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Citation: Sarnat EM, Economo EP (2013) Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n. and P. mandibularis Mann (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Fiji. ZooKeys 340: 43–61. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.340.5479
Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n., an endemic species of the Fiji islands, is described from the worker, ergatoid queen, alate queen and male castes. The alate queen and male castes of Pristomyrmex mandibularis Mann are also described for the first time. The ergatoid queens for both species appear to be morphologically intermediate between the worker and alate queen castes. Pristomyrmex tsujii is readily distinguished from Pristomyrmex mandibularis by the lack of well-developed propodeal spines. Although both species occur across the Fijian archipelago, they are rarely encountered and workers are most often collected from sifted litter. The descriptions are illustrated with specimen photographs, line drawings and a distribution map.
Myrmicinae, Pristomyrmex, Fiji, taxonomy, ergatoid, islands, Pacific, new species
Pristomyrmex Mayr is a genus composed of 59 extant valid species restricted to the Old World tropics (
Fiji is the eastern range limit for Pristomyrmex, aside from Pristomyrmex minusculus Wang which is known from Tonga in addition toPapua New Guinea, Micronesia, and Queensland, Australia. Pristomyrmex mandibularis was first described by
Both Fijian species produce a discrete ergatoid queen caste that is intermediate between a worker and an alate queen. Ergatoid queens in the genus have also been reported for Pristomyrmex punctatus Mayr, Pristomyrmex africanus Karavaiev, Pristomyrmex brevispinosus Emery and Pristomyrmex wheeleri Taylor. Previous studies (
This taxonomic treatment of Pristomyrmex tsujii and Pristomyrmex mandibularis is part of an ongoing effort to characterize the systematics, ecology and evolution of the Fijian ant fauna (
All of the material examined in this study was collected from 2002–2007, including specimens collected as part of the Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey (
External morphological characters were quantified and are reported as lengths or indices. Measurements were made with a stereomicroscope at 40x magnification using a dual-axis stage micrometer wired to digital readouts. Digital color specimen photographs were taken using the Auto-Montage software package (Syncroscopy) in combination with a JVC KY-F7U digital camera mounted on a Leica MZ16 dissecting scope, and the software package Helicon Focus in combination with a Leica DFC450 digital camera mounted on a Leica M205C dissecting scope. Vector illustrations were made in Adobe Illustrator by tracing specimen photographs.
Morphometric measurements were recorded in thousandths of millimetres, but are reported here to the nearest hundredth as a range from minimum to maximum across all measured specimens. Specimens for measurements were chosen to reflect potential morphological variation across the full geographic range. The number of specimens from which measurements were taken for a given caste is referred to by n. The following measurements and indices are adapted from
CI Cephalic Index: HW/HL × 100.
EL Maximum measureable eye length.
HL Maximum length of the head in full-face view measured longitudinally from the midpoint of the posterior head margin to the apex of the median tooth of the anterior clypeal margin.
HW Maximum width of the head in full-face view, excluding the eyes.
HWE Maximum width of the head in full-face view, including the eyes. This measurement is used only for the male.
ML Mesosomal length measured in lateral view from the anteriormost point of the pronotum to the apex of the propodeal lobe. Equal to ‘Alitrunk Length’ in
PeH Maximum height of the petiole measured in lateral view as a straight line running from the most ventral to the most dorsal surface of the petiolar node, using tangential lines where required.
PeI Petiole Index: PeL/PeH × 100.
PeL Maximum length of petiole. For workers, alate queens and ergatoid queens the distance from the posterior face to the anterior face of the petiolar node measured in lateral view. For males, the distance from the posterior face of the petiolar node to the junction with the mesosoma measured in lateral view.
PpH Maximum height of the postpetiole measured in lateral view as a straight line running from the most ventral to the most dorsal surface of the postpetiolar node.
PpI Postpetiole Index: PpL/PpH × 100.
PpL Maximum length of the postpetiole measured in lateral view from the posterior face to the anterior face of the postpetiolar node.
PW Maximum width of the pronotum in dorsal view.
SI Scape Index: SL/HW × 100.
SL Length of the antennal scape, including the lamella encircling the base of the scape but excluding the basal condyle.
TL Total length of specimen from tip of mandible to tip of gaster: TL1 + TL2 + TL3 + ML. (Note: The measurements of TL do not include those individuals whose gasters are abnormally prolonged.) TL1: A line measured in lateral view from the apex of the closed mandibles to the midpoint of a straight line across the occipital margin. TL2: A line measured in lateral view from the posteriormost point of postpetiolar dorsum to the tip of the propodeal lobes. TL3: A line measured in lateral view from the anteriormost point to the posteriormost point of gaster.
Pristomyrmex workers can be recognized in Fiji by the following characters. Head shape circular to ovoid. Antennal club 3-segmented. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal sockets surrounded by a raised sharp-edged ridge. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior clypeal margin armed with three broad and blunt teeth. Mandibles triangular with four large teeth on the masticatory margin and one on the basal margin. Mesosoma with erect hairs present. Propodeum either unarmed, armed with acute angles, or armed with triangular spines distinctly longer than diameter of propodeal spiracle. Waist 2-segmented. Petiole pedunculate; lacking a large anteroventral subpetiolar process. Postpetiole not swollen; in dorsal view not distinctly broader than long or distinctly wider than petiole.
http://zoobank.org/AC753BF0-6236-48B8-B8D0-72AEC08C9439
http://species-id.net/wiki/Pristomyrmex_tsujii
Figs 1–6, 11–22, 35Fiji, Lomaiviti Prov., Koro I., 2.7 km NW Nasau Village, footrack b/w Mt. Kuitarua & Nasau, 12.iii.2005, 465m, -17.2947, 179.406, primary rainforest, litter sifting, ex. soil, leaf litter, decaying wood, EMS1862.01, E.M. Sarnat (worker, dry pinned, BPBM, specimen code CASENT0171143). Paratype: 1 dealate queen, same data as holotype (USNM, specimen code CASENT0171144).
Pristomyrmex tsujii workers are polished red, stoutly built and often foveolate. The propodeum is either armed with small denticles or entirely unarmed. The lack of strong propodeal spines (Figs 5–6) separates workers, ergatoid queens and alate queens of Pristomyrmex tsujii (Figs 12, 13, 18) from those of the sympatric Pristomyrmex mandibularis (Figs 24, 27, 30). The same character is used to diagnose the males, but the spines are reduced to denticles in Pristomyrmex mandibularis (Fig. 33) and entirely absent in Pristomyrmex tsujii (Fig. 21). Additionally, the males of Pristomyrmex tsujii tend more towards brown than black. The only congeneric species with an unarmed propodeum is Pristomyrmex inermis Wang from New Guinea which also belongs to the levigatus group. Pristomyrmex tsujii has a more nodiform petiole (Figs 3–4), a stronger median clypeal tooth (Fig. 10), and more abundant foveae between the frontal carinae (Figs 7–10).
Worker (Figs 1–6, 11–13). Measurements (n = 20): TL 2.63–3.35, HW 0.66–0.88, HL 0.67–0.87, CI 96–105, SL 0.59–0.77, SI 84–93, EL 0.08–0.11, PW 0.41–0.6, ML 0.61–0.79, PeH 0.24–0.29, PeL 0.14–0.18, PeI 54–71, PpH 0.25–0.31, PpL 0.14–0.19, PpI 47–67. Holotype measurements: TL 3.03, HW 0.79, HL 0.81, CI 99, SL 0.70, SI 89, EL 0.1, PW 0.5, ML 0.72, PeH 0.25, PeL 0.14, PeI 58, PpH 0.25, PpL 0.16, PpI 65.
Pristomyrmex tsujii, illustrations of head (1) and profile (2). Scale bars are labelled with the approximate observed range for head width (HW) and total length (TL), respectively.
3–4.Variation of the petiole and postpetiole observed among populations of Pristomyrmex tsujii (3 Vanua Levu, 4 Koro) 5–6 Variation of the propodeum observed among populations of Pristomyrmex tsujii (5 armed with denticles, 6 unarmed) 7–9 Variation of cephalic sculpture observed among populations of Fijian Pristomyrmex. Pristomyrmex tsujii tends towards abundant (7) to moderate (8) cephalic foveae, while Pristomyrmex mandibularis varies from abundant (7) to sparse (9). On Viti Levu, the cephalic sculpture of Pristomyrmex mandibularis varies along geographical gradients, whereas on Koro colonies exhibiting the two extremes of the sculpture spectrum occur sympatrically without any known intermediates 10 Taxonomic characters of the mandibles and anterior head capsule used in combination to separate Pristomyrmex species from all other Fijian myrmicines.
11–13 Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n., holotype worker, specimen code CASENT0171144. 14–16 Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n., ergatoid queen, specimen code CASENT018169317–19 Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n., paratype alate queen, specimen code CASENT017114320–22 Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n., male, specimen code CASENT0181883.
23–25 Pristomyrmex mandibularis Mann, worker, specimen code CASENT0181756. 26–28 Pristomyrmex mandibularis Mann, worker, specimen code CASENT0181648 29–31 Pristomyrmex mandibularis Mann, alate queen, specimen code CASENT017110032–34 Pristomyrmex mandibularis Mann, male, specimen code CASENT0182032.
Known distribution of Pristomyrmex tsujii (white) Pristomyrmex mandibularis (gray) across the Fijian archipelago. Names are given for all islands on which specimens were collected. Symbols have been minimally offset from each other so as not to obscure localities where both species have been recorded.
Conforming to the generic Pristomyrmex and levigatus species group definitions detailed in
Ergatoid queen (Figs 14–16). Measurements (n = 3): TL 3.25, HW 0.85–0.88, HL 0.83–0.84, CI 101–105, SL 0.68–0.73, SI 80–85, EL 0.11–0.12, PW 0.54–0.59, ML 0.75–0.79, PeH 0.26–0.28, PeL 0.16–0.18, PeI 61–66, PpH 0.27–0.30, PpL 0.16–0.19, PpI 55–63.
Closely resembling the worker in the structure of mandibles, clypeus, petiole, postpetiole and gaster in addition to sculpture, color and pilosity. Head with a single well-defined depression in place of the median ocellus. Mesosoma in dorsal view with a promesonotal suture but lacking sclerites associated with alate queen. Mesonotum more convex. Propodeal spines either absent or reduced to acute angles. Dorsum of head covered with scattered to abundant weakly impressed foveolae and smaller shallow punctures. Dorsum of mesosoma similar to alate queen with one or two additional pairs of erect hairs than worker.
Alate queen (Figs 20–22). Measurements (n = 2): TL 3.67–3.94, HW 0.88–0.91, HL 0.86–0.91, CI 100–103, SL 0.75–0.80, SI 85–88, EL 0.16, PW 0.66–0.69, ML 0.95–1.01, PeH 0.27–0.28, PeL 0.16, PeI 58–61, PpH 0.29–0.30, PpL 0.17, PpI 54–58.
Conforming to the generic Pristomyrmex definition detailed in
Male. (Figs 23–25). Measurements (n = 11): TL 2.95–3.41, HW 0.52–0.64, HL 0.46–0.61, CI 103–112, SL 0.14–0.20, SI 24–32, HWE 0.69–0.80, EL 0.24–0.28, PW 0.50–0.73, ML 0.93–1.05, PeH 0.14–0.20, PeL 0.32–0.40, PeI 178–232, PpH 0.17–0.21, PpL 0.11–0.18, PpI 55–76.
Conforming to the generic Pristomyrmex definition detailed in
Pristomyrmex tsujii varies in the abundance of the cephalic foveae, propodeal armament and petiolar node shape. In Koro (the type locality) and Gau the specimens exhibit a sparse scattering of foveae and punctures usually separated from each other by a distance exceeding their diameters. None of the Koro specimens are armed even with denticles and the petiolar node is relatively broad in profile with a weakly convex posterior face. The series from Taveuni has sparse fovea and the worker from Vanua Levu has moderate foveae. Workers from both islands have an unarmed propodeum, like those from Koro, but the petiolar node is narrower in profile with a weakly concave posterior face. The postpetiolar nodes of workers from both Taveuni and Vanua Levu are taller than the petiolar node. The workers from Viti Levu are all more foveolate than those from the outlying islands. The strongest sculpture was found on a specimen from Waivudawa (CASENT0181827). The petiolar and postpetiolar shapes of Viti Levu workers are more similar to those of Koro workers than those of Taveuni and Vanua Levu. Some of the Viti Levu workers have an unarmed propodeum like those of the outlying islands, whereas others have a propodeum armed with an acute denticle equal or less than the size of the propodeal lobe.
This new species is named for Prof. Kazuki Tsuji in honor of his extensive work on the social biology of Pristomyrmex punctatus, and his efforts to promote connectivity between the Japanese and international research communities. The species epithet is a noun in apposition and thus invariant.
Despite being widely distributed across the Fijian archipelago, workers of Pristomyrmex tsujii were rarely encountered in the field, although males were collected in Malaise traps with some frequency. Workers were collected from Gau, Koro, Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. Of these, all were collected in leaf litter samples except for one found foraging on a fallen tree and another found foraging under a stone. Collection records suggest the species prefers primary rainforest, but several collections from secondary forests and forest fragments suggest it can tolerate some degree of disturbance. The strongly distended gasters of the ergatoid queens are presumably equipped with functional ovaries, but a more thorough examination of fresh material would be required to verify their reproductive potential. It is also unknown whether the ergatoid queens occur in the same nests as alate queens, or if they are capable of founding their own colonies.
FIJI. Gau: Mt. Delaco, 3 km SE Navukailagi Village, 432m, -17.9795, 179.276 (CASENT0181697); Mt. Delaco, 3.3 km SE Navukailagi Village, 387m, -17.98, 179.275 (CASENT0181847, CASENT0181848, CASENT0181869, CASENT0181871, CASENT0181900, CASENT0181917, CASENT0181927, CASENT0181929, CASENT0181939, CASENT0181941, CASENT0181956, CASENT0181960, CASENT0181971, CASENT0181974, CASENT0181975, CASENT0181980, CASENT0181987, CASENT0181992, CASENT0182077); Mt. Delaco, 3.5 km SE Navukailagi Village, 490m, -17.9827, 179.276 (CASENT0181680); Mt. Delaco, 3.8 km SE Navukailagi Village, 496m, -17.9836, 179.277 (CASENT0181844, CASENT0181855, CASENT0181862, CASENT0181863, CASENT0181864, CASENT0181878, CASENT0181912, CASENT0181923, CASENT0181928, CASENT0181969, CASENT0181986, CASENT0181995); Mt. Delaco, 3.9 km SE Navukailagi Village, 575m, -17.9879, 179.278 (CASENT0181786); Mt. Delaco, 4.0 km SE Navukailagi Village, 564m, -17.9861, 179.277 (CASENT0181889, CASENT0181907, CASENT0181913, CASENT0181935, CASENT0181946, CASENT0181947, CASENT0181951, CASENT0181962, CASENT0181973, CASENT0181996). Kadavu: Mt. Washington summit, 1.6 km SW Lomaji, 800m, -19.1181, 177.988 (CASENT0182030); Mt. Washington, 1.3 km SSW Lomaji, 580m, -19.1175, 177.992 (CASENT0182000); Mt. Washington, 1.4km SSW Lomaji Village, 700m, -19.1183, 177.99 (CASENT0182060). Koro: 2.7 km NW Nasau Village, footrack b/w Mt. Kuitarua & Nasau, 465m, -17.2947, 179.406 (CASENT0171143, CASENT0171144); Mt. Kuitarua summit, 3.8 km NW Nasau Village, 505m, -17.2868, 179.404 (CASENT0182004, CASENT0182038); Mt. Kuitarua, 3.1 km WNW Nasau Village, 440m, -17.2905, 179.404 (CASENT0194546); Mt. Kuitarua, 3.8 km NW Nasau Village, 485m, -17.2888, 179.404 (CASENT0182037); Mt. Nabukala, 4.7 km WSW Nasau Village, 500m, -17.3122, 179.388 (CASENT0181717). Lakeba: 3.2 km NE Tubou Village, 100m, -18.2294, -178.779 (CASENT0182083). Ovalau: 1.2 km NNW Draiba Village, 300m, -17.6942, 178.825 (CASENT0181745). Taveuni: Devo Peak, 5.5 km SE Tavuki Village, 1188m, -16.8432, -179.966 (CASENT0181898, CASENT0181940); Devo Peak, 5.6 km SE Tavuki Village, 1187m, -16.8433, -179.96 (CASENT0181981); Mt. Devo, 5.3 km SE Tavuki Village, 1064m, -16.8409, -179.968 (CASENT0181865, CASENT0181885, CASENT0181961, CASENT0182007, CASENT0182009); Mt. Devo, Tavuki Village, 892m, -16.8372, -179.973 (CASENT0181915, CASENT0181919, CASENT0194570); Soqulu Estate, 140m, -16.8333, -180 (CASENT0182019). Vanua Levu: 1.5 km N Yasawa Village, 300m, -16.4681, 179.644 (CASENT0181708); Batiqere Range, 6 km NW Kilaka Village, 61m, -16.8108, 178.988 (CASENT0194551); Natewa Peninsula, Mt. Navatadoi, hilltop, 2.6 km SSE Vusasivo Village, 400m, -16.5928, 179.772 (CASENT0182031); Vatudiri, 4 km SE Lomaloma Village, 630m, -16.6296, 179.208 (CASENT0182005, CASENT0182022, CASENT0182028). Viti Levu: 1.8 km NW Naboutini Village, 300m, -18.2206, 177.817 (CASENT0181734); 2.3 km NW Nabukelevu Village, 300m, -18.11, 177.817 (CASENT0181655, CASENT0181747); 2.7 km NE Naikorokoro Village, 300m, -18.0872, 178.331 (CASENT0181679); 4.8 km NE Galoa Village, 300m, -18.2186, 178.014 (CASENT0181750); 7.5 km NE Vunisea Village, 300m, -17.4833, 178.143 (CASENT0181837); Mt. Evans Range, Koroyanitu Eco Park, 0.5 km N Abaca Village, 800m, -17.6667, 177.55 (CASENT0182006, CASENT0182046, CASENT0182121, CASENT0182128); Mt. Evans Range, Koroyanitu Eco Park, Kokabula Trail, 1 km E Abaca Village, 800m, -17.6667, 177.55 (CASENT0182001, CASENT0182117, CASENT0181894, CASENT0181936, CASENT0182017, CASENT0182024, CASENT0182059, CASENT0182071, CASENT0182075, CASENT0182079, CASENT0182089, CASENT0182123, CASENT0182146); Mt. Korobaba 1.0 km SW Lami Town, 200m, -18.0867, 178.379 (CASENT0181800); Mt. Korobaba near Lami Town, 300m, -18.0167, 178.35 (CASENT0181664, CASENT0181779, CASENT0194572); Mt. Korobaba, 4 km NW Lami Town, 260m, -18.1042, 178.381 (CASENT0182042); Mt. Korobaba, 4 km NW Lami Town, 400m, -18.1022, 178.383 (CASENT0181931); Mt. Nakobalevu, 4 km WSW Colo-i-Suva Village, 325m, -18.0558, 178.422 (CASENT0181950); Mt. Nakobalevu, 4 km WSW Colo-i-Suva Village, 372m, -18.0553, 178.424 (CASENT0181849, CASENT0181881, CASENT0181883, CASENT0181896, CASENT0181899, CASENT0181922, CASENT0181943, CASENT0181985, CASENT0182035, CASENT0182052, CASENT0182138); Mt. Nakobalevu, TV Tower, 5 km WSW Colo-i-Suva Village, 460m, -18.05, 178.417 (CASENT0181909, CASENT0181984, CASENT0182047, CASENT0182140); Mt. Tomanivi, 1.8 km E Navai Village, 700m, -17.6211, 177.998 (CASENT0182141); Mt. Tomanivi, 2 km E Navai Village, 700m, -17.6211, 178 (CASENT0182143); near Nabukavesi Village, 300m, -18.1167, 178.25 (CASENT0181669, CASENT0181693, CASENT0181777, CASENT0181785, CASENT0181791); Waivudawa Creek 6.0 km NNW Lami Town, 300m, -18.076, 178.363 (CASENT0181670, CASENT0181827); Waivudawa, 3.5 km N Veisari Settlement, 300m, -18.0681, 178.367 (CASENT0182013, CASENT0182074, CASENT0182139, CASENT0182002, CASENT0182020, CASENT0182036, CASENT0182126).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Pristomyrmex_mandibularis
Figs 23–35Alate queen (Figs 29–31). Measurements (n = 10): TL 3.22–3.65, HW 0.80–0.86, HL 0.77–0.85, CI 99–106, SL 0.64–0.74, SI 79–88, EL 0.14–0.18, PW 0.61–0.67, ML 0.82–0.96, PeH 0.22–0.26, PeL 0.14–0.18, PeI 58–76, PpH 0.26–0.29, PpL 0.16–0.19, PpI 59–69. Measurements of aberrant specimen CASENT0194557: TL 4.10, HW 1.01, HL 0.96, CI 105, SL 0.77, SI 77, EL 0.19, PW 0.76, ML 1.06, PeH 0.30, PeL 0.17, PeI 58, PpH 0.32, PpL 0.21, PpI 65.
Conforming to the generic Pristomyrmex definition detailed in
Male (Figs 32–34). Measurements (n = 21): TL 2.55–3.22, HW 0.51–0.61, HWE 0.63–0.75, HL 0.48–0.6, CI 97–113, SL 0.14–0.21, SI 26–34, EL 0.21–0.25, PW 0.53–0.73, ML 0.8–1.08, PeH 0.14–0.19, PeL 0.27–0.38, PeI 178–234, PpH 0.18–0.23, PpL 0.13–0.17, PpI 64–83.
Conforming to the generic Pristomyrmex definition detailed in
Like the worker of the species, which is discussed in
A puzzling taxonomic situation is presented by two alate queens from Gau occupying the extreme ends of the sculpture spectrum. Specimen CASENT0181910 lacks any distinct foveae on the head and mesosoma and is the least sculptured of the examined queens. Specimen CASENT0194557 is both exceptionally large (HW = 1.01 mm) and the mostly strongly sculptured of all examined Fijian Pristomyrmex queens, with well-defined foveae covering the head. The abundant pilosity on the head and mesosoma can be perhaps be explained by the greater number of piligerous foveae, but the length of the hairs is distinctly shorter than all other alate queens, including the aforementioned CASENT0181910 from Gau.
Specimen CASENT0194557 also has shorter antennal scapes relative to its head width than any other examined alate queens of Pristomyrmex mandibularis or Pristomyrmex tsujii (Fig. 36). The combination of gross morphological differences, morphometric disparity and sympatry of the two alate queens from Gau suggests that CASENT0194557 be assigned to a different species. We are reluctant however to describe a new species based on a single queen specimen. The aberrant measurements of CASENT0194557 are therefore reported separately from those collated from all other Pristomyrmex mandibularis alate queens.
Antennal scape length (SL) versus head width (HW) for alate queens of Pristomyrmex mandibularis and Pristomyrmex tsujii. Circles represent Pristomyrmex mandibularis, squares represent Pristomyrmex tsujii. The white circles represent the aberrant specimen CASENT0194557 from Gau.
FIJI. Gau: Mt. Delaco, 3 km SE Navukailagi Village, 408m, -17.9796, 179.276 (CASENT0181652, CASENT0181752, CASENT0181761); Mt. Delaco, 3 km SE Navukailagi Village, 432m, -17.9795, 179.276 (CASENT0181751); Mt. Delaco, 3.3 km SE Navukailagi Village, 387m, -17.98, 179.275 (CASENT0182033, CASENT0182065, CASENT0182090, CASENT0182092, CASENT0182093, CASENT0182098, CASENT0194557); Mt. Delaco, 3.4 km SE Navukailagi Village, 475m, -17.9836, 179.277 (CASENT0181699); Mt. Delaco, 3.5 km SE Navukailagi Village, 490m, -17.9827, 179.276 (CASENT0181672); Mt. Delaco, 3.8 km SE Navukailagi Village, 496m, -17.9836, 179.277 (CASENT0181910, CASENT0182016, CASENT0182021, CASENT0182032, CASENT0182051, CASENT0182054, CASENT0182062, CASENT0182078, CASENT0182091); Mt. Delaco, 4.0 km SE Navukailagi Village, 564m, -17.9861, 179.277 (CASENT0182034); Mt. Delaco, 4.4 km SE Navukailagi Village, 625m, -17.9879, 179.278 (CASENT0181644); 2.5 km SE Navukailagi Village, 300m, -17.9714, 179.272 (CASENT0181816). Kadavu: Moanakaka Bird Sanctuary, 0.25km SW Soladamu Village, 60m, -19.0775, 178.121 (CASENT0181597);, CASENT0182044, CASENT0182049, CASENT0182053, CASENT0182055, CASENT0182085, CASENT0182087, CASENT0182094, CASENT0182096, CASENT0182097); Mt. Washington summit, 1.6 km SW Lomaji, 800m, -19.1181, 177.988 (CASENT0182025); Mt. Washington, 1.3 km SSW Lomaji, 580m, -19.1175, 177.992 (CASENT0182069); Mt. Washington, 1.4km SSW Lomaji Village, 700m, -19.1183, 177.99 (CASENT0181796); Mt. Washington, 1.4km SSW Lomaji Village, 760m, -19.1181, 177.988 (CASENT0181712). Koro: 1.6 km E Tavua Village, 220m, -17.2753, 179.374 (CASENT0181645, CASENT0181782, CASENT0181808, CASENT0181831); 2.1 km SW Nabuna Village, nr. Wailolo Creek, 115m, -17.2658, 179.37 (CASENT0171044, CASENT0171100, CASENT0181765, CASENT0194552, CASENT0194559, CASENT0194575); 2.7 km NW Nasau Village, footrack b/w Mt. Kuitarua & Nasau, 465m, -17.2947, 179.406 (CASENT0181654); 3.0 km WNW Nasau Village, footrack b/w Mt. Kuitarua & Nasau, 420m, -17.2903, 179.405 (CASENT0171142); Mt. Kuitarua summit, 3.8 km NW Nasau Village, 500m, -17.2875, 179.402 (CASENT0182026, CASENT0182058, CASENT0182061, CASENT0182072, CASENT0182080); Mt. Kuitarua summit, 3.8 km NW Nasau Village, 505m, -17.2868, 179.404 (CASENT0182084, CASENT0182095); 2.0 km N Nasoqoloa Village, 300m, -17.2722, 179.389 (CASENT0181716, CASENT0181718, CASENT0181769, CASENT0194562); Mt. Kuitarua, 4 km WNW Nasau Village, 380m, -17.3, 179.4 (CASENT0181688). Lakeba: 3.2 km NE Tubou Village, 100m, -18.2208, -178.784 (CASENT0182063, CASENT0194549, CASENT0182039, CASENT0182068, CASENT0182088)., CASENT0194569). Moala: Mt. Korolevu, 5.5 km SW of Naroi Village, 300m, -18.5948, 179.9 (CASENT0182307). Ovalau: (coordinates for Levuka), m, -17.68, 178.83 (CASENT0233996). Taveuni: Mt. Devo, 3.6 km SE Tavuki Village, 734m, -16.8306, -179.974 (CASENT0181668); Mt. Devo, 3.9 km SE Tavuki Village, 775m, -16.8328, -179.973 (CASENT0181813); Mt. Devo, 5.3 km SE Tavuki Village, 1064m, -16.8409, -179.968 (CASENT0182043); Mt. Koronibuabua, 3.2 km NW Lavena Village, 234m, -16.8547, -179.891 (CASENT0182023, CASENT0182086). Soqulu Estate, 140m, -16.8333, -180 (CASENT0182018). Vanua Levu: 2.0 km NW Nakanakana Village, 300m, -16.62, 179.833 (CASENT0181756); Lasema, m, -16.68, 179.81 (CASENT0233997); Mt. Vatudiri, 3 km NW Waisali Village, 570m, -16.629, 179.211 (CASENT0194550); Mt. Vatudiri, 3 km NW Waisali Village, 641m, -16.6285, 179.208 (CASENT0181637); Navotuvotu Range, Mt. Koroimari, logging road nr. Banikea Village, 398m, -16.7675, 178.757 (CASENT0182082); Vatudiri, 4 km SE Lomaloma Village, 630m, -16.6296, 179.208 (CASENT0182040, CASENT0182056, CASENT0182067, CASENT0182070, CASENT0182081). Viti Levu: 1.3 km SW Vaturu Dam, 530m, -17.7478, 177.677 (CASENT0182012); 1.5 km NE Colo-i-Suva Village, 340m, -18.0506, 178.417 (CASENT0181724, CASENT0181729, CASENT0194548); 1.8 km NW Naboutini Village, 300m, -18.2206, 177.817 (CASENT0181702); 2.7 km NE Naikorokoro Village, 300m, -18.0872, 178.331 (CASENT0181687, CASENT0181836, CASENT0194934); 4.8 km NE Galoa Village, 300m, -18.2186, 178.014 (CASENT0181659); Koroyanitu Eco Park 5.0 km NE Abaca Village, 700m, -17.6667, 177.553 (CASENT0181662, CASENT0181673, CASENT0181789, CASENT0181790); Mt. Evans Range, Koroyanitu Eco Park, 0.5 km N Abaca Village, 800m, -17.6667, 177.55 (CASENT0182014); Mt. Evans Range, Koroyanitu Eco Park, 1.8 km NE Abaca Village, 700m, -17.6667, 177.563 (CASENT0181773); Mt. Evans Range, Koroyanitu Eco Park, Kokabula Trail, 1 km E Abaca Village, 800m, -17.6667, 177.55 (CASENT0182011, CASENT0182045, CASENT0182147, CASENT0181870, CASENT0181989); Mt. Korobaba near Lami Town, 300m, -18.0167, 178.35 (CASENT0181648, CASENT0181740, CASENT0181807, CASENT0181811, CASENT0181829); Mt. Nakobalevu, 4 km WSW Colo-i-Suva Village, 372m, -18.0553, 178.424 (CASENT0181861); Mt. Rama 1.8 km NW Naikorokoro Settlement, 300m, -18.09, 178.304 (CASENT0181663, CASENT0181759); Mt. Tomanivi, 2 km E Navai Village, 700m, -17.6211, 178 (CASENT0182066); Nasoqo, m, -18.08, 178.02 (CASENT0233995); Nausori Highlands, 400m, -17.81, 177.61 (CASENT0234108); near Nabukavesi Village, 300m, -18.1167, 178.25 (CASENT0181397, CASENT0181778, CASENT0181801); Ocean Pacific Resort, 2 km SE Nabukavesi Village, 40m, -18.1708, 178.258 (CASENT0182064); Waivudawa Creek 6.0 km NNW Lami Town, 300m, -18.076, 178.363 (CASENT0181555); Waiyanitu, m, -18.18, 178.12 (CASENT0233994).
Vinaka vakalevu to the Fiji government and landowners and kind peoples of Fiji for allowing specimen collection and exportation. Neal Evenhuis, Dan Bickel, Evert Schlinger, Leah Brorstrom and Hilda Waqa provided specimens from the Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey. David Olson, Linda Farley, Akanisi Caginitoba, Moala Tokota’a, Seta and Adi, and the Wildlife Conservation Society staff provided logistical support and field collections. Specimen collection was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0425970 ‘Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey’). The authors were supported by NSF graduate research fellowships and an NSF grant to EPE (NSF DEB-1145989).