspis affinis Malaysia, Penang, Pulau Pinang LSUHC 6787 KM024682 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis argus Malaysia, Terengganu, Gunung Lawit LSUHC 8304 KM024687 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Terengganu, Gunung Lawit LSUHC 10834 KM024688 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis aurantiacopes Vietnam, Kien Giang Province, Hon Dat Hill LSUHC 8610 KM024692 Grismer et al. 2014
Vietnam, Kien Giang Province, Hon Dat Hill LSUHC 8611 KM024693 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis biocellata Malaysia, Perlis, Kuala Perlis LSUHC 8817 KM024707 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Perlis, Kuala Perlis LSUHC 8817 KM024708 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Perlis, Gua Kelam LSUHC 8789 KM024709 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis boulengerii Vietnam, Ca Mau Province, Con Dao Archipelago LSUHC9278 KM024710 Grismer et al. 2014
Vietnam, Ca Mau Province, Con Dao Archipelago LSUHC9279 KM024711 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis caudanivea Vietnam, Kien Giang Province, Hon Tre Island LSUHC 8582 KM024714 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis chanardi Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thum Thong Panra LSUHC 9567 KM024715 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis Cambodia, Pursat Province, Phnom Dalai LSUHC 9338 KM024716 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis grismeri Malaysia, Perak, Lenggong LSUHC 9969 KM024722 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis hangus Malaysia, Pahang, Bukit Hangus LSUHC 9358b KM024728 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis harimau Malaysia, Kedah, Gunung Jeri LSUHC 9665 KM024730 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis huaseesom Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, Sai Yok National Park LSUHC 9455 KM024733 Grismer et al. 2014
Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, Sai Yok National Park LSUHC 9457 KM024734 Grismer et al. 2014
Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, Sai Yok National Park LSUHC 9458 KM024735 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis karsticola Malaysia, Kelantan, Gunung Reng LSUHC 9054 KM024736 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Kelantan, Gunung Reng LSUHC 9055 KM024737 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis kumpoli Malaysia, Perlis, Perlis State Park LSUHC 8847 KM024745 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Perlis, Perlis State Park LSUHC 8848 KM024746 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis lineogularis Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Kui Buri District, Wat Khao Daeng BYU 62535 KY091231 Wood et al. 2017
Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Kui Buri District, Wat Khao Daeng ZMKU R 00728 KY091233 Wood et al. 2017
Cnemaspis mahsuriae Malaysia, Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Gunung Raya LSUHC 11829 KT250634 Grismer et al. 2015b
Cnemaspis mcguirei Malaysia, Perak, Bukit Larut LSUHC 8853 KM024751 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis monachorum Malaysia, Kedah, Langkawi Archipelago, Pulau Langkawi LSUHC 9114 KM024754 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Kedah, Langkawi Archipelago, Pulau Langkawi LSUHC 10807 KM024755 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis narathiwatensis Malaysia, Perak, Belum-Temengor, Sungai Enam USMHC 1347 KM024762 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Perak, Belum-Temengor, Sungai Enam USMHC 1348 KM024763 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis neangthyi Cambodia, Pursat Province, O’Lakmeas LSUHC 8515 KM024767 Grismer et al. 2014
Cambodia, Pursat Province, O’Lakmeas LSUHC 8516 KM024768 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis niyomwanae Thailand, Trang Province, Thum Khao Ting LSUHC 9568 KM024773 Grismer et al. 2014
Thailand, Trang Province, Thum Khao Ting LSUHC 9571 KM024774 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis nuicamensis Vietnam, An Giang Province, Nui Cam Hill LSUHC 8646 KM024775 Grismer et al. 2014
Vietnam, An Giang Province, Nui Cam Hill LSUHC 8647 KM024776 Grismer et al. 2014
Vietnam, An Giang Province, Nui Cam Hill LSUHC 8648 KM024777 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis omari Thailand, Satun Province, Phuphaphet Cave LSUHC 9565 KM024780 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Perlis, Perlis State Park LSUHC 9978 KM024779 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis perhentianensis Malaysia, Terengganu, Pulau Perhentian Besar LSUHC 8699 KM024820 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis phangngaensis Thailand, Phangnga Province, Mueang Phangnga District, Khao Chang, Phung Chang Cave BYU 62537 KY091234 Wood et al. 2017
Thailand, Phangnga Province, Mueang Phangnga District, Khao Chang, Phung Chang Cave BYU 62538 KY091235 Wood et al. 2017
Cnemaspis punctatonuchalis Thailand, Prachaup Khiri Khan Province, Thap Sakae BYU 62539 KY091236 Wood et al. 2017
Thailand, Prachaup Khiri Khan Province, Thap Sakae BYU 62540 KY091237 Wood et al. 2017
Cnemaspis roticanai Malaysia, Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Gunung Raya LSUHC 9430 KM024829 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Gunung Raya LSUHC 9431 KM024830 Grismer et al. 2014
Malaysia, Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Gunung Raya LSUHC 9439 KM024831 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis siamensis Thailand, Chumpon Province, Pathio District LSUHC 9474 KM024838 Grismer et al. 2014
Thailand, Chumpon Province, Pathio District LSUHC 9485 KM024839 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Tarutao Island ZMKU R 00761 MK862117 This study
Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Tarutao Island ZMKUR 00763 MK862118 This study
Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Tarutao Island ZMKU R 00764 MK862119 This study
Cnemaspis thachanaensis Thailand, Surat Thani Province, Tha Chana District, Tham Khao Sonk Hill BYU 62542 KY091239 Wood et al. 2017
Thailand, Surat Thani Province, Tha Chana District, Tham Khao Sonk Hill BYU 62543 KY091243 Wood et al. 2017
Thailand, Surat Thani Province, Tha Chana District, Tham Khao Sonk Hill BYU 62544 KY091244 Wood et al. 2017
Cnemaspis tucdupensis Vietnam, An Giang Province, Tuc Dup Hill LSUHC 8631 KM024852 Grismer et al. 2014
Vietnam, An Giang Province, Tuc Dup Hill LSUHC 8632 KM024853 Grismer et al. 2014
Cnemaspis vandeventeri Thailand, Ranong Province, Suk Saran District, Naka BYU 62541 KY091238 Wood et al. 2017

Phylogenetic analyses

Homologous sequences of 56 Cnemaspis and the outgroups Cyrtodactylus intermedius and Hemidactylus garnotii (following Bauer et al. 2008; Grismer et al. 2015b) were downloaded from GenBank and aligned to the eight newly generated Cnemaspis sequences using Geneious v. 5.6.3 (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). The aligned dataset was partitioned into four partitions consisting of ND2 first, second and third codon positions, and tRNAs.

Phylogenies were reconstructed with the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion using IQ-TREE v. 1.6.7 (Nguyen et al. 2014) on the IQ-TREE web server (Trifinopoulos et al. 2016). The best-fit model of substitution for each partition was estimated using IQ-TREE’s ModelFinder function (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017) under the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The selected models were TIM+F+R4 for each ND2 codon position partition, and HKY+F+R4 for the tRNA partition. Bootstrap analysis was performed using the ultrafast bootstrap approximation (Minh et al. 2013) with 1,000 replicates and 0.95 minimum correlation coefficient.

Phylogenies were also reconstructed with Bayesian Inference (BI) using MrBayes v. 3.2 on XSEDE on the Cyberinfrastructure for Phylogenetic Research (CIPRES; Miller et al. 2010) computer cluster. The best-fit model of substitution was estimated for each partition using jModelTest 2.1.10 (Posada 2008) under AIC. The selected models were GTR+ I+Γ for each ND2 codon position partition, and HKY+ I+Γ for the tRNA partition. Two simultaneous runs, each with three heated and one cold chain, were performed using the default priors for 10 × 106 generations, with trees sampled every 1,000 generations from the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Runs were halted after the average standard deviation of split frequencies was below 0.01 and convergence was assumed. The first 25% of the trees were discarded as burn-in using the sumt command. The convergence of the two simultaneous runs, and stationary state of each parameter, were evaluated using Tracer v. 1.6 (Rambaut et al. 2014). Runs were terminated when the effective sample sizes (ESS) of all parameters was greater than or equal to 200.

The most likely tree in the ML analysis, and the 50% majority-rule consensus of the sampled trees from the BI analysis, were visualized using FigTree v. 1.4.3 (Rambaut 2009). Nodes having bootstrap support (BS) of ≥70 and posterior probabilities (PP) of ≥0.95 were considered to be well-supported (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001; Wilcox et al. 2002). Uncorrected pairwise sequence divergences were calculated using MEGA v. 7.0.26 (Kumar et al. 2016).

Results

Molecular analyses

The aligned dataset contained 1,296 characters of 64 individuals of Cnemaspis and two individuals of the outgroup species. The standard deviation of split frequencies among the two simultaneous BI runs was 0.001478. The ESS values were greater than or equal to 3,630 for all parameters. A single most likely tree resulted from the ML analysis.

The most likely ML tree and the 50% majority rule consensus tree from the BI analysis had similar topologies (Fig. 2). Cnemaspis samples from Tarutao Island represented a well-supported lineage (100 BS, 1.0 PP) within the kumpoli group, and was recovered as the sister species to C. monachorum from Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia (100 BS, 1.0 PP). The Tarutao samples differed from one another by uncorrected p-distances of 0.00–0.31%, but from other members of the kumpoli group by uncorrected p-distances of 17.24–22.36 % (Table 2).

Figure 2. 

The single best maximum likelihood tree of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene and flanking tRNAs from geckos of the genera Cnemaspis, Cyrtodactylus and Hemidactylus, shown in full view (above) and close-up view of relevant clades (below). Support values at nodes are bootstrap values from a maximum likelihood analysis of the same dataset followed by posterior probabilities of the Bayesian analysis.

Table 2.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Mean (minimum–maximum) uncorrected p-distances (%) within the Cnemaspis kumpoli group based on 1,296 bp of the mitochondrial ND2 gene and flanking tRNAs. Numbers in bold are within species divergence. n = number of individuals.

No. Species n 1 2 3 4 5
1 C. tarutaoensis sp. n. 3 0.16 (0.00–0.31)
2 C. monachorum 2 17.70 (17.24–18.17) 0.54 (0.00–1.09)
3 C. biocellata 3 20.34 (20.19–20.50) 19.10 (19.79–19.41) 3.57 (0.00–7.14)
4 C. kumpoli 2 21.84 (21.74–21.89) 22.28 (22.95–22.52) 13.51 (13.51–13.51) 0.16 (0.00–0.31)
5 C. niyomwanae 2 21.35 (20.34–22.36) 21.20 (19.88–22.36) 14.44 (13.20–15.68) 12.89 (11.49–14.29) 1.79 (0.00–3.57)

Cnemaspis samples from Adang and Rawi islands represented a well-supported lineage (100 BS, 1.0 PP) within the siamensis group, and was recovered as being closely related to a clade containing C. chanardi, C. phangngaensis, C. omari, and C. roticanai (Fig. 2). However, the exact sister taxon relationship of the Adang and Rawi islands was not resolved with strong support (Fig. 2). The Adang-Rawi samples differed from one another by uncorrected p-distances of 0.00–4.68 %, but from other members of the siamensis group by uncorrected p-distances of 8.30–26.38 % (Table 3).

Table 3.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Mean (minimum-maximum) uncorrected p-distances (%) within the Cnemaspsis siamensis group based on 1,296 bp of the mitochondrial ND2 gene and flanking tRNAs. Numbers in bold are within species divergence. n = number of individuals.

No. Species n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 C. adangrawi sp. nov. 5 2.81
(0.00–4.68)
2 C. chanardi 1 11.40 0.00
(10.85–11.91)
3 C. omari 2 9.36 11.81 2.13
(8.30–10.21) (11.49–12.13) (0.00–4.26)
4 C. phangngaensis 2 10.19 11.38 11.17 0.11
(9.57–10.85) (11.27–11.49) (10.85–11.49) (0.00–0.21)
5 C. siamensis 2 25.83 24.40 27.77 25.00 0.00
(25.74–25.96) (24.26–24.68) (27.66–27.87) (24.89–25.11)
6 C. roticanai 3 8.92 11.77 9.01 8.90 28.16 0.11
(8.51–9.57) (11.70–11.91) (8.72–9.36) (8.72–9.15) (28.09–28.30) (0.00–0.21)
7 C. vandeventeri 1 24.26 24.04 26.60 25.21 12.34 26.88 0.00
(24.04–24.47) (24.04–24.04) (25.96–27.23) (25.11–25.32) (12.34–12.34) (26.81–27.02)
8 C. thachanaensis 3 25.50 24.40 28.30 26.13 13.35 27.66 14.47 0.53
(25.10–25.96) (24.26–24.68) (27.23–28.94) (25.74–26.81) (13.19–14.26) (27.45–28.09) (14.26–14.89) (0.00–1.06)
9 C. punctatonuchalis 2 25.23 25.53 26.38 25.00 19.36 25.60 21.06 21.13 0.00
(24.04–26.17) (25.53–25.53) (26.38–26.38) (25.00–25.00) (19.36–19.36) (25.53–25.74) (21.06–21.06) (21.06–21.28)
10 C. huaseesom 3 26.00 26.17 28.19 23.72 19.36 27.52 20.64 20.99 16.95 0.43
(25.74–26.38) (26.17–26.17) (27.87–28.51) (23.62–23.83) (19.36–19.36) (27.45–27.66) (20.64–20.64) (20.64–21.70) (16.81–17.02) (0.00–0.64)

Taxonomic hypotheses

The Tarutao and Adang-Rawi samples of Cnemaspis differed from each other and all other congeners by being diagnosable in morphology and mitochondrial DNA. Owing to these independent lines of evidence, we hypothesize that the Tarutao and Adang-Rawi samples represent two new species to science, and are described below.

Systematics

Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/91BAE519-9241-447C-8EB6-BED473B99529
Figures 3, 4, 5, 6
Tarutao Rock Gecko Thai common name: Jing Jok Niew Yaow Ko Tarutao

Holotype

(Figs 3A, 4, 5). ZMKU R 00763, adult male from Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Tarutao National Park, Tarutao Island, Pha Toe Boo (6°42.1854'N, 99°38.8956'E; 2 m a.s.l.; Fig. 7A), collected on 5 November 2017 by Natee Ampai, Attapol Rujirawan, Siriporn Yodthong, and Korkwan Termprayoon.

Figure 3. 

Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. from Tarutao Island, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand. A male holotype ZMKU R 00763 B female paratype ZMKU R 00758.

Figure 4. 

Male holotype of Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. from Tarutao Island, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand (ZMKU R 00763) in life. A ventral view B dorsal view C precloacal region showing distribution of pore-bearing scales (black arrows).

Figure 5. 

Male holotype of Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. from Tarutao Island, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand (ZMKU R 00763) in preservative. A ventral B dorsal views.

Paratypes

(Figs 3b, 6). Twelve paratypes (adult males = 6, adult females = 6). ZMKU R 00761–00762, ZMKU R 00764 (3 adult males), THNHM 28201–28202, ZMKU R 00758–00760 (5 adult females), bear the same collection data as holotype. THNHM 28203 (1 adult male), same data as holotype except collected 5 April 2018. ZMKU R 00765 (1 adult male), same data as holotype except collected at Tham Chorakhae (6°41.7966'N, 99°39.0426'E; 37 m a.s.l.; Fig. 7B), collected 7 November 2017. ZMKU R 00766 (1 adult female) and THNHM 28205 (1 adult male), same data as holotype except collected at karst forest near stream (6°39.759'N, 99°39.1596'E; 53 m a.s.l.; Fig. 7C), collected 5 April 2018.

Figure 6. 

Paratypes of Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. in preservative. A dorsal view B ventral view; from left to right, top panel (females): ZMKU R 00758, ZMKU R 00759, ZMKU R 00760, ZMKU R 00766, THNHM 28201, and THNHM 28202; bottom panel (males): ZMKU R 00761, ZMKU R 00762, ZMKU R 00765, ZMKU R 00764, THNHM 28203, and THNHM 28205.

Figure 7. 

Habitats of Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. A Pha Toe Boo karst formation at type locality B habitat of paratypes in the exterior surface of karst cave at Tham Chorakae C habitat of paratypes in karst outcropped at Tarutao Island, Mueang Satun district, Satun Province, Thailand.

Referred specimens

THNHM 28204 (one juvenile), same data as holotype except collected 5 April 2018.

Diagnosis

Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Cnemaspis by having the following combination of characters: (1) adult males with maximum snout-vent length (SVL) 36.4 mm (mean 34.7 ± SD 1.5, n = 7) and females with maximum SVL 34.8 mm (mean 33.7 ± SD 0.6, n = 6); (2) 8–9 supralabials and 8 infralabials; (3) 4–5 pore-bearing precloacal scales, pores rounded; (4) 17–19 paravertebral tubercles, small in size, randomly arranged; (5) 27–29 subdigital lamellae under the 4th toe; (6) subcaudal region yellowish, scales smooth with a single enlarged median subcaudal row; (7) one postcloacal tubercles on each side; (8) no sexual dimorphism in dorsal and ventral patterns; and (9) black gular markings present in males and females. These differences are summarized for geographically close congeners in the kumpoli group (Table 4).

Table 4.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Meristic character states and color patterns of species in the Cnemaspis kumpoli group. Measurements are taken in millimeters and measurement abbreviations are defined in the text. var = character variable; – = data unavailable, ant = anterior.

Characters/Species C. tarutaoensis sp. nov. C. biocellata C. kumpoli C. monachorum C. niyomwanae
Sample size 13 25 13 12 5
Maximum SVL 36.4 40.2 63.0 32.9 56.8
Supralabial scales 8–9 6–10 7–9 7–8 8–11
Infralabial scales 8 5–9 6–8 5–7 6–8
Ventral scales keeled (1) or smooth (0) 0 0 0 0 0
No. of precloacal pores 4–5 6–12 1–8 3 3
Precloacal pore continuous (1) or separated (0) 0.1 1 0 1 0.1
No. of paravertebral tubercles 17–19 21–27 28–35 11–20 26–31
Tubercles present (1) or absent (0) on lower flanks 0 1 1 0 0
No. of 4th toe lamellae 27–29 29–37 34–41 24–30 31–34
Lateral caudal furrows present (1) or absent (0) 1 1 1 1 1
Lateral caudal tubercle row present (1) or absent (0) 0 ant 0 ant 0
Subcaudal scales keeled (1) or smooth (0) 0 0 0 0 0
Enlarge submetatarsal scales on 1st toe (1) or not (0) 0 0 0 0 0
Enlarge median subcaudal scales row (1) or not (0) 1 1 1 1 1
No. of postcloacal tubercles in males 1 1 2.3 1–2 1.2
Subcaudal region yellow present (1) or not (0) 1 var 0 0 0
Ventral pattern sexually dimorphic present (1) or not (0) 0 1 0 1 –
Dorsal color pattern sexually dimorphic (1) or not (0) 0 1 1 0 1
Wide black and yellow bands on tail present (1) or not (0) 1 0 0 0 0
Gular marking (1) or not (0) 1 0 0 1 0

Description of holotype

Adult male; SVL 36.3 mm; head moderate in size (HL/SVL 0.28), elongate, narrow (HW/SVL 0.15), flattened (HD/HL 0.33), distinct from neck; snout moderate (ES/HL 0.42), in lateral view slightly concave; postnasal region constricted medially; scales of rostrum, raised, smooth, larger than conical scales on occiput; faint supraorbital ridges; gular and throat scales raised, smooth and round; shallow frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis nearly absent, smoothly rounded; eye large (ED/HL 0.18); pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral slightly concave, dorsal 80% divided by longitudinal median groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by supranasal and laterally by first supralabial; 9, 9 (right, left) slightly raised supralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; 8, 8 (right, left) infralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; nostril elliptical, oriented posterodorsally, bordered posteriorly by small, granular postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, bordered posteriorly by three large postmentals.

Body slender, elongate (AG/SVL 0.39); small, raised and equal in sized, dorsal scales throughout body intermixed with several large, multicarinate tubercles randomly arranged; 19 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles absent on lower flanks; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; dorsal scales slightly raised and keeled; pectoral and abdominal scales smooth and round, flat to concave, slightly larger than dorsal scales and not larger posteriorly; ventral scales of brachia raised, smooth and juxtaposed; four pores-bearing precloacal scales arranged in a chevron, separated; precloacal pore rounded; precloacal depression absent; femoral pores absent.

Fore and hind limbs moderately long, slender; scales beneath forearm slightly raised, smooth and subimbricate; subtibial scales keeled; palmar scales smooth and juxtaposed; digits elongate, slender, inflected joint and bearing slightly recurved claws; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges wide; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular; lamellae of distal phalanges wide; lamellae beneath inflection large; interdigital webbing absent; enlarge submetatarsal scales on 1st toe absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; relative length of fingers IV>V>III>II>I; toes increase in length from first to fifth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; relative length of toes IV>V>III>II>I; total number of subdigital lamellae on 4th toe 28, 28 (right, left).

Caudal and subcaudal scales smooth, similar to dorsal scale size; lateral caudal furrow present; lateral caudal tubercle row absent; enlarge caudal tubercles at the base of tail not encircling tail; enlarged median subcaudal scales row present; tail length (TL) 34.3 mm with broken at tail tip; enlarged postcloacal tubercle 1, 1 (right, left) on lateral surface of hemipenial swellings at the base of tail.

Coloration in life

(Figs 3, 4). Dorsal ground color of head light brown; top of the head bearing small black, sage and yellowish marking; snout yellowish; dorsal ground color of body, limbs and tail light brown with dark brown to black irregular blotches; ground color of ventral surfaces grayish white intermixed with light yellowish blotches; gular and throat regions are beige and light yellow; anterior gular region yellowish; midgular region with faint, dark lineate marking; thin, faint black postorbital stripe; light sage vertebral blotches extending from the nape to tail; flanks with irregular incomplete sage to yellowish blotches becoming smaller posteriorly; limbs yellowish brown with dark brown incomplete irregular spots subcaudal region yellowish; wide dark brown to black and yellow bands on tail.

Coloration in preservative

(Fig. 5). Color pattern similar to that in life with some fading. Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail brown with vertebral blotches indistinct; irregular pale marking; top of head with indistinct darker marking; all yellow markings faded to whitish gray; dorsal surfaces of limbs with irregular light and dark blotches; entire ventral surface whitish gray; gular region with faint dark lineate marking.

Variation

Most paratypes approximate the holotype in general aspects of color pattern (Fig. 6), with most differences found in the degree of vertebral blotches. ZMKU R 00761 (adult male) has dark spots in gular region. ZMKU R 00762 and ZMKU R 00765 (two adult males) have lighter gular markings than the holotype. THNHM 28201 and ZMKU R 00760 (two adult females) have lighter dorsal markings than the holotype. ZMKU R 00762 and THNHM 28205 (two adult males) have a pattern that resembles transverse bands rather than paravertebral blotches. ZMKU R 00762 and ZMKU R 00765 (two adult males) have regenerated tails of uniform tan coloration. THNHM 28202 (adult female) and THNHM 28203 and THNHM 28205 (two adult males) have broken tails. THNHM 28205 (adult male) is an adult male with five continuous precloacal pores. Meristic and mensural variation within the type series are presented in Table 5.

Table 5.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Descriptive measurements in millimeters and characters of the type series of Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. M = male; F = female; – = data unavailable or absent; b = broken; r = regenerated.

Museum number ZMKU ZMKU ZMKU ZMKU ZMKU THNHM THNHM ZMKU ZMKU THNHM ZMKU ZMKU THNHM
R 00763 R 00761 R 00762 R 00764 R 00765 28203 28205 R 00766 R 00758 28201 R 00759 R 00760 28202
Type series Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype
Sex M M M M M M M F F F F F F
SVL 36.3 33.3 35.2 32.6 35.2 33.8 36.4 33.3 34.8 33.4 33.5 33.8 33.6
TL 34.3b 8.7b 42.3r b 40.8r b 17.3b 47.7 45.3 50.3 52.4 44.1r 13.6b
TW 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3
FL 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1
TBL 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.1
AG 14.3 14.1 14.3 14.1 14.3 14.1 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.0
HL 10.0 9.8 10.1 9.7 10.0 9.6 10.1 9.5 9.9 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.9
HW 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.3
HD 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0
ED 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9
EE 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8
ES 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0
EN 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2
IO 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0
EL 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6
IN 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7
Supralabials 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 9
Infralabials 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
No. of precloacal pores 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 – – – – – –
Precloacal pore continuous (1) or separated (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 – – – – – –
No. of paravertebral tubercles 19 19 18 18 19 18 19 17 18 19 18 19 18
No. of 4th toe lamellae 28 29 29 29 29 29 28 29 27 27 27 27 28
Gular marking (1) or absent (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Distribution and natural history

Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. is known only from the type locality on Tarutao Island, approximately 40 km off the coast of Thailand. All specimens were found in karst forest near mangroves and karst outcrops near a stream (Fig. 7). Nine specimens (ZMKU R 00759–00760, ZMKU R 00762–00763, ZMKU R 00765–00766, and THNHM 28202–28204) were collected during the day (1100–1805 h) and five specimens (ZMKU R 00758, ZMKU R 00761, ZMKU R 00764, THNHM 28201 and THNHM 28205) were collected during the night (1920–2106 h). The male holotype was found during the day (1724 h) upside down on the interior surface of the karst formation.

Paratypes found during the day (ZMKU R 00759 and 00760, ZMKU R 00762 and 00763, ZMKU R 00765–00766, and THNHM 28202–28204) were in shaded areas, cracks, and crevices of rock boulders. When disturbed, some individuals would retreat into cracks and crevices, or hide in shaded areas of the rock boulder. Paratypes found at night (ZMKU R 00758, ZMKU R 00761, ZMKU R 00764, THNHM 28201 and THNHM 28205) were in deep crevices, within cracks on the shaded (by day) surfaces of boulders, or perched on vegetation near karst. Three gravid females (ZMKU R 00758, ZMKU R 00760, and THNHM 28202) contained two eggs during November 2017. THNHM 28204 (juvenile) was observed on vegetation near a rock boulder on 5 April 2018. At night, Cyrtodactylus cf. astrum was found in syntopy on rock boulders and karst formations with C. tarutaoensis sp. nov.

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the type locality of the new species.

Comparisons

Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other members of the kumpoli group (C. biocellata, C. kumpoli, C. monachorum, and C. niyomwanae) by having a maximum SVL of 36.4 mm (vs 32.9 mm in C. monachorum, 40.2 mm in C. biocellata, 63.0 mm in C. kumpoli, and 56.8 mm in C. niyomwanae).

Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. is further distinguished from C. monachorum by having eight infralabial scales (vs 5–7 in C. monachorum). The new species is further distinguished from C. biocellata, C. monachorum and C. niyomwanae by having 4–5 precloacal pores (vs 6–12 in C. biocellata and three in C. monachorum and C. niyomwanae). The new species is further distinguished from C. biocellata, C. kumpoli, and C. niyomwanae by having 17–19 paravertebral tubercles (vs 21–27 in C. biocellata, 28–35 in C. kumpoli and 26–31 in C. niyomwanae). The new species is further distinguished from C. biocellata and C. kumpoli by lacking tubercles on lower flanks (vs present in C. biocellata and C. kumpoli). The new species is further distinguished from C. biocellata, C. kumpoli and C. niyomwanae by having 26–29 lamellae under the 4th toe (vs 29–37 in C. biocellata, 34–41 in C. kumpoli, and 31–34 in C. niyomwanae).

Cnemaspis tarutaoensis sp. nov. is further distinguished from C. kumpoli, C. monachorum and C. niyomwanae by having yellow coloration in the subcaudal region and wide black and yellow bands on tail (vs lacking in C. kumpoli, C. monachorum, and C. niyomwanae). The new species is further distinguished from C. biocellata, C. kumpoli, and C. niyomwanae by lacking a sexually dimorphic dorsal color pattern (vs present in C. biocellata, C. kumpoli, and C. niyomwanae). The new species is further distinguished from C. monachorum and C. biocellata by lacking lateral caudal tubercle row (vs present in C. monachorum and C. biocellata). The new species is distinguished from C. biocellata, C. kumpoli, and C. niyomwanae by having gular marking (vs lacking in C. biocellata, C. kumpoli, and C. niyomwanae).

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/E783766E-6BA0-4F3D-A1BD-968C130AB52B
Figures 8, 9, 10
Adang-Rawi Rock Gecko Thai name: Jing Jok Niew Yaow Ko Adang-Rawi

Holotype

(Figs 8a, 9, 10). ZMKU R 00767, adult male from Thailand, Satun Province, Mueang Satun District, Tarutao National Park, Adang Island, Jonsalad Waterfall (6°30.7806'N, 99°18.0072'E; 84 m a.s.l.; Fig. 13A), collected on 9 November 2017 by Natee Ampai, Attapol Rujirawan, Siriporn Yodthong, and Korkwan Termprayoon.

Figure 8. 

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. from Adang Island, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand A male holotype ZMKU R 00767 B female paratype ZMKU R 00768.

Figure 9. 

Male holotype of Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. from Adang Island, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand (ZMKU R 00767) in life. A ventral view B dorsal view C precloacal region showing distribution of pore-bearing scales (black arrows).

Figure 10. 

Holotype (adult male) of Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. from Adang Island, Mueang Satun District, Satun Province, Thailand (ZMKU R 00767) in preservative. A ventral B dorsal views.

Paratypes

(Figs 8b, 11, 12). Fourteen paratypes (adult males = 10, adult females = 4). ZMKU R 00768 (1 adult female), same locality and collectors as holotype. ZMKU R 00771 (1 adult female), and ZMKU R 00769–00770, THNHM 28206–28209 (6 adult males), same data as holotype except collected 6 April 2018. ZMKU R 00773, ZMKU R 00775, THNHM 28210 (3 adult males) and ZMKU R 00774 (1 adult female), same collectors as holotype except from Rawi Island (6°33.9084'N, 99°15.5088'E; 7 m a.s.l.; Fig. 13B), collected on 7 April 2018. ZMKU R 00776 (1 adult male) and THNHM 28211 (1 adult female), same collectors as holotype except from Rawi Island (6°33.3474'N, 99°15.0018'E; 7 m a.s.l.; Fig. 13C), collected on 8 April 2018.

Figure 11. 

Male paratypes of Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. in preservative. A dorsal view B ventral view; from left to right, top panel: ZMKU R 00769, ZMKU R 00770, ZMKU R 00773, ZMKU R 00775, and ZMKU R 00776; bottom panel: THNHM 28206, THNHM 28207, THNHM 28208, THNHM 28209, and THNHM 28210.

Figure 12. 

Female paratypes of Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. in preservative. A dorsal view B ventral view; from left to right: ZMKU R 00774, THNHM 28211, ZMKU R 00768, and ZMKU R 00771.

Figure 13. 

Habitats of Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. A Jonsalad Waterfall at type locality of Adang Island B habitat of paratypes in outcropped near stream at Rawi Island C habitat of paratypes in forest stream near mangrove at Rawi Island, Mueang Satun district, Satun Province, Thailand.

Referred specimens

ZMKU R 00772 and THNHM 28212–28215 (five juveniles), same data as holotype except collected 6 April 2018.

Diagnosis

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Cnemaspis by having the following combination of characters: (1) adult males with maximum SVL length 44.9 mm (mean 41.8 ± SD 2.5, n = 11) and females with maximum SVL 43.8 mm (mean 42.5 ± SD 1.5, n = 4); (2) 10 supralabials and 9 infralabials; (3) 6–8 pore-bearing precloacal scales with rounded pores arranged in chevron shape and separated; (4) 23–25 paravertebral tubercles randomly arranged; (5) 26–28 subdigital lamellae under the 4th toe; (6) subcaudal scales keeled and lacking enlarge median row; (7) one postcloacal tubercle each side; (8) gular region, abdomen, limbs and subcaudal region yellowish in males only; (9) mid-gular marking absent in males and females. These differences are summarized for geographically close congeners in the siamensis group (Table 6).

Table 6.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Meristic character state and color pattern of species in the Cnemapsis siamensis group. Measurements are taken in millimeters and measurement abbreviations are defined in the text. – = data unavailable, w = weak.

Characters/Species C. adangrawi sp. nov. C. chanardi C. huaseesom C. omari C. phangngaensis C. punctatonuchalis C. roticanai C. siamensis C. thachanaensis C. vandeventeri
Sample size 15 25 5 8 2 5 8 12 6 3
Maximum SVL 44.9 40.9 43.5 41.3 42.0 49.6 47.0 39.7 39.0 44.7
Supralabial scales 10 8–10 7–10 8–9 10 8 8–9 8–9 10–11 8,9
Infralabial scales 9 8 6–9 7–8 10 7–8 7–8 6–8 9–11 7–9
Ventral scales keeled (1) or smooth (0) 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
No. of precloacal pores 6–8 6–8 5–8 3–6 4 0 3–6 0 0 4
Precloacal pore continuous (1) or separated (0) 0 0 1 0 1 – 0 – – 0
Precloacal pores elongate (1) or round (0) 0 0 0 0 0 – 0 – – 0
No. of paravertebral tubercles 23–25 22–25 18–24 22–29 22 24–27 25–27 19–25 15–19 25–29
Paravertebral tubercles linearly arranged (1) or more random (0) 0 0 w,0 w,0 1 w 0 0 1 0
Tubercles present (1) or absent (0) on lower flanks 0 1 1 w,1 0 1 1 1 1 1
No. of 4th toe lamellae 26–28 26–29 21–31 25–28 29 29–31 26–29 24–26 24 24–28
Lateral caudal furrows present (1) or absent (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Subcaudal keeled (1) or smooth (0) 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Enlarge median subcaudal scales row (1) or not (0) 0 1 0 0 0 1 w 1 0 1
No. of postcloacal tubercles in males 1 1 1,2 1 2 1–3 1–2 1–2 0 1–3
Subtibial scales keeled (1) or smooth (0) 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Subcaudal region yellow present (1) or not (0) 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Ventral pattern sexually dimorphic present (1) or not (0) 1 1 1 – 0 1 1 1 1 1
Dorsal color pattern sexually dimorphic (1) or not (0) 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Lineate gular marking (1) or not (0) 0 0 0 0 0 – 0 1 1 0

Description of holotype

Adult male; SVL 44.6 mm; head moderately sized (HL/SVL 0.26), narrow (HW/SVL 0.15), flattened (HD/HL 0.38), and head distinct from neck; snout moderate (ES/HL 0.47), snout slightly concave in lateral view; postnasal region constricted medially; scales of rostrum smooth, larger than conical scales on occiput; weak supraorbital ridges; lineate gular marking absent; gular and throat scales raised, keeled and round; shallow frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis nearly absent, smoothly rounded; eye large (ED/HL 0.20); pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral slightly concave; rostral bordered posteriorly by supranasals; 10, 10 (right, left) supralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; 9, 9 (right, left) infralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; nostril elliptical, oriented posterodorsally, bordered by small postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, concave bordered posteriorly by three large postmentals.

Body slender, elongate (AG/SVL 0.42); small, keeled, dorsal scales equal in size throughout body intermixed with several large, keeled, multicarinate tubercles randomly arranged; 24 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles absent on lower flanks; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; dorsal scales raised and keeled; pectoral and abdominal scales keeled, round, flat to concave, slightly larger than dorsal and not larger posteriorly; ventral scales of brachia smooth, raised and juxtaposed; eight separated pore-bearing precloacal scales with rounded pores; precloacal depression absent; femoral pores absent.

Fore and hind limbs moderately long, slender; scales beneath forearm slightly raised, smooth and subimbricate; subtibial scales keeled; palmar scales smooth and juxtaposed; digits elongate, slender, inflected joint and bearing slightly recurved claws; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges wide; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular; lamellae of distal phalanges wide; lamellae beneath inflection large; interdigital webbing absent; enlarged submetatarsal scales on 1st toe absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; relative length of fingers IV>V>III>II>I; toes increase in length from first to fifth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; relative length of toes IV>V>III>II>I; total subdigital lamellae on 4th toe 28, 28 (right, left).

Caudal and subcaudal scales keeled, similar to dorsal scale size; lateral caudal furrow present; enlarge caudal tubercles arranged in segmented whorls, not encircling tail; enlarge median subcaudal scales row absent; caudal tubercles present on lateral furrow; tail length (TL) 58.3 mm with regenerated tail; enlarge, flat, postcloacal tubercle 1, 1 (right, left) on lateral surface of hemipenial swellings at the base of tail.

Coloration in life

(Figs 8, 9). Dorsal ground color of head light brown, top of head bearing small, faint black and yellowish markings; thin, black postorbital stripes extending to nape; light-colored prescapular cresent; dorsal ground color of body, limbs and tail light brown with black irregular blotches; ground color of ventral surfaces grayish-white intermixed with yellowish blotches; ventral pattern sexually dimorphic, anterior gular region, abdominal region, and caudal region yellowish in males; two dark blotches on nape form a bipartite pattern; light sage vertebral blotches extending from the nape to tail; flanks with irregular incomplete brown to yellowish blotches becoming smaller posteriorly; tubercles on anterior and posterior of the body were white or yellow; widely separated, white or yellow tubercles occur on flanks; limbs beige with dark brown mottling; tail faintly marked with dark brown.

Coloration in preservative

(Fig. 10). Color pattern similar to that in life with some fading of markings. Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail brown, darker with indistinct, irregular markings. All yellow coloration in gular region, ventral surfaces, flanks and tail faded to creamy white.

Variation

Most paratypes approximate the holotype in general aspects of morphology (Figs 11, 12), with most differences found in the degree of vertebral blotches. All adult female paratypes lack yellowish coloration in the gular, abdominal, and caudal regions. ZMKU R 00767, THNHM 28208, THNHM 28210, and ZMKU R 00776 (four adult males) have regenerated tails of uniform tan coloration. THNHM 28207–28209, ZMKU R 00773, and ZMKU R 00775 (five adult males) have lighter dorsal markings that appear more as transverse bands than as paravertebral blotches. THNHM 28211 (one adult female) has a broken tail. Differences in meristic and morphometrics within the type series are presented in Table 7.

Table 7.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Descriptive measurements in millimeters and characters of the type series of Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. M = male; F = female; – = data unavailable or absent; b = broken; r = regenerated.

Museum number ZMKU ZMKU THNHM THNHM THNHM ZMKU THNHM ZMKU ZMKU THNHM ZMKU ZMKU ZMKU ZMKU THNHM
R 00767 R 00769 28206 28207 28208 R 00770 28209 R 00773 R 00775 28210 R 00776 R 00768 R 00771 R 0074 28211
Type series Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype
Sex M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F
SVL 44.6 44.9 37.9 39.7 43.7 42.2 41.5 42.8 42.3 37.6 43.1 40.6 43.8 43.7 41.9
TL 58.3r 55.7 47.7 53.1 39.7r 56.5 49.8 56.2 51.0 45.6r 42.3r 50.5 50.3 42.6 40.5b
TW 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.8 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.1
FL 6.6 6.6 5.9 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 5.9 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.4
TBL 8.5 8.5 7.7 8.1 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.4 7.6 8.4 8.1 8.4 8.4 8.3
AG 18.8 18.7 15.2 17.2 18.5 18.3 18.3 18.4 18.3 15.2 18.5 18.3 18.6 18.6 18.4
HL 11.6 11.6 10.9 10.9 11.6 11.2 11.0 11.2 11.2 10.6 11.4 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.1
HW 7.0 7.0 6.4 6.5 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.4 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.9 6.8
HD 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.5 4.3 4.0 4.5 4.5 2.8 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.4
ED 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.2
EE 3.7 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.7
ES 5.5 5.4 4.5 4.6 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.4 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.0
EN 4.4 4.3 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1
IO 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.7
EL 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8
IN 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
Supralabials 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Infralabials 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
No. of precloacal pores 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 – – – –
Precloacal pore continuous (1) or separated (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – – – –
No. of paravertebral tubercles 24 25 25 24 25 24 25 23 24 23 25 25 25 23 23
No. of 4th toe lamellae 28 28 27 28 28 27 28 27 27 27 28 26 28 26 28

Distribution and natural history

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. is known only from Adang and Rawi islands, 60 and 61 km off the coast of Thailand, respectively (Fig. 1). All Adang specimens were found in a granitic rocky stream (Fig. 13A). Rawi Island specimens were found in rock outcrops along a stream (Fig. 13B) and along a forest stream near mangroves (Fig. 13C). Sixteen specimens (ZMKU R 00767–00768, ZMKU R 00770–00772, ZMKU R 00775–00776, THNHM 28206–28209, and THNHM 28211–28215) were collected during the day (1047–1823 h) and four specimens (ZMKU R 00769, ZMKU R 00773–00774, and THNHM 28210) were collected at night (1927–2024 h). The male holotype was found during the day (1047 h) on the base of a rock boulder with holes formed by the expansive soil between the ground and rock interface of a nearby stream.

Paratypes found during the day (ZMKU R 00767–00768, ZMKU R 00770–00772, ZMKU R 00775–00776, THNHM 28206–28209, and THNHM 28211–28215) were in crevices of boulders, shaded areas with holes in the soil at the base of a rock wall near a stream, and on boulder outcrops near streams. When disturbed, some individuals would retreat into rock crevices or into holes in the soil at the base of a rock wall. Paratypes found at night (ZMKU R 00769, ZMKU R 00773–00774 and THNHM 28210) were in shaded areas (by day), deep at the base of boulders, or perched on vegetation near a rocky stream. Two gravid females (ZMKU R 00771 and THNHM 28211) contained one or two eggs during November 2017. Some juveniles (not collected) were found in holes in the soil and perched on vegetation near a stream at Rawi Island on 8 April 2018. At night, Cyrtodactylus macrotuberculatus was found in syntopy on the rock wall and vegetation near a stream at Jonsalad Waterfall, Adang Island, with Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov.

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to Adang and Rawi islands where the new species is found, and is a noun in apposition.

Comparisons

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. can be distinguished from other members of the siamensis group (C. chanardi, C. huaseesom, C. omari, C. phangngaensis, C. punctatonuchalis, C. roticanai, C. siamensis, C. thachanaensis, and C. vandeventeri) by having a smaller maximum SVL of 44.9 mm (vs 47.0 mm in C. roticanai, 49.6 mm in C. punctatonuchalis) and by having a larger maximum SVL 44.9 mm (vs 40.9 mm in C. chanardi, 43.5 mm in C. huaseesom, 41.3 mm in C. omari, 42.0 mm in C. phangngaensis, 39.7 mm in C. siamensis, 39.0 mm in C. thachanaensis, and 44.7 mm in C. vandeventeri).

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. is distinguished from C. omari, C. punctatonuchalis, C. roticanai, C. siamensis, and C. vandeventeri by having 10 supralabial scales (vs eight in C. punctatonuchalis and 8–9 in C. omari, C. roticanai, C. siamensis, and C. vandeventeri). This species is distinguished from C. chanardi, C. omari, C. phangngaensis, C. punctatonuchalis, C. roticanai, and C. siamensis by having 9 infralabial scales (vs 8 in C. chanardi, 7–8 in C. omari, C. punctatonuchalis, C. roticanai, 10 in C. phangngaensis, and 6–8 in C. siamensis). This species is distinguished from C. huaseesom and C. punctatonuchalis by having keeled ventral and subcaudal scales (vs smooth ventral and subcaudal scales in C. huaseesom and C. punctatonuchalis).

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. is distinguished from C. phangngaensis and C. vandeventeri by having 6–8 precloacal pores (vs 4 in C. phangngaensis and C. vandeventeri). This species is distinguished from C. punctatonuchalis, C. siamensis, and C. thachanaensis by presence of precloacal pores (vs precloacal pores absent in C. punctatonuchalis, C. siamensis, and C. thachanaensis). This species is distinguished from C. huaseesom and C. phangngaensis by having a separated row of precloacal pores (vs continuous in C. huaseesom and C. phangngaensis).

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. is distinguished from C. phangngaensis and C. thachanaensis by having 23–25 paravertebral tubercles (vs 22 in C. phangngaensis and 15–19 in C. thachanaensis). This species is distinguished from C. huaseesom, C. omari, C. punctatonuchalis, C. roticanai, C. siamensis, C. thachanaensis, and C. vandeventeri by lacking tubercles on lower flanks (vs present in C. huaseesom, C. omari, C. punctatonuchalis, C. roticanai, C. siamensis, C. thachanaensis, and C. vandeventeri). This species is distinguished from C. phangngaensis, C. punctatonuchalis, and C. thachanaensis by having 26–28 lamellae under 4th toe (vs 29 in C. phangngaensis, 29–31 in C. punctatonuchalis, and 24 in C. thachanaensis). This species is distinguished from C. chanardi and C. vandeventeri by having lateral caudal furrows (vs lacking in C. chanardi and C. vandeventeri).

Cnemaspis adangrawi sp. nov. can be further distinguished from C. chanardi, C. punctatonuchalis, C. siamensis, and C. vandeventeri by lacking enlarged median subcaudal scales (vs present in C. chanardi, C. punctatonuchalis, C. siamensis, and C. vandeventeri). This species is distinguished from C. huaseesom by having keeled subtibial scales (vs smooth subtibial scales in C. huaseesom). This species is distinguished from C. siamensis and C. thachanaensis by lacking lineate gular marking (vs present in C. siamensis and C. thachanaensis).

Discussion

Studies on the taxonomy and systematics of Cnemaspis in Southeast Asia have increased in the past two decades (Bauer and Das 1998; Das 2005; Bauer et al. 2007; Grismer and Chan 2010; Wood et al. 2013; Grismer et al. 2014; Iskandar et al. 2017; Wood et al. 2017). Integrative taxonomic approaches that incorporated both morphological and molecular data have been especially useful in uncovering cryptic diversity of Thai Cnemaspis (Grismer et al. 2014; Wood et al. 2017). Our descriptions of C. tarutaoensis sp. nov. and C. adangrawi sp. nov. bring the total number of Cnemaspis to 59 species, of which 18 occur in Thailand.

Previously, the reported geographic distribution of Cnemaspis in Thailand was mostly restricted to the mainland (Smith 1925; Taylor 1963; Bauer and Das 1998; Grismer et al. 2010; Wood et al. 2017), with insular populations of Cnemaspis known only from four localities in Thailand, including Samui, Phangan and Ko Tao islands, Surat Thani Province (Gulf of Thailand; approximately 85 km offshore the mainland of Mueang Chumphon District, Chumphon Province; Grismer et al. 2010, 2014) and Phuket Island, Phuket Province (Andaman Sea; approximately 30 km offshore the mainland of Takua Thung District, Phangnga Province; Das and Leong 2004). The descriptions of C. tarutaoensis sp. nov. and C. adangrawi sp. nov. double the number of Cnemaspis species known from islands in Thailand from two (C. chanardi and C. siamensis) to four. These two new species occur on Tarutao, Adang and Rawi islands in the Andaman Sea, offshore of the Thai mainland of Mueang Satun District, Satun Province (at approximately 40 km, 60 km, and 61 km, respectively). These islands were connected to the mainland during the last glacial maximum as recently as 21,000 years before present (Voris 2000; Sathiamurthy and Voris 2006), but the timing of their divergence from other Cnemaspis species remains untested.

The complex geological history in Thailand created a large number of limestone and granitic formations in southern Thailand (Day and Urich 2000; Morley et al. 2011). The karst regions and granitic rocky streams of southern Thailand are proving to harbor a high diversity of range-restricted species of geckos (Smith 1925; Taylor 1963; Grismer et al. 2010, 2014; Wood et al. 2017). Further research and additional field surveys in unexplored karst regions on islands and the mainland are needed to better understand the taxonomy, ecology, distribution, biogeography, and conservation of Cnemaspis in southern Thailand.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the Thailand Research Fund (DBG6080010) and the Center of Excellence on Biodiversity (BDC), Office of Higher Education Commission (BDC-PG4-160022) to AA, and a grant from Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University (50th Anniversary of Faculty of Science) to NA. This research was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University (project number ACKU60-SCI-004). Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Thailand, granted permission to conduct the research. Kanchanapan Kamhang and Phanphong Kongkaew (Tarutao National Park) facilitated the fieldwork. Wachara Sanguansombat and Sunchai Makchai (Thailand Natural History Museum) made specimens in their care available for study. Korkhwan Termprayoon, Piyawan Puanprapai, and Siriporn Yodthong provided assistance with fieldwork. Evan S. H. Quah, and Vinh Q. Luu improved the manuscript. This paper is contribution number 892 of the Auburn University Museum of Natural History.

References

  • Bauer AM, De Silva A, Greenbaum E, Jackman T (2007) A new species of day gecko from high elevation in Sri Lanka, with a preliminary phylogeny of Sri Lankan Cnemaspis (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 83: 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.200600022
  • Bauer AM, Giri VB, Greenbaum E, Jackman T, Dharne MS, Shouche SY (2008) On the systematics of the gekkonid genus Teratolepis Günther, 1869: another one bites the dust. Hamadryad 32(2): 90–104.
  • Das I (2005) Revision of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria: Gekkonidae), from the Mentawai and Adjacent Archipelagos of Western Sumatra, Indonesia, with description of four new species. Journal of Herpetology 39(2): 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1670/61-02A
  • Das I, Leong TM (2004) A new species of Cnemaspis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Southern Thailand. Current Herpetology 23(2): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.5358/hsj.23.63
  • Das I, van Dijk PP (2013) Species richness and endemicity of the herpetofauna of South and Southeast Asia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 29: 269–277.
  • Day M, Urich P (2000) An assessment of protected karst landscapes in Southeast Asia. Cave and Karst Science 27: 61–70.
  • Grismer LL, Norhayati A, Chan KO, Daicus B, Muin MA, Wood Jr PL, Grismer JL (2009) Two new diminutive species of Cnemaspis Strauch 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 2019: 40–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.186045
  • Grismer LL, Sumontha M, Cota M, Grismer JL, Wood Jr PL, Pauwels OS, Kunya K (2010) A revision and redescription of the rock gecko Cnemaspis siamensis (Taylor 1925) (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Thailand with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 2576: 1–55. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2576.1.1
  • Grismer LL, Wood Jr PL, Tri N, Murdoch ML (2015a) The systematics and independent evolution of cave ecomorphology in distantly related clades of Bent-toed Geckos (Genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827) from the Mekong Delta and islands in the Gulf of Thailand. Zootaxa 3980(1): 106–126. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3980.1.6
  • Grismer LL, Wood Jr PL, Quah ES, Anuar S, Ngadi E, Norhayati A (2015b) A new insular species of Rock Gecko (Cnemaspis Boulenger) from Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 3985(2): 203–218. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3985.2.2
  • Grismer LL, Wood Jr PL, Shahrul A, Awal R, Norhayati A, Muin M, Sumontha M,
  • Grismer J, Chan K, Quah ES, Pauwels O (2014) Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880(1): 1–147. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
  • Hughes JB, Round PD, Woodruff DS (2003) The Indochinese-Sundaic faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions. Journal of Biogeography 30(4): 569–580. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00847.x
  • Iskandar DT, McGuire JA, Amarasinghe AAT (2017) Description of five new day geckos of Cnemaspis kandiana Group (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Sumatra and Mentawai Archipelago, Indonesia. Journal of Herpetology 51(1): 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1670/15-047
  • Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TK, von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
  • Kumar SSG, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33(7): 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
  • Macey JR, Larson A, Ananjeva NB, Fang Z, Papenfuss TJ (1997) Two novel gene orders and the role of light-strand replication in rearrangement of the vertebrate mitochondrial genome. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14: 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025706
  • Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, LA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129 [Accessed on: 2018-11-27]
  • Morley CK, Charusiri P, Watkinson I (2011) Structural geology of Thailand during the Cenozoic. In: Ridd MF, Barber AJ, Crow MJ (Eds) The Geology of Thailand. The Geological Society, London, 273–334. https://doi.org/10.1144/GOTH.11
  • Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
  • Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2014) IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32: 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300
  • Riyanto A, Hamidy A, Sidik I, Gunalen D (2017) A new species of rock gecko of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Belitung Island, Indonesia. Zootaxa 4358: 583–597. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4358.3.12
  • Sathiamurthy E, Voris HK (2006) Maps of Holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the Sunda Shelf. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 2 (Supplement): 1–43.
  • Siler CD, Oaks JR, Esselstyn JA, Diesmos AC, Brown RM (2010) Phylogeny and biogeography of Philippine bent-toed geckos (Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) contradict a prevailing model of Pleistocene diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55(2): 699–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.027
  • Smith MA (1925) Contribution to the herpetology of Borneo. The Sarawak Museum Journal 3(8): 15–34.
  • Strauch AA (1887) Bemerkungen über die Geckoniden-Sammlung im zoologischen Museum der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg. Mémoires des Savants Étrangers 7: 1–72.
  • Taylor EH (1963) The lizards of Thailand. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 44: 687–1077.
  • Trifinopoulos J, Nguyen LT, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Research 44 (W1): W232–W235. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256
  • Wilcox TP, Zwickl DJ, Heath TA, Hillis DM (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00244-0
  • Wood Jr PL, Grismer LL, Aowphol A, Aguilar CA, Cota M, Grismer MS, Murdoch ML, Sites Jr JW (2017) Three new karst-dwelling Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata; Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Thailand and the phylogenetic placement of C. punctatonuchalis and C. vandeventeri. PeerJ 5: e2884. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2884
  • Wood Jr PL, Quah ES, Anuar S, Muin MA (2013) A new species of lowland karst dwelling Cnemaspis Strauch 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from northwestern Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 3691(5): 538–558. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3691.5.2
  • Woodruff DS (2010) Biogeography and conservation in Southeast Asia: how 2.7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today’s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial-phase biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 919–941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9783-3
  • Woodruff DS, Turner LM (2009) The Indochinese-Sundaic zoogeographic transition: a description and analysis of terrestrial mammal species distributions. Journal of Biogeography 36(5): 803–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02071.x

Appendix 1

List of comparative specimens examined.

Cnemaspis chanardi: Thailand, Trang Province, Nayong District, Ban Chong: THNHM 06983 (male holotype); Krabi Province, Klong Thom District: THNHM 012439–012440 (males); Mueang Krabi District: THNHM 012436 and 012437 (males), THNHM 012438 (female); Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Tha Sala District: THNHM 020992 (male); Lansaka district: THNHM 014111 (immature male); Noppitam district: THNHM 013838 (male), THNHM 010705 (male); Surat Thani Province, Ang Thong Island, Mueang Surat Thani District: THNHM 016074 (female).

Cnemaspis huaseesom: Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, Sai Yok District, Sai Yok National Park: THNHM 15909 (male holotype).

Cnemaspis niyomwanae: Thailand, Trang Province, Palean District, Thum Khao Ting: THNHM 15909 (female holotype).

Cnemaspis punctatonuchalis: Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thap Sakae District, Huay Yang National Park: THNHM 02001 (male holotype)

Cnemaspis siamensis: Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Lansaka District: THNHM 013828 (male); Tha Sala District: THNHM 018265 (male); Phetchabun Province, Nam Nao District: THNHM 01336 (female), THNHM 01337 (male); Phetchaburi Province, Cha-am District: THNHM 01448 (male), THNHM 01449 (immature male); Chumpon Province, Mueang Chumpon District: THNHM 0372 (male); Phato District: THNHM 01086 (male); Surat Thani Province, Vibhawadee District: THNHM 01084 (female); Ang Thong Island, Mueang Surat Thani District: THNHM 015624 (female).

Cnemaspis vandeventeri: Thailand, Ranong Province, Kapur District, Klong Naka: THNHM 08261 (male holotype), THNHM 08260 (female).

login to comment