Body length, including ovipositor, 0.6–0.8 mm. Frontovertex pale orange; immaculate with yellow from occiput to base of mandible; mouth margin medially yellow below torulus; gena yellowish white; antenna (Fig. 1) with radicle pale brown; scape with both faces black, only base and apex white, narrowly white along the dorsal margin; pedicel dark brown in proximal one-third, otherwise white; F1–F4 dark brown, F5–F6 yellow-white; basal segment of clava dark brown, remaining segments becoming slightly paler towards apex, apex yellow-white; occiput with a brown area above foramen, otherwise yellow; neck of pronotum pale brown to dark brown, posterior margin white, lateral spots relatively small and distinct; dorsum of thorax orange; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae inconspicuously bordered brown; setae translucent, silvery in most lights; tegula white with apex pale brown; metanotum orange; mesopleuron white; prosternum and mesosternum white; legs (Figs 4–6) pale yellow, tibiae proximally brown, mid tibiae subbasally with an indistinct brown band; fore wing (Fig. 3) hyaline, linea calva interrupted by two to four lines of setae; venation yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially orange, laterally yellow; gaster dorsally yellow to very slightly pale brown, ventrally white; gonostylus orange.

Head about 4× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture, mesh size slightly less than size of one eye facet; frontovertex about one-fourth head width; ocelli forming an acute angle of about 30°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by a little less than diameter of a facet; frontovertex not subparallel, becoming wider anteriorly, narrowest about level with anterior margins of posterior ocelli; scrobes deep, U-shaped; antenna with scape about 1.8× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F4 smallest, F5 a little larger than F4 but transverse, F6 largest and wider than long; linear sensilla only on F5 and F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex more or less rounded but with a short, slightly oblique truncation; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 2), notaular lines reaching about 0.4× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 3; cercal plate about in the 1/3 of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 7) hardly exserted, about 4.8× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 15, FV 3.5, FVL 7, POL 1.5, AOL 3, OOL 0.5, OCL 2.5, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 9, EW 7, MS 5, SL 6, SW 3, FWL 33, FWW 15, HWL 25, HWW 5, OL 13, GL 3, MT 13.

Unknown.

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana), Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (Noyes 2002).

China (Hainan) (Fig. 84); Japan, USA (Biocontrol introduction) (Noyes 2002).

China: 2 ♀♀, Hainan, Diaoluo Mt., 6–7.V.2007, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang; 1 ♀, Hainan, Diaoluo Mt., 6.V.2007.

Scape with both faces black, apices and dorsal margin of scape white; F5 entirely yellowish white (Fig. 1); gena yellowish white; mid tibia subbasally with a faint brown band (Fig. 5); head about 4× as wide as frontovertex; scape about 1.8× as long as broad (Fig. 1); ovipositor (Fig. 7) hardly exserted, about 4.8× as long as gonostylus. Metaphycus orientalis is similar to Metaphycus angustifrons in general appearance but can be separated from the latter by the scape about 1.8× as long as broad (in angustifrons, scape about 2.4× as long as broad); head about 4× as wide as frontovertex (in angustifrons, head about 5× as wide as frontovertex); F5 entirely yellowish white (in angustifrons, F5 marked with brown externally).

Body length including ovipositor about 1 mm; frontovertex orange, lower face and gena concolorous, paler yellow; antenna (Fig. 8) with radicle pale brown; scape mostly brown with similar coloration on inner and outer surfaces, apex and base white, dorsal margin white; pedicel yellowish white in apical two-fifths, remainder dark brown; F1–F4 brown, F5 marked with brown externally, F6 white; clava dark brown, apical half paler yellow-brown, more or less yellow apically; occiput dark brown dorsally; neck of pronotum blackish, rest of pronotum pale orange, lateral spots present and faint; mesoscutum and scutellum dusky orange, more or less blackish on it, darker than frontovertex; metanotum largely dark brown; legs (Figs 11–13) including coxae pale orange except for faint dots at base of middle tibia; wing hyaline (Fig. 10), venation pale brown; middle of propodeum dark brown, sides orange; gaster dorsally brown.

Head about 5× as wide as frontovertex; head with fine, reticulate sculpture on frontovertex; ocelli forming an acute angle; frontovertex narrowest slightly in front of posterior ocelli; antenna (Fig. 8) with scape about 2.4× as long as broad; F1–F4 relatively small, subequal in size, F5 larger than F4, F6 largest and widest, F5 and F6 with linear sensilla; apex of clava more or less rounded, hardly with transverse truncation; mandible relatively broad with three, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 9); fore wing with venation and setation as in Fig. 10; gaster with ovipositor (Fig. 14) slightly exserted, exserted part about 0.3× as long as mid tibial spur; ovipositor about 5× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 16, FV 3, FVL 8, POL 0.5, AOL 2, OOL 0.5, OCL 0.5, POD 1, AOD 1, SL 6, SW 3, FWL 36, FWW 15, OL 14, GL 3, MT 13.

Scape expanded, and about 2.5× as long as wide; funicle blackish or brown; clava similar to the funicle except for dilute yellowish apically (Compere 1957).

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana), Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Noyes 2002).

China (Fujian, Hainan, Hong Kong) (Fig. 84), Bermuda, Japan, USA (Noyes 2002).

China: 1 ♀, Fujian, Youxi, 12.V.1965; 1 ♀, Hainan, 11.VIII.2009, Coll. G. Zheng; USA: 1 ♀, Florida, 12.V.1992, Coll. Patrick Gr.; 2 ♀♀, Ins. C.E.S., 29.III.1954, Coll. Bartlett (BMNH).

Scape with both faces brown, only base and apex white, dorsal margin white; F5 marked with brown externally (Fig. 8); gena pale yellow; mid tibia with faint brown spot subbasally (Fig. 12); head about 5× as wide as frontovertex; scape about 2.4× as long as broad; ovipositor (Fig. 14) slightly exserted, about 5× as long as gonostylus.

Body length, including ovipositor, 0.9–1.0 mm. Head black; antenna (Fig. 15) with radicle dark brown; scape brown, apically yellow; pedicel brown in proximal half, otherwise pale brown; F1–F3 brown, F4 very pale brown, F5–F6 brown-yellow, clava dark brown, becoming slightly paler toward apex; dorsum of thorax black; mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum with blue-green reflections, setae translucent pale brown; tegula white with apex black; mesopleuron yellow; prosternum and mesosternum black; legs (Figs 18–20) mainly yellow, but hind femur pale brown; fore wing (Fig. 17) hyaline, linea calva interrupted; venation brown-yellow; hind wing hyaline; propodeum black; gaster black and gonostylus pale yellow-brown.

Head about 3× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture, mesh size slightly greater than size of one eye facet; frontovertex about one-third head width; ocelli forming an acute angle of about 45°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by much less than diameter of a facet; frontovertex subparallel; scrobes shallow and U-shaped; antenna with scape 4–5× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F4 smallest, F5 a little larger than F4, F6 largest and wider than long; linear sensilla only on F5 and F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex more or less rounded but with a short, slightly oblique truncation; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 16), notaular lines indistinct but almost complete; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 17; cercal plate about in the 1/2 of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 21) hardly exserted, about 4× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 17, FV 5, FVL 11, POL 3, AOL 3.5, OOL 1, OCL 2, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 11, EW 8, MS 4, SL 9, SW 2, FWL 48, FWW 18, HWL 31, HWW 7, OL 18, GL 4, MT 17.

Very similar to female except for antenna and genitalia (Guerrieri and Noyes 2000).

Eriococcus agropyri (Borchsenius), Eriococcus greeni Newstead, Eriococcus insignis Newstead and Eriococcus obscurus Hoy (Noyes 2002).

China (Shanxi) (Fig. 85); Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Slovakia, Finland, Hungary, Moldova, Russia, Former Yugoslavia, Ukraine (Noyes 2002).

China: 2 ♀♀, Shanxi, Wutai Mt., 18.VII.2006, 2500m, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang.

Body entirely black; scape (Fig. 15) brown with apex yellow; legs mainly yellow, but hind femur generally pale brown (Figs 18–20); gonostylus (Fig. 21) pale yellow-brown; antenna with scape 4–5× as long as broad; ovipositor hardly exserted, about 4× as long as gonostylus. According to Guerrieri and Noyes (2000), in nitens the legs are largely brown, but with the base and apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi pale brown, whereas in Chinese specimens, the legs are mainly yellow; only the hind femur pale brown (Figs 18–20).

Body length including ovipositor about 1.4 mm. Frontovertex orange; immaculate yellow from occiput to base of mandible; mouth margin below torulus medially yellow; rest of head, except occiput, yellow; antenna (Fig. 22) with radicle yellow; scape not expanded and inner side yellow, outer face yellow but with broad black strip along the dorsal margin; pedicel dark brown in proximal half, otherwise white; F1–F4 dark brown, F5 brown in proximal half, otherwise yellow, brown area extending slightly towards apex, F6 yellow; clava dark brown, apex brown; occiput with brown area above foramen, otherwise yellow; neck of pronotum black, posterior margin brown, otherwise yellow-white, lateral spots relatively large and distinct; dorsum of thorax orange; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae inconspicuously pale brown; setae translucent yellow, silvery in most lights; tegula mainly pale brown; metanotum orange; mesopleuron yellow; prosternum, mesosternum yellow-white; legs (Figs 25–27) mainly very pale yellow, only tarsi slightly brown-yellow; fore wing (Fig. 24) hyaline, linea calva almost uninterrupted; venation yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially orange, laterally black; gaster dorsally orange, side and venter yellow; gonostylus dark brown.

Head about 4× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture on frontovertex of mesh size about two-thirds size of eye facet; irregular sculpture on frontovertex of rather silky appearance; ocelli forming an acute angle of about 45°; eye reaching occipital margin; frontovertex subparallel and from anterior ocellus slightly wider anteriorly; scrobes deep and U-shaped; antenna with scape 4.0–4.8× as long as broad; funicle with F1 smallest, F2 a little larger than F1, F6 the largest, F2–F6 becoming larger towards apex, F6 slightly wider than long; linear sensilla on F2–F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex rounded; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3, notaular lines reaching about 0.6× across mesoscutum (Fig. 23); fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 24; cercal plate about in the 0.4× of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 28) strongly exserted, about 3× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 21, FV 5, FVL 10, POL 3, AOL 4, OOL 0.5, OCL 2, POD 2, AOD 2, EL 13, EW 9, MS 6, SL 8, SW 2, FWL 50, FWW 17, HWL 26, HWW 5, OL 40, GL 13, MT 19.

Length about 1 mm. Dark brown in ocellar area, dark brown between occipital margin and posterior ocelli; scape mainly yellow-white, only dorsal margin of scape with brown; F1 smallest, funicle becoming gradually larger distad with F6 largest; clava solid; dorsum of thorax with black.

Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) (Noyes 2002), Ceroplastes rubens Maskell on Ilex purpurea Hassk. (new host record), Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) on Ficus microcarpa Linnaeus (new host record).

China (Sichuan, Yunnan) (Fig. 85); Vietnam (Thanh Hoa, Hanoi) (Sugonjaev 1996).

China: 2 ♀♀, Sichuan, Panzhihua, 28.IV.2012, Coll. Y. Wang & H.B. Li; 1 ♀, Sichuan, Panzhihua, 2.V.2012, Coll. Y. Wang & H.B. Li; 1 ♀, Yunnan, Kunming, 10.V.2010, Coll. H.L. Shi; 5 ♀♀, 1♂, Yunnan, Kunming, 13.V.2010; 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Yunnan, Mengzi (Min’an street), 18.IV.2013. 4 ♀♀, Yunnan, Kunming, 13.V.2013, Coll. J. Deng & X.B. Wang; 1 ♀, Hainan, Diaoluo Mt., 18°09'N, 109°53'E, 930m, 4.V.2007, Coll. Y.Z. Zhang.

Scape with outer face yellow but with black strip along dorsal margin; scape 4.0–4.8× as long as broad; funicle with F1 smallest, F2–F6 becoming larger towards apex, F2–F6 with linear sensilla (Fig. 22); fore wing hyaline, with linea calva uninterrupted (Fig. 24); ovipositor strongly exserted, and about 2× as long as mid tibia (Fig. 28). Metaphycus gerardi is very close to Metaphycus eruptor (Howard, 1881) in appearance. They share similar antennal structure, fore wing shape and ovipositor dimensions. Further studies may show they are synonyms.

Body length, including ovipositor, 0.8–1.2 mm. Head orange yellow; antenna (Fig. 29) with radicle brown except pale base; scape brown yellow with an elongate black strip on dorsal margin on outer surface except base; pedicel pale yellow in apical half, dark brown in basal half; F1–F3 black, F4 pale brown and becoming progressively paler to apex, F5–F6 white, clava black; neck of pronotum dark brown, posterior margin white, lateral spots relatively small but distinct; mesoscutum and scutellum orange, sometimes anterior margin of mesoscutum brown; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae conspicuously bordered brown; setae translucent, silvery in most lights; tegula white with apex brown; metanotum orange; mesopleuron yellow; prosternum and mesosternum pale yellow; legs (Figs 32–34) mainly pale yellow except pretarsus brownish; fore wing infuscate in basal 3/5, with a darker area beneath marginal vein; venation yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially orange; gaster orange, gonostylus orange.

Head about 4× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture, mesh size slightly less than size of one eye facet; frontovertex about one-fourth head width; ocelli forming an acute angle about 40°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by much less than diameter of a facet; frontovertex subparallel and from anterior ocellus slightly wider anteriorly; scrobes shallow and U-shaped; antenna with scape 4–5× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F3 smallest, subequal and subquadrate, F4–F6 becoming larger towards apex; linear sensilla only on F5 and F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex rounded; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 30), notaular lines reaching about 0.7× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 31; cercal plate about in the 0.6× of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 35) slightly exserted, 4–5× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 19, FV 5, FVL 8, POL 3, AOL 4, OOL 0.5, OCL 2, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 11, EW 9, MS 4, SL 10, SW 2, FWL 36, FWW 17, HWL 31, HWW 7, OL 16, GL 4, MT 18.

Generally very similar to female except for body length, coloration of antenna, genitalia and solid clava. Antenna flagellum generally pale brown; aedeagus with two digital spines.

Unknown.

China (Beijng, Jiangsu, Shanxi) (Fig. 85); France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Turkey (Guerrieri and Noyes 2000).

China: 1 ♀, Beijing, Haidian, 20.VI.2010, Coll. D. K. Zhou; 1 ♀, Beijing, Changping, 20.IX.2008, Coll. F Yuan; 1 ♀, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 18.VI.2012; 1 ♂, Jiangsu, Nanjing, VI. 2011; 2 ♀♀, Shanxi, Wutai Mt., 16.VII.2006, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang

Scape brown yellow, the outer surface with an elongate black strip along dorsal margin (Fig. 29); fore wing infuscate in basal 3/5, with a darker area beneath marginal vein; scape 4–5× as long as broad; ovipositor slightly exserted, 4–5× as long as gonostylus (Fig. 35). This species is similar to Metaphycus petitus in general coloration, antennal structure and ovipositor length. Metaphycus garmon can be separated from Metaphycus petitus by the coloration of the fore wing and black strip along dorsal margin (Guerrieri and Noyes 2000).

China: ♀, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 2009.XI.16, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang (IZCAS).

3 ♀♀, the same as holotype (IZCAS).

Body length, including ovipositor, 1.2–1.3 mm. Frontovertex pale yellow; gena with fairly broad, oblique brown area near mouth margin; mouth margin medially pale yellow below torulus; rest of head, except occiput, white; antenna (Fig. 36) with radicle brown; scape with both faces black, dorsal margin black, white at extreme apex; pedicel dark brown in proximal half, white distally, dark brown area extending slightly towards apex externally and internally; F1–F4 brown, F5–F6 pale brown and becoming slightly paler towards apex; clava pale brown, extreme base brown like F6, becoming slightly paler towards apex; occiput with a black area above foramen, otherwise white; neck of pronotum black, posterior margin very pale brown, lateral spots relatively small and distinct; dorsum of thorax mainly orange; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae conspicuously bordered brown; setae translucent brown, silvery in most lights; tegula pale yellow; metanotum brown; mesopleuron yellow-white; prosternum white; mesosternum white, sometimes pale brown; legs (Figs 39–41) mainly pale yellow; tibiae proximally dark brown; mid tibia and hind tibia with a pair of dark brown rings at about 0.2× and 0.5×; fore wing (Fig. 38) hyaline, with linea calva interrupted by two setae; venation yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially dark brown, sides pale yellow; gaster dorsally brown, side and venter white; gonostylus orange.

Head about 4× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture and mesh size slightly less than size of one eye facet; frontovertex about one-fourth head width; ocelli forming an acute angle about 60°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by much less than diameter of a facet; frontovertex subparallel and from anterior ocellus slightly wider anteriorly; scrobes shallow; antenna (Fig. 36) with scape about 2.5× as long as broad; funicle with all funicular segments transverse, F1–F4 small, F5 and F6 a little larger, linear sensilla only on F5 and F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex rounded but with a short slightly oblique truncation; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 37), notaular lines reaching about 0.8× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 38; cercal plate about in the 1/2 of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 42) hardly exserted, about 5.8× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 19, FV 5, FVL 8, POL 2.5, AOL 2.5, OOL 1.5, OCL 1, POD 1.5, AOD 1.5, EL 11, EW 8, MS 5, SL 7, SW 2.5, FWL 43, FWW 18, HWL 31, HWW 7, OL 15, GL 3, MT 14.

Unknown.

Unknown.

China (Yunnan) (Fig. 84).

The new species name is derived from the fact that each funicle segment is strongly transverse.

Scape black, but apex yellowish white; gena with a fairly broad, oblique brown area near mouth margin; funicle with F1–F6 transverse (Fig. 36); ovipositor (Fig. 42) hardly exserted, about 5.8× as long as gonostylus. Using the key of Guerrieri and Noyes (2000), Metaphycus transversus runs couplet 27 and is close to Metaphycus lounsburyi. Females of Metaphycus transversus can be separated from lounsburyi as follows: scape (Fig. 36) about 2.5× as long as broad (in lounsburyi, scape about 3× as long as broad); dorsal margin of scape black (in lounsburyi, dorsal margin white).

Body length, including ovipositor, 0.7–0.9 mm. Frontovertex pale orange; gena yellow to brownish yellow, gena with brown stripe extending to upper mouth margin; mouth margin medially yellow below torulus; rest of head, except occiput, yellow; antenna (Fig. 43) with radicle dark brown; scape with both faces dark brown, only apex yellowish; pedicel dark brown in proximal half, otherwise yellowish; F1–F4 dark brown, F5–F6 brownish yellow, clava dark brown, becoming slightly paler towards apex and apex very pale brown; occiput with a brown area above foramen, otherwise white; neck of pronotum dark brown to black, posterior margin white, lateral spots relatively large and distinct; dorsum of thorax orange to pale brown; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae conspicuously bordered dark brown; setae translucent, silvery in most lights; tegula white with apex pale brown; metanotum orange to brown; mesopleuron yellow-white; prosternum and mesosternum pale yellow; legs (Figs 46–48) mainly pale yellow, mid tibia and hind tibia with faintly brown mark; fore wing hyaline, linea calva interrupted; venation yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially orange-brown, laterally yellow; dorsum of gaster pale brown and ventral yellow-white; gonostylus orange.

Head about 4× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture and mesh size slightly less than size of one eye facet; ocelli forming an acute angle about 50°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by much less than diameter of a facet; frontovertex subparallel and from anterior ocellus slightly wider anteriorly; scrobes shallow and U-shaped; antenna (Fig. 43) with scape 3.2–3.7× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F4 smallest, F5 a little larger than F4, F6 largest; linear sensilla only on F5 and F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex more or less rounded but with a short, slightly oblique truncation; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 44), notaular lines reaching about 0.6× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 45; cercal plate about in the 1/2 of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 49) slightly exserted, 4–5× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 17, FV 4.5, FVL 9, POL 2, AOL 3, OOL 1, OCL 2, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 12, EW 10, MS 5, SL 9, SW 3, FWL 45, FWW 20, OL 17, GL 5, MT 15.

Body length 0.7–0.8 mm, dark brown in coloration. Otherwise very similar to female but for antenna and genitalia.

Eriococcus howardi Ehrhorn; Eriococcus quercus (Comstock), Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) (Noyes 2002); and Eriococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana on pomegranate (new host record).

China: Beijing, Haidian: 23 ♀♀, 4.IV.2006, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang; 22 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, 6.VI.2006, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang; 20 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂, 11.VIII.2003, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang; 29 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂, ex Eriococcus lagerstroemiae on pomegranate, 12.IX.2006, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang; 19 ♀♀, 1 ♂, ex Eriococcus lagerstroemiae on pomegranate, 8.X.2004, Coll. Y. Z. Zhang; 1 ♀, 17.VII.2012, Coll. Q. S. Zhou; 1 ♀, Nanjing, V.2010.

China (Beijing, Jiangsu); USA (California, Florida, Texas, Utah) (Noyes 2002) (Fig. 84).

Antenna with radicle dark brown; scape with both faces dark brown, only apex yellowish; scape 3.2–3.7× as long as broad (Fig. 43); ovipositor (Fig. 49) slightly exserted, 4–5× as long as gonostylus. The Chinese material examined almost agrees with the original description of eriococci by Timberlake (1916). The female specimens here have the scape 3.2–3.7× as long as broad, while in original description of eriococci the scape is a little over 4× as long as wide (Timberlake 1916).

China: ♀, Hunan, Chenzhou, 13.IV.2012. Coll. Y. Wang, J. Deng, H.B. Li (IZCAS).

25 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, same as holotype (IZCAS).

Body length, including ovipositor, 1 mm. Frontovertex yellow-brown; occiput largely dark brown; gena and face brown; dark brown on mouth margin below torulus; antenna (Fig. 50) with radicle brown; scape black, only extreme apex slightly yellow; pedicel with proximal half dorsally and laterally brown, remainder yellow; funicle with F1–F4 dark brown, F5–F6 pale yellow; clava dark brown, apical segment yellow; neck of pronotum black, remainder yellow, posterior margin more or less translucent pale yellow, lateral spots present and distinct; mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum brown; dorsum of thorax clothed in scattered, short, translucent setae; tegula proximally pale brown, apex brown; side and venter of mesosoma pale brown; legs brown-yellow (Figs 54–56); mid tibia with faintly brown mark (Fig. 55); fore wing hyaline (Fig. 53), venation pale yellow-brown; propodeum medially brown; gaster mainly brown; gonostylus pale orange.

Head with reticulate sculpture of mesh size the same as eye facet; ocelli forming an acute angle; frontovertex margins subparallel; antennal scrobes fairly deep, U-shaped and meeting dorsally; torulus separated from mouth margin by less than its own length; antenna with scape subcylindricusl, about 5× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F4 subequal, F5 larger, F6 largest and subquadrate; apex of clava more or less rounded; mandible relatively broad with three, acute, subequal apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3; notaular lines present and reaching more than 0.5× across mesoscutum (Fig. 51); fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 53, gaster with ovipositor clearly exserted; ovipositor (Fig. 52) about 3.3× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 18, FV 5, POL 3, AOL 3, OOL 1, OCL 2, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 13, EW, 8, MS 4, SL 10, SW 2, FWL 45, FWW 19; HWL 31, HWW 8, OL 20, GL 6, MT 15.

Length about 0.7 mm, almost identical to female but for genitalia, solid clava and all funicle segments pale brown.

Eriococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana.

China: 35 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Beijing, Mentougou, 14.VIII.2012, Coll. X. Zhang, Q. S. Zhou; 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Shandong, Laizhou, 14.X.2012, Coll. F. Yu.

China (Beijing, Hunan, Shandong) (Fig. 85).

The new species name is derived from the cylindricusl shape of the scape.

Frontovertex yellow-brown; gena brown; scape black, extreme apex slightly yellow (Fig. 50); scape cylindricusl, about 5× as long as broad; ovipositor (Fig. 52) about 3.3× as long as gonostylus. Metaphycus cylindricus is similar to Metaphycus piceus in general coloration, antennal structure and ovipositor length. Metaphycus cylindricus can be separated from the latter as follows: ovipositor about 1.4× as long as mid tibia, about 3.3× as long as gonostylus (Fig. 52) (in piceus, ovipositor about 1.2× as long as mid tibia, 4–5× as long as gonostylus); mid tibia subbasally marked dark brown (in piceus, mid tibia yellowish); antenna with pedicel with basal half brown (in piceus, pedicel with basal 2/3 brown).

♀, China, Sichuan, Ya’an (Tianquan, Erlang Mt.), 2006. V., Coll. W. Li (IZCAS).

6 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, the same as holotype (IZCAS).

Body length, including ovipositor, 1.0–1.2 mm. Yellow in ocellar area, pale orange between occipital margin and posterior ocelli, otherwise pale yellow; lower half of gena with oblique brown stripe, stripe close to scrobe interrupted by a yellow line; upper half yellow; medially yellow below torulus, mouth margin dark brown; rest of head, except occiput, white; antenna (Fig. 57) with radicle dark brown; both faces of scape, dorsal margin, ventral margin with yellow, both sides with broad black strip; pedicel pale yellow (whitish) in apical half, dark brown in basal half; F1–F3 dark brown, F4 very pale brown, F5 venter sometimes with very pale brown strip, F6 white, clava dark brown, becoming slightly paler towards apex, apex very pale brown; occiput brown; neck of pronotum black, posterior margin white, lateral spots relatively large and distinct; dorsum of thorax yellow-brown; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae conspicuously bordered dark brown; setae translucent, silvery in most lights; tegula white; metanotum dark brown; mesopleuron very pale yellow, margin of mesopleuron with conspicuously bordered dark brown; prosternum and mesosternum pale brown; legs (Figs 60–62) mainly pale yellow to pale orange; tibiae proximally brown; fore femur yellow, fore tibia with single, broad, interrupted, median dark brown ring; mid tibia and hind tibia with two interrupted conspicuous dark brown rings at 0.2× and 0.7×, extreme apex marked with dark brown; tarsi dusky pale yellow; fore wing (Fig. 59) hyaline, linea calva interrupted; venation pale yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially brown, blackish, laterally brown-yellow; gaster mainly pale brown, but slightly darker brown dorsally from cercal plates to near apex, gonostylus yellowish, 2^nd valvifer and outer plate of ovipositor with brown out margin.

Head about 3× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture, mesh size slightly less than size of one eye facet; frontovertex about one-third head width; ocelli forming an acute angle of about 30°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by one or two diameters of a facet; frontovertex parallel; scrobes shallow and U-shaped; antenna with scape 3.2–3.5× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F4 smallest, closely adpressed, F5 a little larger than F4 but transverse, F6 largest; linear sensilla only on F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex more or less rounded but with a short slightly oblique truncation; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 58), notaular lines reaching about 0.4× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 59; cercal plate about in the 1/2 of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 63) slightly exserted, about 5× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 15, FV 5, FVL 9, POL 2, AOL 3, OOL 1, OCL 1.5, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 10, EW 7, MS 4.5, SL 7, SW 2, FWL 40, FWW 18, HWL 25, HWW 5, OL 10, GL 4, MT 12.

Length about 1.2 mm. Virtually identical to female except for genitalia and solid clava. Frontovertex pale yellow but ocellar area brown.

Unknown.

China (Sichuan) (Fig. 85).

The new species name is derived from the origin of the holotype.

Scape yellow, both surfaces with an broad black mark in the middle (Fig. 57); lower half of gena with an oblique brown stripe which is interrupted by a yellow line outside of scrobe; mid and hind tibiae with two interrupted dark brown rings (Figs 61–62); scape 3.2–3.5× as long as broad (Fig. 57); ovipositor slightly exserted, about 5× as long as gonostylus (Fig. 63). Using the key of Guerrieri and Noyes (2000), this species runs to couplet 27 and is similar to Metaphycus lounsburyi (Howard). It can be separated from Metaphycus lounsburyi as follows: scape (Fig. 57) 3.2–3.5× as long as broad (in lounsburyi, scape about 2.9× as long as broad); ovipositor about 0.8× as long as mid tibia (in lounsburyi, ovipositor as long as mid tibia); clava a little longer than funicle (in lounsburyi, clava distinctly shorter than funicle). Metaphycus yaanensis sp. n. is also similar to Metaphycus transversus sp. n. in appearance, but it can be separated from transversus by characters in the key.

China: ♀, Beijing Mentougou (Donglingshan), 2008.VIII.28, Coll. F. Yuan (IZCAS).

1 ♀, Beijing (Mentougou): 2011.VI.20; 1 ♀, Beijing Mentougou: 2011. VI. 10–VIII. 6. (IZCAS).

Body length, including ovipositor, about 0.9 mm. Frontovertex brownish yellow, but brown between occipital margin and posterior ocelli; gena mainly yellow, with a brown mark extending to oral rim; mouth margin medially yellow below torulus, oral rim brown; antenna (Fig. 64) with radicle dark brown; scape with both faces blackish, and only dorsal margin, venter of base and apex white; pedicel dark brown in proximal half otherwise white; F1–F4 dark brown, F5–F6 white-yellow; clava dark brown, becoming slightly paler towards apex, apex brown; occiput with a brown area above foramen, otherwise yellow; neck of pronotum dark brown, posterior margin translucent yellow, otherwise white, lateral spots relatively large and distinct; dorsum of thorax brown-yellow; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae conspicuously bordered dark brown; setae translucent yellow, silvery in most lights; tegula white with apex pale brown; metanotum dark brown; mesopleuron yellowish white; prosternum and mesosternum yellowish white, but with narrow pale brown margin; legs (Figs 67–69) yellowish white, but femur very slightly brown on inner side, tibiae proximally dark brown; each tibia with a pair of dark brown rings at about 0.2× and 0.5× (fore tibia with one faint ring at about 0.5×); fore wing (Fig. 66) hyaline, but generally infuscate below marginal vein; linea calva interrupted by two lines of setae; venation yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially dark brown, laterally black; gaster dorsally dark brown, side and venter white; gonostylus white.

Head about 4× as wide as frontovertex, head with moderately deep, regular, polygonally reticulate sculpture on frontovertex of mesh size about two-thirds eye facet; irregular sculpture on frontovertex of rather silky appearance; ocelli forming an acute angle of about 30°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by 1.5× diameter of a facet; frontovertex subparallel; scrobes deep and U-shaped; antenna with scape about 2.7× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F4 smallest, F4–F6 gradually becoming larger distally; linear sensilla only on F5 and F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex more or less rounded but with a short slightly oblique truncation; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3, notaular lines reaching about 0.8× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 66; cercal plate about in the 1/2 of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 65) clearly exserted, about 4.5× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 13, FV 3, FVL 10, POL 2, AOL 2.5, OOL 1, OCL 2, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 11, EW 8, MS 3, SL 8, SW 3, FWL 47, FWW 15, OL 14, GL 3, MT 15.

Unknown.

Unknown.

China (Beijing) (Fig. 84).

The new species name is derived from the shape of the scape.

Scape with both faces blackish, and only dorsal margin, venter of base and apex white; fore wing hyaline but generally infuscate below marginal vein (Fig. 66); scape triangular in shape, about 2.7× as long as broad (Fig. 64); ovipositor (Fig. 65) about 4.5× as long as gonostylus. Using the key of Guerrieri and Noyes (2000), Metaphycus deltoideus runs to couplet 29 and can be separated from insidiosus as follow: scape triangular, and strongly expanded subapically, scape with venter of base yellow (Fig. 64) (in insidiosus, scape strongly expanded in the median part, scape with venter of base blackish); head mainly yellow-brown (in insidiosus, head mainly yellow); fore wing (Fig. 66) with a distinctly infuscate spot below marginal vein (in insidiosus, fore wing hyaline or at most slightly infuscate); occiput above foramen brown, rest yellow (in insidiosus, occiput almost entirely blackish).

China: ♀, Beijing, Haidian, 10.V.2013, Coll. S. A. Wu & W. C. Li (IZCAS).

8 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂, same as holotype; 30 ♀♀, Beijing, Chaoyang. 14.V.2013, Coll. X. Zhang (IZCAS).

Body length 0.8–1.0 mm. Frontovertex brown, but between occipital margin to posterior ocelli orange, gena yellowish, unmarked; occiput dark brown; antenna (Fig. 70) with scape entirely black, only extreme base and apex white, dorsal margin white; basal half of pedicel black, apex white; F1–F4 blackish, F5–F6 yellowish; clava blackish, but extreme apex brown; pronotum white with a brown spot on each side, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum pale orange, tegulae white with apex brown, metanotum and propodeum blackish; legs (Figs 74–76) yellowish, proximal tibiae and tarsi brownish, fore tibia and hind tibia with one dark brown ring, mid tibia with two dark brown rings; fore wing hyaline, venation yellow-brown; gaster dorsally black, ventrally white.

Head 3–4× as wide as frontovertex, ocelli forming an acute angle of slightly less than 60°; posterior ocellus closer to occipital margin than eye; antenna with scape expanded, 2.0×–2.3× as long as broad; F1–F4 transverse and F5–F6 gradually increasing in size, F6 largest, linear sensilla present on F5–F6; clava 3-segmented, and apical very slightly oblique; mandible broad with three, subequal apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3 (Fig. 72); notaular lines incomplete and reaching about 0.6× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 73; cercal plate about in the 1/3 of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 77) hardly exserted, 4–5× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 16, FV 5, FVL 9, POL 2.5, AOL 3.5, OOL 1, OCL 1.5, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 9, EW 7.5, MS 5.5, SL 7.5, SW 3.5, FWL 47.5, FWW 17.5, HWL 30, HWW 6, OL 13, GL 2.5, MT 15.

Length 0.8–1.0 mm. Generally very similar to female but for relatively narrower scape, coloration of antenna, genitalia and solid clava. Antenna (Fig. 71) with scape 2.8–3.0× as long as broad, flagellum generally pale brown.

Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) on Fraxinus chinensis Roxburgh.

China (Beijing) (Fig. 84).

The new species named for its host “Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché)”.

Scape entirely black, only extreme base and apex white, dorsal margin white (Fig. 70); fore and hind tibiae with one dark brown ring, but mid tibia with two dark brown rings (Figs 74–76); scape expanded, 2.2×–2.3× as long as broad; ovipositor hardly exserted, 4–5× as long as gonostylus (Fig. 77). This species is very similar to Metaphycus stanleyi. In Metaphycus corniae sp. n. the ovipositor is about 0.9× as long as mid tibia, and 4–5× as long as gonostylus (Fig. 77). In Metaphycus stanleyi ovipositor is about 0.7× as long as mid tibia, about 3× as long as gonostylus.

Body length, including ovipositor, about 1.0 mm. Frontovertex yellow; gena with a brown mark extending to oral rim; mouth margin medially pale yellow below torulus; rest of head, except occiput, white; antenna (Fig. 78) with radicle brown; scape with both faces dark brown to blackish, only base, apex white and dorsal margin with a narrow stripe; pedicel dark brown in proximal half, otherwise white; F1–F2 dark brown, F3 slightly pale brown, F4–F6 yellowish; clava dark brown, becoming slightly paler towards apex, extreme apex very pale brown; occiput with a brown area above foramen, rest yellow; neck of pronotum dark, posterior margin white, lateral spots relatively large and distinct; dorsum of thorax pale orange; sides and posterior margin of mesoscutum and axillae conspicuously bordered brown; setae translucent yellow, silvery in most lights; tegula white with apex pale brown; metanotum dark brown; mesopleuron yellow; prosternum yellow and mesosternum pale brown; legs (Figs 81–83) mainly pale yellow, tibiae proximally dark brown; mid tibia and hind tibia with a pair of dark brown rings at about 0.2× and 0.5×, fore tibia with one dark brown ring; fore wing (Fig. 80) hyaline, with linea calva interrupted by several line setae; venation yellow-brown; hind wing hyaline; propodeum medially dark-brown, sides pale yellow; dorsum of gaster largely blackish, sides and ventral parts whitish and gonostylus yellow.

Head about 5× as wide as frontovertex, head with polygonally reticulate sculpture and mesh size as long as one eye facet; ocelli forming an acute angle of about 30°; eye not quite reaching occipital margin, separated by much less than diameter of a facet; frontovertex parallel; scrobes deep and U-shaped; antenna with scape about 2.3× as long as broad; funicle with F1–F3 smallest, F4–F6 gradually increasing in size, F6 largest and slightly wider than long; linear sensilla only on F5 and F6; clava 3-segmented, its apex more or less rounded but with a short slightly oblique truncation; mandible relatively broad with three subequal, apical teeth; palpal formula 3-3, notaular lines reaching about 0.7× across mesoscutum; fore wing venation and setation as in Fig. 80; cercal plate about in the 0.4× of gaster; ovipositor (Fig. 79) slightly exserted, about 4× as long as gonostylus.

Relative measurements: HW 15, FV 3, FVL 9, POL 2, AOL 3, OOL 0.5, OCL 2, POD 1, AOD 1, EL 10, EW 6, MS 5, SL 7, SW 3, FWL 54, FWW 22, OL 12, GL 3, MT 13.

Very similar to female except for antenna, genitalia and generally darker coloration with mesoscutum brownish (Guerrieri and Noyes 2000).

Eulecanium coryli (Linnaeus), Eulecanium taxi Habib, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus), Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché), Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius), Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki), Parthenolecanium rufulum (Cockerell), Pulvinaria sp., Parthenolecanium vitis (Linnaeus) and Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Fonscolombe) (Noyes 2002).

China (Heilongjiang) (Fig. 85); Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Caucasus, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, mainland Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom (Noyes 2002).

China: 3 ♀♀, Heilongjiang, Shangzhi, 15.VI.1993, Coll. C.D. Li.

Scape with both faces dark brown to blackish, only base and apex white and dorsal margin with a narrow stripe; gena with a brown mark extending to oral rim; scape about 2.3× as long as broad (Fig. 78); mid and hind tibiae with a pair of dark brown rings at about 0.2× and 0.5×, fore tibia with one dark brown ring (Figs 81–83); ovipositor slightly exserted, about 4× as long as gonostylus (Fig. 79). According to Guerrieri and Noyes (2000), in insidious the fore wing is slightly infuscate, the head is about 4× as wide as frontovertex, and the occiput is almost entirely blackish, whereas in Chinese specimens, the fore wing is hyaline, the head is about 5× as wide as frontovertex, and the occiput has a brown area above the foramen.