Mygale seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841 by subsequent designation (Mello-Leitão 1923:332). Almeida-Santos et al. (2008) stated that Mello-Leitão (1923) “erroneously reestablished Typhochlaena without removing the type species, Typhochlaena caesia C. L. Koch, 1842, from Avicularia”, but they did not indicate where their information on the type species of the genus came from. The genus Typhochlaena was erected by Koch (1850) and originally included two species: Typhochlaena seladonia and Typhochlaena caesia. Neither Koch (1850) nor subsequent authors indicated the type species of Typhochlaena, until Mello-Leitão (1923), who designated Typhochlaena seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841.

Differs from all other aviculariine genera by the domed, short distal segment of PLS (Fig. 21) and adults with sternum as long as wide, truncated behind (Fig. 20). Additionally, they are very small aviculariines having urticating hair type II on the dorsum of the abdomen and males lack both tibial spurs and spiniform process on the cymbium.

Carapace as long as wide, or slightly longer than wide, cephalic region moderately raised (Fig. 16). Cephalic and thoracic striae shallow. Fovea shallow, straight. Chelicerae without rastellum. Eye tubercle low (Typhochlaena seladonia) (Fig. 18) or raised (other species), wider than long. Clypeus narrow (Figs 18–19). Anterior eye row procurved (Fig. 19). Labium wider than long, with ca. 58–122 cuspules concentrated on anterior half. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subrectangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing (40–69) cuspules. Sternum wider than long or as long as wide, truncated behind (Fig. 20). Posterior angle not separating coxae IV. Three pairs of sigillae, all rounded, less than a quarter diameter from margin, sometimes not evident. Leg formula: IV I II III (except male Typhochlaena amma sp. n.: I IV II III). Clavate trichobothria on the distal 1/2 of tarsi I-IV. STC of males and femalewithout teeth. Tarsi I–III fully scopulated, IV divided by a band of setae. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I–II extended very laterally giving them a spatulate appearance. Femur IV without retrolateral scopula. Legs lacking spines in males, female legs aspinose or with two ventro-apical spines on metatarsi III and/ or IV (Typhochlaena seladonia, Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n.). Posterior lateral spinnerets with distal article short, domed (Fig. 21). Stridulatory setae absent. Cymbium with two subequal lobes, the prolateral one triangular in shape (fig. 25 in West et al. 2008). Male spur on tibia I lacking. Male metatarsus I straight. Male palpal bulb globose narrowing abruptly forming a long slender embolus, 4 times (Typhochlaena seladonia) (Figs 1–3), 1.5 times (Typhochlaena costae sp. n.) (Figs 12–14), or 2.5 times (Typhochlaena amma sp. n.) (Figs 8–10) longer than tegulum length, with a curvature of roughly 60° (Typhochlaena seladonia, Typhochlaena amma sp. n.) (Figs 1–3, 8–10) or 45° (Typhochlaena costae sp. n.) (Figs 12–14) to retrolateral side, keels absent, tegulum with a slight prolateral depression (Typhochlaena seladonia) (Fig. 3), or absent (Typhochlaena costae sp. n., Typhochlaena amma sp. n.) (Figs 10, 14). Two spermathecae extremely variable in shape (Figs 4–7, 11, 15). Cymbium lacking spiniform process. Type II of urticating hair on abdomen dorsum of males and females. Ontogenetic change in color pattern lacking.

Males of Typhochlaena curumim sp. n. and Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n. are unknown.

8–11 Typhochlaena amma sp. n. 8–10 paratype male (MNRJ 12926), left palpal bulb 8 prolateral 9 retrolateral 10 frontal 11 holotype female (MNRJ 06239), spermathecae 12–15 Typhochlaena costae sp. n. 12–14 paratype male (IBSP unnumbered), left palpal bulb 12 prolateral 13 retrolateral 14 frontal 15 holotype female (IBSP unnumbered), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm.

Species included: Typhochlaena seladonia (Figs 1–5, 16–23), Typhochlaena curumim sp. n. (Figs 6, 26), Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n. (Figs 7, 27), Typhochlaena amma sp. n. (Figs 8–11, 24) and Typhochlaena costae sp. n. (Figs 12–15, 25).

Brazil: Northeastern, part of Central-West (state of Tocantins) and part of Southeastern (state of Espirito Santo) (Fig. 28). Specimens of Typhochlaena spp. are mostly found in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, but one species seems to occur in drier, open environments (Typhochlaena costae sp. n.). Available data for two species (Typhochlaena seladonia and Typhochlaena curumim sp. n.) indicates they build a silky retreat under loose tree bark (Fig. 23).

Contrary to most aviculariines, ontogenetic changes are not known in species of Typhochlaena.

(Males of Typhochlaena curumim sp. n. and Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n. are unknown)

Males differ from those of other species by the very long male palpal bulb embolus (Figs 1–3). The females differ by the long and slender spermathecae, spiraled distally (Figs 4–5). Additionally, males and females have cephalothorax metallic green and abdomen dorsum black with two series of six spots, the most anterior pair reddish, other yellowish (Fig. 22).

Holotype female of Mygale seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841 [dry, pinned] from Brazil, State of Bahia, Gomez, deposited at Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (ZMB 2033), not examined, too brittle for mail.

Brazil: Sergipe: Santa Luzia do Itanhy, Mata do Crasto (11°23'S, 37°24'W) 1 immature male, A. D. Brescovit, 6 December 1996 (IBSP 115372); Bahia: Camaçari, Jacuipe [12°42'S, 38°07'W], 1 male, 1 female exuvium, T. Brazil ded., August 1980 (IBSP 4551); Salvador, Alphaville [12°56'S, 38°21'W], 1 female, G. G. Montingelli, 11 December 2001 (IBSP 109718).

Male (IBSP 4551). Carapace 4.6 long, 4.9 wide, chelicerae 2.4. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 5.6, 2.7, 4.0, 3.6, 2.0, 17.9. II: 5.5, 2.6, 3.7, 3.3, 1.7, 16.8. III: 4.7, 2.3, 3.4, 3.3, 1.7, 15.4. IV: 5.8, 2.4, 4.6, 4.6, 1.8, 19.2. Palp: 3.7, 2.0, 2.6, –, 0.9, 9.2. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I –IV = 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.0, palp=0.8; patellae I–IV = 1.0, 1.1, 1.0, 1.0, palp = 1.0; tibiae I–IV = 0.9, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, palp = 1.0; metatarsi I–IV = 0.7, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6; tarsi I–IV = 0.7, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, palp = 0.9. Abdomen 5.2 long, 3.6 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.6 long, 0.3 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 0.9 basal, 0.4 middle, 0.6 domed distal; mid-widths (lateral), 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, respectively. Carapace: length to width 0.94. Fovea 0.8 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.1 high, length 0.6, width 1.3. Clypeus 0.3. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.3, ALE 0.3, PME 0.1, PLE 0.2, AME–AME 0.2, AME–ALE 0.1, AME–PME 0.05, ALE–ALE 0.9, ALE–PME 0.2, PME–PME 0.7, PME–PLE 0.08, PLE–PLE 1.0, ALE–PLE 0.1, AME–PLE 0.2. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.54. Maxillae: length to width: 2.0. Cuspules: 46 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.6 long, 0.9 wide, with 58 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: basal segments with seven teeth, the two more distal closely positioned, others spaced by at least one diameter from each other. Sternum: 2.1 long, 2.2 wide (Fig. 20). Legs: leg formula: IV I II III. Scopula: tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV divided by a four setae wide row. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 1/2 distal scopulate; IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by three wide row of setae. Spines absent on all legs and palps. Urticating hairs: type II (0.25 long, 0.01 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Palp: embolus 2.4 in length, with a 60° curvature to the retrolateral side. Embolus basal, middle and distal width of 0.1, 0.07 and 0.03, respectively. Tegulum 0.6 long. (Figs 1–3). Cymbium: spiniform process lacking. Color pattern: carapace and chelicerae covered with metallic green setae, and pale yellow setae on both margins. Legs, palps, labium and sternum metallic green. Longitudinal stripes on femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi inconspicuous. Distal femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi rings very discrete, whitish. Abdomen dorsum black with two series of six spots. Most anterior pair reddish, other yellowish. Abdomen laterally and venter metallic green (Fig. 22).

Female (IBSP 109718) Carapace 5.4 long, 5.2 wide, chelicerae 2.5. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 4.2, 2.5, 2.5, 2.0, 1.7, 12.9. II: 3.7, 2.2, 2.4, 1.8, 1.7, 11.8. III: 3.5, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 1.4, 11.2. IV: 4.4, 2.1, 2.9, 2.7, 1.3, 13.4. Palp: 3.0, 1.9, 2.0, –, 2.3, 9.2. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I –IV = 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.0, palp = 1.0; patellae I–IV = 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, palp = 0.9; tibiae I–IV = 1.2, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, palp = 1.0; metatarsi I–IV = 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.8; tarsi I–IV = 1.0, 1.0, 0.8, 0.8, palp = 1.0. Abdomen 6.0 long, 4.0 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.9 long, 0.3 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 0.7 basal, 0.3 middle, 0.3 domed distal; mid-widths (lateral), 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.03. Fovea 0.8 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.02 high, 0.7 long, 1.4 wide. Clypeus 0.3. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.3, ALE 0.3, PME 0.1, PLE 0.2, AME–AME 0.1, AME–ALE 0.1, AME–PME 0.08, ALE–ALE 0.9, ALE–PME 0.2, PME–PME 0.8, PME–PLE 0.04, PLE–PLE 1.0, ALE–PLE 0.1, AME–PLE 0.2. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.72. Other characters as in male, except: maxillae: length to width: 1.6. Cuspules: ca. 50 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.8 long, 1.1 wide, with ca. 87 cuspules. Sternum: 2.3 long, 2.5 wide. Scopula: tarsi I–II fully scopulate, III with some sparse setae along its center, IV divided by a four setae row. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 1/2 distal scopulate; IV 1/5 distal scopulate. IV divided by three wide row of setae. Spines: metatarsi III and IV with two ventro-apical spines. Urticating hairs type II (0.43 to 0.48 long, 0.015 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Genitalia: paired long, slender, curved, weakly sclerotized spermathecae spiraled distally.

Almeida-Silva et al. (2008) redescribed the female of Iridopelma seladonium (C. L. Koch, 1841) after examining photographs of the recently rediscovered holotype of Mygale seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841. They presented photographs of the holotype and an illustration displaying non-spiraled spermathecae from a fresh specimen from state of Bahia, Brazil. A female exuvium examined by myself in this work showed spermathecae with two folds (Fig. 4) and a dissected female showed a single fold spermathecae (Fig. 5). Spermathecae of exuvium could have been modified by the moulting process or by preservation conditions, but the dissected specimen is well preserved. The fold is not easily seen and possibly it was overlooked by Almeida-Silva et al. (2008). The unavailability of additional specimens prevented me from investigating this question more thoroughly.

Brazil, state of Sergipe and northeastern Bahia (Fig. 28).

One female was found under loose tree bark in Santa Luzia do Itanhy SE (September 1999). Fig. 23. Two females were found in a similar retreat in nature, in Bahia, and one specimen built a retreat with small pieces of tree bark in captivity (Almeida-Silva et al. 2008).

The female differs by the spermatheca broad at its base, tapering to a single or bifid slender spiraled distal region (Fig. 6). Additionally, females have cephalothorax and legs dark brown or brown, and the abdomen metallic yellowish-green, dorsally with central longitudinal black stripe and a series of five black stripes on both sides, extending laterally (Fig. 26).Male unknown.

The specific nameis derived fromthe Brazilian indigenous Tupi language, meaning “child”. It refers to the local children that found the type specimens high in a tree in Areia, State of Paraíba, Brazil, during an arachnological expedition.

Types. Holotype female, Brazil, Paraíba, Areia, Reserva Ecológica Estadual Mata do Pau-Ferro [6°58'S, 35°42'W], 500 m a.s.l., under tree bark, A.D. Brescovit, R. Bertani, A.B.Bonaldo, S.C.Dias, September 1999 (IBSP 8701); Paratype female, same data (IBSP 8354).

None.

Holotype female (IBSP 8701). Carapace 5.0 long, 4.8 wide, chelicerae 2.5. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 3.2, 2.4, 2.3, 1.8, 1.3, 11.0. II: 3.1, 2.2, 2.2, 1.9, 1.3, 10.7. III: 2.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.0, 1.4, 10.1. IV: 3.6, 2.2, 2.6, 2.6, 1.6, 12.6. Palp: 2.5, 1.7, 1.7, –, 2.0, 26.9. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I –IV = 1.2, 1.1, 1.1, 1.0, palp = 0.8; patellae I–IV = 1.0, 1.2, 1.0, 0.9, palp = 0.9; tibiae I–IV = 1.1, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, palp = 1.0; metatarsi I–IV = 1.0, 1.0, 0.8, 0.7; tarsi I–IV = 1.1, 1.0, 0.8, 0.7, palp = 0.9. Abdomen 5.3 long, 3.3 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.5 long, 0.3 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 0.4 basal, 0.3 middle, 0.3 domed distal; mid-widths (lateral), 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.04. Fovea 1.4 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.2 high, 1.0 long, 1.5 wide. Clypeus 0.2. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior straight. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.3, ALE 0.3, PME 0.2, PLE 0.2, AME–AME 0.2, AME–ALE 0.1, AME–PME 0.1, ALE–ALE 0.9, ALE–PME 0.3, PME–PME 0.8, PME–PLE 0.1, PLE–PLE 1.0, ALE–PLE 0.3, AME–PLE 0.3. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.1. Maxillae: length to width: 1.45. Cuspules: ca. 51 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.6 long, 1.0 wide, with 122 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: basal segments with six larger teeth and three very small after the 3°, 5° and 7° teeth. Sternum: 1.9 long, 2.1 wide. Legs: leg formula: IV I II III. Scopula: tarsi I–III fully scopulate, IV divided by row of 6–7 setae. Metatarsi I–II 4/5 scopulate; III 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by a six wide row of setae. Spines absent on all legs and palps. Urticating hairs type II (0.3 mm long, 0.01 wide) on the abdomen dorsally. Genitalia: paired spermathecae with two lobes distally, a long spiraled and a straight short (Fig. 6). Color pattern: carapace and chelicerae dark brown with pale yellow long hairs on the carapace border. Legs and palps dark brown, except for brown femora. Cephalic region, legs, palps and chelicerae covered with long and abundant chestnut setae. Coxae brown. Labium, sternum and maxilla dark brown. Longitudinal stripes on femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi inconspicuous. Distal femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi rings whitish. Abdomen metallic yellowish-green, dorsally with central longitudinal black stripe and a series of five black stripes on both sides, extending laterally. Several scattered white and very long guard hairs over abdomen dorsally (Fig. 26).

Known only from “Mata do Pau-Ferro”, Areia, in the state of Paraiba, Brazil (Fig. 28).

Three specimens were found high in a tree, under loose bark in “Mata do Pau-Ferro” reserve, September, 1999.

The females differ from those of all other Typochlaena spp. by an almost straight, broad and short spermathecae, with a multilobular distal portion (Fig. 7). Male unknown. Additionally, females have cephalothorax and legs brown, abdomen black with dorsum with a central longitudinal white pattern having zigzag border (Fig. 27).

The specific name is a patronym in honour of Elbano Paschoal de Figueiredo Moraes, a Brazilian environmentalist who was died early on April 2011. He was one of the founders of the NGO “GAMBA – Grupo Ambientalista da Bahia”, and was well known for his efforts in preserving Brazilian Atlantic rainforest remnants in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

Holotype female and immature paratype, Brazil, state of Bahia, Camacan [15°24'S, 39°30'W], no further data (MNRJ 13723); Paratypes 1 female, 1 subadult male, 9 immatures, Brazil, state of Bahia, Jussari [15°10'S, 39°29'W], no further data (MNRJ 12928 – R2981).

Brazil, Pernambuco: Tapera [8°23'S, 38°05'W], 1 female, no further data (MNRJ 13615) (probably mislabeled); Bahia: Uruçuca, Faz. S. Teresa [14°35'S, 39°17'W], 2 females, 1 immature, no further data (MNRJ 12919 – R 2955); (CEPLAC), 1 subadult male, N. Tingarine (MNRJ 13761).

Holotype female (MNRJ 13723). Carapace 6.4 long, 6.0 wide, chelicerae 3.0. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 4.6, 3.3, 3.2, 2.4, 2.0, 15.5. II: 4.2, 2.8, 3.3, 2.4, 2.1, 14.8. III: 3.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 1.6, 12.9. IV: 4.6, 2.9, 3.7, 3.5, 1.8, 16.5. Palp: 3.5, 2.4, 2.1, –, 2.2, 10.2. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I –IV = 1.5, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, palp = 0.9; patellae I–IV = 1.3, 1.4, 1.3, 1.3, palp = 1.2; tibiae I–IV = 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, palp = 1.1; metatarsi I–IV = 1.3, 1.2, 0.9, 0.8; tarsi I–IV = 1.2, 1.1, 0.9, 0.7, palp = 1.2. Abdomen 6.4 long, 4.7 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.5 long, 0.4 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 0.9 basal, 0.5 middle, 0.5 domed distal; mid-widths (lateral), 0.7, 0.6, 0.4, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.0. Fovea 1.5 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.1 high, 1.1 long, 1.8 wide. Clypeus 0.2. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.3, ALE 0.4, PME 0.2, PLE 0.3, AME–AME 0.4, AME–ALE 0.2, AME–PME 0.2, ALE–ALE 1.3, ALE–PME 0.3, PME–PME 1.1, PME–PLE 0.1, PLE–PLE 1.5, ALE–PLE 0.3, AME–PLE 0.4. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.4. Maxillae: length to width: 1.7. Cuspules: 64 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.9 long, 1.3 wide, with 76 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: basal segments with 8 teeth having similar size and well spaced from each other. Sternum: 3.1 long, 3.0 wide. Legs: leg formula: IV I II III. Scopula: tarsi I–III fully scopulate, IV divided by row of 6 setae. Metatarsi I–II 4/5 scopulate; III 2/3, IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by six wide row of setae. Spines: two apical spines on ventral metatarsus IV. Urticating hairs type II (0.32 to 0.4 long, 0.01 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Genitalia: paired broad spermathecae very slightly curved outwards, ending in multilobular apex (Fig. 7). Color pattern (preserved in alcohol): carapace and chelicerae brown. Legs and palps light brown, except for tarsi and metatarsi I–III and tarsi of palp and leg IV, darker. Coxae, maxillae and labium light brown. Sternum dark brown. Longitudinal stripes on dorsum of femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi inconspicuous. Distal femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with white rings. Abdomen black, dorsum with a central longitudinal white pattern having zigzag border. Cephalic area and chelicerae with long stiff setae. Abdomen dorsum with several scattered, very long, white guard-hairs (Fig. 27).

Known from southern state of Bahia, Brazil. A single record for Tapera, in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil is probably a label mistake (Fig. 28).

No data available.

The male differs from those of Typhochlaena seladonia by shorter and broader embolus (Figs 8–10). Differs from Typhochlaena costae sp. n. by the embolus longer and stouter. The females differ by the strongly curved spermathecae, diverging, in their basal portion (Fig. 11). Additionally, the females have cephalothorax and legs covered with dark setae having a blue metallic sheen under light, abdomen black ventrally and dorsally with a central pinkish stripe having zigzag border (Fig. 24). The males are light brown and the abdomen is black with a dorsally pale stripe similar in shape to that of the female.

The specific name refers to the project AMMA – arachnids and myriapods from Brazilian Atlantic rainforest carried out by the arachnologists from Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, who collected the types.

Holotype female, Brazil, Espírito Santo, Santa Teresa, Estação Ecológica de Santa Lúcia [19°58'S, 40°32'W], 672 m.a.s.l, A. P. L. Giupponi, February 2008 (MNRJ 06239); Paratype female, same locality, A. Pérez Gonzalez, January 2005 (MNRJ 06240); Paratype male, same locality, no further data (MNRJ 12926); Paratypes 2 males, Domingos Martins, Pico do Eldorado [20°22'S, 40°39'W], M. T. Tavares et al., 13 December 2004 (IBSP 13005).

None.

Holotype female (MNRJ 06239). Carapace 10.3 long, 10.3 wide, chelicerae 5.1. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 7.3, 5.4, 5.7, 4.5, 2.8, 25.7. II: 7.1, 4.8, 5.1, 4.5, 2.7, 24.2. III: 6.3, 4.5, 5.0, 4.7, 3.0, 23.5. IV: 7.9, 4.6, 6.8, 6.4, 2.9, 28.6. Palp: 5.1, 3.5, 3.4, –, 3.5, 15.5. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I–IV=2.5, 2.6, 2.6, 2.4, palp = 2.0; patellae I–IV = 2.3, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, palp = 1.9; tibiae I–IV = 2.3, 2.3, 2.1, 2.0, palp = 2.0; metatarsi I–IV = 1.9, 2.0, 1.6, 1.2; tarsi I–IV = 1.6, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, palp = 1.9. Abdomen 12.0 long, 8.9 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.6 long, 0.7 wide, 0.2 apart; PLS, 1.6 basal, 0.9 middle, 1.0 domed distal; mid-widths (lateral), 1.2, 1.0, 0.6, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.0. Fovea 1.8 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.1 high, 1.1 long, 1.8 wide. Clypeus 0.3. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.5, ALE 0.5, PME 0.3, PLE 0.5, AME–AME 0.6, AME–ALE 0.3, AME–PME 0.2, ALE–ALE 1.9, ALE–PME 0.5, PME–PME 1.6, PME–PLE 0.1, PLE–PLE 2.1, ALE–PLE 0.5, AME–PLE 0.6. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.3. Maxillae: length to width: 1.8. Cuspules: 51 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.7 long, 2.0 wide, with 79 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: basal segments with 7 teeth well spaced from each other. Sternum: 4.7 long, 4.3 wide. Leg formula: IV I II III. Scopula: tarsi I–III fully scopulate, IV divided by six wide row of setae. Metatarsi I–II 4/5 scopulate; III 1/2, IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by six wide row of setae. Spines absent on all legs and palps. Urticating hairs type II (0.42 to 0.56 long, 0.01 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Genitalia: paired spermathecae curving abruptly outwards from their base (more than 90°) and with a partial division of their apex into two lobes (Fig. 11). Color pattern: carapace, chelicerae, sternum, maxillae and legs covered with dark setae having a blue metallic sheen under light. Legs, mainly ventrally, with long chestnut-brown setae. Longitudinal stripes on femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi inconspicuous. Distal femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with white rings. Abdomen black ventrally and dorsally with a central pinkish stripe having zigzag border (Fig. 24).

Paratype male (MNRJ 12926). Carapace 7.3 long, 7.7 wide, chelicerae 3.2. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 8.9, 4.4, 7.7, 6.7, 3.0, 30.7. II: 7.8, 4.2, 6.9, 6.0, 2.6, 27.5. III: 6.0, 3.5, 5.1, 4.8, 2.4, 21.8. IV: 8.1, 4.0, 7.8, 7.2, 2.4, 29.5. Palp: 4.6, 2.9, 3.5, –, 1.6, 12.6. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I–IV = 1.1, 1.4, 1.8, 1.1, palp = 0.8; patellae I–IV = 1.5, 1.5, 1.4, 1.6, palp = 1.1; tibiae I–IV = 1.3, 1.1, 1.5, 1.4, palp = 1.3; metatarsi I–IV = 1.1, 1.0, 1.0, 0.9; tarsi I–IV = 1.0, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, palp = 1.1. Abdomen 6.6 long, 3.8 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.8 long, 0.4 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 1.1 basal, 0.6 middle, 0.6 domed distal; mid-widths (lateral), 0.6, 0.5, 0.3, respectively. Carapace: length to width 0.95. Fovea 1.4 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.6 high, 1.4 long, 2.3 wide. Clypeus 0.1. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.5, ALE 0.5, PME 0.2, PLE 0.3, AME–AME 0.3, AME–ALE 0.3, AME–PME 0.2, ALE–ALE 1.6, ALE–PME 0.5, PME–PME 1.4, PME–PLE 0.1, PLE–PLE 1.7, ALE–PLE 0.3, AME–PLE 0.5. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.3. Other characters as in female, except: maxillae: length to width: 1.9. Cuspules: 40 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.9 long, 1.5 wide, with 71 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior half. Chelicerae: basal segments with seven teeth spaced by at least one diameter from each other. Sternum: 3.4 long, 3.2 wide. Legs: leg formula: I IV II III. Scopula: tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV divided by six wide row of setae. Metatarsi I–II 4/5 scopulate; III 1/2 distal scopulate; IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by six wide row of setae. Urticating hairs type II (0.51 to 0.70 long, 0.01 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Palp: embolus 2.2 long, with a 60° curvature retrolaterally. Embolus basal, middle and distal width of 0.3, 0.2 and 0.05, respectively. Tegulum 0.9 long. (Figs 8–10). Color pattern: (specimen is preserved and faded) carapace, chelicerae, palps, legs, sternum and labium are light brown. Abdomen black with a dorsally pale stripe similar in shape to the female.

Known only from Santa Teresa and Domingos Martins, in the mountain range of state of Espirito Santo, Brazil (Fig. 28).

Males differ from those of other species by the short and slender embolus (Figs 12–14). Females differ by the non-spiraled spermathecae, lacking lobes, diverging on their base and converging on their distal portions (Fig. 15). Additionally, males and females have cephalothorax brown and abdomen dorsally black with two series of four red spots extending laterally. Carapace, dorsum of chelicerae and most anterior dorsal region of abdomen with very long, yellow, stiff setae (Fig. 25).

The specific name is a matronym in honour of Miriam Costa, who collected the holotype and several other new spider species during several years she worked at Instituto Butantan.

Holotype female, Brazil, state of Tocantins, Palmas, U.H.E. Luis Eduardo Magalhães [10°12'S, 48°24'W], 211 m.a.s.l, during faunal rescuing, M. Costa and D. Candido, 12 January 2002 (IBSP unnumbered); Paratype male, Brazil, state of Tocantins, Lajeado, (9°46'4.85"S, 48°21'6.69"W), 226 m.a.s.l, G. Puorto, R. Martins, I. Knysak (pitfall trap), April 2002 (IBSP unnumbered).

Brazil: Maranhão/Piaui border, 1 immature, C. E. V. Toledo, February 2010 (MZSP 36880).

Holotype female (IBSP unnumbered). Carapace 6.2 long, 6.0 wide, chelicerae 2.9. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 4.1, 2.9, 2.8, 2.4, 1.9, 14.1. II: 4.0, 2.8, 2.8, 2.2, 1.7, 13.5. III: 4.1, 2.6, 2.5, 2.2, 1.8, 13.2. IV: 4.9, 2.7, 3.3, 2.9, 1.8, 15.6. Palp: 3.4, 2.2, 1.8, –, 2.3, 9.7. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I –IV = 1.4, 1.5, 1.2, 1.2, palp = 1.0; patellae I–IV = 1.4, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, palp = 1.1; tibiae I–IV = 1.3, 1.5, 1.2, 1.2, palp = 1.3; metatarsi I–IV = 1.2, 1.3, 0.9, 0.9; tarsi I–IV = 1.2, 1.2, 1.0, 0.9, palp = 1.2. Abdomen 8.3 long, 5.5 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.9 long, 0.5 wide, 0.3 apart; PLS, 1.3 basal, 0.7 middle, 0.5 distal; mid-widths (lateral), 0.9, 0.6, 0.5, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.03. Fovea 1.4 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.3 high, 1.2 long, 1.7 wide. Clypeus 0.3. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eyes size and inter-distances: AME 0.4, ALE 0.5, PME 0.2, PLE 0.4, AME–AME 0.3, AME–ALE 0.2, AME–PME 0.2, ALE–ALE 1.1, ALE–PME 0.4, PME–PME 1.0, PME–PLE 0.1, PLE–PLE 1.3, ALE–PLE 1.3, AME–PLE 0.2. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.0. Maxillae: length to width: 1.9. Cuspules: 69 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.8 long, 1.3 wide, with 80–90 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: basal segments with six teeth having similar size and well spaced from each other. Sternum: 2.7 long, 2.8 wide. Legs: leg formula: IV I II III. Scopula: tarsi I–III fully scopulate, IV divided by row of 6–7 setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 4/5, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by six wide row of setae. Spines absent on all legs and palps. Urticating hairs type II (0.33 long, 0.01 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Genitalia: paired spermathecae diverging basally and curving abruptly inwards medially (Fig. 15). Color pattern: carapace, chelicerae and dorsum of legs and palps dark brown with light brown hairs. Coxae, labium, maxilla and legs ventrally brown. Sternum darker. Longitudinal stripes on dorsum of femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi light brown. Distal femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with white rings. Abdomen dorsally black with two series of four red spots extending laterally. Abdomen ventrally black with three transversal grayish stripes. Carapace covered with very long, yellow, stiff setae in cephalic region and in front of eye tubercle. Same type of yellow setae on dorsum of chelicerae, in internal half area and in most anterior dorsal region of abdomen. Rest of abdomen dorsum has some long, scattered, white setae (Fig. 25).

Paratype male (IBSP unnumbered). Carapace 6.5 long, 6.1 wide, chelicerae 2.8. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 7.0, 3.2, 5.3, 4.4, 2.7, 22.6. II: 6.4, 3.1, 4.8, 4.0, 2.3, 20.6. III: 5.7, 2.8, 4.2, 4.0, 2.4, 19.1. IV: 6.9, 2.9, 5.7, 5.8, 2.4, 23.7. Palp: 3.5, 2.0, 2.6, –, 1.1, 9.2. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I–IV = 1.2, 1.4, 1.3, 1.1, palp = 0.9; patellae I–IV = 1.2, 1.3, 1.2, 1.3, palp = 1.1; tibiae I–IV = 1.2, 1.0, 1.1, 0.9, palp = 1.1; metatarsi I–IV = 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.8; tarsi I–IV = 1.0, 0.9, 1.0, 0.8, palp = 1.0. Abdomen 6.4 long, 4.0 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.7 long, 0.4 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 0.8 basal, 0.5 middle, 0.6 distal; mid-widths (lateral), 0.8, 0.7, 0.5, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.06. Fovea 0.9 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.4 high, 1.2 long, 1.7 wide. Clypeus 0.1. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior straight. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.4, ALE 0.4, PME 0.2, PLE 0.3, AME–AME 0.3, AME–ALE 0.2, AME–PME 0.1, ALE–ALE 1.2, ALE–PME 0.2, PME–PME 1.0, PME–PLE 0.1, PLE–PLE 1.4, ALE–PLE 0.1, AME–PLE 0.3. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.5. Other characters as in female, except: maxillae: length to width: 1.4. Cuspules: 45 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.7 long, 1.2 wide, with 70–80 cuspules. Chelicerae: basal segments with seven teeth. Sternum: 3.0 long, 2.9 wide. Scopula: tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV with a few sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II 4/5 scopulate; III 1/2 distal scopulate; IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by three wide row of setae. Urticating hairs type II (0.42 to 0.68 long, 0.01 to 0.02 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Palp: embolus 1.2 long, with a 45° curvature to the retrolateral side. Embolus basal, middle and distal width of 0.15, 0.06 and 0.05, respectively. Tegulum 0.8 long. (Figs 12–14).

Brazil, states of Tocantins, Maranhão and Piaui (Fig. 28).

No available data. The male was collected by pitfall trap, the female was taking during a faunal rescue in a flooded area, and the immature in fossil tree samples coming from states of Maranhão and Piauí border.

Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901, by original designation.

Male and female Pachistopelma differ from most other aviculariines, except Ephebopus, Tapinauchenius and Psalmopoeus by the straight to sligthly procurved first eye row (Fig. 37). Pachistopelma males differ from these genera by having a spinose spur on tibia I and females differ by having a dorso-ventrally flattened abdomen in combination with paired long spermathecae with a slight curvature medially and lacking constrictions or lobes. Additionally, males and females differ from these genera by both the absence of leg spines and the presence of urticating type II hair on the abdomen dorsum (except in mature females, that lack them).

Carapace longer than wide; cephalic region low (mainly in female) (Fig. 34). Cephalic and thoracic striae hardly distinct. Fovea shallow, straight. Chelicerae without rastellum. Eye tubercle low (mainly in female), wider than long (Fig. 36). Clypeus absent (Fig. 37). Anterior eye row straight in female, slightly procurved in male (Fig. 37). Labium wider than long, with 80–150 cuspules concentrated on anterior half. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subrectangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing numerous cuspules (130–200). Sternum longer than wide. Posterior angle not separating coxae IV. Posterior sigilla submarginal, less than one diameter from margin. Leg formula: IV I II III. Clavate trichobothria on distal 2/3 of tarsi I–IV. STC of males and femalewithout teeth. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulated. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I–II extended very laterally giving them a spatulate appearance. Femur IV without retrolateral scopula. Legs lacking spines. Posterior median spinneret with distal article digitiform (Fig. 39). Abdomen dorso-ventrally flattened in female (Figs 34–35). Stridulatory setae absent. Male spur on tibia I, consists of a low elevation with numerous spiniform setae on its tip (Fig. 33). Male palpal bulb globose narrowing abruptly forming long slender embolus, 3 times longer than tegulum length, with a curvature of roughly 45° to retrolateral side, keels absent, tegulum without prolateral depression (Figs 29–31). Two long, uniform, weakly sclerotized spermathecae with slight curvature in their middle (Fig. 32). Cymbium with a short spiniform process (Fig. 49). Type II of urticating hair on abdomen dorsum of immatures and males, absent in mature females.

Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901 (Figs 29–45, 58–61, 67–68, 76–77), Pachistopelma bromelicola sp. n. (Figs 46–57, 62–68, 75, 78–80).

Northeastern Brazil, from the state of Rio Grande do Norte [6°22'S] to state of Bahia [13°25'S], mostly in the coastal region (Fig. 68). Both species of Pachistopelma inhabit tank bromeliads exclusively, e. g. Aechmea aquilega (Dias et al. 2000, Santos et al. 2004); Hohenbergia stellata, Hohenbergia ridley (Dias et al. 2000); Hohenbergia ramageana and Avicularia lingulata (Santos et al. 2004) (Figs 69–80) which can be found in very distinct habitats such as restinga (Figs 72–74), caatinga or even rainforest (Figs 69–71). In the last case, the spiders were in bromeliads that grow mainly on rocky outcrops exposed to direct and intense sunlight.

Pachistopelma juveniles possess a metallic green general pattern, and the dorsum of abdomen having a black longitudinal central stripe and five lateral black stripes that may connect with the central stripe. Adults are brownish to pinkish or blackish, without abdominal pattern (Figs 40–45, 52–57).

Pachistopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947, lectotype (herein designated), immature male, Guyana, Campo di Marlissa, 31 December (MZUF 507); paralectotype, immature, Guyana, Campo I Demerara (MZUF 505), deposited in Museo Zoologico “La Specola”, Firenze, examined. Specimens have spines on apex of tibiae and metatarsi, lack urticating hair both on abdomen dorsum as well as on prolateral distal femur of palp, first ocular eye row is almost straight, and maxillary lyra is absent. This combination of characters is diagnostic for Tapinauchenius, and, therefore, Pachistopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947 is transferred to Tapinauchenius concolor (Caporiacco, 1947) comb. n.

Males and females differ from Pachistopelma bromelicola sp. n. by the slender metatarsi IV without stiff bristles (Fig. 67) and legs pinkish with black tarsi (Figs 43–45).

Lectotype (herein designated) a dissected adult female and 8 paralectotypes (herein designated), comprising 4 females, 2 males and 2 immatures fom Iguarassu, Brazil, G. A. Ramage, BMNH 1888.47, examined.

BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Norte: Baia Formosa [6°22'S, 35°00'W], inside bromeliads, 1 female, 8 immatures, A. L. Castro, 29 January 1964 (MNRJ 12922); Natal, road to Zumbi [5°42'S, 35°16'W], 1 female, 3 immatures, M. Aranha, M. Uvana, M. C. B. Pereira, H. R. Silva, 1 February 1989 (MNRJ 13750); Paraíba: Alhandra [7°26'S, 34°54'W], inside bromeliads, 1 female, 44 immatures, Exp. ABC MZUSP, 8 May 1971 (MZSP 10839); same data, 1 female, 2 immatures (MZSP 28579); Igarassú [7°50'S, 34°54'W], 2 females, 4 immatures, Vanzolini, 7 June 1963 (MZSP 10862); Mamanguape, Reserva Biológica de Mamanguape [6°47'S, 34°59'W], inside bromeliads, 1 male, 2 females, Cascone and Alonso, 31 October 1982 (IBSP 9756); same data, 4 immatures (IBSP 14276); Pernambuco: Agrestina, Serra da Quitéria [8°27'S, 35°56'W], inside bromeliads, 1 female, 2 immatures, Exp. ABC MZUSP, 15 May 1971 (MZSP 28580); Rio Formoso, Estação Ecológica de Saltinho [8°43'S, 35°10'W], 1 immature, 12 May 1969 (IBSP 3986B); Alagoas: Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici, Triunfo (9°14'9.52"S, 35°48'0.25"W), 245 m.a.s.l., inside bromeliads, 3 immatures, R. Bertani, R. H. Nagahama, D. R. M Ortega, 11 August 2006 (MNRJ 06244); same data, 5 immatures, 2 males, 1 female, 12 August 2006 (MNRJ 06245); same data, 6 immatures, 1 male, 5 females, 13 August 2006 (MNRJ 06246); Jitituba (9°14'9.52"S, 35°48'0.25"W), 295 m.a.s.l., inside bromeliads, 2 males, 3 females, R. Bertani, R. H. Nagahama, D. R. M Ortega, 14 August 2006 (MNRJ 06247); Fazenda Santa Fé (9°26'1.83"S, 35°50'3.93"W), 362 m.a.s.l., inside bromeliads, 1 male, 2 females, R. Bertani, R. H. Nagahama, D. R. M. Ortega, 15 August 2006 (MNRJ 06248); Passo do Camaragibe, Fazenda Santa Justina [9°14'S, 35°29'W], 2 females, 1 immature, H. R. Silva and C. A. Caetano, 13–18 January 1988 (MNRJ 1781).

Female (MNRJ 06246, Al 1110) from Brazil, state of Alagoas, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici. Carapace 15.1 long, 13.3 wide, chelicerae 7.3. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.7, 6.6, 7.3, 6.8, 4.1, 34.5. II: 9.2, 6.3, 6.8, 6.5, 3.9, 32.7. III: 8.8, 5.5, 6.3, 6.8, 4.0, 31.4. IV: 11.0, 6.1, 9.1, 9.7, 4.3, 40.2. Palp: 7.3, 4.7, 4.8, –, 5.1, 21.9. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I–IV=2.8, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1, palp=2.4; patellae I–IV=2.7, 2.8, 2.8, 2.9, palp=2.4; tibiae I–IV=2.4, 2.5, 2.4, 2.8, palp=2.3; metatarsi I–IV=1.9, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7; tarsi I–IV=1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.9, palp=2.0. Abdomen 14.5 long, 12.0 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.8 long, 0.7 wide, 0.3 apart; PLS, 2.7 basal, 2.1 middle, 2.6 distal; mid-widths (lateral), 1.6, 1.3, 0.8, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.13; Fovea 1.6 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.3 high, 1.7 long, 2.6 wide. Anterior eye row straight, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.6, ALE 0.6, PME 0.3, PLE 0.5, AME–AME 0.4, AME–ALE 0.3, AME–PME 0.3, ALE–ALE 1.7, ALE–PME 0.3, PME–PME 1.3, PME–PLE 0.2, PLE–PLE 1.8, ALE–PLE 0.3, AME–PLE 0.5. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.2. Maxillae: length to width: 1.7. Cuspules: 150–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.8 long, 2.7 wide, with 100–120 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: basal segments with ten teeth decreasing in size from distal to basal portion. Sternum: 7.4 long, 6.2 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, ellipsoid, less than one diameter from margin. Scopula: tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV divided by five wide row of setae. Metatarsi I 3/4 scopulate; II 2/3 scopulate; III 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by three wide row of setae. Urticating hair absent. Genitalia: paired long, uniform, weakly sclerotized spermathecae with a slight curvature medially (Fig. 32). Color pattern: carapace and chelicerae brown, covered with golden hairs intermixed with metallic pinkish hairs. Legs and palps dark brown, covered with dark hairs having metallic green/blue iridescence. Coxae, labium, maxilla and sternum black. Longitudinal stripes on dorsum of femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi narrow, whitish. Distal femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi rings absent. Abdomen dorsum black with long reddish hairs mainly on lateral and posterior regions. Abdomen ventrally black (Fig. 44).

Male (MNRJ 06245, Al 1100) fromBrazil, state of Alagoas, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici. Carapace 12.7 long, 11.4 wide, chelicerae 5.6. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.8, 5.5, 7.5, 7.8, 4.8, 35.4. II: 9.3, 5.6, 7.2, 7.2, 4.0, 33.3. III: 8.6, 4.6, 6.5, 7.3, 3.9, 30.9. IV: 10.4, 5.5, 9.1, 10.4, 3.9, 39.3. Palp: 6.8, 4.1, 5.3, –, 1.8, 18.0. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I–IV=2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, palp=1.8; patellae I–IV=2.3, 2.2, 2.3, 2.3, palp=1.7; tibiae I–IV=1.8, 1.9, 1.9, 2.1, palp=1.6; metatarsi I–IV=1.1, 1.1, 1.3, 1.1; tarsi I–IV=1.2, 1., 1.2, 1.3, palp=1.5. Abdomen 13.9 long, 9.2 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.2 long, 0.5 wide, 0.4 apart; PLS, 2.1 basal, 1.4 middle, 2.0 distal; mid-widths (lateral), 1.0, 0.9, 0.6, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.11; Fovea: 0.9 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.4 high, 1.7 long, 2.3 wide. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.4, ALE 0.6, PME 0.3, PLE 0.4, AME–AME 0.4, AME–ALE 0.3, AME–PME 0.2, ALE–ALE 1.6, ALE–PME 0.5, PME–PME 1.1, PME–PLE 0.1, PLE–PLE 1.5, ALE–PLE 0.3, AME–PLE 0.5. Ratio of eye group width to length 1.9. Other characters as in female, except: labium: 1.5 long, 2.0 wide, with ca. 80 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Chelicerae: basal segments with nine teeth decreasing in size from distal to basal portion. Sternum: 6.0 long, 4.9 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, small, rounded, first and last pairs 1.5 diameter from margin, second less than half diameter from margin. Scopula: metatarsi I–II 4/5 scopulate; III 1/3 distal scopulate; IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by five wide row of setae. Tibial spur 0.7 high, 1.3 wide; with numerous spiniform setae on the tip (Fig. 33). Metatarsus I straight. Urticating hairs type II (0.51 to 0.58 long, 0.012 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Palp: embolus 3.4 long, with a 45° curvature to the retrolateral side. Embolus basal, middle and distal width of 0.3, 0.2 and 0.04, respectively. Tegulum 1.0 long, 1.7 wide (Figs 29–31). Cymbium: two subequal lobes, the prolateral one triangular in shape. Spiniform process 0.5 long, 0.6 wide on the apex. Color pattern: carapace, chelicerae, legs and palps dark brown, covered with dense layer of pinkish hairs and longer hairs of the same color. Tarsi black, metatarsi dorsum with black stripe. Coxae and sternum dark brown with pinkish hairs. Labium and maxillae dark brown. Longitudinal stripes on dorsum of femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi discrete, light brown. Abdomen dorsum orange with long reddish hairs. Abdomen ventrally orange with a greyish area on its center (Fig. 45).

Females and immatures have a very low cephalic region, when compared to the males, and the abdomen is dorso-ventrally flattened in the former (Fig. 34). The eye tubercle is very low in females (Fig. 36) and immatures, and the first ocular row is straight (Fig. 37). Males possess a more developed eye tubercle and the anterior ocular row is slightly procurved. Immatures and adult males have type II urticating hairs on abdomen dorsum, which becomes lost in adult females.

A typical Pachistopelma rufonigrum spermatheca is weakly sclerotized, long, tapering distally, without constrictions or lobes, and slightly curved inwards (Figs 32, 59). Nevertheless, shorter (Figs 58, 60) spermathecae are not rare, as well as broader ones (Fig. 60). Most are sligthly curved inwards (Figs 32, 59) whereas a fraction are curved outwards (Fig. 58).

Brazil, from state of Rio Grande do Norte southwards to state of Alagoas, mainly in coastal region (Fig. 68).

All specimens with recorded field data indicate Pachistopelma rufonigrum individuals were found inside bromeliads (Bertani et al. 1994; Santos et al. 2002, 2004; this work). Field observations suggest a strict dependency on bromeliads (Santos et al. 2004), both in restinga vegetation and in restinga associated with Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Of these, bromeliads occurring in Atlantic rainforest areas had a low occupancy rate by Pachistopelma rufonigrum individuals than those bromeliads in xerophylous environments (Santos et al. 2004). In Estação Ecologica Murici, Murici, state of Alagoas, Brazil, I observed several individuals exclusively inside tank bromeliads. These were 245-362 m a.s.l. in rocky outcrops marginated by Brazilian Atlantic forest. Bromeliads in this area form large patches in rocky outcrops where the soil is shallow and sunlight intense. The margin of these patches overlap with shaded areas contiguous with the forest, and, in agreement with Santos et al. 2004, specimens were found mainly in bromeliads more exposed to sunlight. The “bromeliad islands” in rocky outcrops are hundreds or thousands of meters apart, and no Pachistopelma rufonigrum specimens were found outside of bromeliads. Thus, these populations are probably isolated. The species is abundant, ca. 30 specimens were collected, and others were observed but not collected. Individuals in all developmental stages were observed during this the period (August 2006). In agreement with Santos et al. 2004, spiders were observed diving into the phytotelma water, staying there for several minutes, when disturbed.

Juveniles are almost completely metallic green, except for a pattern on dorsum of abdomen comprising a central longitudinal black stripe connected with five lateral black stripes (Fig. 40). In larger individuals carapace border and dorsum of chelicerae, coxae and trochantera are light brown. Dorsum of abdomen is light brown with a reddish area posteriorly. The black stripes remain (Fig. 41). In a next stage carapace is completely pink, as well as dorsum of coxae, trochantera and most femora. Remaining parts of legs retain the metalic-green. The clear part of abdomen is now of a vivid red, and the black stripes remain (Fig. 42). Subadults have carapace and legs brown with sparse pinkish long hairs. Dorsum of abdomen is still reddish, but the black stripes begin to fade (Fig. 43). Adult female is completely brown with long pinkish setae on legs, carapace and chelicerae. Abdominal pattern is lacking or very inconspicuous (Fig. 44). Adult male carapace, chelicerae and legs are brown and covered by pinkish setae, except for the tarsi and a stripe on metatarsi that are black. Abdomen is a vivid orange/red, there is no vestige of any pattern (Fig. 45).

Avicularia pulchra Mello-Leitão, 1933, holotype from Brazil, Pernambuco, D. Bento Pickel (MNRJ 29180), examined, is an immature specimen with a low eye tubercle, almost straight anterior row of eyes, abdomen flattened dorso-ventrally, and typical abdominal pattern, all characteristics of Pachistopelma. The color pattern and geographical distribution are consistent with Pachistopelma rufonigrum. Therefore, Avicularia pulchra Mello-Leitão, 1933 is transferred to Pachistopelma and considered a junior-synonym of Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901, syn. n.

Avicularia recifiensis Struchen & Brändle, 1996, holotype female (SMF 39873) and paratype male (SMF 39872), from Brazil, Recife, Martin Weber, 1993 according to original description. Specimen labels indicate holotype male and paratype female contrary to paper. The holotype female, examined, has a very low eye tubercle, straight anterior eye row, dorso-ventrally flattened abdomen, and spermathecae, though dissected, was not in the vial. Paratype male has a poorly developed tibial spur typical of the species (contrary to description that states it lacks a tibial spur), a spiniform process between cymbium lobes, and a sligthly procurved anterior eye row. All characters of both male and female agree with those of Pachistopelma, and color pattern and geographical distribution agree with Pachistopelma rufonigrum. Therefore, Avicularia recifiensis Struchen & Brändle, 1996 is transferred to Pachistopelma and considered a junior-synonym of Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901, syn. n.

Males and females differ from those of Pachistopelma rufonigrum by the incrassate metatarsus IV with stiff bristles (Fig. 66) and blackish color of the legs (Figs 54–57).

The specific name refers to the lifestyle habits of this species, bromeliad endemism.

Holotype male (MNRJ 06241), Brazil, State of Bahia, Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitibá (12°52'3.20"S, 39°28'9.09"W), R. Bertani, C.S. Fukushima and R.H. Nagahama, 07 October 2007, collected at night, found immature inside bromeliads, matured in captivity in May 2010; Paratype female (MNRJ 06242), same data.

Additional material examined. BRAZIL: Sergipe: Areia Branca, Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana [10°44'S, 37°22'W], inside bromeliads, 4 males, R. Bertani, A. D. Brescovit, A. B. Bonaldo, September 1999 (IBSP 10010, 9789, 9832, 8716); 5 females, same data (IBSP 10216, 10463, 10399, 10035, 10748); 3 immatures, same data (IBSP 8644, 8599, 8525); 1 female, 1 immature, A. C. M. Fernandes, 12 November 1996 (IBSP 11762); Barra dos Coqueiros [10°54'S, 37°01'W] 1 immature, without collector, 20 February 1994 (IBSP 8087); 2 males, without data (IBSP Ref. 79901); Brejo Grande [10°25'S, 36°28'W], 1 female, no collector data, 26 October 1998 (IBSP 8085); Nossa Senhora da Gloria [10°13'S, 37°25'W], 1 female, S. Lucas, 1980 (IBSP 7892); 1 male, 1 female, same data (IBSP 7893); 1 female, same data (IBSP Ref. 28482); Pirambú [10°40'S, 36°52'W], 1 immature, without collector, 19 February 1998 (IBSP 8088); Poço Redondo [9°47'S, 37°41'W], 1 female, S. Lucas, August 1980 (IBSP 4712); Santo Amaro das Brotas [10°46'S, 37°03'W], inside bromeliad, 1 female, A. V. Alcântara, 09 September 1978 (MZSP 10846); 1 female, 2 immatures, no collector data, 7 October 1978 (MZSP 10842); 1 female, 2 immatures, no collector data, 2 June 1979 (MZSP 10843); 1 female, no collector data, 11 November 1978 (MZSP 10841); 14 females, 6 immatures, no collector data, 23 March 1978 (MZSP 10847); 1 female, no collector data, 02 July 1979 (MZSP 10845). Bahia: Acajutiba [11°39'S, 38°01'W], 2 females, 10 immatures, E. Boaventura, 18 April 1991 (MZSP 32179, col. Bock. 699–710); Camaçari, Praia do Jacuípe [12°42'S, 38°07'W], 1 male, L. Stabile, 7 September 2006 (IBSP 12991); Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitibá (12°52'3.20"S, 39°28'9.09"W), inside bromeliads, 2 males, 3 females, R. Bertani, R. H. Nagahama, C. S. Fukushima, 7 October 2007 (MZSP 36881); 1 female, 4 immatures, inside bromeliads, M. A. Freitas, April 2010 (MZSP 36882); Jeremoabo, [10°03'S, 38°20'W], 1 male, A. J. Silva, November 1989 (MZSP 32177, col. Bock. 770); 1 male, A. J. Silva (MZSP 32175, col. Bock. 787); 1 male, A. J. Silva, 15 July 1989 (MZSP 32172, col. Bock. 786); 1 male, A. J. Silva, 28 October 1989 (MZSP 32178, col. Bock. 792); 1 male, 2 females, A. J. Silva, December 1988 (MZSP 32169, col. Bock. 837–839); 3 females, A. J. Silva, 28 October 1999 (MZSP 32166, col. Bock. 827–829); 1 male, 7 females, 2 immatures, A. J. Silva, December 1988 (MZSP 32163, col. Bock. 840–849); 2 males, 6 females, 1 immature, A. J. Silva, 16 January 1989 (MZSP 32170, col. Bock. 861–869); 2 males, 14 females, 1 immature, A. J. Silva, 29 June 1989 (MZSP 32171, col. Bock. 711–713, 716, 748–755, 768–769, 772–774); 2 males, 8 females, 1 immature, A. J. Silva, December 1988 (MZSP 32167, col. Bock. 850–859); 6 females, A. J. Silva, 16 January 1989 (MZSP 32165, col. Bock. 880–884); 2 males, 6 females, A. J. Silva, 16 January 1989 (MZSP 32168, col. Bock. 870, 872–875, 877–879); 5 females, A. J. Silva, 28 October 1989 (MZSP 32164, col. Bock. 830, 832, 834–836); Maracás [13°25'S, 40°26'W], 1 female, Werner, November 1965 (IBSP 7889); Mata de São João, RPPN Sapiranga (12°34'0.58"S, 38°02'3.38"W), inside bromeliads, 2 females, 1 immature, R. Bertani, R. H. Nagahama, C. S. Fukushima, 1 October 2007 (MNRJ 06243); Minuim [9°50'S, 38°05'W], 1 male, without colector, 06 June 1987 (MZSP 32176, col. Bock. 714); Salvador, Itapoã [12°57'S, 38°21'W] 1 male, 1 female, A. Travassos, 1951 (IBSP 2369); inside bromeliads, 2 immatures, Vanzolini and Rebouças, December 1962 (MZSP 10840); 1 immature, same data and colectors (MZSP 10863); 1 male, 1 female, 1 immature, Vanzolini, 3 June 1963 (MZSP 4992); Ondina [13°00'S, 38°30'W], 1 female, T. B. Nunes, December 1982 (IBSP 7905); Santa Brigida [9°43'S, 38°07'W], 1 female, J. P. Carvalho, 23 October 1987 (MZSP 32174, col. Bock. 789).

Holotype male (MNRJ 06241). Carapace 11.6 long, 11.4 wide, chelicerae 5.3. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.8, 6.0, 7.6, 8.0, 4.6, 36.0. II: 9.5, 5.4, 7.1, 7.7, 4.1, 33.8. III: 8.5, 4.7, 7.2, 7.6, 4.1, 32.1. IV: 11.0, 5.4, 9.5, 10.7, 4.2, 40.8. Palp: 7.3, 4.2, 5.6, –, 2.3, 19.4. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I–IV = 2.4, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, palp= 1.7; patellae I–IV = 2.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, palp = 1.7; tibiae I–IV = 2.0, 1.9, 1.9, 2.1, palp = 1.7; metatarsi I–IV = 1.3, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4; tarsi I–IV = 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, palp = 1.3. Abdomen 13.9 long, 9.4 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.2 long, 0.4 wide, 0.4 apart; PLS, 2.2 basal, 1.1 middle, 1.5 distal; mid-widths (lateral), 1.0, 0.7, 0.6, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.01; Fovea 1.1 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.3 high, 1.2 long, 1.9 wide. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.4, ALE 0.4, PME 0.2, PLE 0.4, AME–AME 0.3, AME–ALE 0.3, AME–PME 0.2, ALE–ALE 1.5, ALE–PME 0.3, PME–PME 1.1, PME–PLE 0.2, PLE–PLE 1.6, ALE–PLE 0.3, AME–PLE 0.5. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.1. Maxillae: length to width: 1.6. Cuspules: 130–150 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.2 long, 1.9 wide, with ca. 90 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, with two sigilla. Chelicerae: basal segments with eigth teeth decreasing in size from distal to basal portion. Sternum: 5.6 long, 4.7 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, small, ellipsoid, less than one diameter from margin. Scopula: tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, IV divided by four wide row of setae. Metatarsi I 4/5 scopulate; II 2/3 scopulate; III 1/2 distal scopulate; IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by five wide row of setae. Tibial spur 0.8 high, 1.4 wide; with numerous spiniform setae on tip (Fig. 51). Metatarsus I straight. Urticating hairs type II (0.63 to 1.0 long, 0.012 to 0.016 wide) on the abdomen dorsum. Palp: embolus 2.9 long, with a 45° curvature to the retrolateral side. Embolus basal, middle and distal width of 0.3, 0.2 and 0.08, respectively. Tegulum 1.0 long, 1.8 wide. (Figs 46–48). Cymbium: two subequal lobes, the prolateral one triangular in shape. Spiniform process 0.3 long, 0.4 wide on the apex (Fig. 49). Color pattern: carapace and chelicerae dark brown, covered with golden hairs. Legs and palps black, longer hairs with distal half light brown. Coxae, labium, maxilla and sternum black. Longitudinal stripes on dorsum of femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi inconspicuous. Distal femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi without rings. Abdomen dorsum orange with long reddish hairs. Abdomen ventrally grayish (Fig. 57).

Paratype female (MNRJ 06242). Carapace 15.7 long, 14.8 wide, chelicerae 7.3. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 10.1, 6.7, 7.6, 6.7, 4.0, 35.1. II: 9.2, 6.5, 6.6, 6.6, 3.8, 32.7. III: 8.9, 5.6, 6.7, 7.0, 3.9, 32.1. IV: 11.0, 6.5, 9.7, 9.8, 4.1, 41.1. Palp: 7.2, 5.1, 4.8, –, 4.9, 22.0. Mid-widths (lateral): femora I–IV = 2.8, 3.1, 3.4, 3.4, palp = 2.2; patellae I–IV = 2.9, 2.8, 3.0, 3.0, palp=2.3; tibiae I–IV = 2.7, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, palp = 2.3; metatarsi I–IV = 2.0, 1.9, 2.0, 2.4; tarsi I–IV = 1.9, 1.9, 1.9, 1.9, palp = 2.0. Abdomen 17.4 long, 13.3 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.7 long, 0.8 wide, 0.6 apart; PLS, 2.6 basal, 2.1 middle, 2.3 distal; mid-widths (lateral), 1.4, 1.1, 0.9, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.06. Fovea 1.6 wide. Eyes: tubercle 0.3 high, 1.8 long, 2.6 wide. Anterior eye row straight, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.5, ALE 0.5, PME 0.3, PLE 0.4, AME–AME 0.4, AME–ALE 0.3, AME–PME 0.3, ALE–ALE 1.7, ALE–PME 0.4, PME–PME 1.3, PME–PLE 0.2, PLE–PLE 2.0, ALE–PLE 0.4, AME–PLE 0.5. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.4. Maxillae: length to width: 1.7. Cuspules: 150–200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.0 long, 2.7 wide, with ca. 150 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third. Labio-sternal groove without evident sigilla. Chelicerae:basal segments with eleven teeth decreasing in size from distal to basal portion.Sternum: 7.4 long, 6.4 wide. Urticating hairs on abdomen dorsum lacking. Genitalia: paired long, uniform, weakly sclerotized spermathecae with a slight curvature in their middle (Fig. 50). Color pattern: as in male, except abdomen dorsum black with sparse long reddish hairs, ventrally black (Fig. 56).

Brazil: States of Sergipe and Northern State of Bahia, mainly in coastal regions (Fig. 68).

The cephalic region of female and immatures is very low in profile when compared with those of male, and abdomen is dorso-ventrally flattened in the former (Fig. 34). The eye tubercle is very low in female (Fig. 36) and immature, and first ocular row is straight (Fig. 37). Males have a more developed eye tubercle, the anterior ocular row is slightly procurved. Immatures and adult males have urticating hair type II on abdomen dorsally, which becomes lost in adult females.

As Pachistopelma rufonigrum, the typical spermatheca is weakly sclerotized, long, tapering apically, without constrictions or lobes, and slightly curved inwards (Figs 61–62). Shorter spermathecae (Figs 63–65) can be found, as well as almost straight ones (Fig. 64) and a few are curved outwards (Fig. 65). In the paratype female (MNRJ 06242), one spermatheca is curved inwards whereas the other is curved outwards (Fig. 50). Spermathecae of Figs 62–64 are from specimens of same population.

As with Pachistopelma rufonigrum, all specimens examined and labeled with field data indicate they were found inside bromeliads, which agrees with field observations (Dias et al 2000; Dias and Brescovit 2003, 2004 – all misidentified as Pachistopelma rufonigrum). In my own field observations in Parque Nacional de Itabaiana, Areia Branca, state of Sergipe (September 1999); RPPN Sapiranga, Mata de São João, state of Bahia (October 2007) and RPPN Jequitiba, Elísio Medrado, state of Bahia (October 2007) specimens were found only inside bromeliads. The habitat in Itabaiana consists of white sandy soils with scattered shrubs, cactus and bromeliads, and is very similar to restinga vegetation (Dias and Brescovit 2003), found in coastal region which is a typical enviroment for Pachistopelma rufonigrum in Rio Grande do Norte state (Santos et al. 2004). Bromeliad phytotelma is a source of water, food and retreat for a variety of animal species (Frank and Lounibos 2009), and in restinga regions they are a key resource for the local fauna (Santos et al. 2002; 2003a, b). I failed to find Pachistopelma bromelicola sp. n. in parts of Parque Nacional de Itabaiana covered with Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. In RPPN Sapiranga, Pachistopelma bromelicola sp. n. was found in restinga area, inside Hohenbergia stellata bromeliads. Some of these bromeliads were very close to a house and were used in garden decoration. Inside two bromeliads we found an eggsac, protected by a retreat, in October 2007. In a region covered with Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, in RPPN Jequitiba, they were found close to a house located relatively far from forest shade. Other specimens were colected inside bromeliads in a caatinga (a xeric shrubland and thorn forest) region in Jeremoabo (R. A. Sanfilippo pers. comm.). Therefore, Pachistopelma bromelicola sp. n. is distributed over contrasting environments, from rainforest to xeric caatinga and restinga. An element in common among these populations is the obligatory bromelicolous habits.

The color pattern is similar to Pachistopelma rufonigrum, mainly in early instars. However, the lateral black stripes of abdomen dorsum are almost always connecting with the longitudinal central stripe (Figs 52–53) whereas in Pachistopelma rufonigrum they normally do not connect (Figs 41–43). Larger individuals have dark legs and dark-brown carapace, and abdominal pattern is conspicuous (Fig. 54). In subadults, abdomen is very dark, lacks a pattern, or is inconspicuous (Fig. 55). Adult female is almost completely black, except for some brown setae over carapace (Fig. 56). Adult male is also completely black, but with many long whitish setae on legs, carapace and chelicerae. Abdomen is black with long red setae (Fig. 57).

Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 by original designation.

Males of Iridopelma species differ from those of other aviculariines in the presence of tibial spurs on both leg I (Fig. 85) and II (Fig. 86). Females differ from those of all other aviculariines, except Avicularia and Typhochlaena, in that the anterior eye row is strongly procurved. Iridoplema further differs from Typhochlaena in that the most distal PLS segment is digitiform; from Avicularia in possessing spermatheca lacking an accentuated curvature medially.

Carapace longer than wide, cephalic region moderately raised. Cephalic and thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea straight, shallow or deep. Chelicerae without rastellum. Eye tubercle raised (Fig. 91), wider than long. Clypeus narrow (Fig. 92). Anterior eye row procurved (Fig. 92). Labium wider than long, with 40–200 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subrectangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced in to conical process, inner angle bearing (75–150) cuspules. Sternum wider than long (Fig. 93). Posterior angle not separating coxae IV. Three pairs of sigillae, all rounded, less than one diameter from margin. Leg formula: I=IV II III (all females, males of Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma katiae sp. n. andIridopelma zorodes) or I IV II III (males of Iridopelma hirsutum and Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.). Clavate trichobothria on the distal 2/3 of tarsi I–IV. STC of males and femalewithout teeth. Tarsi I–III fully scopulated, IV divided by a band of setae or scopula integral. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I–II extended very laterally giving them a spatulate appearance. Femur IV without retrolateral scopula. Legs lacking spines. Posterior lateral spinneret distally elongating, digitiform (Fig. 94). Stridulatory setae absent. Cymbium with two subequal lobes, the prolateral one triangular in shape. Male spur on tibia I (Fig. 85) and II (Fig. 86). Male metatarsus I straight. Male palpal bulb globose narrowing abruptly forming a long slender embolus, 1.8 times (Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.) (Figs 156–158), 2.4–2.7 times (Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma zorodes) (Figs 81–83, 107–109) or 3.3 times (Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Figs 127–129, 134–136) longer than tegulum length, with curvature of roughly 60° (Iridopelma hirsutum) (Fig. 83), 90° (Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Fig. 136), 105° (Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.) (Fig. 158), 115° (Iridopelma zorodes) (Fig. 109) or 135° (Iridopelma vanini sp. n.) (Fig. 129) to retrolateral side; keels absent, tegulum without prolateral depression. Paired straight spermathecae ending in two or three lobes (Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n., Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma marcoi sp. n., Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Figs 87–88, 161, 132, 166, 139), or a single lobe (Iridopelma zorodes) (Fig. 112); with a single apical fold (Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.) (Figs 87–88, 161), double folded (Iridopelma marcoi sp. n., Iridopelma vanini sp. n.) (Figs 166, 132), or without folds (Iridopelma zorodes, Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Figs 112, 139). Cymbium with well developed spiniform process (Fig. 84). Type II urticating hair on abdomen dorsum of males and females (most species), or absent in adult females (Iridopelma marcoi sp. n.). Color pattern ontogeny present.

Male Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. are currently unknown.

Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 (Figs 81–106, 119–122, 169), Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926) (Figs 107–118, 123–126, 169), Iridopelma vanini sp. n. (Figs 127–133, 150–152, 169), Iridopelma katiae sp. n. (Figs 134–149, 153–155, 169), Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n. (Figs 156–165, 169), Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. (Figs 166–169).

Brazil: Northeastern, from Reconcave region in state of Bahia northwards. Few records for states of Para and Tocantins (Fig. 169). Specimens of Iridopelma spp. are mostly found in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (Figs 101–105). Some species occur in drier, open environments such as “cerrado” (Fig. 168), “caatinga” and “campo rupestre” (Figs 145–146). A single record is known from the Amazon.

Iridopelma hirsutum and Iridopelma zorodes build retreats connecting leaves with silk threads (Figs 101–105). Iridopelma katiae sp. n. make retreats inside bromelids (Figs 147–149). Habitat preference of other Iridopelma species is in need of confirmation.

Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma zorodes and Iridopelma katiae sp. n. color pattern changes dramatically from juvenile to adult stages. Data is insufficient for Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n. and Iridopelma marcoi sp. n.