Research Article |
Corresponding author: Wei-Chun Li ( weichunlee@126.com ) Academic editor: Bernard Landry
© 2019 Lu-Lan Jie, Jing-Bo Yang, Wei-Chun Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jie L-L, Yang J-B, Li W-C (2019) The geographical distribution patterns of Chrysoteuchia Hübner in China and description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Crambidae). ZooKeys 853: 109-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.34149
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The geographical distribution patterns of Chrysoteuchia Hübner in China are analysed with MaxEnt and ArcGIS based on known localities and nineteen environmental variables. The results suggest that southeastern China is a highly suitable area, and Bio11 (mean temperature of the coldest quarter), Bio12 (annual precipitation) and Bio18 (precipitation of the warmest quarter) are revealed to be the main variables affecting the present distribution patterns. Among them, Bio18 is the strongest predictor with a 24.3% contribution. Furthermore, a new species from Tibet is added to the genus, Chrysoteuchia landryi sp. nov., and the male of C. curvicavus is described for the first time. Images of adults and their genitalia are illustrated, and two maps showing the geographical distribution patterns of Chrysoteuchia in China are provided.
ArcGIS, Crambinae, MaxEnt, Pyraloidea, taxonomy
Chrysoteuchia was erected by
The genus has 35 species with Palearctic, Sino-Japanese, and Oriental distributions except for C. topiaria (Zeller, 1866), which is endemic to the Nearctic region (
All specimens were collected at night with a mercury-vapour lamp. The specimens were hand-collected alive and killed with vapours of ammonium hydroxide prior to mounting and spreading as shown in
The potential geographic distribution of Chrysoteuchia was predicted using MaxEnt (
Environmental variables used in the study and their contribution in percentage and permutation importance.
Code | Environmental variables | Unit | Contribution in percentage | Permutation importance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bio1 | Annual mean temperature | °C | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Bio2 | Mean diurnal range (mean of monthly max. and min. temperatures) | °C | 9.9 | 0.2 |
Bio3 | Isothermality ((Bio2/Bio7) × 100) | – | 8.2 | 6.2 |
Bio4 | Temperature seasonality (standard deviation ×100) | C of V | 4.6 | 4.2 |
Bio5 | Maximum temperature of the warmest month | °C | 2 | 6.7 |
Bio6 | Minimum temperature of the coldest month | °C | 0.7 | 4.2 |
Bio7 | Temperature annual range (Bio5–Bio6) | °C | 0 | 0.5 |
Bio8 | Mean temperature of the wettest quarter | °C | 2.9 | 5 |
Bio9 | Mean temperature of the driest quarter | °C | 0.1 | 7 |
Bio10 | Mean temperature of the warmest quarter | °C | 0.8 | 0 |
Bio11 | Mean temperature of the coldest quarter | °C | 16.5 | 12.6 |
Bio12 | Annual precipitation | mm | 21.3 | 1.7 |
Bio13 | Precipitation of the wettest period | mm | 0 | 0.6 |
Bio14 | Precipitation of the driest period | mm | 0.3 | 3.6 |
Bio15 | Precipitation seasonality (CV) | C of V | 2.6 | 6.9 |
Bio16 | Precipitation of the wettest quarter | mm | 4 | 3.1 |
Bio17 | Precipitation of the driest quarter | mm | 1.5 | 5.8 |
Bio18 | Precipitation of the warmest quarter | mm | 24.3 | 31.4 |
Bio19 | Precipitation of the coldest quarter | mm | 0 | 0 |
The geographical patterns of distribution of Chinese Chrysoteuchia were analysed with MaxEnt based on all the known localities in China (Suppl. material
We illustrate all the known collecting localities of the genus in China by mapping the strongest predictor, i.e. Bio18 (Fig.
Holotype ♂: CHINA: the foot of Galongla Snow Mountain (29°44.29'N, 95°40.61'E), Mêdog, Tibet, 3415 m, 22.vii.2014, Wei-Chun Li leg., genital prep. no. LW15049 (JXAUM).
Paratypes : 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, same data as the holotype, genital prep. nos. LW15007, LW15059 (JXAUM).
This new species is similar to Chrysoteuchia picturatella (South, 1901), C. gonoxes (Bleszynski, 1962), and C. dentatella Song & Chen, 2001 in having an apical prong on the sacculus and a well-developed apical spine on the phallus in the male genitalia. In female genitalia, it also resembles the above three species in having two lateral spines on the posterior margins of the lamella postvaginalis, and double signa on the corpus bursae. However, the new species can be easily distinguished by lacking fasciae on the forewing (Fig.
Adult
(Figs
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
Currently only found at Galongla Snow Mountain, in Mêdog County, Tibet of China.
Unknown except that the moths are in flight in late July and come at light. The habitat of this species is identical to that of Metaeuchromius glacialis Li, 2015 and Scoparia spp., collected at the foot of Galongla Snow Mountain. Most parts of the mountain are covered with snow; the vegetation at the bottom is a blend of alpine meadows, shrubs, and conifers on the south slope (
In honour of Dr Bernard Landry, who contributed profoundly to systematic research on the subfamily Crambinae, and who substantially contributes to the catalogue of the world Crambinae species in GlobIZ (www.pyraloidea.org).
Chrysoteuchia curvicavus
Song & Chen in
14 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀: CHINA: Dafengding Nature Reserves, Mabian (28°51'N, 103°31'E), Sichuan Province, 1100 m, 9–10.viii.2014, Wei-Chun Li leg., genital prep. no. WD17022 (JXAUM).
Male adult
(Figs
Male genitalia
(Fig.
China (Sichuan, Fujian).
The male of C. curvicavus is described for the first time. This species is similar to C. atrosignata (Zeller, 1877) in having an apical prong on the sacculus and a pointed apex on the phallus in the male genitalia. However, it can be easily distinguished by the distal prong of the sacculus reaching beyond the apex of the valva, and the phallus approximately half as long as the valva and armed with two sclerotised wrinkles (Fig.
At present, the genus Chrysoteuchia includes 36 species worldwide, and all of them occur in China except for C. topiaria (Zeller, 1866) and C. argentistriellus (Leech, 1889), which are endemic to North America and Korea, respectively. Among them, 22 species were originally described from 1758 to 1965 (
In this study, we show that Bio18 (precipitation of the warmest quarter) is the most important variable with respect to the distribution patterns of the genus (Table
Cordial thanks are extended to Dr Jurate De Prins for her kind support while Weichun Li studied the insect collection of the Natural History Museum, London. Special thanks are given to Dr Matthias Nuss, Dr Graziano Bassi, and Théo Léger for their insightful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31601885).
Table S1
Data type: species data
Explanation note: Overview of Chinese localities where Chrysoteuchia species have been collected (administrative divisions are given in bold) with geographical coordinates in the decimal system.
Figure S1
Data type: image
Explanation note: Response curve of Chrysoteuchia to Bio11 (mean temperature of the coldest quarter).