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Citation: Sandoval-Gómez VE, Lopes-Andrade C, Lawrence JF (2014) Lectotype designations and nomenclatural changes in Xylographus Mellié (Coleoptera, Ciidae). ZooKeys 374: 23–43. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.374.6553
We designate lectotypes and propose nomenclatural changes in Xylographus Mellié (Coleoptera, Ciidae) based on type specimens deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (USA), Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Germany), the Natural History Museum (UK), Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de la Ville de Genève (Switzerland), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France), Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Sweden) and Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria). We designate lectotypes for the following species: Cis fultoni Broun, 1886, Xylographus anthracinus Mellié, 1849, X. bicolor Pic, 1916, X. brasiliensis Pic, 1916, X. ceylonicus Ancey, 1876, X. contractus Mellié, 1849, X. corpulentus Mellié, 1849, X. dentatus Pic, 1922, X. gibbus Mellié, 1849, X. hypocritus Mellié, 1849, X. javanus Pic, 1937, X. lemoulti Pic, 1916, X. longicollis Pic, 1922, X. madagascariensis Mellié, 1849, X. nitidissimus Pic, 1916, X. perforatus Gerstaecker, 1871, X. porcus Gorham, 1886, X. punctatus Mellié, 1849, X. ritsemai Pic, 1921, X. rufescens Pic, 1921, X. rufipennis Pic, 1934, X. rufipes Pic, 1930, X. seychellensis Scott, 1926, X. subopacus Pic, 1929, X. subsinuatus Pic, 1916, X. suillus Gorham, 1886, X. testaceitarsis Pic, 1916 and X. tomicoides Reitter, 1902. We propose the following syn. n. (senior synonym listed first): X. anthracinus = X. testaceitarsis, X. brasiliensis = X. lucasi Lopes-Andrade & Zacaro, X. corpulentus = X. lemoulti and X. richardi Mellié, X. madagascariensis = X. eichelbaumi Reitter, X. rufipennis, X. seychellensis Scott and X. tarsalis Fåhraeus, X. nitidissimus = X. longicollis, X. subsinuatus = X. rufescens. We exclude three species from Xylographus: Cis renominatus, nom. n. (for X. dentatus Pic, 1922, not C. dentatus Mellié, 1849), Paratrichapus fultoni (Broun, 1886), comb. n. and P. javanus (Pic, 1937), comb. n.
Ciid, minute tree-fungus beetle, Orophiini, type material
Xylographus Mellié (Coleoptera, Ciidae, Orophiini) is a genus of minute tree-fungus beetles with 36 described species, occurring in most continental and insular lands of tropical and subtropical regions (
In the late XIX century, six species of Xylographus were described: Xylographus perforatus Gerstaecker, 1871, Xylographus tarsalis Fåhraeus, 1871, Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey, 1876, Xylographus latirostris Gorham, 1886, Xylographus porcus Gorham, 1886 and Xylographus suillus Gorham, 1886. Xylographus latirostris was later transferred to Ceracis Mellié, 1847 by
The first half of the XX century was marked by a considerable increase in number of Xylographus, with the description of 19 species. Edmund Reitter described three species: Xylographus tomicoides Reitter, 1902, Xylographus eichelbaumi Reitter, 1908 and Xylographus globipennis Reitter, 1911. Maurice Pic was the most prolific author, describing 14 species: Xylographus bicolor Pic, 1916a, Xylographus brasiliensis Pic, 1916a, Xylographus lemoulti Pic, 1916b, Xylographus nitidissimus Pic, 1916a, Xylographus subsinuatus Pic, 1916b, Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic, 1916a, Xylographus ritsemai Pic, 1921, Xylographus rufescens Pic, 1921, Xylographus dentatus Pic, 1922, Xylographus longicollis Pic, 1922, Xylographus subopacus Pic, 1929, Xylographus rufipes Pic, 1930, Xylographus rufipennis Pic, 1934 and Xylographus javanus Pic, 1937. However, these species are difficult to recognize, because their original descriptions are very brief, lacking adequate diagnostic characteristics and some of them may constitute synonyms of species previously proposed by other authors (
In the second half of the XX century only two species were described: Xylographus nakanei Nobuchi, 1955 and Xylographus scheerpeltzi Nobuchi & Wada, 1956. Xylographus nakanei was proposed as junior synonym of Paraxestocis unicornis Miyatake, 1954 by
Recently we had the opportunity to examine type material of the most important historical collections of Xylographus. During this work, we noted that some species should be excluded from the genus and several synonyms were recognized. It is necessary to propose these nomenclatural acts now, before finishing the revision of Xylographus, because some names will soon be cited in ecological, cytotaxonomic and phylogenetic works on ciids. As most descriptions of Xylographus are based on syntypes, lectotype designations are necessary to fix clearly the concept of the names and to ensure the universal and consistent interpretation of them.
We examined 195 type specimens of Xylographus from the following institutions (preceded by acronyms used in this paper):
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
MFNB Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Berlin, Germany)
MHNG Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la ville de Genève (Geneva, Switzerland)
MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France)
NHM The Natural History Museum (London, United Kingdom)
NHMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Wien, Austria)
NHRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Stockholm, Sweden)
We used the generic features of Xylographus cited by
Main differences between Xylographus Mellié and Paratrichapus Scott.
Features | Xylographus | Paratrichapus |
---|---|---|
left mandible usually bearing an upward tooth in males | present in most species | absent |
first labial palpomere | elongate, as long as or longer than the second one | shorter than the second one |
pronotum punctation | dual, fine to coarse | single, always deep and coarse |
prosternum | concave | biconcave |
elytral length/elytral width | less than 1.15 | more than 1.15 |
elytral length/pronotal length | less than 1.4 | more than 1.4 |
protibial socketed spines | extending from the apex to almost its base | extending from the apex to at most its middle |
first and second tarsomeres | subconical and well separated | subcylindrical and contiguous |
We have not located the types of Xylographus bostrichoides and Xylographus richardi. And we did not have access to type material of Xylographus scheerpeltzi. In the case of Xylographus bostrichoides, we had at hand several named historical specimens, including those used for its redescription by
We propose ten synonymies among the currently available names in Xylographus. For us, these are the most obvious cases that need solution. These names were proposed based on slight color differences (for instance, those observed in teneral adults), subtle variations of male secondary sexual characteristics or based only on females. A single author, Maurice Pic, was responsible for half of the names here recognized as junior synonyms. He is known for having proposed thousands of new names of beetles based mostly on anecdotal descriptions and small type-series. Lack of access to type material was also a great problem.
A complete list of Xylographus species is given in alphabetical order. Type-locality and synonyms, if any, are given for each species. Type series and type material of its synonyms are given only for species that we could examine in museums. Syntypes of species treated in this work were almost all labeled as lectotypes and paralectotypes by John F. Lawrence in 1965, but they were not officially designated in the literature. We reexamined all specimens and preferred to maintain Lawrence’s labels in most cases to avoid future inconsistencies. We designated a lectotype in cases where a single specimen was located and the author of the species name did not state whether there was one or more than one specimen in the type series. We consider a specimen to be the holotype only when the author clearly stated there was a single specimen available for description. When exact label data are listed, a backslash (\) separates individual labels. Data in square brackets were added for clarification. Remarks are provided for some species.
Xylographus anthracinus Mellié, 1849
Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic, 1916, syn. n.
Xylographus bicolor Pic, 1916
Xylographus bostrichoides (Dufour, 1843)
Cis cribatus Lucas, 1849
Xylographus bostrichoides var. aubei Mellié, 1849
Xylographus brasiliensis Pic, 1916
Xylographus lucasi Lopes-Andrade & Zacaro, 2003, syn. n.
Xylographus bynoei Blair, 1940
Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey, 1876
Xylographus contractus Mellié, 1849
Xylographus corpulentus Mellié, 1849
Xylographus lemoulti Pic, 1916, syn. n.
Xylographus richardi Mellié, 1849, syn. n.
Xylographus gibbus Mellié, 1849
Xylographus globipennis Reitter, 1911
Xylographus hypocritus Mellié, 1849
Xylographus madagascariensis Mellié, 1849
Xylographus eichelbaumi Reitter, 1908, syn. n.
Xylographus rufipennis Pic, 1934, syn. n.
Xylographus seychellensis Scott, 1926, syn. n.
Xylographus tarsalis Fåhraeus, 1871, syn. n.
Xylographus nitidissimus Pic, 1916
Xylographus longicollis Pic, 1922, syn. n.
Xylographus perforatus Gerstaecker, 1871
Xylographus porcus Gorham, 1886
Xylographus punctatus Mellié, 1849
Xylographus ritsemai Pic, 1921
Xylographus rufipes Pic, 1930
Xylographus scheerpeltzi Nobuchi & Wada, 1956
Xylographus subopacus Pic, 1929
Xylographus subsinuatus Pic, 1916
Xylographus rufescens Pic, 1921, syn. n.
Xylographus suillus Gorham, 1886
Xylographus tomicoides Reitter, 1902
Cis renominatus, nom. n.
Xylographus dentatus Pic, 1922, not Cis dentatus Mellié, 1849.
Paratrichapus fultoni (Broun, 1886), comb. n.
Cis fultoni Broun, 1886
Paratrichapus javanus (Pic, 1937), comb. n.
Xylographus javanus Pic, 1937
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_anthracinus
MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Anthracinus Dup. Madagascar.[handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus anthracinus Mellié [handwritten]”; 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “anthracinus (ex coll. Chev.) [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus anthracinus Mellié [handwritten]”; 2 male paralectotypes (MHNG), labeled: “Coll. Melly [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus anthracinus Mellié [handwritten]”.
MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic 1916, here designated, labeled: “MAHATSINJO près Tananarive [printed] \ Type [handwritten] \ testaceitarsis Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male and 3 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “MAHATSINJO près Tananarive [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic [handwritten]”.
There is no morphological difference between the lectotype of Xylographus anthracinus and the lectotype of Xylographus testaceitarsis. They are males of about the same size and with secondary sexual characteristic similarly developed. We have also dissected and compared sclerites of their abdominal terminalia and noted no difference.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_bicolor
MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “MAHATSINJO près Tananarive [printed] \ Type [handwritten] \ bicolor Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus bicolor Pic [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_bostrichoides
Unfortunately we did not find the type material of Dufour in the MNHN. We have found only specimens used by
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_brasiliensis
BRASIL: female lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Bresil. Goyaz. Rio Verde [printed] \ Xylographus [handwritten] \ Type [handwritten] \ Brasiliensis Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus brasiliensis Pic [handwritten]”.
See
In the description of Xylographus lucasi, the authors did not have access to type specimens of Xylographus brasiliensis and stated that its description was vague (Lopes-Andrade and Lawrence 2003). After we examined the available type of Xylographus brasiliensis, a female located in the MNHN, we observed there is no difference between it and female paratypes of Xylographus lucasi. We have located in the MNHN a male specimen collected in “Goyaz” (which may correspond to the current state of Goiás or to Tocantins), a historical specimen but not from the original type series of Xylographus brasiliensis. We dissected it and compared the sclerites of abdominal terminalia to those of male paratypes of Xylographus lucasi, and they are exactly the same. The species is widespread in the tropical South America and the type localities of both names are within its known range (pers. obs.).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_bynoei
AUSTRALIA: male holoype (NHM), labeled: “[faded blue disc] N. Holl. [above] 44.4 [below] [handwritten] \ [red disc] Holotype [printed] \ Xylographus bynoei Blair Type det. K.G. Blair 1939 [handwritten]”; 2 male and 2 female paratypes (NHM), labeled: “[yellow disc] Paratype [printed] \ N.W. Australia pres. By B. Bynoe, R.N. Surgeon on H.M.S. Beagle. See Stokes, Voyage of Discoveries. 1846 [handwritten]”; 4 female paralectotypes (NHM), labeled: “Australia 44.4 [handwritten] \ [yellow disc] Paratype [printed]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_ceylonicus
SRI LANKA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey, n. sp. Ceylan (Pointe de Galle) Types [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 6 males, 1 female and 7 specimens of undetermined gender, all paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey, n. sp. Ceylan (Pointe de Galle) Types [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 3 male and 1 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “CEYLAN [printed] \ type [handwritten] \ Syntypes [handwritten] \ Ceylan Pointe de Galles [handwritten] \ Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 7 paralectotypes of undetermined gender (MNHN), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey Ceylan [handwritten] \ Ex. Coll. REITTER [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 2 paralectotypes of undetermined gender (MFNB), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey Ceylon Ancey Type [handwritten] \ Coll. L.W. Schaufuss [printed] \ [red label] ? SYNTYPUS Xylographus ceylonicus
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_contractus
BRASIL: female lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus Contractus Bresil Lap. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus contractus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus contractus Bresil [unreadable] 83 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus contractus Mellié [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_corpulentus
PERU: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green label] ♂ [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green label] ♀ [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHM), labeled: “[green label] ♀ [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ Corpulentus Mell. (Coll. Chevrolat) [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus Corpulentus Perou Lap. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus Corpulentus Kunze Perou T. Cast. 83 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “[green label] Kunze 19 [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis Corpulentus Kunze Perou [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”.
FRENCH GUIANA: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus lemoulti Pic, 1916, here designated, labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ [green label] GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ [green label] COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ Type [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 3 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ [green label] GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ [green label] COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 2 male and 1 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 3 male and 4 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “OCTOBRE [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male and 3 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “JUIN [printed] \ [green label] GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ [green label] COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “MAI [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”.
There are several type specimens of species described by Mellié deposited in historical collections of the MHNG and the MNHN. In the MHNG, these types are in the A. Melly collection, who has a surname similar to that of J. Mellié but shall not be confounded. We did not find type material of Xylographus richardi in the Chevrolat collection of MNHN. We located a female specimen from Colombia in the Melly collection of MHNG named as Xylographus richardi.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_gibbus
COLOMBIA: female lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus gibbus Klg. Mell. Colomb. T. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis gibbus Klug [handwritten] \ Xylographus gibbus Reiche \ MUSEUM PARIS COLL. DE MARSEUL 2842-00 [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus gibbus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MHNG), labeled: “Gibbus Klug Colombie Klug Mellié [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus gibbus Mellié [handwritten]”.
See
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_hypocritus
MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Hypocritus Dup. Madagascar. [handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus hypocritus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Madagascar [handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus hypocritus Mellié [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_madagascariensis
MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Madagascariensis Dup. Madagascar.[handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus madagascariensis Mellié [handwritten]”.
KENYA: female lectotype (NHM) of Xylographus rufipennis Pic, 1934, here designated, labeled: “[red disc]Type [printed] \ R. E, DENT GURA R, 7500 AUG 1929 [printed] \ Xylographus rufipennis n. sp. [handwritten] \ Pres. By Imp. Inst. Ent B. M. 1934-42. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipennis Pic [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “R. E, DENT GURA R, 7500 AUG 1929 [printed] \ Xylographus rufipennis n. sp [handwritten] \ ex. British museum [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipennis Pic [handwritten]”. SEYCHELLES: male lectotype (NHM) of Xylographus seychellensis
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_nitidissimus
SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus nitidissimus Pic 1916, here designated, labeled: “[green label] San. Thomé [printed] \ n. sp. [handwritten] \ type [handwritten] \ nitidissimus Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus nitidissimus Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “type [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus nitidissimus Pic [handwritten]”; 4 male and 4 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “San Thomé [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus nitidissimus Pic [handwritten]”.
BENIN: female lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus longicollis Pic, 1922, here designated, labeled: “? Dahomey [handwritten] \ Provenance ? [handwritten] \ longicollis n. sp. [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus longicollis Pic [handwritten]”.
We observed that the female lectotype of Xylographus longicollis is a female of Xylographus nitidissimus.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_perforatus
TANZANIA: male lectotype (MFNB), here designated, labeled: “[green label] perforatus Gerst.* Sansibar Cooke [handwritten] \ 56743 [printed] \ [blue label] Hist.-Coll. (Coleoptera) Nr. 56743 (1. Ex) Xylographus perforatus Gerst. Sansibar, Cooke Zool. Mus. Berlin [printed] \ [red label] SYNTYPUS Xylographus perforatus
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_porcus
GUATEMALA: male lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “[purple disc] LECTOTYPE [printed] \ Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ Type. [printed] \ Cis, porcus [handwritten] \ B.C.A., Col., III (2). Xylographus porcus. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ Xylographus porcus, Gorh [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Zapote, Guatemala. G. C. Champion. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Pantaleon, 700 ft. Champion. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_punctatus
COLOMBIA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green label] ♂ [handwritten] \ Nouv. Grenada [handwritten] \ Coll. Chevrolat [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1 male and 3 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Nouv. Grenada [handwritten] \ Coll. Chevrolat [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Carthagene [handwritten] \ Collect. Chevrolat [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus punctatus Mell. Colomb. T. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [pink disc] punctatus [handwritten] \ punctatus Chev. Colombia [handwritten] \ MUSEUM PARIS COLL DE MARSEUL [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus punctatus Colomb. Lap. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [green label] Chevt. Colomb [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_ritsemai
SRI LANKA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Ritsemai Pic [handwritten] \ type [handwritten] \ Ceylon. Ancey. [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus ritsemai Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Ritsemai Pic [handwritten] \ type [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ritsemai Pic [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_rufipes
ARGENTINA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Argentina Tucumán 1 Oct. 1929 [printed] \ H. E. Box leg. [printed] \ 2705 [printed] \ Xylographus rufipes n. sp. [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipes Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (NHM), labeled: “Argentina Tucumán 1 Oct. 1929 [printed] \ H. E. Box leg. [printed] \ 2709 [printed] \ Xylographus rufipes, Pic sp. nov. (det. Pic, per C. Bruch) [handwritten] \ Brit. Mus. 1948-460. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipes Pic [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_scheerpeltzi
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_subopacus
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: female lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “[purple disc] LECTOTYPE [printed] \ BELGIAN CONGO. 18 m. S. W. of Elizabethville. 24.iii.1928. Dr. H. S. Evans. [printed] \ Pres. by Imp. Inst. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1932-147. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus subopacus Pic [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “BELGIAN CONGO. 18 m. S. W. of Elizabethville. 1928. Dr. H. S. Evans. [printed] \ Xylographus subopacus n. sp. [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus subopacus Pic [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_subsinuatus
MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “MADAGASCAR Plantations du Sambirano COLLECTION LE MOULT [printed] \ [red label] Coll. C [handwritten] \ Type [handwritten] \ subsinuatus Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus subsinuatus Pic [handwritten]”; 6 males, 3 females, 17 specimens of undetermined gender, all paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “MADAGASCAR Plantations du Sambirano COLLECTION LE MOULT [printed] \ [red label] Coll. C [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus subsinuatus Pic [handwritten]”.
REUNION: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus rufescens
We observed that the lectotype of Xylographus rufescens is a small teneral male of Xylographus subsinuatus. We dissected the types and compared the sclerites of abdominal terminalia, which are identical.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_suillus
GUATEMALA: male lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “[purple disc] LECTOTYPE [printed] \ Type. Sp. figured [printed] \ Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ Xylographus suillus, Gorh. [handwritten] \ B.C.A., Coll., III (2). Xylographus suillus, Gorh. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus suillus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 2 male and 4 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ [pink label] In boleti attached to manaca palm [handwritten] \ Xylographus suillus, Gor. [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xyloraphus suillus Gorh. [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_tomicoides
RUSSIA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Amur [handwritten] \ tomicoides m. 1902 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus tomicoides Reitter [handwritten]”.
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Franz. Congo [printed] \ dentatus n. sp. [handwritten] \ Cis sp. A. Kompantsev det. 2010 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus dentatus Pic [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis renominatus Sandoval-Gómez, Lópes-Andrade & Lawrence nom. n.”; 6 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Franz. Congo [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus dentatus Pic [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis renominatus Sandoval-Gómez, Lópes-Andrade & Lawrence nom. n.”.
Xylographus dentatus Pic, 1922 is transferred to the genus Cis, but Cis dentatus (Pic, 1922) becomes a junior secondary homonym of Cis dentatus Mellié, 1849. The replacement name proposed here means “renamed”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratrichapus_fultoni
NEW ZEALAND: male lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “1614 [handwritten] \ Taieri [printed] \ New Zealand. Broun Coll. Brit. Mus. 1922-482 [printed] \ Cis fultoni [handwritten] \ Rhopalodontus fultoni Broun. K. Paviour-Smith det. 1966 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Cis fultoni Broun [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (NHM), labeled: “1614 [handwritten] \ Taieri [printed] \ New Zealand. Broun Coll. Brit. Mus. 1922-482 [printed] \ Cis fultoni [handwritten] \ Rhopalodontus fultoni Broun. K. Paviour-Smith det. 1966 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Cis fultoni Broun [handwritten]”.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratrichapus_javanus
INDONESIA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “F. C. DRESCHER G. Tangkoeban Prahoe 4000.5000 Voet. Preanger. Java 31.x.1934 [printed] \ ex Fomes melanopurus Mont. [printed] \ n. sp. diffère de Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey par la forme plus allongée, le thorax moins court, plus fortement rétréci en avant, les élytres sans pli huméral brillant [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus javanus Pic [printed] \ Paratrichapus javanus (Pic, 1937) comb. n. Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “F. C. DRESCHER G. Tangkoeban Prahoe 4000.5000 Voet. Preanger. Java 31.x.1934 [printed] \ ex Fomes melanopurus Mont. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus javanus Pic [printed] \ Paratrichapus javanus (Pic, 1937) comb. n. Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence [handwritten]”; 1female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “F. C. DRESCHER G. Tangkoeban Prahoe 4000.5000 Voet. Preanger. Java 22.i.1935 [printed] \ ex Fomes melanopurus Mont. [printed] \ Xylographus javanus n. sp. [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus javanus Pic [printed] \ Paratrichapus javanus (Pic, 1937) comb. n. Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence [handwritten]”.
We are indebted to Stéphane Boucher who generously helped VES to search, separate, photograph and borrow a large amount of type material of Xylographus from the MNHN. This work could not have been possible without the help and assistance of several researchers and curators who kindly separated and sent us specimens, or allowed in loco the examination of material: Maxwell Barclay and Malcolm Kerley (NHM), Giulio Cuccodoro (MHNG), Thierry Deuve, Azadeh Taghavian and Antoine Mantilleri (MNHN), Manfred Uhlig, Bernd Jaeger and Joachim Willers (MFNB), Bert Viklund (NHRS) and Harald Schillhammer (NHMW). We thank Daniele R. Parizotto, Maria Augusta L. Siqueira, Paschoal C. Grossi and Tatianne G. Marques Silva for carefully revising and improving this paper. We also thank Ester H. Oliveira for reexamining and sending us images of the type of Paratrichapus sechellarum and slide preparations of its tarsi by Hugh Scott, deposited at the NHM; and Alexander V. Kompantsev, who reexamined and sent us images of Xylographus brasiliensis, Xylographus lemoulti, Xylographus ritsemai and Xylographus rufipes. Financial support was provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG: Universal APQ-00653-12; Programa Mineiro de Pós-Doutorado – PMPD postdoctoral grant to VES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq: PROTAX 52/2010 n° 562229/2010-8; Universal nº 479737/2012-6; research grant to CLA nº 302480/2012-9), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES: PEC-PG doctoral grant to VES), SISBIOTA (CNPq/FAPEMIG n° 5653360/2010-0), Museum of Comparative Zoology – Harvard University (MCZ: Ernst Mayr grant in animal systematics to VES) and the Graduate Program in Entomology of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV).