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Research Article
On three species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from China
expand article infoXiaoqing Zhang‡, Shuqiang Li‡
‡ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li ( lisq@ioz.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
© 2019 Xiaoqing Zhang, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhang X, Li S (2019) On three species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from China. ZooKeys 855: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33501
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:097ECBD8-1CFE-4CED-B6AF-1533A61D1D66
Open Access

Abstract

Two new species of the spider genus Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 are described from Hunan and Yunnan Provinces, China: P. binchuanensis sp. nov. (♂♀) and P. xinjianensis sp. nov. (♂♀). In addition, the male of P. lata Xu & Li, 2009 is described for the first time. The DNA barcodes of the two new species are documented.

Keywords

Asia, description, diagnosis, taxonomy

Introduction

Pimoidae Wunderlich, 1986 is a relatively small family, with 44 described species belonging to four genera (Li and Quan 2017; WSC 2019). Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 is the largest genus of the family, with 33 valid species. As a relict group, it has disjunct range and occurs in the western Nearctic (from Washington to California, USA), the western Mediterranean and Asia (from Himalaya to Beijing) (Li and Lin 2016; WSC 2019). Fifteen Pimoa species are known from Asia so far, nine from China, four from India and two from Nepal. Most of these species are well described in revisions (Hormiga 1994a; Xu and Li 2007). While studying material from Southwest China, we found two new species and the unknown male of P. lata Xu & Li, 2009. The goal of this paper is to provide descriptions of the new species and the unknown male.

Material and methods

Specimens were examined with a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Images were captured with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope. Epigynes and male palps were examined after dissection from the spiders’ bodies. The left palps were illustrated unless otherwise noted. Epigynes were removed and treated in a warmed 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution.

All measurements were obtained using a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope and are given in millimeters. Eye sizes are measured as the maximum diameter from either dorsal or frontal views. Leg measurements are shown as: Total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The terminology used in the text and the figure legends follows Hormiga (1994a). Distribution maps were generated using ArcView GIS (ESRI) software.

Abbreviations used in this paper and in the figure legends: ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; AME-ALE = distance between AME and ALE; AME-AME = distance between AME and AME; ALE-PLE = distance between ALE and PLE; AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; CP = cymbial process; CS = cymbial sclerite; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; ET = embolic tooth; FD = fertilization duct; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median eye; PME-PLE = distance between PME and PLE; PME-PME = distance between PME and PME; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum; VP = ventral plate of epigyne.

DNA barcodes were obtained for the two new species by amplifying and sequencing a partial fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) using primers LCO1490-oono (5’-CWACAAAYCATARRGATATTGG-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994; Miller et al. 2010) and HCO2198-zz (5’-TAAACTTCCAGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994; Zhao and Li 2017). For additional information on extraction, amplification and sequencing procedures, see Wang et al. (2008). All sequences were checked using BLAST and are deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers are provided in Table 1.

Table 1.
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Voucher specimen information.

Species GenBank accession number Sequence length Collection localities
Pimoa binchuanensis sp. nov. MK910743 609bp Binchuan County, Yunnan, China
Pimoa xinjianensis sp. nov. MK910744 609bp Longshan County, Hunan, China

All specimens (including molecular vouchers) are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China.

Taxonomy

Family Pimoidae Wunderlich, 1986

Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943

Pimoa: Chamberlin and Ivie 1943: 9; Hormiga 1994a: 4; Hormiga and Lew 2014: 1; Mammola et al. 2016: 1.

Type species

Labulla hespera Gertsch & Ivie, 1936, from California, USA.

Diagnosis

Males of Pimoa can be distinguished from Weintrauboa Hormiga, 2003 by the elongate cymbial process (CP) with many cuspules (vs cymbial process (CP) and cuspules absent) (Fig. 1A–C; Hormiga 2003: figs 1, 2). From Putaoa Hormiga & Tu, 2008, it can be distinguished by the absence of distinctly large macrosetae on the palpal tibia (vs presence of a large macroseta) (Fig. 1A–C; Hormiga and Tu 2008: figs 3, 5–6). Females of Pimoa can be distinguished from Weintrauboa by the protruding epigyne with a distinct dorsal plate (DP) (vs dorsal plate absent) (Fig. 2A, B; Hormiga 2003: figs 2–3). From Putaoa, it can be distinguished by the absence of lateral openings on the epigyne (vs two distinct lateral openings) (Fig. 2A, B; Hormiga and Tu 2008: figs 2, 4, 8).

Figure 1. 

Left palp of Pimoa binchuanensis sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CP = cymbial process; CS = cymbial sclerite; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A, B and C.

Figure 2. 

Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa binchuanensis sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for D and E.

Composition

Thirty-three valid species of Pimoa are currently known from the western Nearctic (14), western Mediterranean (4) and South Asia (15) (WSC 2019).

Pimoa binchuanensis sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/9DC874E9-8DC9-4782-BAF5-4E9397878C0C
Figs 1, 2, 7

Type material

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar39293): China: Yunnan: Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture: Binchuan County: Jizushan Town, Mt. Jizu, 25.9667°N, 100.3746°E, 2568±4 m, 25.III.2019, Z. Chen. Paratype: ♀ (IZCAS-Ar39294): same area, 25.9639°N, 100.3712°E, 2658 m, 1.XII.2014, Y. Li & Z. Chen.

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.

Diagnosis

The male of P. binchuanensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other congeners, except for P. anatolica Hormiga, 1994 and P. lihengae Griswold, Long & Hormiga, 1999, by having a long and complex cymbial sclerite (CS) and an elongate cymbial process (CP). From P. anatolica and P. lihengae, it can be distinguished by the long embolic process (EP), about 2 times longer than the embolus (vs embolic process shorter than embolus) (cf. Fig. 1A–C; Griswold et al. 1999: figs 15–17; Xu and Li 2007: figs 4–8). The female of P. binchuanensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other congeners by having a broad dorsal plate (DP) of the epigyne with an oval tip and trapezoidal basal part (vs dorsal plate narrow or indistinct) (Fig. 2A, B).

Description

Male (holotype, IZCAS-Ar39293): Total length 5.25. Carapace 2.50 long, 2.00 wide. Abdomen 2.75 long, 1.75 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.16, PME 0.15, PLE 0.20; AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.10. Leg measurements: I: missing; II: 17.00 (5.00, 5.25, 5.00, 1.75); III: 10.75 (3.25, 3.50, 3.00, 1.00); IV: missing. Promargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth, retromargin with 1 tooth. Carapace yellowish, with black lateral margins, the thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct, sternum yellowish, nearly almond-shaped. Abdomen brownish with yellow transverse bands, nearly oval. Legs yellowish with black annulations. Palp: patella short, about 1/2 of tibial length; tibia long, about 1/2 of cymbial length; paracymbium short, about 1/3 of cymbial length, somewhat hook-shaped; cymbial sclerite (CS) long, about 1/2 of cymbial length, spindle-shaped; cymbial process (CP) broad and long, about 1/2 of cymbial length, with more than 20 cuspules; median apophysis (MA) indistinct; conductor distinct; embolic process (EP) long, about 1.5 times as long as embolus, tip with fine granulations; embolus bent and long, about the same length as the cymbium, beginning at the 7:30 o’clock position; embolic tooth absent (Fig. 1A–C).

Female: (paratype, IZCAS-Ar39294): Total length 7.12. Carapace 3.16 long, 2.47 wide. Abdomen 3.96 long, 3.28 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.20, PME 0.17, PLE 0.17; AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.14, PME-PLE 0.22. Leg measurements: I: 19.78 (5.71, 6.86, 5.06, 2.15); II: 16.23 (4.94, 5.26, 4.23, 1.80); III: 11.47 (3.52, 3.56, 3.08, 1.31); IV: 15.64 (4.87, 5.13, 4.10, 1.54). Promargin and retromargin of chelicerae with 3 teeth. Carapace brownish, the thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct, sternum yellowish, and shield-shaped. Abdomen greyish, somewhat oval, transverse bands indistinct. Legs brownish without annulations. Epigyne: triangular; ventral (VP) and dorsal plates (DP) broad, length subequal to width; copulatory openings hidden; spermathecae globose, separated by about half of the radius; fertilization ducts laterally oriented (Fig. 2).

Distribution

Type locality only, Yunnan, China (Fig. 7).

Pimoa lata Xu & Li, 2009

Figs 3, 4, 7

Pimoa lata Xu & Li, 2009: 56, figs 1–8 (♀).

Type material

Holotype ♀: China: Sichuan: Lushan County: Weita Village, Shuiluodong Cave, (30.28°N, 102.97°E, 1338 m), 15.X.2005, S. Li.

Other material examined

2♀1♂ (IZCAS-Ar39295-Ar39297): China: Sichuan: Lushan County: Weita Village, Shuiluodong Cave, 30.2750°N, 102.9690°E, 1302 m, 27.VI.2018, X. Zhang.

Diagnosis

The male of P. lata can be easily distinguished from other congeners, except for P. reniformis Xu & Li, 2007 and P. trifurcata Xu & Li, 2007 by having a short paracymbium and a large and blunt cymbial process (CP), with many cuspules. From P. reniformis, it can be distinguished by the short cymbial sclerite (CS), about 1/3 of the cymbial length, with a blunt tip (vs a long cymbial sclerite (CS) in P. reniformis, about 1/2 of cymbial length, with a sharp tip). From P. trifurcata, it can be distinguished by the bifurcated embolic process (EP) (vs the embolic process (EP) in P. trifurcata with a trifurcate tip) (cf. Fig. 3A–C; Xu and Li 2007: figs 38–41, 49–54). The female of P. lata can be distinguished from all other congeners by the lip-shaped dorsal plate (DP) (vs dorsal plate narrow or indistinct) (Fig. 4A, B).

Figure 3. 

Left palp of Pimoa lata A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view Scale bar: Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CP = cymbial process; CS = cymbial sclerite; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A, B and C.

Figure 4. 

Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa lata A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for D and E.

Description

Male (IZCAS-Ar39295): Total length 5.00. Carapace 2.25 long, 2.00 wide. Abdomen 2.75 long, 1.75 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.16, PME 0.15, PLE 0.16; AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.10. Leg measurements: I: 21.00 (6.00, 6.75, 5.50, 2.75); II: 18.75 (5.25, 6.50, 5.00, 2.00); III: 13.40 (4.25, 4.00, 3.50, 1.65); IV: 15.00 (5.00, 4.75, 4.00, 1.25). Promargin and retromargin of chelicerae with 3 teeth. Carapace yellowish, with green lateral margins, the thoracic fovea distinct, sternum yellowish. Abdomen brownish with yellow transverse bands. Legs yellowish, with black annulations. Palp: patella short, about 1/3 of tibial length; tibia long, almost as long as cymbial length; paracymbium short, about 1/5 of cymbial length, with a blunt tip; cymbial sclerite (CS) short, about 1/3 of cymbial length, with a blunt, black tip; cymbial process (CP) broad and short, about 1/3 of cymbial length, with more than 15 cuspules; median apophysis (MA) indistinct; conductor indistinct; embolic process (EP) long, about 2 times as long as embolus, with two jagged tips; embolus bent and long, about the same length as the cymbium, beginning at 5:30 o’clock position; embolic tooth indistinct (Fig. 3A–C).

Female (Fig. 4). Description see Xu and Li (2009: figs 1–8).

Distribution

Shuiluodong Cave, Sichuan, China (Fig. 7).

Remark

The male of this species is described for the first time.

Pimoa xinjianensis sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/C804AFD1-875B-4960-8EBC-DC77C30929D7
Figs 5, 6, 7

Type material

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar39298): China: Hunan: Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture: Longshan County: Xichehe Town: Xinjian Village, Xianren Cave, 29.0855°N, 109.5109°E, 503 m, 26.X.2018, X. Zhang & Z. Chen. Paratypes: 3♀ (IZCAS-Ar39299-Ar39301), same data as holotype; 2♀1♂ (IZCAS-Ar39302-Ar39304), Longshan County: Xichehe Town: Shuitong Village, Yangjia Cave, 29.0879°N, 109.4945°E, 431 m, 26.X.2018, X. Zhang & Z. Chen; 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar39305-Ar39306), Longshan County: Wuya Town: Xiyan Village, Mt. Tianma, unnamed cave, 29.5701°N, 109.7051°E, 840 m, 28.X.2018, X. Zhang & Z. Chen.

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.

Diagnosis

Both sexes of P. xinjianensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other congeners by the strongly reduced (vestigial) eyes. The palp of P. xinjianensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from that of other congeners by the long embolic process (EP), about 2 times longer than the embolus (vs a short embolic process, almost as long as the embolus) (cf. Figs 5, 6). The epigyne of P. xinjianensis sp. nov. differs from other congeners by having distinct (unhidden) copulatory openings (vs hidden or indistinct) (Fig. 6).

Figure 5. 

Left palp of Pimoa xinjianensis sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CP = cymbial process; CS = cymbial sclerite; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; P = paracymbium; T = tegulum. Scale bar: Equal for A, B and C.

Figure 6. 

Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa xinjianensis sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: Equal for D and E.

Description

Male (holotype, IZCAS-Ar39298): Total length 3.75. Carapace 1.50 long, 1.30 wide. Abdomen 2.25 long, 1.70 wide. Eyes vestigial (strongly reduced in size). Leg measurements: I: 21.50 (6.50, 6.00, 6.75, 2.25); II: 20.20 (6.00, 5.75, 6.15, 2.30); III: 17.40 (4.75, 5.50, 5.15, 2.00); IV: 20.00 (6.00, 6.75, 5.50, 1.75). Promargin of chelicerae with 3 teeth, retromargin with 2 teeth. Carapace yellowish, the thoracic fovea distinct, sternum yellowish. Abdomen brownish. Legs yellowish, without annulations. Palp: patella short, about 1/2 of tibial length; tibia long, almost as long as cymbial length; paracymbium short, about 1/3 of cymbial length, with rounded tip; cymbial sclerite (CS) short, about 1/3 of cymbial length, with a tapering, black tip; cymbial process (CP) long, about 1/2 of the cymbial length, with more than 13 cuspules; median apophysis (MA) indistinct; embolic process (EP) long, about 2 times longer than the embolus, tip without granulation; embolus bent and long, about 1/2 of cymbial length, beginning at 6:30 o’clock position; embolic tooth distinct (Fig. 5A–C).

Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar39299): Total length 4.75. Carapace 1.75 long, 1.50 wide. Abdomen 3.00 long, 2.25 wide. Eyes vestigial (only with 6 white spots). Leg measurements: I: 20.60 (6.20, 6.00, 6.10, 2.30); II: 19.30 (5.95, 5.75, 5.50, 2.10); III: 14.75 (4.75, 4.50, 4.00, 1.50); IV: 18.35 (6.10, 5.25, 5.00, 2.00). Cheliceral teeth as in male. Carapace yellowish; sternum flavescent. Abdomen greyish. Legs reddish, without annulations. Epigyne: trapezoidal; ventral plate (VP) broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate (DP) triangular; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae oval, touching each other; fertilization ducts medially oriented (Fig. 6).

Distribution

Type locality only, Hunan, China (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. 

Distribution records of Pimoa species from China 1 P. anatolica 2 P. binchuanensis sp. nov. 3 P. clavata 4 P. lata 5 P. lihengae 6 P. reniformis 7 P. trifurcata 8 P. wanglangensis 9 P. xinjianensis sp. nov.

Acknowledgements

The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Stefano Mammola (Torino, Italy) and Ingi Agnarsson (Burlington, USA). Sarah Crews (San Francisco, USA) kindly checked English. Qingyuan Zhao and Zhe Zhao kindly helped with laboratory work. This study was supported by a grant from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China to Shuqiang Li (NSFC-31530067).

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