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ZooKeys 366: 1–194, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.366.6172
Trogossitidae: A review of the beetle family, with a catalogue and keys
Jiří Kolibáč 1
1 Moravian Museum, Department of Entomology, Hviezdoslavova 29a, 627 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Corresponding author: Jiří Kolibáč (jkolibac@mzm.cz)

Academic editor: R. Gerstmeier

received 30 August 2013 | accepted 20 November 2013 | Published 31 December 2013


(C) 2013 Jiří Kolibáč. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Citation: Kolibáč J (2013) Trogossitidae: A review of the beetle family, with a catalogue and keys. ZooKeys 366: 1–194. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.366.6172

Abstract

The family Trogossitidae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea) is reviewed to species level. Keys to its genera, tribes and subfamilies are presented for the first time. All known species and subspecies are listed, together with complete taxonomic references back to 1910, the date of issue of the last catalogue of Trogossitidae. Higher taxa reviews are accompanied by remarks on phylogeny, distribution and biology as well as a brief description of adults and larvae. All known fossil records of Trogossitidae are reviewed and discussed. The work includes maps of distribution, colour photographs of generic representatives, morphological illustrations, SEM photographs and phylogenetic trees.

Keywords

Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Trogossitidae, key, catalogue

Introduction

The main purpose of the work is to introduce some modern order into current knowledge of the family Trogossitidae and extend knowledge of this relatively small but fascinating group of beetles, especially to both amateur entomologists and professional “non-cleroid” workers. It is deliberately written as a “compilation” of papers on the topic to date, especially because some of them were published in journals and books that are not easily accessible to all, and to bring various fragmented sources together.

Because of the character and purpose of the work, I have tried to avoid introducing any new thoughts and systematic changes, apart from a few minor ones mentioned in the “New taxonomic acts” section. A catalogue of species lies at the core of the work. I have not repeated references included in Coleopterorum Catalogus of Temnochilidae by Léveillé (1910); however, Léveillé’s reference always takes first place in any particular reference list. Taxonomic references follow, just as they have been excerpted from Zoological Records after 1910. The catalogues for some species are, without doubt, incomplete. Some references for biology and local distribution must also, perforce, be lacking – I beg, therefore, the kind reader’s patience and leniency.

The systematics of Trogossitidae is still in its infancy. There remains a great deal of work to be done in the higher taxonomy, as well as with regard to generic limits, especially in widespread, species-rich genera. Ancyrona is a good example of such a genus, distributed from tropical Africa, the Palaearctic, south-eastern Asia to Australia. Tenebroides and Temnoscheila are further complex taxa, each with more than a hundred described species distributed in both North and South America. On the other hand, there also exists a relatively rich modern material of trogossitids to be collected in various parts of the world, certainly containing plenty of new species. Unfortunately, only a few people are seriously interested in the family and only a few of them, in turn, try to gather and publish further information. Therefore, another purpose of the book is to encourage interest in this highly interesting group of beetles.

Keys to higher taxa may be considered a further major element of this contribution. With the exception of those for subfamilies, these have not been published to date. Although it is not always easy to recognize some species-rich and variable trogossitid genera, I have done my best to use simple and easily-visible features in the keys.

New taxonomic acts

† Meligethiellinae Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990 is resurrected. The subfamily is removed from synonymy with Peltinae: Thymalini and shifted from Cleroidea to Cucujoidea sensu lato (including genera † Meligethiella Medvedev, 1969 and † Ostomalynus Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990; genus † Juralithinus Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990 is classified within Trogossitidae: Peltinae incertae sedis).

† Meligethiella Medvedev, 1969 is removed from Trogossitidae and Cleroidea (species † Meligethiella glabra Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990, † Meligethiella kovalevi Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990, † Meligethiella soroniiformis Medvedev, 1969).

† Ostomalynus Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990 is removed from Trogossitidae and Cleroidea (species † Ostomalynus ovalis Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990).

† Peltocoleops Ponomarenko, 1990 is removed from Trogossitidae and Cleroidea and classified as Coleoptera incertae sedis (species † Peltocoleops onokhojensis Ponomarenko, 1990).

Tenebroides bipustulatus (Fabricius, 1801) (var. impressifrons Reitter, 1875 syn. n.).

Tenebroides bonvouloiri Léveillé, 1889 (var. chontalensis Sharp, 1891 syn. n.).

Tenebroides maroccanus Reitter, 1884 (var. baillioti Léveillé, 1903 syn. n.).

Brief review of classification

The superfamily Cleroidea was established by Böving and Craighead (1931). Until that time, Trogossitidae had been classified within Clavicornia together with Nitidulidae (usually as Ostomidae but also as Ostomatidae, Peltidae and Temnochilidae). The names Trogositidae (from Trogositae Fabricius, 1801) and the correct spelling Trogossitidae (from Trogossitarii Latreille, 1802) are the most modern forms of the name (see Kolibáč and Leschen 2010 for details). The family Phloiophilidae is mentioned in Pic’s (1926) catalogue of Melyridae sensu lato (the family is sometimes referred to as Phloeophilidae as well). Crowson (1964a) discussed the classification of its only species in detail and classified it within modern Cleroidea. I have suggested a classification of Phloiophilidae as a tribe in Peltinae (Kolibáč 2008) but this has not found wide acceptance.

Reitter (1876) published an excellent world-wide review that is basic to the study of Trogossitidae. Similarly, the world catalogue by Léveillé (1910) is among the classic works. The number of genera and species has only slightly increased since the publication of the latter list, even on a world scale. Crowson (1964a, 1966, 1970) has changed the rank or status of subfamilies and families classified within Trogossitidae sensu lato several times. Subsequently, Barron (1971) and later Ślipiński (1992) integrated Crowsons’s families into the single family Trogossitidae. Several years ago, I established tribes in all trogossitid subfamilies on the basis of the morphological characters of adults and larvae (Kolibáč 2006, 2008). The 2008 system is employed throughout this work.

Table 1.

Major classifications of Trogossitidae.

Reitter 1876 Trogositidae = Helotinae + Trogositinae (Nemozomini incl. present Egoliini; Trogositini; Leperini incl. present Calityini; Peltini incl. present Decamerini, Thymalini, Ancyronini) (Phloiophilus not addressed in the paper)
Léveillé 1910 Temnochilidae = Nemosominae (incl. present Egoliini) + Temnochilinae + Leperininae (incl. present Calityini) + Ostominae (incl. present Decamerini, Lophocaterini, Ancyronini) + Lycoptis (genus incertae sedis)
Reitter 1911 Malacodermata: Cantharidae: Dasytinae: Phloiophilus
Clavicornia: Ostomidae
Crowson 1964 Phloiphilidae (included in Cleroidea by Crowson 1955)
Peltidae = Decamerinae + Peltinae (incl. present Calityini) + Egoliinae
Trogossitidae = Lophocaterinae + Trogossitinae
Crowson 1966 Peltidae = Egoliinae + Decamerinae + Peltinae + Rentoniinae (Rentoniini, Protopeltini) (Trogossitidae and Calitys not treated in the paper)
Crowson 1970 Phloiophilidae
Trogossitidae = Trogossitinae + Calitinae + Egoliinae
Peltidae = Decamerinae + Peltinae + Protopeltinae + Rentoniinae
Lophocateridae (incl. present Lophocaterini, Ancyronini, Lycoptis)
Barron 1971 Trogossitidae = Trogossitinae + Peltinae (incl. present Decamerini, Peltini, Thymalini, Lophocaterinae, Calityini)
Ślipiński 1992 (followed by Lawrence and Newton 1995) Trogossitidae = Peltinae + Lophocaterinae + Larinotinae (incl. present Colydiopeltini) + Protopeltinae + Decamerinae + Rentoniinae + Calitinae + Egoliinae + Trogossitinae
Kolibáč 2006 (followed by Bouchard et al. 2011, incl. † Lithostomatini) Trogossitidae = Trogossitinae (Calitiyni, Larinotini, Egoliini, Gymnochilini, Trogossitini) + Peltinae (Peltini, Thymalini incl. Rentoniinae and Protopeltinae, Colydiopeltini, Decamerini, Ancyronini, Lophocaterini) Phloiophilidae not addressed in the paper.
Kolibáč 2008 (used herein) Trogossitidae = Trogossitinae (Calityini, Larinotini, Egoliini, Gymnochilini, Trogossitini, †Lithostomatini) + Lophocaterinae (Decamerini, Lophocaterini, Ancyronini) + Peltinae (Peltini, Phloiophilini, Colydiopeltini, Thymalini incl. Rentoniinae and Protopeltinae)
Annotations to the catalogue, keys and illustrations

Léveillé (1910) is always the first reference in catalogues. Reitter (1876), as the most important reference in some taxa, is also listed. The note “synonymized by author” refers to the author of the preceding reference.

Distribution abbreviations: AD = author of description, AL = A. Léveillé, JK = J. Kolibáč, JRB = J. R. Barron, RAC = R. A. Crowson, varA= other authors.

More than seven years have passed since I formulated theses on the higher classification of Trogossitidae. Although some opinions about the phylogeny have changed and the systematic placement of some genera has recently been called into question, the main purpose of the keys is confined to identification of the trogossitid genera. The keys are given for extant subfamilies, tribes and genera. Extinct taxa are listed in relevant sections, together with their descriptions and remarks on their classification. Generic names in parentheses in particular descriptions denote a similar character state occuring in another genus or genera.

The morphological descriptions of particular genera are largely based on several hundred detailed ink-drawings that have already been published by myself (Kolibáč 2005, 2006). PDF files of the papers that include them, as well as all other relevant publications since 2000, are available on request (see author’s address).

All scale bars in plates (Figs 1–12) express one millimetre. Beetles in colour plates (Figs 3–12) are pictured in approximate proportion (“large species” are larger than “small species”). White arrows in SEM photographs (Figs 13–18) denote important characters further mentioned in relevant captions. Numbers in parentheses in maps of distribution (Maps 1–13) denote the number of species within the given genus.

Family Trogossitidae Latreille, 1802

http://species-id.net/wiki/Trogossitidae

Latreille, P. A. 1802: 110.
Hallan, J. 2007–2012: http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/test/Arthropoda/Insects/Coleoptera/Family/Trogossitidae.txt (check-list). Barron, J. R. 1971: 14. Boosten, G. 1983: 290 (biology). Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 56 (review of higher taxa). Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 116. Chûjô, M. & Lee, C. E. 1994: 187 (Korean species). Crowson, R. A. 1955: 82. Crowson, R. A. 1967: 211. Gourves, J. 2006: 56 (biology). Gray, D. W. 2002: 1583 (systematics). Hayes, J. L. J. et al. 2008: 206 (biology). Hieke, F. & Pietrzeniuk, E. 1984: 315 (Baltic amber). Hunt et al. 2007: 1915 (molecular phylogeny). Kireichuk, A. G. & Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 79 (Mesozoic fossils). Klimaszewski, J. & Watt, J. C. 1997: 43 (key). Kohnle, U. & Vite, J. P. 1984: 504 (biology). Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 20. Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 89. Kolibáč, J. 2004: (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 39 (morphology of adults). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 117 (morphology of larvae, phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 363 (Palaearctic beetles catalogue). Kolibáč, J. 2009: 127 (nomenclatory). Kolibáč, J. et al. 2005: 25, 129 (Central Europe, key). Kolibáč, J. & Leschen, R. A. B. 2010: 241 (review). Larsson, S. G. 1978: 150 (Baltic amber). Lawrence, J. F. 1982: 519. Lawrence, J. F. et al. 2011: 72 (phylogeny). Lawrence, J. F. & Britton, E. B. 1994: 118. Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1982: 281 (phylogeny). Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 867 (review of higher taxa). Lawrence, J. F. et al. 1993: CD ROM (identification of larvae). Lawrence, J. F. et al. 1999a: CD ROM (identification of adults). Lawrence, J. F. et al. 1999b: CD ROM (identification of larvae). Lawrence, J. F. in Stehr F. W. 1991: 448 . Leschen R. A. B. 2002: 263 (review, USA). Léveillé, A. 1910: 1. Lucht, W. 1981: 35. Luna de Carvalho, E. 1979: 80 (key). Majer, K. 1994: 384 (phylogeny, morphology). Merkl, O. 1993: 7 (key). Mitter, H. 1983: 52 (distribution). Nikitsky, N. B. 1980: 43 (key), 92 (larvae). Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 80 (key). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2004–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm (list of fossils). Paulian, R. 1998: 120 (key). Reitter, E. 1876: 3 (review, key). Reitter, E. 1922 (key). Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23 (list of fossil taxa). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 440 (key to subfamilies, review of classification). Spahr, U. 1981: 74 (Ostomidae, list of fossils). Stresemann, E. et al. 1989: 270 (key). Tsinkevich, V. A. 1997: 27 (review). Valcarcel, J. P. & Prieto Pilona, F. 2001: 109. Waltz, R. D. 2002: 177. Weidner, H. 1993: 126 (key). Winkler, A. 1927: (Palaearctic beetles catalogue). Zherichin, V. V. 1978: 29 (Mesozoic fossils, Baysa).
Morphology

(Figs 1, 2). Adults (Fig. 1) (according to Kolibáč and Leschen 2010). Body size: 1.0–35.0 mm. Body wide, flattened in most Peltinae; elongate in most Trogossitinae; small and broadly oval in Larinotini and Decamerini; convex in Thymalini. Body mostly bare or sparsely pubescent but sometimes also with tufts of setae, scales, dense pubescence or long hairs. Head usually not declined, although many members of Thymalini are moderately to strongly conglobate (the Rentonium group). Anterior margin of frons straight to very deeply emarginate (Nemozoma). Gular sutures widely or narrowly separated or strongly convergent. Posterior edge of epicranium with two incisions or evenly rounded. Frontoclypeal suture present or absent. Antennal insertions partly covered by edge of frons or visible in dorsal view. Subantennal groove conspicuous (receiving from one to three antennomeres), reduced or absent. Eyes not emarginate or (rarely) posteriorly emarginate, flat to elevated; sometimes divided by canthus into dorsal and ventral eyes (as in Gyrinidae and some Cerambycidae). Labrum broadly oval to oblong, mostly slightly emarginate; epipharynx consisting mainly of a cordate sclerite; tormae connected, or not, at centre by tormal bridge. Antennae 8- to 11-segmented, with conspicuous 1- to 3-segmented club or with widened distal antennomeres that may be asymmetrical. Three to five apical antennomeres often bear sensorial fields. Mandible with one or two, rarely three, apical teeth; usually with ventral ciliate furrow; prostheca well-developed (brush of setae), reduced to absent; mola present, reduced or absent. Maxilla with distinct galea and lacinia; galea sometimes with ciliate or denticulate setae; lacinia with one to three apical hooks or with spine-like setae or with dense soft pubescence; basistipes more or less coalescent with lacinia or free; palpifer denticulate along outer margin (in Trogossitinae); apical palpomere conical or cylindrical. Male submentum with tuft of setae in some Trogossitinae; ligula membranous, rigid or coalescent with prementum; apex of ligula deeply or shallowly emarginate, often with ciliate setae; palpi conical or cylindrical, rarely weakly securiform. Tentorial arms connected by bridge or bridge reduced. Cervical sclerites present. Pronotum usually transverse; elongate only in some Trogossitinae. Lateral carinae almost always present, often denticulate; reduced only in some Trogossitinae (Corticotomus). Prosternal process apically dilated or narrowed. Procoxa slightly to strongly transverse. Coxal cavities internally open and externally closed or widely open. Notosternal suture complete. Trochantin elongate, exposed. Mesonotum distinct, with transverse scutum and well-developed scutellar shield. Elytra usually regularly punctate, with or without conspicuous carinae; epipleura well-developed or reduced in posterior half; elytra of Trogossitinae with interlocking mechanism along apical part of suture. Mesoventrite wide, with distinct prepectus. Mesocoxae usually projecting. Mesanepisternum triangular, not extending to mesocoxal cavity. Mesepimeron triangular, usually reaching coxal cavities, so that these are laterally open (cavities closed by meeting of mesoventrite and metaventrite in Egoliini). Metaventrite more or less flattened, with distinct discrimen and transverse katepisternal suture; subcoxal lines present in Colydiopeltis, Larinotus, and Thymalus. Metanepisternum longitudinal, often with carina at centre. Metacoxae extending laterally to meet elytral epipleura, often with longitudinal furrow at centre. Metendosternite with conspicuous lateral arms. Wings usually present, but missing in some species. Apical field sometimes with one or more small sclerites just beyond radial cell; RP2 sometimes present. Radial cell as long as wide or shorter than wide, sometimes very reduced or absent; cross-vein r3 usually absent. Basal portion of RP short or sometimes absent. Medial field with as many as four free veins, a wedge cell and no medial fleck (fewer veins and no wedge cell in smaller species); anal embayment usually notch-like, absent in some Trogossitini. Trochanters triangular. Femora sometimes clavate. Tibiae often with row of spines along outer side; apex of tibia with row of spines and two hooked spurs or only one spur hooked or spurs reduced (spines reduced in smaller taxa); tibial spurs pattern varies from 2-2-2 to 0-0-0. Tarsi 5-5-5; tarsomere 1 sometimes partially fused with 2 but always with conspicuous suture between them or very small and tarsal pattern seemingly 4-4-4 or 4-4-5; tarsomeres 1–4 never with membranous lobes; apical tarsomere usually as long as combined length of tarsomeres 1–4; claws large, without denticles (with the exception of some Decamerinae); empodium bisetose, strongly projecting. Abdomen with five or six ventrites. Ventrites I–III fused. Intercoxal process small, narrow. Spiculum of ventrite VIII sometimes present in males and always in females. Segment IX well-developed or reduced to “spicular fork”. Aedeagus sheath-like cucujiform type, with fixed or articulated parameres that may be partly or entirely fused together or absent. Tegmen usually with anterior ventral strut and two opposing dorsal struts (“double tegmen” of Crowson 1964a), but usually inverted (rarely uninverted or placed laterally) and often composed of two or three parts (undivided in some members of the Rentonium group). Penis with two anterior struts. Ovipositor lightly sclerotized, except for baculi, moderate in size with sparsely pubescent coxites and styli. Bursa copulatrix large, spherical. Spermatheca elongate or oval, with gland. Vagina without sclerites. Six malpighian tubules present in Tenebroides and Lophocateres.

Figure 1.

Adult morphology: A Alindria sp. from Laos, ventral surface B Leipaspis lauricola, labium C Airora cylindrica, antennal club D Corticotomus cylindricus, mandible dorsally E Airora cylindrica, mandible ventrally F Acalanthis quadrisignata, labium G Acalanthis quadrisignata, maxilla H Acalanthis quadrisignata, wing I Peltonyxa deyrollei, tegmen composed of 3 parts J Airora cylindrica, tegmen composed of 2 parts.

Figure 2.

Larval morphology: A Tenebroides “fuscus”, dorsal surface B Tenebroides “fuscus”, mandible ventrally C Lophocateres pusillus, mandible ventrally D Tenebroides “fuscus”, head ventrally E–F Peltis ferruginea, head capsule (E dorsally F ventrally) G Ancyrona diversa (1 dorsally 2 ventrally) H Peltis ferruginea (1 dorsally 2 ventrally).

Larvae (Fig. 2) (according to Kolibáč and Leschen 2010). Five to seven larval instars observed in Trogossitinae (Temnoscheila, Tenebroides), four instars in Lophocaterinae (Lophocateres), all beetles reared in laboratory conditions. Body elongate, only weakly flattened. Colour white or pale, but sclerotised areas distinctly pigmented (head capsule, thoracic and abdominal terga, and urogomphi). Vestiture consisting of setae; rarely with bristles or expanded setae; sometimes body with short and sparse pubescence or only with setae on the last segment. Head protracted. Posterior edge of capsule slightly emarginate. Epicranial stem absent or present and of variable length. Median endocarina usually present, of variable length and usually extending between frontal arms (absent in Thymalus and/or coincident with epicranial stem and frontal arms in Peltinae); paired endocarinae present or absent. Frontal arms V-shaped, straight or curved (nearly S-shaped). Five stemmata usually present and arranged in a pattern with two anteriorly and three in a posterior row; sometimes reduced to four, three, two or none. Frontoclypeal suture usually absent (distinct in the Rentonium group and Thymalus). Labrum free; epipharynx membranous; shape of tormae variable and lacking posterior extensions. Antennae 3-segmented, with short sensorium present at apex of segment 2. Mandibles with one or two apical teeth (serrate in the Rentonium group); mola absent or present; mesal edge of mandibular base with brush of hairs or rigid denticulate processes that may be hylaline. Ventral mouthparts retracted. Maxillary articulating area present or absent. Cardo typically undivided (divided in Calitys). Mala with apex usually simple, with large pedunculate seta in predatory species (Trogossitini and Egoliini); inner apical angle usually lacking small teeth (present in Protopeltus and Larinotini); palps with four, three (e.g., Ancyrona and Lophocateres), or two (Rentonium group) palpomeres. Labium consisting of prementum, mentum, and submentum, or pre- and postmentum (Thymalus and Parapeltis); mentum or postmentum free or connate with base of maxillae; prementum sclerotized and elongate; mentum mostly unsclerotized in some taxa; ligula absent or present; if present apex emarginate or not, or divided apically; palps usually 2-segmented (1-segmented in the Rentonium group). Gular region longer than wide, or wider than long; fused to labium or not. Hypostomal rods present, reduced or absent; sometimes extending to posterior edge of head; subparallel or diverging posteriorly. Ventral epicranial ridges present or absent. Prothorax usually with one large sclerite dorsally and one elongate sclerite ventrally. Protergum with or without sclerotized plate with a longitudinal median ecdysial line. Meso- and metathorax usually with pair of sclerites dorsally (absent in some taxa) and one weakly sclerotised, pale plate ventrally. Sometimes all thoracic sclerites indistinct. Coxae widely separated. Thoracic legs 5-segmented, including claw-like pretarsus with single seta. Nine abdominal segments visible from above. Abdominal ampullae present or absent. Segment IX shorter than or subequal to VIII. Segment X almost always concealed by segment IX (visible from above only in Larinotus). Urogomphi usually well-developed (sometimes reduced) and dorsally or posteriorly oriented; large, hook-shaped or nearly straight; strongly sclerotized and pigmented; often with spines or secondary processes; apically bifurcate or not; pit present between urogomphi in Parapeltis; median process present between urogomphi in Lophocaterini and urogomphi located at apex of median process in some members of the Rentonium group. Anal region posteriorly or posterioventrally oriented; paired pygopods on segment X absent. Six malpighian tubules in Tenebroides; four in Lophocateres.

Key to subfamilies.

Identification of the trogossitid subfamilies using the various determination keys published by a range of authors tends to be a complicated and frustrating process. Unfortunately, my “lumping” of nine former subfamilies (e.g., Ślipiński 1992) in two (Kolibáč 2006) rather complicated the identification of the individual specimen. In the traditional system for the trogossitids used in the 19th century (e.g. Erichson, Reitter, Léveillé), Peltinae were flat and fungivorous whereas Trogossitinae were cylindrical and predatory. Further study of such modified taxa as the rentoniins, decamerins or colydiopeltins revealed huge morphological and biological diversity within Peltinae (sensu Kolibáč 2006). The same situation holds in Trogossitinae, in which superficially different taxa (such as Calitys, Larinotus, the gymnochilins and egoliins) are classified together in one subfamily. The subfamily Lophocaterinae was established by Crowson (1964a) and synonymized with Peltinae by Kolibáč (2006) because of possible paraphyly of the latter subfamily. Later, in response to new observations, we suggested (Kolibáč 2008, Kolibáč and Zaitsev 2010) that Peltinae be split once more into Lophocaterinae and Peltinae. The latter is the system used in this book.

Similar ways of life (members of the both subfamilies tend to be predatory), reductions of morphological structures common to the whole order Coleoptera (e.g. wing venation, lateral edge of pronotum, mola), mosaic character patterns and probably some underlying synapomorphies complicate the definition of subfamilies even other higher taxa in Trogossitidae, in much the same way as they do in the related family Cleridae. The key that follows is therefore not based on absolutely inclusive synapomorphies. The most important, clearly-visible characters appear in bold type.

1 Adult: labium with rigid ligula; epipharynx mostly with cordate sclerite along apex of labrum; antennal club mostly conspicuously asymmetrical, terminal antennomeres (antennal club) mostly with sensorial fields; front coxal cavities externally closed; body cylindrical or oval but not conglobate; end of elytral suture with distinct interlocking mechanism (“elytral lock”). Larva: head capsule with distinct endocarina, gular sutures and hypostomal rods; frontal arms mostly straight; gular region mostly with paragular sclerites. Mainly predatory, rarely fungivorous or phytophagous (e.g. feeding on grains) Trogossitinae
– Adult: labium with membranous ligula; epipharynx without cordate sclerite; antennal club weakly asymmetrical or symmetrical, terminal antennomeres (antennal club) without distinct sensorial fields; front coxal cavities mostly externally open (except for Lophocaterinae: Decamerini); body often oval and flat (but sometimes also convex or conglobate); elytral suture without distinct interlocking mechanism. Larva: head capsule mostly without endocarina; gular sutures and hypostomal rods reduced; frontal arms often curved; gular region without paragular sclerites 2
2 Adult: frontoclypeal suture absent or inconspicuous; gular sutures wide, subparallel; eyes moderate, not distinctly elevate; antennal club symmetrical; radial cell oblong, moderate; tibial spines along sides mostly reduced; body flat, convex or conglobate. Larva: lacinia mandibulae tridentate, absent or minute. Fungivorous or phytophagous Peltinae
– Adult: frontoclypeal suture present, sometimes distinctly emarginate (or concave); gular sutures wide, convergent at apex; eyes almost elevate, laterally situated; antennal club weakly asymmetrical; radial cell moved downwards, towards wing centre, sometimes small or reduced; tibial spines along sides present; body always flat. Larva: lacinia mandibulae plumose, always distinct. Primitive members fungivorous or phytophagous, advanced ones floricolous or predatory Lophocaterinae
Subfamily Trogossitinae Latreille, 1802

Latreille, P. A. 1802: 110.

See “Family Trogossitidae” section for further references.

A key to the extant tribes of Trogossitinae
1 Elytral interlocking mechanism absent or weak; antennal club loose, symmetrical; dorsal surface flat, with tufts of setae and tubercles. Fungivorous Calityini
– Elytral interlocking mechanism present; antennal club asymmetrical (or compact and symmetrical); dorsal surface convex, with scales or regularly pubescent or bare. Predatory, rarely phytophagous 2
2 Middle coxal cavities closed; dorsal surface mostly with very long hairs 3
– Middle coxal cavities open; dorsal surface bare, with sparse pubescence or with scales 4
3 Antennal club compact and symmetrical; tibiae with reduced apical spurs; gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Larva without paragular sclerites Larinotini
– Antennal club asymmetrical; tibiae with conspicuous apical spurs; gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Known larvae with paragular sclerites Egoliini
4 Eyes more/less dorsally situated, some genera with 2 pairs of eyes; body surface distinctly regularly sculptured or covered with scales or with short, thick setae; elytra with distinct carinae; anterior margin of pronotum always deeply emarginate Gymnochilini
– Eyes laterally situated, rather flat, always only single pair of eyes present; body surface finely punctate or wrinkled, without scales or thick setae; elytra without carinae or with weak carinae; anterior margin of pronotum emarginate or not Trogossitini
Tribe Calityini Reitter, 1922
Reitter, E. 1922: 66.
Type genus.

Calitys Thomson, 1859

Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 57. Crowson, R. A. 1970: 13 (referred as Calitinae subfam.nov.). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 442 (Calitinae). Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 869 (Calitinae). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 117 (Calityni Winkler, 1922; sic!) (diagnosis, new status). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Kolibáč, J. & Leschen, R. A. B. 2010: 242

Remarks.

The position of the single genus Calitys within the trogossitid system has changed many times over the past century or so. It has been classified within either Peltinae or Trogossitinae (compare, for example, Barron 1971 and Crowson 1964a vs. Crowson 1970), then treated as a separate subfamily (Crowson 1970 in Trogossitidae s.str. without Peltidae, Ślipiński 1992 in Trogossitidae s.lat.). Reitter’s early idea (1876) that it might be classified within the former Leperini or Leperinae (i.e. Gymnochilini herein) is also interesting and worthy of review. Calitys belongs among the primitive fungivorous groups and has several features shared with Peltinae, for example: robust mandibles with mola, flat body, wide pronotum, weakly asymmetrical antennal club, and absence of elytral interlocking mechanism. However, it also has bizarre sculptures on dorsal surface of body, wax scales, and tufts of rigid setae that together differentiate the genus from all other trogossitids. Its basal position in the trogossitine branch is based chiefly on procoxal cavities perfectly externally closed, presence of paragular sclerites in larval cranium and concave larval tergite IX. Wax scales and tufts of setae on head, antennae, elytra, and pronotum make it resemble Gymnochilini. Nonetheless, it remains possible to imagine Calitys also as a derived member of Peltinae or even Lophocaterinae.

Genus Calitys Thomson, 1859

http://species-id.net/wiki/Calitys

Figs 3, 13; Map 1
Calitys Thomson, C. G. 1859: 71.
Type species.

Hispa scabra Thunberg, 1784 [by original designation and monotypy]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 18. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 296. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 49 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Kolibáč, J. 2008: 118–119 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. et al. 2005: 129 (key). Léveillé, A. 1910: 24. Reitter, E. 1911: 6, 7 (Calytis Thomson, 1859: misspelling; see Barron, J. R. 1971: 19). Reitter, E. 1922: 66. Spahr, U. 1981: 74 (amber and copal fossils)

Nosodes LeConte, 1861 [type species: no species included; see Barron 1971]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 19. Reitter, E. 1876: 43

Peltidea Motchulsky, 1858 [type species: Peltidea dentata Fabricius, 1787]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 18. (nomen oblitum)

Description

(Calitys scabra). Body size: about 10.0 mm. Adult: Body shape flat. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape sub-clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes with bridge (Peltis). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, strongly retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron wide. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell small (Peltis), cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: two. Spiculum gastrale present. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Larva: Frontal arms weakly curved. Epicranial stem absent. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes absent. Paragular sclerites present. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae absent. Mola reduced. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Sensory appendix very small. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 0+0+0. Trochanter oblong. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Figure 3.

A Calitys scabra B Larinotus umblicatus C Acalanthis quadrisignata D Calanthosoma flavomaculata E Calanthosoma (syn. Marnia) sipolisi F Egolia variegata G Necrobiopsis tasmanicus.

Biology.

Fungivorous. Live under bark of old coniferous trees (fir, pine) and on tree fungi. Calitys scabra was observed together with its larvae, for example, in the old stump of a fir Abies alba in Slovakia (J. Vávra, pers. observ.). Brustel (2009) recorded it from Antrodia sp. polypore fungi in Pyrenées Mts.

Distribution.

Two species Holarctic. Two more species also reported from South Africa, of which Calitys spinifera is unknown to me. I studied a single Calitys africana non-type specimen in the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle in Geneva in 2003. It does not belong to Cleroidea.

Map 1.

A distribution of the tribe Calityini.

Species:

Calitys africana Boheman, 1848; Caffraria (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 24. Kolibáč, J., 2003: unpublished observation of non-type specimen in MHN Geneve: not Cleroidea. Reitter, E. 1876: 44. (Nosodes africana)

Calitys minor Hatch, 1962; USA, Canada (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 23. Hatch, M. H. 1962: 189

Calitys scabra Thunberg, 1784; Europe, Siberia to Far East, North Africa(?), USA, Canada (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 24. Barron, J. R. 1971: 19. Barron, J. R. 1971: 20 (syn. Bolitophagus silphides Newman, 1838, synonymized by whom?). Barron, J. R. 1971: 20 (syn. Peltis serrata LeConte, 1859, synonymized by whom?). Barron, J. R. 1971: 20 (syn. Silpha dentata Fabricius, 1787, synonymized by whom?). Borowiec, L. 1983: 11. Brustel, H. 2009: 227–232 (biology). Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 118. Dajoz, R. 1997: 44 (ecology). Hansen, S. O. & Borgersen, B. 1991: 40 (distribution in Norway). Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 5. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 155 (larva). Klausnitzer, B. 1978: 176. Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 20 (key). Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 49 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 106 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Kolibáč, J. et al. 2005: 132 (key). Mitter, H. 1998: 560. Pileckis, S. & V. Monsevičius 1995: 273. Reitter, E. 1876: 44 (Nosodes). Vogt, H. 1967: 16

Calitys spinifera Reitter, 1877; Cap (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 24

Calitys sp.

Beutel, R. G. & Pollock, D. A. 2000: 826 (larva, morphology). Beutel, R. G. & Ślipiński, S. A. 2001: 219

† “Calitys” sp.

Larsson, S. G. 1978: 150 (fossil, Baltic amber)

Tribe Larinotini Ślipiński, 1992
Larinotini Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 443 (Larinotinae)
Type genus.

Larinotus Carter & Zeck, 1937

Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 57. Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 868 (Larinotinae). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 118 (Larinotini) (diagnosis, stat. n.). Kolibáč, J. 2008: 118–119 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. & Leschen, R. A. B. 2010: 242

Remarks.

The subfamily Larinotinae was originally established for the genera Colydiopeltis, Parapeltis and Larinotus (Ślipiński 1992). I removed the first two genera into the separate tribe Colydiopeltini under Peltinae (Kolibáč 2006), leaving Larinotini monotypic. Ślipiński (l.c.) remarked upon the similarity of the adult Larinotus and Necrobiopsis (Trogossitinae: Egoliini) but, on the other hand, he also pointed out common features of the Larinotus larva and some Peltinae (Rentoniinae, Protopeltis in his original text). Crowson (1970) also classified Larinotus (described as Nebophilus hirsutus) within Egoliini. All the opinions of the both these authors are in perfect agreement with my observations (Kolibáč 2006, 2008). Finally, character analyses (l.c.) also resulted in a close relationship between Larinotini and Egoliini. The relationship of adults appears to be so close that one might speculate about the paraphyly of Larinotini; it is, however, hard to justify such a hypothesis if one considers the monotypy of the latter (all derived features found in Larinotus are only autapomorphies).

The closed mesocoxal cavities are the single apomorphy distinguishing Larinotini from adult Egoliini. Larval characters connecting Larinotus with Peltinae are: (1) cranium with median endocarina, (2) gula with anterior apodemes, (3) strongly reduced urogomphi (minute, apices downturned). However, character states 1 and 2 are considered plesiomorphies while the third character state (reduction of urogomphi) could be a tendency observed in various cleroids living in tightly-confined surroundings (e.g. Peltis, Cleridae: Dermestoides).

Genus Larinotus Carter & Zeck, 1937

http://species-id.net/wiki/Larinotus

Fig. 3; Map 2
Carter, H. J. & Zeck, E. H. 1937: 186. (sub Colydidae)
Type species.

Larinotus umblicatus Carter & Zeck, 1937 [by monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 62 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 455 (redescription)

Nebophilus Crowson, 1970 [type species: Nebophilus hirsutus Crowson, 1970; designated by author]

Crowson, R. A. 1970: 14. Lawrence, J. F. 1980: 307 (synonymized with Larinotus umblicatus)

Description

(see also Crowson 1970, Ślipiński 1992). Body size: 3.5 mm. Body shape convex (not conglobate). Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes with bridge (Peltis). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflex, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 9-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs present. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell triangular, wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 present. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced, hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two parts.

Larva: Frontal arms weakly curved. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes present. Paragular sclerites absent. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandible apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae with several small spines. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer present. Pedunculate seta absent. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula absent. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part, anterior margin projecting. Torma: two separate lateral sclerites. Antennal joints 1, 2 transverse. Sensory appendix larger than half of joint 3. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 0+0+0. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 0+0+0. Trochanter triangular. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX depressed. Urogomphi minute; median process absent.

Biology.

The larvae and adults were found together by J. Doyen “in rotten wood beneath resupinate fungi” (Ślipiński 1992).

Distribution.

Australia: Northern Queensland.

Map 2.

A distribution of the tribe Larinotini.

Species:

Larinotus umblicatus Carter & Zeck, 1937; Australia: Queensland (varA)

Carter, H. J. & Zeck, E. H. 1937: 186. Crowson, R. A. 1970: 16 (Nebophilus hirsutus). Lawrence, J. F. 1980: 307 (syn. Nebophilus hirsutus Crowson, 1970; synonymized by author). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 455 (redescription adult, description larva). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 62

Tribe Egoliini Lacordaire, 1854
Lacordaire, J. T. 1854: 334.
Type genus.

Egolia Erichson, 1842

Arias, E. et al. 2009: 37. Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 57. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 287 (Egoliinae). Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 869 (Egoliinae). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 442 (Egoliinae). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 106, 119 (larval morphology; stat. n.; phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2008: 118–119 (phylogeny)

Remarks.

This tribe exhibits several primitive features (for example, mandibles with distinct mola) and belongs among the basal groups of Trogossitinae. While earlier entomologists always classified Acalanthis, Egolia and Calanthosoma together with Nemozoma and allied genera (for example, in the “Nemozomini” of Reitter 1876 and “Nemosomatinae” of Léveillé 1910), i.e. they always associated the present tribe with Trogossitinae, Crowson (1964a, 1966) was convinced of a relationship to Peltidae. His main reason was perhaps the relative primitiveness of adult egoliins with respect to trogossitids s.lat. Later, Crowson (1970) transferred it to Trogossitidae s.str., together with his newly-established subfamily Calitinae (in fact, only a change of status for Calityini Reitter, 1922). Having examined larvae of Egoliinae (Acalanthis, Paracalanthis) I consider its classification with modern trogossitins undeniable.

Key to genera
1 Pronotum distinctly elongate; antennae 11-segmented, club 3-segmented with sensorial fields; elytra bare, long hairs at elytral apex only Calanthosoma
– Pronotum cordate or transverse; antennae 8- or 10-segmented, club 1- or 2-segmented without sensorial fields; elytra and pronotum with long hairs or, rarely, perfectly bare 2
2 Pronotum transverse; frontoclypeal suture present; antennae 8-segmented, club 1-segmented (composed of 3 united segments) Necrobiopsis
– Pronotum cordate; frontoclypeal suture absent; antennae 10-segmented, club 2-segmented 3
3 Dorsal surface bare Egolia
– Dorsal surface with long, pale hairs 4
4 Head, pronotum and elytra black or elytral apex dark blue; each elytron with two orange spots or with two transverse bands composed of light pubescence Acalanthis
– Head, pronotum and elytra brown; elytra with X-shaped yellowish spot in anterior half and transverse yellowish stripe in apical half Paracalanthis
Genus Acalanthis Erichson, 1844

http://species-id.net/wiki/Acalanthis

Figs 1, 3, 13; Map 3
Erichson, W. F. 1844: 446.
Type species.

Acalanthis quadrisignata Erichson, 1844 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Arias, E. et al. 2009: 39. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 299 (larva, described as Phanodesta). Crowson, R. A. 1970: 13. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 40. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 106 (larva; see Crowson 1964a)

Remarks.

An antennal apex I figured (Kolibáč 2005: 89, Pl. 1-Fig. 5) was associated with Acalanthis quadrisignata in error, as correctly noted by Arias et al. (2009). The drawing probably belongs to Calanthosoma flavomaculata.

Description.

Body size: 6.0–9.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape sub-clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge present. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflex, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 10-segmented, Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum cordate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs present. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell triangular, wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts. Coxitae undivided.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Tergite IX depressed. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

Predatory. Crowson (1964a) remarked “numerous insect fragments in gut” of an assumed Phanodesta larva but, as he noted later (1970: 1), the larva probably belongs to some species of Acalanthis. Its brief description in his key (1964a: 299) in fact agrees perfectly with the larval characters of Egoliini. The adult gut contents of Acalanthis quadrisignata included insect fragments (Crowson 1964a). Elizabeth Arias and colleagues (Arias et al. 2009) caught numerous Acalanthis specimens by canopy fogging and beating vegetation in forests, yielding a range of species including some Nothophagus, Araucaria, Schinus, and Rhaphitamnus.

Distribution.

Temperate forests of central Chile and Argentina (Arias et al. 2009).

Map 3.

A distribution of the tribe Egoliini.

Species:

Acalanthis mirabilis Reitter, 1876; Chile (AL, varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Arias, E. et al. 2009: 40

Acalanthis quadrisignata Erichson, 1844; Chile (AL, varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Arias, E. et al. 2009: 39. Kolibáč, J. 1999b: 12. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 40 (redescription)

Acalanthis semimetallica Fairmaire, 1861 (Clerus); Chile (AL, varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Arias, E. et al. 2009: 41

Genus Calanthosoma Reitter, 1876

http://species-id.net/wiki/Calanthosoma

Fig. 3; Map 3
Reitter, E. 1876: 10.
Type species.

Calanthosoma flavomaculatum Reitter, 1876 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Arias, E. et al. 2009: 37. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 47 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Marnia Léveille, 1889 [Type species: Marniasipolisi Léveillé, 1889; designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 47 (synonymized with Calanthosoma)

Remarks.

A single genus, it lives in tropical South America beyond the temperate “Gondwanan” distribution of the other egoliine genera. Calanthosoma shows a character set intermediate between Egoliini and Trogossitini. Longitudinal wrinkles on the dorsal surface of head and pronotum, long hairs at apex of elytra, mandibles with mola, and lacinia with distinct hooked spine at apex are typical of the egoliins; however, the genus shares ciliate labial setae and terminal antennomeres with sensorial fields with most of trogossitins. Nevertheless, most of apomorphic characters are clearly egoliine and I have no doubts about its classification within that tribe. Common trogossitine features of Calanthosoma may provide evidence of a common ancestor for Egoliini and Trogossitini.

The synonymization of Marnia with Calanthosoma is beyond doubt; the representatives of the genera are very similar.

Description.

Body size: about 9.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum of males: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: one. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae present. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow not ciliate. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflex, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum cordate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs present. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts. Coxitae undivided.

Biology.

Unknown, probably predatory.

Distribution.

Only a few specimens is known to date: Venezuela, Brazil, Antilles.

Species:

Calanthosoma flavomaculatum Reitter, 1876; Antillae, Venezuela (AL, JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 47 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 11

Calanthosoma grouvellei Léveille, 1899 (Marnia); Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14

Calanthosoma sallei Léveille, 1889 (Marnia); Venezuela (AL)

(J. Kolibáč, unpublished note: maybe synonymous with Calanthosoma flavomaculatum)

Calanthosoma sipolisi Léveille, 1889 (Marnia); Brazil: Minas Geraes (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 47

Genus Egolia Erichson, 1842

http://species-id.net/wiki/Egolia

Fig. 3; Map 3
Erichson, W. F. 1842: 150.
Type species.

Egolia variegata Erichson, 1842 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Crowson, R. A. 1970: 13. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 54. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Reitter, E. 1876: 8

Description.

Body size: about 9.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape sub-clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge present. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 10-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum cordate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell triangular, wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem absent. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes absent. Paragular sclerites present. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: 3. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae absent. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer present. Pedunculate seta absent. Mala bilobed. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula absent. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum consists of two parts. Torma: single compact plate. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Sensory appendix medium-sized (reaching half-way along joint 3). Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Trochanter triangular. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX depressed. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

Probably predatory.

Distribution.

Australia: Tasmania; Tahiti?

Species:

Egolia variegata Erichson, 1842; Tasmania, Tahiti (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 54 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 8

Genus Necrobiopsis Crowson, 1964

http://species-id.net/wiki/Necrobiopsis

Fig. 3; Map 3
Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 293.
Type species.

Necrobiopsis tasmanicus Crowson, 1964 [by original designation and monotypy]

Arias, E. et al. 2009: 39. Crowson, R. A. 1970: 14. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 71 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: 3.0–4.5 mm. Body shape convex (not conglobate). Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 8-segmented, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs present. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell triangular, wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: two. Spiculum gastrale present. Tegmen composed of two parts.

Biology.

Unknown in Necrobiopsis tasmanicus. The recently described Chilean species Necrobiopsis shangrila wascollected by canopy fogging in Nothophagus forests, including fogging of Cyttaria fungi on Nothophagus (Arias et al. 2009).

Distribution.

Tasmania, central Chile (Region VIII, Biobío).

Species:

Necrobiopsis tasmanicus Crowson, 1964; Tasmania (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 293. Arias, E. et al. 2009: 38. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 71 (redescription)

Necrobiopsis shangrila Arias, Ślipiński, Lawrence & Elgueta, 2009; Chile (AD)

Arias, E. et al. 2009: 39

Genus Paracalanthis Crowson, 1970

http://species-id.net/wiki/Paracalanthis

Map 3
Crowson, R. A. 1970: 14.
Type species:

Paracalanthis binnaburrense Crowson, 1970 [by original designation and monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 74. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: about 12.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Antenna 10-segmented. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum cordate. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs present. Epipleuron thin, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur absent in middle and hind tibiae. Claws: denticle absent.

Biology.

Unknown. Collected “from decayed log” (Crowson 1970).

Distribution.

Australia: Queensland.

Species:

Paracalanthis binnaburrense Crowson, 1970; Australia: Queensland (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1970: 14, 16 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 74. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 108 (larva)

Tribe Gymnochilini Lacordaire, 1854
Lacordaire, J. T. 1854: 344.
Type genus.

Gymnochila Erichson, 1844 (= Gymnocheilis Dejean, 1835)

Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 57. Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 118 (Gymnochilinae). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 119 (diagnosis, stat. n.). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Kolibáč, J. 2008: 118–119 (phylogeny). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 283

Remarks.

Five genera of Gymnochilini (namely Anacypta, Gymnocheilis, Narcisa, Xenoglena, Leperina) form, beyond doubt, a monophyletic group. Gymnochilins constitute an advanced group of Trogossitinae, adapted to a predatory way of life. They are rapid flyers, dwelling on fallen logs and hunting for bostrichids, scolytids and other insects, strongly resembling the jewel beetles (Buprestidae) in their body shape and movement. Two distinctly separated pairs of eyes in most of them and their ability to jump (Anacypta) characterize the tribe as one of the most advanced of all trogossitids. Some remarks about the independent status of the tribe Gymnochilini with regard to Trogossitini are made below, in the section relating the latter tribe.

The inclusion of Phanodesta from Juan Fernandez Isl. was more or less confirmed by two separate character analyses (Kolibáč 2006, 2008). However, the phylogeny of the genus was rendered unclear by the number of autapomorphies (e.g. winglessness, characteristic elytral structure) and separated distribution. I postulated a a sister group of Leperina with a “Gondwanan” distribution (Australia-Chile). Recently, a phylogeny and distribution of Phanodesta, together with descriptions and combinations of some more species from New Zealand and its vicinity have been addressed by Leschen and Lackner (2013) in detail. Two more genera occured in the gymnochiline clade in my second analysis (Kolibáč 2008): Seidlitzella and Melambia. The first genus, Seidlitzella, was considered related to the Palaearctic species of Leperina, as also pointed out by Schawaller (1993). However, his formal synonymization of Seidlitzella was not confirmed in a recent study by Leschen and Lackner (2013) who established the new genus Kolibacia for Leperina tibialis and Leperina squamulata instead.

In both analyses by Kolibáč (2006, 2008), the genera Seidlitzella and Melambia were considered primitive or basal among the Gymnochilini or Trogossitini. They were included in the trogossitins in my original tribe definition (Kolibáč 2006). A comparison made specifically for the current shows the heterogenity of Melambia species and the need for revision of the genus with respect to the systematic position of particular species. It cannot be excluded that there are some species of Melambia congeneric with Alindria.

Key to genera
1 Head with 1 pair of eyes. Ventral part of cranium with long setae at sides. Radial cell triangular and moved down, or reduced. Elytra with conspicuous carinae 2
– Head with 2 pairs of eyes. Ventral part of cranium without long setae at sides. Radial cell mostly oblong. Elytral carinae reduced or inconspicuous 5
2 Body bare, without setae. Window punctures absent. Unicolorous, black species Seidlitzella
– Body surface with vestiture consisting of scales or setae or both. Window punctures absent or present. Dorsal side brown or black-brown, with colour patterns formed by vestiture 3
3 Dorsal vestiture consisting of scales. Elytral carinae not beaded; intercarinal space punctate; window punctures present. Mucro absent 4
– Dorsal vestiture consisting of setae, scales or both. Elytral carinae usually beaded; intercarinal space apunctate; window punctures absent. Mucro absent or weakly developed Phanodesta
4 Elytral intercarinal space bipunctate; window punctures simple. Protibial edge smooth. Mandibles with mola Kolibacia
– Elytral intercarinal space multipunctate; window punctures tuberculate. Protibial edge spinate. Mandibles without mola Leperina
5 Body rather flat, compact; smaller species (about 4–8 mm) 6
– Body rather cylindrical, elongate; larger species (about 6–20 mm) 7
6 Body perfectly covered with large scales Narcisa
– Body without scales or pubescence, with metallic lustre Anacypta
7 Body with colour pattern composed of scales and short thick setae; antennal club large Gymnocheilis
– Body without scales, spots on pronotum and elytra formed by short setae; antennal club smaller Xenoglena
Genus Anacypta Illiger, 1807

http://species-id.net/wiki/Anacypta

Figs 4, 14; Map 4
Illiger, J. K. W. 1807: 301.
Type species.

Nitidula punctata Fabricius, 1801 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 44 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Acrops Dalman, 1824 [Type species: Acrops metallica Dalman, 1824 (= Nitidula punctata Fabricius, 1801)]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Description.

Body size: about 4.5–7.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, dorsal. Eyes number: four. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 10-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 present. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts. Coxitae undivided.

Figure 4.

A Anacypta sp., Vietnam B Anacypta punctata C Anacypta sp., Laos D Gymnocheilis subfasciata E Gymnocheilis sp., Ghana F Gymnocheilis varia G Kolibacia regularis H Kolibacia squamulata I Leperina cirrosa.

Biology.

Predatory. Adults run rapidly on logs and branches of fallen trees, hunting for prey. If disturbed, they fly very quickly. Some beetle collectors remark (P. Pacholátko, pers. comm.; experience from southern India) that some species can even jump(!) before they fly off.

Distribution.

South-eastern Asia including Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam (numerous modern unpublished records). Often recorded together with species of Xenoglena.

Map 4.

A distribution of the tribe Gymnochilini.

Species:

Anacypta birmanica Léveillé, 1888; Burma (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops)

Anacypta cicatricosa Reitter, 1880; „Himalaya” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops). Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Anacypta cicatricosa var. rugosa Léveillé, 1899). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364 (syn. Anacypta rugosa Léveillé, 1899)

Anacypta cyanea Léveillé, 1899; Perak (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops)

Anacypta feai Léveillé, 1888; Tenasserim (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops)

Anacypta gambeyi Léveillé, 1890; “Cochinchina” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops)

Anacypta higonia Lewis, 1888; Japan (AL, varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181 (Acrops)

Anacypta perraudierei Léveillé, 1905; Tonkin (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops)

Anacypta punctata Fabricius, 1801; Sumatra, Moluccae, Borneo (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (syn. buprestoides Weber, 1801); (Sumatra, Moluccae) (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (syn. metallica Dalman, 1824); (Borneo) (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (syn. punctata var. dohrni Reitter, 1876). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 44 (redescription)

Anacypta weyersi Léveillé, 1900; Sumatra (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Acrops)

Genus Gymnocheilis Dejean, 1835

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gymnocheilis

Figs 4, 13, 14; Map 4
Dejean, P. F. M. A. 1835: 314
Type species.

[Type species: Peltis squamosa Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1832; by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (Gymnochila). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 60 (Gymnochila, redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (Gymnochila, phylogeny). Reitter, E. 1876: 37 (Gymnochila). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 279, 289

Lepidopteryx Hope, 1840 [Type species: Peltis squamosa Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1832; not Lepidopteryx squamosa Hope, 1840] See below for explanation of this synonymy

Gymnochila Erichson, 1844 [Type species: Trogosita vestita Griffith, 1832 (= Gymnochila varia Fabricius, 1801); by monotypy]

Remarks.

Yves Bousquet (pers. comm., 2010) kindly checked the nomenclatoral problem of Leperina that also bears upon the name of Gymnocheilis: “... the type species of Lepidopteryx is Trogositas quamosa Gray, 1832 described from ‘Melville’s Island’, not Lepidopteryx squamosa Hope, 1840. In his second and third catalogues, Dejean proposed the genus Gymnocheilis for squamosa Gray. So Lepidopteryx Hope, 1840 is a senior synonym of Gymnochila Erichson, 1844, which in turn is a junior synonym of Gymnocheilis Dejean, 1835.” The correct name Gymnocheilis has already been used by Leschen and Lackner (2013).

Description.

Body size: about 9.0–14.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures reduced. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum of males: ctenidium present. Submentum: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, dorsal. Eyes number: four. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: one. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch deep. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 present. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Biology.

Probably predatory. Sometimes collected at light.

Distribution.

Africa south of the equator.

Species:

Gymnocheilis lepidoptera Reitter, 1876; Abyssinia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. Reitter, E. 1876: 39

† Gymnocheilis obesa Heer, 1862; Germany: Öhningen; Tertiary: Middle Eocene (varA)

Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23

Gymnocheilis rugosa Thunberg, 1808; Guinea (AL)

Gymnocheilis sparsuta J. Thomson, 1858; Gabon (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. (syn. Gymnochila angulicollis J. Thomson, 1858). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 60 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 38

Gymnocheilis subfasciata J. Thomson, 1858; Gabon (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. Reitter, E. 1876: 39

Gymnocheilis varia Fabricius, 1801; South Africa (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Gymnochila adspersa Boheman, 1848) (Caffraria)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Gymnochila laticollis Boheman, 1848) (Caffraria)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Gymnochila squamosa Gray in Griffith 1832) (Cap)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. (syn. Gymnochila vestita Fabricius, 1844) (Cap, South Africa)

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 60 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 38

Genus Kolibacia Leschen & Lackner, 2013

http://species-id.net/wiki/Kolibacia

Fig. 4; Map 4
Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 288.
Type species.

Leperina tibialis Reitter, 1889 [designated by Leschen and Lackner 2013]

Schawaller, W. 1993: 4 (Leperina and Seidlitzella, Palaearctic species). Yoshitomi, H. & Lee, C.-F. (in press)

Description

(according to Leschen and Lackner 2013). Body size: 7.2–9.1 mm. Colour of body black. Dorsal vestiture consisting of scales. Head extending beyond anterior angles of pronotum. Frons more or less horizontal with mandibles visible from above. Median lobe of clypeus absent. Edge of labrum straight. Eyes entire. Gena acute. Supraocular scales present. Antenna 11-segmented with a loose club; lengths of antennomere II and III equal; antennomere XI circular, about as long as wide. Prothorax with lateral carinae unevenly crenulate; anterior angles projecting or acute; posterior angles angulate. Surface of pronotal disc even; punctation uniform and bearing scales. Procoxae visible in lateral view. Hypomeron bearing scales; anterior portion rugose. Length of elytra 4 × as long as pronotum or even longer; seven elytral carinae present, not beaded and not rising significantly above surface of elytral disc; sublateral keel absent; intercarinal space bipunctate; window punctures present and simple; intercarinal scales never countersunk within punctures; lateral carina simple; epipleuron visible in lateral view. Hind wings present, fully developed; MP3 spur absent. Aedeagus (Kolibáč 2005) with parameres apically angulate; inner outline between parameres weakly sinuate or straight; length of parameres longer than base of tegmen. Protibial edge smooth, mucro absent; protibial spurs longer than tarsomere 2, anteriormost protibial spur greatly enlarged.

Larva (according to Kolibáč 2005): Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae with several small spines. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula absent. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

The adults and larvae are probably predatory. An adult Kolibacia squamulata was, for example, found in rotten birch (Schawaller 1993). Mamaev (1976) remarked that Kolibacia squamulata develops under bark and sometimes within the trunks of various deciduous trees infested with the larvae of Melandrya, Tremex fuscicornis, Mesosa, Plagionotus and others. On the other hand, Leschen and Lackner (2013) consider both species mycophagous, citing Kryzhanovskij (1965) and Nikitsky (1992). The former source is unknown to me, but the latter author considers Kolibacia squamulata predatory. However, Kolibacia squamulata differs from Leperina in the presence of the mandibular mola which is definitely a feature of mycophagous cleroids, although it may also be considered a primitive (rudimentary) character, a trait seen in similar fashion in certain Gymnocheilis species (see figures in Kolibáč 2005).

Distribution.

Russian Far East, Mongolia, North Korea, North-eastern China, Japan: Hokkaido, Tsushima.

Species:

Kolibacia okinawana Yoshitomi & Lee (in press); Japan: Okinawa, Amami-Ôshima (AD)

Yoshitomi, H. & Lee, C.-F. (in press)

Kolibacia regularis Grouvelle, 1913; Taiwan, Vietnam (varA)

Grouvelle, A. 1913: 46 (Leperina). Yoshitomi, H. & Lee, C.-F. (in press; comb. Kolibacia, key)

Kolibacia squamulata Gebler, 1830 (Peltis); Russian Far East, Mongolia, North Korea, Northeastern China (varA, JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. Esaki, T. et al. 1951: 1061 (Lepidopteryx squamulosa). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 107 (Lepidopteryx squamulosa). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Löbl & Smetana 2010: 26 (Lepidopteryx). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1652 (larva, Lepidopteryx). Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181 (Lepidopteryx squamulosa). Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 81 (Lepidopteryx squamulosa). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 288. (comb. Kolibacia). Schawaller, W. 1993: 3 (key, Leperina). Yoshitomi, H. & Lee, C.-F. (in press; key)

Kolibacia tsushimana Nakane, 1985; Japan: Tsushima (varA)

Nakane, T. 1985: 162 (Lepidopteryx squamulata tsushimana). Kolibáč, J. 2009: 128 (Lepidopteryx squamulata tsushimana). Miyatake, M. 1985: 148 (Leperina tsushimana). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 288. (comb. Kolibacia squamulata tsushimana). Yoshitomi, H. & Lee, C.-F. (in press; Kolibacia tsushimana; key)

Kolibacia tibialis Reitter, 1889 (Leperina); Japan: Hokkaido (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. Esaki, T. et al. 1951: 1061. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Löbl & Smetana 2010: 26 (Lepidopteryx). Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181. Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 81. Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 288. (comb. Kolibacia). Yoshitomi, H. & Lee, C.-F. (in press; key)

Genus Leperina Erichson, 1844

http://species-id.net/wiki/Leperina

Figs 4, 5; Map 4
Erichson, W. F. 1844: 453.
Type species.

Trogosita decorata Erichson, 1842 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 299. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 65 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Kolibáč, J. 2009: 127 (Lepidopteryx). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 289. Matthews, E. G. 1992: 3 (key, Lepidopteryx). Reitter, E. 1876: 35

Onyschomorpha Arrow, 1900 [Type species: Onyschomorpha marmorata Arrow, 1900; synonymized by Kolibáč, J. 2005: 65]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Onyschomorpha). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364 (Onyschomorpha, as a synonym)

Remarks.

There has been a lack of clarity about the names Leperina and Lepidopteryx in the last decade or so. Leperina tended to be used by European authors while their overseas, mainly antipodean, colleaguespreferred Lepidopteryx. I referred – correctly – to the genus as Leperina in 2005, 2006 and in Catalogue of Palaearctic Beetles edited by I. Löbl and A. Smetana (Kolibáč 2007a). Unfortunately, swayed by various sources, I mistakenly changed the name Leperina to Lepidopteryx in the Errata to Volume 4 of the “Catalogue” (Kolibáč 2009, Löbl and Smetana 2010).

Schawaller (1993: 2) considered Lepidopteryx a synonym of Leperina because of “invalid description” of the genus.

Most recently, Leschen and Lackner (2013: 289) justified the name Leperina in their review of the Pacific Gymnochilini thus: “[...] Gymnocheilis Dejean, 1835 and Lepidopteryx Hope, 1840, are objective synonyms because they share type species (Dejean, 1835: 314 listed three species under his genus, but two are nomina nuda). The type species of Lepidopteryx and Gymnocheilis (Trogositas quamosa Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1832 a synonym of Trogositavaria Fabricius, 1801: 151) was described from ‘Melville’s Island’, but the figure of this species matches African species of Gymnocheilis Dejean with split-eyes and, therefore, the taxa contained within Gymnocheilis are not relevant phylogenetically to true Leperina nor Phanodesta (all with normal eyes). Gymnocheilis Dejean, 1835 has priority of the later name Gymnochila Erichson, 1844 [type species: Trogosita vestita Griffith, 1832, by monotypy, a synonym of Gymnochila varia (Fabricius, 1801) according to Léveillé, 1910: 22], although Reitter (1876: 37) placed Lepidopteryx as a synonym of Gymnochila. Note that White (1846) misspelled Gymnocheilis as Gymnocheila and wrongly attributed the name to Gray.”

Description

(according to Leschen and Lackner 2013). Body size: 5.5–15.6 mm. Colour of body black and red-brown, unicolorous to multicoloured. Dorsal vestiture consisting of scales. Head extending beyond anterior angles of pronotum. Frons more or less horizontal with mandibles visible dorsally. Median lobe of clypeus absent. Edge of labrum weakly emarginate or straight. Eyes entire. Gena acute. Supraocular scales present or absent. Antenna 11-segmented with loose antennal club, lengths of antennomeres II and III equal or not; antennomere XI distinctly longer than wide and circular, about as long as wide. Prothorax with lateral carinae simple, weakly or unevenly crenulate; anterior angles projecting or acute; posterior angles of prothorax angulate. Pronotal surface generally uneven, punctation uniform or not with or without median glabrous areas; centre of disc usually bearing scales. Procoxae visible in lateral view. Hypomeron with or without scales, setose or glabrous; anterior portion rugose. Length of elytra 2.5–4 × as long as pronotum or greater; disc with three simple carinae that are not beaded; sublateral keel absent; intercarinal space multipunctate; window punctures present and tuberculate; intercarinal scales of elytral disc variable, from very short and oval that may be countersunk within punctures to elongate with lengths at least 2.5 × longer than wide; lateral carina simple; epipleuron hidden in lateral view. Hind wings present, fully developed; MP3 spur present (Kukalová-Peck and Lawrence 1993). Aedeagus (Kolibáč 2005) with parameres apically rounded to acute, inner outline between parameres bisinuate, weakly sinuate, or straight, length of parameres variable, median strut acute. Protibial edge spinate, mucro absent or weakly developed, spurs longer than tarsomere 2 with anteriormost spur greatly enlarged.

A description by Kolibáč (2005) based on Leperina decorata: Body shape elongate. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, dorsal. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Wing: radial cell triangular, wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 present. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: two. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Figure 5.

A Xenoglena sp.1, Vietnam B Xenoglena sp.2, Vietnam C Xenoglena quadrisignata (cf. yunnanensis) D Leperina (syn. Onyschomorpha) marmorata E Leperina decorata F Narcisa decidua G Narcisa sp., Seram H Phanodesta cribraria, “Chili” I Phanodesta sp., Juan Fernandez Isl. J Seidlitzella procera.

Biology.

Both larva and adult are predatory. Leperina decorata and Leperina monilata were found in stems of Eucalyptus obliqua, where they were preying on larvae of Epithora dorsalis (Bashford 1994). The latter author notes a single-year life-cycle for the Leperina species (referred as Lepidopteryx). Adults have also been reared on Acacia dealbata (Bashford 1991).

Distribution.

Australia incl. Tasmania, New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea.

Species:

Leperina adusta Pascoe, 1860; Melbourne (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina burnettensis MacLeay, 1871; Gayndah (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina cincta Léveillé, 1889; New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina cirrosa Pascoe, 1860; Moreton Bay (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Hawkeswood, T. J. 1991: 159 (biology, Lepidopteryx). Hawkeswood, T. J. 1992: 229 (biology, Lepidopteryx)

Leperina conspicua Olliff, 1885; Australia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina decorata Erichson, 1842; Tasmania (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 65 (redescription)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (syn. Leperina gayndahensis MacLeay, 1871); (Gayndah)

Leperina fraterna Olliff, 1885; Australia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina lacera Pascoe, 1860; Viti Isl. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (syn. Leperina signoreti Reitter, 1876). Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J. F. 1993: 243 (morphology of wing)

Leperina lichenea Fauvel, 1866; New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina lifuana Fauvel, 1903; Lifu Isl. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina loriae Léveillé, 1893; New Guinea (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina marmorata Arrow, 1900 (Onyschomorpha); Christmas Isl. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23 (Onyschomorpha Arrow, 1900)

Leperina mastersi MacLeay, 1869; Gayndah (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21

Leperina monilata Pascoe, 1872 (= moniliata Blackburn, 1902); Australia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. Reitter, E. 1876: 31 (Peltis)

Leperina opatroides Léveillé, 1884; New Guinea (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22

Leperina seposita Olliff, 1885; Australia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22

Leperina spercheoides Léveillé, 1878; New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22

Leperina turbata Pascoe, 1863; Australia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22. Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Leperina fasciculata Redtenbacher, 1868)

Genus Narcisa Pascoe, 1863

http://species-id.net/wiki/Narcisa

Fig. 5; Map 4
Pascoe, F. P. 1863: 28.
Type species.

Narcisa decidua Pascoe, 1863 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 69 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Reitter, E. 1876: 43

Remarks.

The genus is apparently related to Anacypta and Xenoglena. The body is larger than in Anacypta but not so slender as in Xenoglena, moreover perfectly covered in scales. Further to the three species described, I have also encountered some undescribed species, all of them distributed in the Indonesian islands.

Description.

Body size: about 7.0–9.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, dorsal. Eyes number: four. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) long setae. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 present. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Biology.

Unknown, probably predatory like Anacypta.

Distribution.

Indonesia (species that remain formally undescribed are known from Sulawesi and other islands).

Species:

Narcisa bimaculata Gestro, 1879; Sumatra (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Narcisa decidua Pascoe, 1863; Batchian (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 69 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 43

Narcisa lynceus Olliff, 1883; Borneo (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Genus Phanodesta Reitter, 1876

http://species-id.net/wiki/Phanodesta

Fig. 5; Map 4
Reitter, E. 1876: 31.
Type species.

Phanodesta cordaticollis Reitter, 1876 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 299. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 77 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 290

Remarks.

As mentioned previously, six Phanodesta species from Juan Fernandez Island have been considered peculiar wingless beetles, with a form of elytral sculpture that is unknown in other trogossitids. Two analyses have shown a relationship for the genus within Gymnochilini, perhaps as a strongly-derived descendent of Australian Leperina (Kolibáč 2006, 2008). Most recently, Leschen and Lackner (2013) revised and redescribed the genus, established several new species from New Zealand, and combined some Leperina with Phanodesta species. They also discovered an uncommon distribution pattern comprising New Zealand (and adjacent islands) and Juan Fernandez Island.

Description

(according to Leschen and Lackner 2013). Body size: 5.4–11.5 mm. Colour of body black or red-brown. Dorsal vestiture consisting of setae, scales or both. Head extending beyond anterior angles of pronotum. Frons more or less horizontal with mandibles visible in dorsal view. Median lobe of clypeus absent. Edge of labrum weakly to strongly emarginate or straight. Eyes entire. Gena acute. Supra-ocular scales present or absent. Antenna 11-segmented with loose club; relative lengths antennomeres II and III variable; antennomere XI distinctly longer than wide and circular, about as long as wide or shorter. Prothorax with lateral carinae simple, or weakly to strongly and evenly or unevenly crenulate; anterior angles projecting or acute; posterior angles angulate. Pronotal surface even or uneven with impressions or shallow grooves; punctation uniform or not, with or without median area glabrous. Procoxae visible in lateral view. Hypomeron setose, glabrous, or bearing scales; anterior portion of hypomeron weakly to strongly rugose. Length of elytra 2.5–4 × or less than 2.5 × as long as pronotum; carinae present and usually beaded, with punctures located centrally within it, or adjacent and contacting carina; number of carinae variable, but usually 7–9; sublateral keel absent or present; intercarinal space apunctate; window punctures absent; intercarinal scales of disc never countersunk within puncture, elongate with lengths 2.5 × longer than wide or ovate to circular with lengths less than 2.5 × longer than wide; scales erect or not overlapping to strongly overlapping and adpressed; lateral carina simple; epipleuron visible or hidden in lateral view. Hind wings present and fully developed with MP3 spur present or vestigial and in the form of small buds, or absent. Aedeagus with parameres apically angulate, rounded or acute; inner outline between parameres bisinuate, weakly sinuate or straight; length of parameres and shape of median strut variable. Protibial edge smooth or crenulate; mucro absent or weakly developed; spurs longer than tarsomere 2 with anteriormost protibial spur greatly enlarged. Bursa and spermatheca bulbous, spermatheca about one fifth the size of the bursa and bearing a small tubulate spermathecal gland.

A description by Kolibáč (2005) based on Phanodesta cribraria: Body shape elongate. Gular sutures reduced. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow ciliate. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, strongly retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wings – present or absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: two. Spiculum gastrale absent. Coxitae divided.

Biology.

Probably predatory. Adultsmay be collected at night on fungi and on the trunks of dead, dying and live trees, or on the ground (Leschen and Lackner 2013). Larvae of Phanodesta have been found in association with adults and are thought to be predatory beneath the bark of dead trees (Klimaszewski and Watt 1997). Phanodesta nigrosparsa is restricted to the Phyllocladus trichomanoides and Agathis australis trees, while Phanodesta brounii is a generalist (Kuschel 1990).

Distribution.

Chile: Juan Fernandez Island; New Caledonia, New Zealand mainland and offshore islands, Lord Howe Island.

Species:

Phanodesta argentea Montrouzier, 1860 (Nitidula); New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina; maybe conspecific with Leperina spercheoides)

Phanodesta brevipennis Reitter, 1876; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Reitter, E. 1876: 33. Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300

Phanodesta brounii Pascoe, 1880; New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 291 (comb. from Leperina)

Phanodesta carinata Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 292

Phanodesta cribraria Blanchard, 1851 (Toxicum); Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20 (syn. Phanodesta cordaticollis Reitter, 1876). Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (syn. Phanodesta picea Germain, 1855). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 77 (redescription). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300. Reitter, E. 1876: 32 (Phanodesta cordaticollis Reitter, 1876)

Phanodesta cribrata Germain, 1855; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (syn. Phanodesta angulata Reitter, 1876). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300. Reitter, E. 1876: 33 (Phanodesta angulata)

Phanodesta francoisi Léveillé, 1909; New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina; combination based on an image of the type)

Phanodesta guerini Montrouzier, 1860 (Nitidula); New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina). Reitter, E. 1876: 35 (Phanodesta)

Phanodesta iohowi Germain, 1898; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (Phanodesta johowi). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300

Phanodesta manawatawhi Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 293

Phanodesta oculata Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 295

Phanodesta nigrosparsa White, 1846 (Gymnocheila); New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (Leperina). Klimaszewski, J. & Watt, J. C. 1997: 43 (Lepidopteryx). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 294 (comb. from Leperina). Reitter, E. 1876: 35 (Phanodesta)

Phanodesta pubescens Germain, 1898; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300

Phanodesta pudica Olliff, 1889 (Ostoma); Lord Howe Island (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 32 (Ostoma incertae sedis). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 299 (comb. from Ostoma)

Phanodesta robusta Pic, 1924; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (varA)

Pic, M. 1924: 378

Phanodesta shandi Broun, 1909; New Zealand (varA)

Broun, 1909: 307 (Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296 (comb. from Leperina)

Phanodesta signoreti Montrouzier, 1860 (Leperina); New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina)

Phanodesta sobrina White, 1846 (Gymnocheila); New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (Leperina). Brookes, A. 1932: 28 (Leperina interrupta; syn. by Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296). Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Leperina fasciolata Blanchard, 1853). Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Leperina nigro-sparsa Blanchard, 1853; homonym with Leperina nigrosparsa White, 1846). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296 (comb. from Leperina). Reitter, 1876: 35 (Phanodesta). Sharp, 1877: 266 (Leperina farinosa; syn. by Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296)

Phanodesta tepaki Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 297

Phanodesta variegata Germain, 1855; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. (syn. Phanodesta costipennis Reitter, 1876). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300. Reitter, E. 1876: 34 (Phanodesta costipennis)

Phanodesta wakefieldi Sharp, 1877 (Leperina); New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 298 (comb. from Leperina)

Genus Seidlitzella Jakobson, 1915

http://species-id.net/wiki/Seidlitzella

Fig. 5; Map 4
Jakobson, G. G. 1915: 893.
Type species.

Peltis procera Kraatz, 1858 [by monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 82 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Schawaller, W. 1993: 2 (synonymized with Leperina). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 279, 289

Cymba Seidlitz, 1875 (homonym) [type species: Peltis procera Kraatz, 1858; by original designation and monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Reitter, E. 1876: 30. Schawaller, W. 1993: 2

Peltocymba Reitter, 1920 [type species: Peltis procera Kraatz, 1858; by original designation and monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Schawaller, W. 1993: 2

Remarks.

Schawaller (1993) synonymized Seidlitzella with Leperina. However, he based his observations on a comparison between Seidlitzella procera and two Palaearctic Leperina species, Leperina squamosa and Leperina tibialis. Australian species are often very different, although some their morphological details may also be similar (Leperina decorata is the type species of Leperina). Recently, Leschen and Lackner (2013) have established the new genus Kolibacia for the Palaearctic Leperina squamosa and Leperina tibialis. However, as their paper centred chiefly on Phanodesta, a differential diagnosis between Seidlitzella and Kolibacia was not addressed in detail. The main differences are explained in “A key to the species” of Gymnochilini, below.

Descripton.

Body size: 11.0–19.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum of males: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present or absent, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two parts. Coxitae undivided.

Biology.

Predatory. Adults found on logs of various trees (e.g. the fir Abies cilicia), larvae found under pine bark (Schawaller 1993).

Distribution.

Greece, Cyprus, Turkey.

Species:

Seidlitzella procera Kraatz, 1858; Greece, Cyprus, Turkey (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20 (Cymba). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 82 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Reitter, E. 1876: 31 (Cymba). Schawaller, W. 1993: 4 (larva)

Genus Xenoglena Reitter, 1876

http://species-id.net/wiki/Xenoglena

Fig. 5; Map 4
Reitter, E. 1876: 40.
Type species.

Xenoglena deyrollei Reitter, 1876 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 85 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 81

Remarks.

Outer habitus resembles the jewel beetles (Buprestidae), especially those of the genus Chrysobothris. Anacypta asahinai Kono, 1938 was combined with Xenoglena by Kolibáč (2009). The combination is in accord with the opinion of Nikitsky (1992) and also my own independent study of the species. Nikitsky (l.c.) moreover suggested its synonymization with Xenoglena quadrisignata.

Description.

Body size: about 7.0–10.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, dorsal. Eyes number: four. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) long setae. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Coxitae undivided.

Biology.

Predatory. Adults dwell on fallen trees and dry branches, hunting for xylophagous insects. They fly and run at great speed and appear very like some jewel beetles in body shape.

Distribution.

Indonesia, Malayan Peninsula, Russian Far East, Japan, northern China. A large body of material of perhaps-undescribed species is known to me from northern Laos.

Species:

Xenoglena asahinai Kono, 1938: 227 (Acrops); Japan (varA)

Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181 (Acrops). Kolibáč, J. 2009: 128 (comb. with Xenoglena)

Note: maybe synonym of Xenoglena quadrisignata; opinion by Nikitsky 1992: 81.

Xenoglena chrysobothroides Léveillé, 1897; Malacca (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Xenoglena deyrollei Reitter, 1876; Java (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 87 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 41

Xenoglena fryi Léveillé, 1899; Perak (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Xenoglena quadrisignata Mannerheim, 1852; Siberia, Mongolia, Far East, Japan, North Korea, China: Northeast Territory (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (Gymnochila). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 86 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 81. Reitter, E. 1876: 40 (Gymnochila)

Xenoglena tetrasigma Léveillé, 1878; Malacca (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Xenoglena vicina Léveillé, 1897; Malacca (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23

Xenoglena yunnanensis Léveillé, 1907; China: Yunnan (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 23. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Tribe Trogossitini Latreille, 1802
Latreille, P. A. 1802: 110.
Type genus:

Trogossita Olivier, 1790 (= Temnoscheila Westwood, 1830)

Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 115 (Nemosomatinae). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 120 (diagnosis, stat. n.). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2008: 118–119 (phylogeny)

Remarks.

Two character analyses of Trogossitini (Kolibáč 2006, 2008) separate off a monophyletic group composed of the genera Temnoscheila, Nemozoma, Tenebroides, Corticotomus, and Leipaspis. The other two genera analyzed, Airora and Alindria, are more primitive. Their position in the cladogram of 2008 (p. 119) makes Trogossitini paraphyletic with reference to Gymnochilini but the original analysis (2006) unambiguously set the two groups appart as distinct monophyletic clades. A classification of Seidlitzella has been discussed above, in the “Remarks” section of the Gymnochilini entry.

There are also some genera that are not included in the two character analyses because of insufficient data sets, namely Dupontiella, Elestora, Eupycnus, Euschaefferia, and Parallelodera. The classification of all these rather advanced genera within Trogossitini is undeniable, apart from the monotypic Elestora which is obviously related to Melambia, for which the systematics are quite complicated and in need of revision.

Most of the members of Trogossitini lead the kind of life typical of predatory Cleridae, especially of the subfamilies Clerinae and Tillinae. Adults hunt for xylophagous insects (e.g. Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Bostrichidae) on branches and logs while larvae dwell and hunt under bark or in galleries. However, some trogossitine adults live in insect galleries together with their larvae (e.g. Nemozoma). The trogossitins are not as efficient in the air as the gymnochilins, and neither do they move so swiftly on the ground.

Key to the recent genera
1 Frons with conspicuous sharp longitudinal groove 2
– Frons without groove, with shallow depression at most 3
2 Anterior part of cranium (frons) with two large horn-like processes; body extremely elongate, small (about 3–6 mm) Nemozoma
– Anterior part of cranium (frons) without distinct processes; body not extremely elongate, larger (about 7–25 mm) Temnoscheila
3 Pronotum conspicuously elongate, weakly narrowed at base; body elongate and cylindrical 4
– Pronotum transverse or quadrate or narrowed at base; elytra widest in apical third and somewhat flattened 8
4 Pronotum somewhat cordate; elytra with carinae; large species (about 10–35 mm) Alindria
– Sides of pronotum nearly parallel; elytra without carinae; smaller species (about 2–15 mm) 5
5 Outer margins of all tibiae with large spines; antennae reach backwards anterior margin of pronotum; larger species (about 7–15 mm) Airora
– Outer margin of tibiae with 2–3 spines at apex at most; antennae reach back to beyond anterior margin of pronotum; smaller species (about 2–5 mm) 6
6 Pronotum conspicuously narrowed (constricted) at base Dupontiella
– Pronotum not narrowed at base, oblong 7
7 Pronotum with distinctly raised lateral margins; submentum distinctly separated from gula in front, outer angles not prominent; at least front tibiae with spines at apex Corticotomus
– Pronotum without distinctly raised lateral margins, apical angles obliterated; submentum not distinctly separated from gula in front, outer angles prominent and produced apically at least to base of mandibles; tibiae without spines Euschaefferia
8 Elytra with conspicuous carinae and regular punctation 9
– Elytra without carinae, with regular sculpture only 10
9 Dorsal body surface distinctly flattened; very wide, black species, elytra with four striking orange spots; mesonotum with long orange hairs Elestora
– Dorsal body surface not distinctly flattened, almost cylindrical; elongate, almost cylindrical, unicolorous (black or brown) species without colour pattern Melambia
10 Body including head and pronotum distinctly elongate; pronotum constricted at base Leipaspis
– Body not so elongate; sides of pronotum subparallel or cordate 11
11 Tarsal pattern 4-4-4: 1st tarsomere coalescent with 2nd tarsomere in all pairs of legs; elytra rather convex Parallelodera
– Tarsal pattern 5-5-5; elytra rather flattened 12
12 All tibiae with about 3-6 conspicuous spines along outer margin; pronotum subparallel, elongate; labrum retracted, hardly visible; body more coarsely sculptured Eupycnus
– All tibiae with about 2–4 spines along outer margin; pronotum cordate, approximately as long as wide; labrum distinctly visible; body sculpture finer Tenebroides
Genus Airora Reitter, 1876

http://species-id.net/wiki/Airora

Figs 1, 6; Map 5
Reitter, E. 1876: 18.
Type species:

Trogossita cylindrica Serville, 1828 [designated by Barron 1971]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7. Barron, J. R. 1971: 64. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 41 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Temnochilodes Léveillé, 1890 [type species: Temnochilodes dugesi Léveillé, 1890]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 41 (synonymized)

Description.

Body size: about 7.0–16.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, strongly retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum elongate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side large. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two parts. Coxitae undivided.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes absent. Paragular sclerites present. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae absent. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Sensory appendix very small. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 3+1+1. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Figure 6.

A Alindria spectabilis B Alindria elongata C Alindria sp., Thailand D Airora cylindrica E Airora (syn. Temnochilodes) dugesi F Corticotomus (syn. Colydobius) divisus G Elestora fulgurata.

Biology.

Predatory. In USA, adults dwell mostly on branches and logs of various species of pine. Some specimens were also collected from the bush Cercidiumcorreyanum and some emerged from the fungus Fomesapplanatus. Airora minuta adults were observed preying on the bark beetle Hylocurus. (All Barron 1971.)

Distribution.

From Brazil to Canada.

Map 5.

A distribution of the tribe Trogossitini.

Species:

Airora aequalis Reitter, 1876; Canada, USA, Mexico (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 65 (syn. Airora bicolor Casey, 1916; synonymized by Schaeffer 1920: 193?). Barron, J. R. 1971: 67 (syn. Airora polita Casey, 1916; synonymized by author). Barron, J. R. 1971: 67 (syn. Airora punctiventris Casey, 1916; synonymized by author)

Airora apicalis Reitter, 1876; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora bituberculata Léveillé, 1905; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora canescens Reitter, 1876; Central America (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora centralis Sharp, 1891; Mexico, Guatemala, Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora cylindrica Serville, 1828; Canada, USA, Mexico (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7. Barron, J. R. 1971: 65 (syn. Airora nigellus Melsheimer, 1846; synonymized by whom?). Barron, J. R. 1971: 65 (syn. Airora teres Melsheimer, 1846; synonymized by author). Böving, A. G. & Craighead, F. C. 1931: 273 (larva). Léveillé, A. 1910: 7 (Airora teres Melsheimer, 1846 = syn. Airora aequalis Reitter, 1877; synonymized by Léveillé 1910: 7). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 42 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 21 (syn. Hypophloeus teres Melsheimer, 1846)

Airora decipiens Léveillé, 1899; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora dugesi Léveillé, 1890; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9 (Temnochilodes). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 43 (redescription, combination)

Airora ferruginea Léveillé, 1905; Venezuela (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora grouvellei Léveillé, 1889; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora humeralis Léveillé, 1894; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora longicollis Guérin, 1846; Central and South America (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7 (syn. Airora clivinoides Reitter, 1876; synonymized by author?)

Airora mathani Léveillé, 1878; Bolivia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora minuta Schaeffer, 1918; USA: Arizona, California (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 69

Airora modesta Léveillé, 1907; Venezuela (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora parallelicollis Léveillé, 1894; Brazil, Venezuela (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora pollens Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora procera Reitter, 1876; Bolivia, Paraguay (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora striatopunctata Reitter, 1876; West Indies, Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora suturata Léveillé, 1894; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora vicina Léveillé, 1903; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Airora wagneri Léveillé, 1907; Argentina (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Airora yucatanica Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Genus Alindria Erichson, 1844

http://species-id.net/wiki/Alindria

Figs 1, 6; Map 5
Erichson, W. F. 1844: 451.
Type species.

Trogossita grandis Serville, 1828 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 43 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Description.

Body size: about 11.0–34.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures reduced. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum of males: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, strongly retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell triangular, wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 present. Front tibiae: spines along side large. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: two. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two parts. Coxitae undivided.

Biology.

Predatory. Biology unknown; adults are sometimes collected at light.

Distribution.

Disjunctive distribution: most species distributed in tropical Africa and Madagascar; about four south-eastern Asian species are also congeneric. Two unidentified specimens from Argentina (Természettudományi Múzeum Budapest) may be mislabelled.

Species:

Alindria alluaudi Léveillé, 1894; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria alutacea Murray, 1867; Old Calabar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria angusta Léveillé, 1898; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria auberti Léveillé, 1905; China: Sichuan (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Alindria australis Péringuey, 1885; South Africa: Cap, Transvaal (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria bicolor Basilewsky, 1956; Rwanda (AD)

Basilewsky, P. 1956: 392

Alindria bouvieri Léveillé, 1898; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria chevrolati Reitter, 1876; Senegal (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria cribrosicollis Léveillé, 1888; Tenasserim (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria cyaneicornis Fairmaire, 1887; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria docorsei Léveillé, 1901; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria elongata Guérin, 1846; Guinea (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria grandis Serville, 1825; Senegal, Cap (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8 (syn. Alindria cylindrica Olivier, 1792; synonymized by author?). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 43 (redescription). Léveillé, A. 1910: 8 (syn. Alindria ingenicula Gistl & Bromme, 1850; synonymized by author?). Léveillé, A. 1910: 8 (syn. Alindria major Guérin, 1825; syn. by author?)

Alindria lesnei Léveillé, 1907; East Africa (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria orientalis Redtenbacher, 1844; India: Kashmir (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8 (syn. Alindria parallela Léveillé, 1889; synonymized by Kolibáč 2007a); Andamans (AL)

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364 (syn. Alindria parallela Léveillé, 1889; synonymized by author)

Alindria ornata Léveillé, 1898; Congo (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria ruandana Basilewsky, 1956; Rwanda (AD)

Basilewsky, P. 1956: 390

Alindria sedilloti Léveillé, 1881; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8. Léveillé, A. 1910: 8 (syn. Alindria sikorai Kuwert, 1891; synonymized by author?)

Alindria sericea Léveillé, 1898; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria spectabilis Klug, 1833; Madagascar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8

Alindria virescens Léveillé, 1907; “India” (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Genus Corticotomus Sharp, 1891

http://species-id.net/wiki/Corticotomus

Figs 1, 6; Map 5
Sharp, D. 1891: 390.
Type species.

Corticotomus basalis Sharp, 1891 [designated by Barron 1971]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7. Downie, N. M. & Arnett, R. H. Jr. 1996: 936 (key). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 50 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 138 (Colydobius Sharp, 1891) (key). Léveillé, A. 1910: 20 (Colydobius Sharp, 1891)

Colydobius Sharp, 1891 [type species: Colydobius divisus Sharp, 1891; designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 50 (synonymized)

Leveillesoma Lepesme & Paulian, 1944 [type species: Nemosomia fulva Léveillé, 1905; by original designation]

Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 50 (synonymized)

Parafilumis Casey, 1916 [type species: Parafilumis estriata Casey, 1916; by original designation and monotypy]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 53 (synonymized)

Description.

Body size: about 3.0–5.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae present. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae present. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite sickle shaped. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum elongate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell open (outer vein present), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side large. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two parts. Coxitae undivided.

Biology.

Predatory. North American species have been both reared and collected from various species of pine and willow, also from Rhus, Pseudotsuga, and other trees (Barron 1971, Dajoz 1997). The Corticotomus species were mostly found under bark but also in the burrows of Cryphalus (Scolytinae) (Barron 1971). Dajoz (1997) noted Corticotomus apicalis associated with the bark beetle Chaetophloeus parkinsoniae. The way of life of Corticotomus is probably similar to that of Nemozoma.

Distribution.

Distributed from Brazil to Canada. One species, unknown to me, is described from Chile.

Species:

Corticotomus apicalis Van Dyke, 1944; Western USA (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 60. Dajoz, R. 1997: 42 (biology). Van Dyke, E. C. 1944: 151

Corticotomus basalis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 50

Corticotomus bicolor Léveillé, 1895; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Corticotomus californicus Van Dyke, 1915; Western USA (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 60 (syn. Parafilumis estriata Casey, T. L. 1916: 207, 283; synonymized by whom?). Van Dyke, E. C. 1915: 28. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1920: 193

Corticotomus caviceps Fall, 1910; Western Canada and USA (JRB, varA)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 58. Dajoz, R. 1997: 41 (diagnosis). Barron, J. R. 1971: 58 (syn. Corticotomus laeviventris Casey, 1916; synonymized by whom?). Fall, H. C. 1910: Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma s.str. caviceps Fall, 1910)

Corticotomus cylidricus LeConte, 1863; Eastern USA: Iowa (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 5 (Nemosoma). Barron, J. R. 1971: 57 (syn. Corticotomus cylindricus var. texanus Schaeffer, 1918). Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1920: 193 (Corticotomus cylindricus subsp. texanus Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1918: 192). Barron, J. R. 1971: 56. Van Dyke, E. C. 1915: 26. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 51 (redescription). Böving, A. G. & F. C. Craighead, 1931: 273 (larva). Reitter, E. 1876: 14 (Nemosoma). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma s.str.)

Corticotomus depressus Schaeffer, 1918; Eastern USA (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 54. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1918: 192

Corticotomus divisus Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20 (Colydobius). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 51 (combination)

Corticotomus dufaui Léveillé, 1907; Guadeloupe (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 52 (redescription)

Corticotomus fulva Léveillé, 1905; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4 (Nemosomia). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 50 (combination). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139 (Nemosomia) (combined with Leveillesoma)

Corticotomus parallelum Melsheimer, 1844; Eastern USA (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6 (Nemosoma). Barron, J. R. 1971: 55. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma). Reitter, E. 1876: 14 (Nemosoma)

Corticotomus quadrimaculatus Léveillé, 1894; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Corticotomus sharpi Léveillé, 1905; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 7

Corticotomus signatus Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20

Corticotomus testaceus Dajoz, 1997; USA: Arizona (AD)

Dajoz, R. 1997: 40

† Genus Cretocateres Ponomarenko, 1986

http://species-id.net/wiki/Cretocateres

Fig. 19; Map 5
Ponomarenko, A. G. 1986: iii (1–101).
Type species.

Cretocateres mongolicus Ponomarenko, 1986 [by monotypy and author’s designation]

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (classification). Ponomarenko, A. G. 1986: iii (1–101) (Lophocateridae). Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 73, 74. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (Trogossitidae: Trogossitini). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. (2005–2008): http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm (Peltidae). Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

Diagnosis.

Body size: probably about 3.0 mm (no scale provided). Body elongate, terminal antennomeres conspicuously asymmetrical. Very similar to Siberian Thoracotes (see Ponomarenko 1990). Differences between the two genera are not known to me. Structure of coxae in combination with characteristic antennae allow a classification within Trogossitidae: Trogossitinae; shape of pronotum is closer to Trogossitini than Gymnochilini. See a reproduction of the original table in Fig. 19.

Distribution.

Mesozoic: Lower Cretaceous; West Mongolia.

Species:

† Cretocateres mongolicus Ponomarenko, 1986; W Mongolia; Lower Cretaceous (varA)

Ponomarenko, A. G. 1986: iii (1–101) (Lophocateridae). Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 73, 74. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (Trogossitidae: Trogossitini). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. (2005–2008): http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm (Peltidae). Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

Genus Dupontiella Spinola, 1844

http://species-id.net/wiki/Dupontiella

Figs 20–23; Map 5
Spinola, M. 1844 (II): 168.
Type species.

Dupontiella ichneumonoides Spinola, 1844 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 54. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny). Reitter, E. 1876: 15

Remarks.

Body size: about 4.0–5.0 mm. The genus was originally described in Cleridae. Lacordaire (1857: 493) transferred Dupontiella to Trogossitidae. Neither species was pinned in Cleridae in Spinola’s original collection and I found none in “collectio Chevrolat” (MNHN Paris) where Dupontiella ichneumonoides could have been placed. Figures 20–23 show a facsimile of Spinola’s (1844) original descriptions with figures as well as Reitter’s (1876) remarks on the genus.

The 11-segmented antennae with distinct 3-segmented asymmetrical club, as well as perhaps a tri-sinuate anterior margin to the frons, probably indicate proper classification within Trogossitinae, perhaps related to Nemozoma and allied genera. Spinola’s note “[...] les mandibles de la forme ordinaire, la face antérieurement arrondie et non tri-échancrée[...]” could mean that the mandibles are unidentate. Some species, possibly only specimens of Corticotomus, are the only known trogossitids with mandibles that may be unidentate (Kolibáč 2005: 51). On the other hand, the body shape and the complex colour pattern on the dorsal surface of of the body also resemble Calanthosoma (Egoliini). Because species of the latter genus are far larger, I tend to support a relationship to Nemozoma and Corticotomus. Hence the classification of Dupontiella within Trogossitini herein.

Distribution.

Venezuela.

Species:

Dupontiella fasciatella Spinola, 1844; Venezuela: Caracas (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6. Reitter, E. 1876: 16

Dupontiella ichneumonoides Spinola, 1844; Venezuela: Caracas (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 54. Reitter, E. 1876: 15

Genus Elestora Pascoe, 1868

http://species-id.net/wiki/Elestora

Fig. 6; Map 5
Pascoe, F. P. 1868: XI.
Type species.

Elestora fulgurata Pascoe, 1868 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 55. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny). Reitter, E. 1876: 30

Remarks.

The phylogeny of the genus is unclear and in need of revision, together with Melambia. Elestora could be related to some species of the latter genus (see “Remarks” on Melambia). I presume a classification of Elestora within the trogossitins rather than with the gymnochilins.

Description.

Body size: 15.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum of males: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Mandibular apical teeth number: one. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 present. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur absent in middle and hind tibiae. Claws: denticle absent.

Biology.

Probably predatory. A specimen was observed on a smouldering log at the margin of a tropical forest clearing in Laos. Its light orange spots on the elytra (much duller in a few museum specimens) perfectly imitate wood embers. Very rapid flier.

Distribution.

Distributed from Malaysia to northern Laos but perhaps very rare.

Species:

Elestora fulgurata Pascoe, 1868; Malaysia: Penang, Laos (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 55. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 152. Reitter, E. 1876: 30

† Genus Eotenebroides Ren, 1995

http://species-id.net/wiki/Eotenebroides

Map 5
Ren, D. 1995: 88 [in Chinese], 189 [in English] (Tenebroidinae, = Trogossitidae, Trogossitinae).
Type species.

Eotenebroides tumoculus Ren, 1995

Ren, D. 1995: 89 [species description in Chinese only]. Kolibáč, J. & Huang, D.-Y. 2008: 141 (Trogossitini)

English description of the genus.

“Head triangular, longer than wide. Eyes distinct, larger, situated laterally at median. Last 3 segments of antennae not thickened. Basal part of lateral margin of pronotum not narrowed. Scutellum larger. Coxa of middle and hind legs very close. Elytra not longer than abdomen, surface with 5 visible longitudinal streaks. Length 6.1 mm, width 2.4 mm.” (Ren 1995: 189).

Translation of Chinese description of the species.

“Head: head slightly longer than wide; mandible robust, slightly curved; antenna with 11 segments, scapus a littler longer than others, length of other segments similar to one another, last three segments not thickened; eyes large, around 1/3 as long as head (excluding mandible), not projecting, clearly separated from front edge of pronotum. Thorax: pronotum longer than wide, anterior edge concave, anterio-lateral angles projecting, sharp, posterio-lateral angles rounded, posterior edge straight, as long as anterior edge; connection of pronotum with elytra forming a neck; scutellum large, triangular; metepisternum visible, not making contact with mid-coxa; front coxae transverse, well-separated, femur thick; middle coxae rounded, close to one another, femur thicker than tibia; hind coxae nearly rounded, close to one another, hind femur as wide as middle femur. Elytra: elytra does not reach end of abdomen, its base as wide as pronotum, equipped with 5 longitudinal ridges. Abdomen: 6 sternites visible.” (Ren 1995: 89).

Distribution.

China: SW of Beijing, Chongqing reservoir; Mesozoic: Lower Cretaceous, Lushangfen formation.

Species:

† Eotenebroides tumoculus Ren, 1995; China: SW of Beijing; Lower Cretaceous (AD)

Ren, D. 1995: 88 [species description in Chinese only]. Kolibáč, J. & Huang, D.-Y. 2008: 141

Genus Eupycnus Sharp, 1891

http://species-id.net/wiki/Eupycnus

Fig. 7; Map 5
Sharp, D. 1891: 415.
Type species.

Eupycnus lentus Sharp, 1891 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 56 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: about 7.5 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Ligula: ciliate setae present. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum subquadrate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell open (outer vein present), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side large. Hooked spur present in all tibiae. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale present. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Figure 7.

A Eupycnus lentus B Melambia crenicollis C Melambia striata D Leipaspis lauricola E Nemozoma cornutum F Nemozoma elongatum G Nemozoma caucasicum H Parallelodera quadraticollis I Temnoscheila pini.

Biology.

Predatory. The single described species probably has the same way of life as Tenebroides species.

Distribution.

Mexico. One undescribed species is known to me from Cuba.

Species:

Eupycnus lentus Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 56 (redescription)

Genus Euschaefferia Leng, 1920

http://species-id.net/wiki/Euschaefferia

Map 5
Leng, C. W. 1920: 193.
Type species.

Stenodema hicoriae Schaeffer, 1918 [by original designation and monotypy]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 62. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 57. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Pseudocotomus Van Dyke, 1944 [type species: Pseudocotomus mclayi Van Dyke, 1944; by original designation]

Van Dyke, E. C. 1944: 153. Barron, J. R. 1971: 62 (synonymized)

Stenodema Schaeffer, 1918 (preoccupied) [type species: Stenodema hicoriae Schaeffer, 1918; by original designation]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 62. Leng, C. W. 1920: 193. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1918: 193

Description.

Body size: 2.0–3.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical. Pronotum elongate. Elytra: long hairs absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation irregular, scales absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent in middle and hind tibiae. Claws: denticle absent.

Biology.

Predatory. It was recorded from the galleries of the bark beetle Pseudothysanoes burtoni and has also been reared on the plant Vachellia farnesiana (Barron 1971).

Distribution.

Belt of the southern states of the USA.

Species:

Euschaefferia hicoriae Schaeffer, 1918; USA: Texas, North Carolina (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 63. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 57. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1918: 193

Euschaefferia mclayi Van Dyke, 1944; USA: California (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 63 (comb). Van Dyke, E. C. 1944: 153. (Pseudocotomus)

Genus Leipaspis Wollaston, 1862

http://species-id.net/wiki/Leipaspis

Figs 1, 7; Map 5
Wollaston, T. V. 1862: 140.
Type species.

Leipaspis lauricola Wollaston, 1862 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14 (Lipaspis). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 63 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Reitter, E. 1876: 27 (Lipaspis)

Description.

Body size: about 8.5–9.5 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae present. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae present. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite sickle shaped. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum elongate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Coxitae divided.

Biology.

Predatory. The species was collected on the stems of various plants, such as Euphorbia sp., Pinus sp., Suadea vermiculata, Arthrocnemum fruticosum, Laurus nobilis, and Nicotiana glauca, probably preying on anobiids (Xestobium) or other xylophagous insects.

Distribution.

Canary Islands.

Species:

Leipaspis caulicola Wollaston, 1862;

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14 (Lipaspis). Plata-Negrache, P. & Prendes-Ayala, C. 1981: 227. Reitter, E. 1876: 27 (Lipaspis)

Leipaspis caulicola caulicola Wollaston, 1862; Canary Islands (varA)

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Leipaspis caulicola oceanica Wollaston, 1865; Madeira: Selvagens (varA)

Erber, D. & Wheater, C. P. 1987: 166 (Leipaspis caulicola var. oceanica Wollaston, 1865). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364 (subspecies)

Leipaspis lauricola Wollaston, 1862; Canary Islands (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14 (Lipaspis). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 63. Reitter, E. 1876: 27 (Lipaspis)

Leipaspis lauricola lauricola Wollaston, 1862; Canary Isl: La Palma, Tenerife (varA)

Plata-Negrache, P. & C. Prendes-Ayala 1981: 229. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Leipaspis lauricola gomerensis Plata & Prendes, 1981 Canary Isl.: La Gomera, El Hierro (varA)

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Machado, A. & Oromí, P. 2000: ii. Plata-Negrache, P. & Prendes-Ayala, C. 1981: 229

Leipaspis pinicola Wollaston, 1862; Canary Islands (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14 (Lipaspis). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Plata-Negrache, P. & Prendes-Ayala, C. 1981: 229. Reitter, E. 1876: 27

Genus Melambia Erichson, 1844

http://species-id.net/wiki/Melambia

Fig. 7; Map 5
Erichson, W. F. 1844: 450.
Type species.

Trogossita gigas Fabricius, 1798 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 68 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1652 (larva). Reitter, E. 1876: 24

Remarks.

The placement of the genus in Trogossitini should be revised because my analysis of 2008 disclosed a possible relationship of some its species with Gymnochilini. There are distinct differences in the body shape among the numerous species of Melambia, for example between Melambia grandis (a robust species with a cordate pronotum) and Melambia orientalis (an elongate species with pronotum shaped somewhat like that of Tenebroides). Consideration of a re-classification of Seidlitzella within Gymnochilini, similar in habitus to Melambia, needs species revision and new phylogenetic analysis with reference to Trogossitini and Gymnochilini, including special attention to the related trogossitine genus Alindria. As a preliminary opinion, I assume that both genera, Melambia and Alindria, form a basal group of Trogossitini.

Description.

Body size: about 20.0–30.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures reduced. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum of males: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: two. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two or three parts.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem present. Endocarina present. Stemmata number: five. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer absent. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula absent. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part, anterior margin with notch. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 2-0-0. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi minute; median process absent.

Biology.

Predatory. According to Mamaev (1976), Melambia tekkensis and Melambia cardoni larvae prey on larvae of jewel beetles and longhorn beetles (under the bark of, for example, apricot trees or Grewia).

Distribution.

South-eastern, southern and central Asia; also several species in Africa from Egypt to South Africa. Such a disjunctive distribution is possible, but the African species need to be checked because of possible confusion with the similar genus Alindria.

Species:

Melambia cardoni Léveillé, 1908; India: “Bengalia” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9

Melambia cordicollis Reitter, 1876; Philippines (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Reitter, E. 1876: 25

Melambia crenicollis Guérin, 1846; India: “Bengalia” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9

Melambia funebris Pascoe, 1862; Cambodia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Reitter, E. 1876: 25

Melambia gautardi Tournier, 1872; Egypt (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Reitter, E. 1876: 26

Melambia gigas Fabricius, 1798; Guinea, Senegal (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 68 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 25

Melambia maura Pascoe, 1862; South Africa: “N’gami”, Mauritania (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Mateu, J. 1972: 547

Melambia memnonia Pascoe, 1862; Sri Lanka (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9

Melambia opaca Reitter, 1876; South Africa: Cap (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Reitter, E. 1876: 25

Melambia pumila Léveillé, 1885; Burma (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9

Melambia striata Olivier, 1790; Senegal (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Mateu, J. 1972: 547. Reitter, E. 1876: 24

Melambia subcyanea Gerstaecker, 1871; Zanzibar (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Reitter, E. 1876: 26

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9 (syn. Melambia coeruleata Fairmaire, 1882) Somalia (AL)

Melambia tekkensis Koenig, 1889; „Transcaspia”, Turkmenistan (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1650 (larva)

Genus Nemozoma Latreille, 1804

http://species-id.net/wiki/Nemozoma

Figs 7, 15; Map 5
Latreille, P. A. 1804: 239.
Type species.

Dermestes elongatus Linnaeus, 1760 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 5. Barron, J. R. 1971: 45. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 299. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 72 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Kolibáč, J. et al. 2005: 31+135 (key). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139 (subgen. Nemosoma s.str.). Lucht, W. 1998: 207 (key). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1652 (larvae). Nikitsky, N. B. 1974: 563. Reitter, E. 1876: 13

Aponemosoma Lepesme & Paulian, 1944 (subgenus) [type species: Nemosoma caucasicum Ménétries, 1832; by original designation]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 45 (synonymized). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139 (Nemosoma subgen. Aponemosoma)

Cylidrella Sharp, 1891 [type species: Cylidrellamollis Sharp, 1891; by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6. Barron, J. R. 1971: 52. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 72 (synonymized). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Monesoma Léveillé, 1894 (subgenus) [type species: Nemosoma cornutum Sturm, 1826; by original designation]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6 (subgenus). Barron, J. R. 1971: 45 (=Sturmia Ragusa, 1892). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139 (synonymized)

Nemosomia Reitter, 1876 [type species: Nemosomia vorax Reitter, 1876; by original designation]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Barron, J. R. 1971: 45. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139 (subgenus). Reitter, E. 1876: 11

Paranemosoma Lepesme & Paulian, 1944 (subgenus) [type species: Nemosoma punctatum Léveillé, 1886; by original designation]

Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Sturmia Ragusa, 1892 [type species: Nemosoma cornutum Sturm, 1826; by original designation]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 45 (preoccupied, synonymized with Monesoma). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Pseudalindria Fall, 1910 [type species: Pseudalindria fissiceps Fall, 1910; by original designation]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 45. Fall, H. C. 1910: 126. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364

Description.

Body size: about 2.5–5.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression present. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae present. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae present. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented or 10-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum elongate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell open (outer vein present), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side large. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts. Coxitae undivided.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes absent. Paragular sclerites present. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: one tooth. Lacinia mandibulae with several small spines. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer absent. Pedunculate seta present. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula absent. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part, anterior margin with notch. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Sensory appendix medium sized (to half of joint 3). Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 3+1+1. Trochanter triangular. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

Predatory. Adults live together with larvae under the bark of deciduous and coniferous trees and shrubs, hunting especially for bark beetles.

Distribution.

From Brazil to Canada, Europe including European part of Russia, Near East (Turkey, Syria), North Africa. No records are known from Asia east of Caucasus.

Species:

Nemozoma alasanicum Fursov, 1930; Georgia (varA)

Fursov, N. I. 1930: 183. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (subgen. Nemosoma s. str.)

Nemozoma attenuatum Van Dyke, 1915; USA: California, Washington (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 47. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma s.str.). Sakamoto, J. M. 2007: 342 (distribution). Van Dyke, 1915: 26

Nemozoma brasiliense Léveillé, 1900; Brazil: Jatahy (varA)

Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 138 (combined from Monesoma)

Nemozoma breviatum Peyerimhoff, 1918; Algeria (varA)

Peyerimhoff, P. M., de 1918: 329. Hallan, J. 2007–2012: http://insects.tamu.edu (syn. of Nemozoma elongatum?). Kolibáč, J. 2009: 128

Note: Brustel, H. (pers. comm., 2011) newly recorded 15 specimens from North Africa; he compared Palaearctic species and found Nemozoma breviatum valid.

Nemozoma caucasicum Ménétries, 1832; Austria, Poland, SW Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine, „Caucasus” (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6 (Monesoma). Hilszczanski, J. 2006: 29. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 148 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90. Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 19, 21. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364 (syn. Nemozoma fasciicole Hampe, 1864). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 141 (Aponemosoma). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1653 (larva). Milkowski, M. & Wojas, T. 2008: 172 (distribution). Nikitsky, N. B. 1974: 566 (larva). Pankow, W. 2010: 87 (distribution). Reitter, E. 1876: 13

Kolosov, ? 1931: 116 (syn. Nemosoma curtulum Fursov, 1930); „Chernyi les” (varA)

Fursov, N. I. 1930: 182 (Nemosoma curtulum Fursov, 1930; synonymized by Kolosov 1931: 116 after Hallan 2007–2012; reference not found)

Nemozoma championi Wickham, 1916; Western USA: Colorado, New Mexico (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 52 (Cylidrella). Wickham, 1916: 147

Nemozoma cornutum Sturm, 1826; SW Russia, Ukraine, „Caucasus” (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 148 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma s.str.). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1654 (larva). Moragues, G. 1981: 262–263 (distribution). Nikitsky, N. B. 1974: 566 (larva). Reitter, E. 1876: 14. Sarikaya, O. & Avci, M. 2009: 253–264 (biology)

Nemozoma cupressi Van Dyke, 1944; USA: Nothern coast of California (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 51. Van Dyke, E. C. 1944: 147, 149

Nemozoma cylindricolle Fursov, 1930; Georgia (varA)

Fursov, N. I. 1930: 182. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma s.str.)

Nemozoma elongatum Linnaeus, 1761; Europe, Syria, Turkey, Tunisia (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 5. Baader, E. J. 1989: 1 (biology). Bahillo de la Puebla P. & López-Colón, J. I. 2004: 129. Baier, P. 1994: 51 (biology). Baier, P. 1991: 421 (biology). Borowiec, L. 1983: 8. Burakowski, B., Mroczkowski, M. & Stefanska, J. 1986: 115. Conrad, R. 1995: 190–195 (contribution). Cunev, J. 1999: 76. Dippel, C. 1991: 473 (biology). Dippel, C. 1995: 67 (biology). Dippel, C. 1996: 391 (biology). Dippel, C. et al. 1997: 161 (biology). Gobbi, G. 1983: 52. Gueorguiev, B. et al. 2003: 107 (distribution). Heuer, H. & Vite, J. P. 1984a: 214 (biology). Heuer, H. & Vite, J. P. 1984b: 586 (biology). Hallan, J. 2007–2012: 4 (syn. Nemosoma breviatum Peyrimhoff, 1918?). Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 5. Klausnitzer, B. 1978: 176. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 146 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 21. Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90. Kolibáč, J. 1996: 473. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 72 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Nemozoma fasciatum Panzer, 1796; in Colydium). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 364 (syn. Nemozoma corsicum Reitter, 1876). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Nemozoma siculum Ragusa, 1891). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Nemozoma syriacum Pic, 1901). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Nemozoma elongatum var. tuniseum Pic, 1900). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma s.str.). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1654 (larva). Mitter, H. 1998: 559. Nikitsky, N. B. 1974: 566 (larva). Peyrimhoff, 1918: 329 (Nemozoma breviatum; valid species: H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2011). Pileckis, S. & V. Monsevičius 1995: 271. Reitter, E. 1876: 13 (syn. Nemozoma corsicum Ratti, E. 1997: 179. Reitter, 1876; synonymized by Léveillé 1889: 8). Skatulla, U. & Feicht, E. 1992: 4 (biology). Szafraniec, S. 1997: 207 (distribution). Vogt, H. 1967: 15. Wigger, H. 1993: 68 (biology). Wigger, H. 1994: 8 (biology). Wigger, H. 1996: 55 (biology)

Nemozoma fissiceps Fall, 1910; USA: California, Oregon (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 49. Fall, H. C. 1910: 127

Nemozoma gounellei Léveillé, 1894; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6

Nemozoma landesi Léveillé, 1901; Martinica (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 139 (subgen. Nemosomia)

Nemozoma maculata Dajoz, 1991; USA (AD)

Dajoz, R. 1991: 245 (Cylidrella)

Nemozoma mollis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6 (Cylidrella). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 73 (redescription, combination)

Nemozoma picta Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4 (Nemosomia)

Nemozoma pujoli Léveillé, 1902; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4

Nemozoma punctatum Léveillé, 1888; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140

Nemozoma punctulata Van Dyke, 1920; Canada: British Columbia to USA: California (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 49. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140. Van Dyke, E. C. 1916: 71, 72 (described as punctatum). Van Dyke, E. C. 1920: 85 (jun. homonym; renamed)

Nemozoma schwarzi Schaeffer, 1918; USA: Arizona, California (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 48. Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140 (Nemosoma s.str.). Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1918: 191 (subgen. Monesoma)

Nemozoma signatum Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 6

Nemozoma simoni Léveillé, 1889; Venezuela (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4 (Nemosomia). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 140

Nemozoma vorax Reitter, 1876; Columbia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 4 (Nemosomia). Lepesme, P. & Paulian, R. 1944: 141. Reitter, E. 1876: 12 (Nemosomia)

Genus Parallelodera Fairmaire, 1881

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parallelodera

Fig. 7; Map 5
Fairmaire, L. 1881: 256.
Type species.

Parallelodera quadraticollis Fairmaire, 1881 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 74 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: about 11.0–12.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression present. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum of males: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum subquadrate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell open (outer vein present), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side large. Hooked spur present in all tibiae. Claws: denticle absent.

Biology.

In the light of a presumable relationship with Airora and Temnoscheila, I suggest a predatory way of life.

Distribution.

Pacific islands as listed with the particular species.

Species:

Parallelodera luteicornis Fairmaire, 1881; Fiji, Viti Isl. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 75

Parallelodera parallelus Fairmaire, 1850; New Caledonia, Madera, Nuka-Hiva, Tahiti (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18 (Tenebroides). Léveillé, A. 1910: 18 (syn. Tenebroides serratus Wollaston, 1854). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 75 (combination)

Parallelodera quadraticollis Fairmaire, 1881; Fiji, Viti Isl. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 8. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 74 (redescription)

Genus Temnoscheila Westwood, 1830

http://species-id.net/wiki/Temnoscheila

Figs 7, 8; Map 5
Westwood, J. O. 1830: 231.
Type species:

Trogossita caerulea Olivier, 1790 [by monotypy]

Downie, N. M. & Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1996: 937 (key). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 83 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 109 (review of larvae), 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Spahr, U. 1981: 74 (amber and copal fossils)

Temnochila Erichson, 1844 (unjustified emendation by Erichson 1844: 449)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 9. Barron, J. R. 1971: 70. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (unjustified emendation). Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 80

Trogossita Olivier, 1790 [type species: Trogossita caerulea Olivier, 1790]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 70. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 299. Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1652 (larva). Matthews, E. G. 1992: 3. Reitter, E. 1876: 26 (Trogosita)

Description.

Body size: about 9.0–26.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures reduced. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression present. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum of males: ctenidium present. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae present. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite sickle shaped. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum elongate. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell triangular, wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Coxitae undivided.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes absent. Paragular sclerites present. Hypostomal rods present. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally even, vertically situated. Lacinia mandibulae with several small spines. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer absent. Pedunculate seta present. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo-Stipes partially fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part, anterior margin projecting. Torma: two separate lateral sclerites. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Sensory appendix very small. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 3+1+1. Trochanter oblong. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Figure 8.

A Temnoscheila smaragdina B Temnoscheila caerulea C Temnoscheila punctatissima D Tenebroides mauritanicus E Tenebroides ruber F Tenebroides bipustulatus G Tenebroides fossulatus.

Biology.

Predatory. Adults hunt for xylophagous beetles on logs and branches of various trees and shrubs. Larvae live mostly under bark but sometimes dwell on the surface of wood as well.

Distribution.

The bulk of species are distributed in the two Americas. Only a few species spread through to the Palaearctic region. Several species tend to cosmopolitanism (Temnoscheila caerulea, Temnoscheila virescens).

Species:

Temnoscheila acuta LeConte, 1858; Texas (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila). Barron, J. R. 1971: 85 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila aenea Olivier, 1790; Brazil, Porto Rico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila aerea LeConte, 1858; Guatemala (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila). Barron, J. R. 1971: 78 (Temnochila). Barron, J. R. 1971: 78 (syn. Temnochila virescens var. nyentia Dow, 1912). Dow, R. P. 1912: 70

Temnoscheila alticola Sharp, 1891

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila aureola Reitter, 1875; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10

Temnoscheila aurora Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila barbata LeConte, 1863; “Cap S. Lucas” (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila). Barron, J. R. 1971: 73 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila bedeli Léveillé, 1889; Venezuela (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila belti Sharp, 1891; Nicaragua (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila biolleyi Léveillé, 1903; Costa Rica (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila boboensis Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10

Temnoscheila boliviensis Léveillé, 1903; Bolivia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila borrei Reitter, 1875; Antilles, Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila brevior Léveillé, 1889; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila caerulea Olivier, 1790; South Europe, Southwestern Asia, North Africa, China (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10. Bahillo de la Puebla P. & López-Colón, J. I. 1999: 13. Sarikaya, O. & Avci, M. 2009: 129. Borowiec, L. 1983: 10. Burakowski et al. 1986: 116. Crowson, R. A. 1972: 339 (Trogossita). Gobbi, G. 1983: 51 (Temnochila). Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 5 (Temnochila). Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 21 (Temnochila). Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90 (Temnochila). Mitter, H. 1998: 560 (Temnochila). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 83 (redescription)

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 36 (syn. Temnoscheila gemella Bedel, 1900; described as species; synonymized by Kolibáč 2007a); Algeria (JK)

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Temnoscheila pini Brullé, 1838); Canary Isl. (JK)

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Temnoscheila rogenhoferi Reitter, 1875) „India or.” (JK)

Klausnitzer, B. 1978: 176 (Temnochila). Léveillé, A. 1910: 11 (Temnochila caerulea var. asiatica Léveillé, 1908); Yunnan (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10 (syn. Temnochila rogenhoferi Reitter, 1875)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11 (Temnochila var. gemella Bedel, 1900) Algeria (AL)

Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1655 (Trogossita) (larva). Pajares, J. A. et al. 2004: 633 (biology). Whitehouse, N. J. 1997: 293 (biology). Vogt, H. 1967: 15 (Temnochila)

Temnoscheila caerulea pini Brullé, 1838; Canary Isl. (varA)

Plata-Negrache, P. & C. Prendes-Ayala 1981: 226

Temnoscheila chalcea Kirsch, 1873; Peru, America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10

Temnoscheila championi Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10

Temnoscheila chevrolati Reitter, 1875; Brazil: „Cayenna”, America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10

Temnoscheila chiriquensis Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10

Temnoscheila chlorodia Mannerheim, 1843; Western USA, Western Canada (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 82 (syn. Temnochila prosternalis Schaeffer, 1918; synonymized by Barron 1971). Barron, J. R. 1971: 82 (syn. Temnochila virescens chlorodia ab. melanica Hatch, 1962). Barron, J. R. 1971: 82 (syn. Temnochila viridicyanea Mannerheim, 1843; synonymized by whom, Reitter 1875?). Barron, J. R. 1971: 82 (syn. Temnochila virescens chlorodia Mannerheim, 1843: Schaeffer 1918, 1920; Hatch 1962; Struble and Carpelan 1941)

Boone, C. K. S. et al. 2008: 411 (biology). Dahlsten, D. L. et al. 2004: 1554 (biology). DeMars, C. J. Jr. et al. 1986: 881 (biology). Dominguez-Sanchez, B. et al. 2008: 175 (biology). Gaylord, M. L. W. et al. 2008: 57 (biology). Goheen, D. J. et al. 1985: 1535 (biology). Fettig, Ch. J. & Dabney, Ch. P. 2006: 75 (biology). Fettig, Ch. J. et al. 2004: 490 (biology). Fettig, Ch. J. et al. 2005: 748 (biology). Fettig, Ch. J. et al. 2007: 141 (biology). Léveillé, A. 1910: 13 (Temnoscheila virescens). Marsden, M. A. et al. 1981: 1 (biology). Miller, D. R. et al. 1997: 2013 (biology). Ross, D. W. & Daterman, G. E. 1998: 500 (biology). Swezey, S. L. & Dahlsen, D. L. 1982: 142 (biology). Williams, K. K. et al. 2009: 351 (biology). Zhou, J. et al. 2001: 993 (biology)

Temnoscheila chrysosterna Reitter, 1875; Brazil: „Cayenna” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 10

Temnoscheila colossus Serville, 1828; Colombia, Brazil: „Cayenna” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila corinthia Reitter, 1875; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila costaricensis Sharp, 1891; Costarica (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila curta Léveillé, 1889; Cayenna (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila davidi Léveillé, 1898; Ecuador (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila dendrobia Gistl & Bromme, 1850; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila derasa Sharp, 1891; Mexico, Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila diffinis Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila digitata Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila doumerci Serville, 1828; Brazil: „Cayenna” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila dryadis Reitter, 1875; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila ebenina Blanchard, 1875; Bolivia, Uruguay (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila edendata Schaeffer, 1918; USA: Arizona, California, Mexico: Baja (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 76 (syn. Temnochila sonorana Barrett, 1932: 171; synonymized by Barron 1971)

Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1918: 194

Temnoscheila exarata Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila festiva Serville, 1828; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11 (syn. Temnochila splendens Gray in Griffith 1832 (Temnoscheila); synonymized by whom?)

Temnoscheila foveicollis Reitter, 1875; Brazil: „Cayenna”, „Para” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila fraudulenta Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila fulgidovittata Blanchard, 1875; Bolivia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila geminata Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila gigantea Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila gloriosa Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila grandis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila grilloi Léveillé, 1905; Brazil: „Paraná” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 11

Temnoscheila grouvellei Léveillé, 1889; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila guatemalana Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila hubbardi Léveillé, 1889; USA: Florida (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12. Barron, J. R. 1971: 75

Temnoscheila insignis Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12. Reitter, E. 1875: 10 (homonym with Temnoscheila insignis Heer, 1868)

† Temnoscheila insignis Heer, 1868 (Trogosita); Tertiary: Eocene; Greenland (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 120

Temnoscheila iris Reitter, 1875; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila jansoni Léveillé, 1889; Brazil: “Minas Geraes” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila japonica Reitter, 1875; Japan, North Korea, Russian Far East, Northeastern China (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12. Esaki, T. et al. 1951: 1060. Inouye, M. & Nobuchi, A. 1957: 194 (Temnochila) (larva). Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 146 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1655 (Trogossita) (larva). Nakane, T. K. et al. 1963: 181. Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 80

Temnoscheila jekeli Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12 (syn. Temnochila sennevillei Léveillé, 1878)

Temnoscheila kirschi Reitter, 1875; Colombia: Bogota (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila laevicollis Reitter, 1875; Brazil: „Cayenna” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila laticollis Reitter, 1875; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila lebasi Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila leveillei Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila lucens Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila metallica Percheron, 1835?; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12 (syn. Temnochila mexicana Reitter, 1875; synonymized by Salle 1877)

Temnoscheila mirabilis Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila miranda Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila nigritarsis Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila obscura Reitter, 1875; North America? (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila obsoleta Reitter, 1875; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila obtusicollis Reitter, 1875; Venezuela (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila olivacea Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila olivicolor Léveillé, 1889; Ecuador (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila omolopha Barron, 1971; USA: Arizona, New Mexico (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 77

Temnoscheila parva Léveillé, 1889; Santo Domingo (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila patricioi Kirsch, 1881; „S. Thomé Isl.” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila peruviana Léveillé, 1907; Peru (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila planicollis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila planipennis Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12 (syn. Temnochila metallica Reitter, 1875; synonymized by whom?)

Temnoscheila polita Chevrolat, 1833; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila pollens Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila polygonalis Léveillé, 1899; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila portoricensis Léveillé, 1907; Porto Rico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila praeterita Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila punctatissima Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila punicea Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 12

Temnoscheila quadricollis Reitter, 1875; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila querula Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila reitteri Kirsch, 1885; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila reversa Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila rhyssa Barron, 1971; USA: California, Idaho (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 77

Temnoscheila rugulosa Kirsch, 1873; Peru (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila sallei Léveillé, 1889; Guatemala, Yucatan (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila salvini Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila sculpturata Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila sharpi Léveillé, 1894; Bogota (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila smithi Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila splendida Gory, 1831; Brazil: Cayenna (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila steinheili Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila stipes Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila subcylindrica Léveillé, 1907; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila sulcifrons Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila sulcisternum Léveillé, 1889; Jamaica (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila suturata Reitter, 1875; Mexico, Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila telemanensis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila tristis Mulsant & Rey, 1853; Italia, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13 (syn. Temnochila cribricollis Reitter, 1875; synonymized by whom?). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365

Temnoscheila urbensis Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila varians Guérin, 1846; Brazil: Cayenna (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila variicolor Léveillé, 1889; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13

Temnoscheila virescens Fabricius, 1775; Guayana, Central America, USA, introduced to Australia (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13. Abbott, I. 1993: 35 (biology). Barron, J. R. 1971: 79. Barron, J. R. 1971: 80 (syn. Temnochila cyanea Reitter, 1875; syn. by Léveillé, 1888). Barron, J. R. 1971: 80 (syn. Temnochila cyanea Reitter, 1875; may be synonym of Temnoscheila chlorodia! Note Barron 1971). Billings, R. F. 1985: 483 (biology). Billings, R. F. & Cameron, R. S. 1984: 1542 (biology). Böving, A. G. & Craighead, F. C. 1931: 273 (larva). Klausnitzer, B. 1978: 176. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 146 (larva). Lawson, S. A. & Morgan, F. D. 1992: 225 (biology). Lawson, S. A. & Morgan, F. D. 1993: 139 (biology). Massey, C. L. et al. 1977: 1 (biology). Matthews, E. G. 1992: 3. McCravy, K. W. et al. 2000: 77 (biology). Page, J. M. 1981: 217 (biology). Reeve, J. D. S. et al. 2009: 183 (biology)

Temnoscheila yuccae Crotch, 1874; USA: California, Nevada; Mexico: Baja (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 13. Barron, J. R. 1971: 74

Temnoscheila sp.

Beutel, R. G. & Ślipiński, S. A. 2001: 219 (phylogeny, morphology). Costa, C. et al. 1988: 177 (larva)

Genus Tenebroides Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783

http://species-id.net/wiki/Tenebroides

Figs 2, 8; Map 5
Piller, M. & Mitterpacher, L. 1783: 87.
Type species.

Tenebrio mauritanicus Linnaeus, 1758 [designated by Westwood 1838]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14. Barron, J. R. 1971: 88. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 299. Downie, N. M. & Arnett, R. H. Jr. 1996: 937 (key). Kobayashi, K. 1980: 1–6 (ecology). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 84 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. et al. 2005: 30 + 134 (key). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1652 (larva). Matthews, E. G. 1992: 3. Merkl, O. 1993: 12 (key). Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 80. Ratti, E. 1997: 178 (Tenebroides sp.). Reitter, E. 1876: 28. Spahr, U. 1981: 74 (amber and copal fossils). Uchida, A. 1980: 61–73 (biology)

Trogossita Olivier, 1790 [type species: Trogossita caerulea Olivier, 1790]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 88 (list of references)

Description.

Body size: about 3.5–12.0 mm. Body shape elongate. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae present. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected (Airora). Ligula: ciliate setae present. Ligula rigid, weakly retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell open (outer vein present), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts. Coxitae undivided.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes absent. Paragular sclerites present. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae with several small spines. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer absent. Pedunculate seta present. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo-Stipes partially fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part, anterior margin with notch. Torma: two separate lateral sclerites. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Sensory appendix medium sized (to half of joint 3). Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 3+1+1. Trochanter oblong. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

The species of the genus are mostly predatory, occasionally feeding on grains (e.g. the cadelle beetle, Tenebroides mauritanicus, which is adapted to a synanthropic way of life and is a serious pest of stored grain). It is probably originally European. The wild population, sometimes designated as the separate species Tenebriodes fuscus Goeze, 1777, lives in forests and its adults and larvae may be found under the bark of deciduous trees, where they feed on other insects. Supposed differences between adults of the both species can be summarized as follows: (1) Tenebriodes fuscus – antennae dilated from antennomere 6; elytra weakly glabrous, densely transversely wrinkled; frons narrower than that in the following species. (2) Tenebroides mauritanicus – antennae dilated from antennomere 8; elytra rather dull, sparsely transversely wrinkled; frons wider than that in Tenebriodes fuscus.

Distribution.

The bulk of species is distributed in the two Americas. Only a few species live in the Palaearctic region. Synanthropic Tenebroides mauritanicus is cosmopolitan.

Species:

Tenebroides aenelpennis Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14

Tenebroides aeneus Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14

Tenebroides albomaculatus Reitter, 1875; Colombia, America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 14

Tenebroides albonotatus Reitter, 1875; Brazil: Cayenna (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides alticola Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides alutaceus Léveillé, 1905; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides americanus Kirby, 1837; USA, Canada (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15 (syn. Tenebroides castaneus Melsheimer, 1844; synonymized by LeConte 1863). Barron, J. R. 1971: 103 (syn. Trogosita castanea Melsheimer, 1844). Barron, J. R. 1971: 103 (syn. Trogosita nigrita Horn, 1862; synonymized by LeConte 1863)

Tenebroides anceps Léveillé, 1889; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides antennalis Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides auriculatus Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides australis Boisduval, 1835; Tasmania (?) (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides bimaculatus Melsheimer, 1844; USA, „Pennsylvania” (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15. Barron, J. R. 1971: 102

Tenebroides bipustulatus Fabricius, 1801; Brazil: Cayenna (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15 (syn. var. impressifrons Reitter, 1875: “Amer. mer.”; syn. n.)

Tenebroides boggianii Léveillé, 1905; Paraguay (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides bonvouloiri Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15 (var. chontalensis Sharp, 1891: Nicaragua; syn. n.)

Tenebroides brevis Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides breviusculus Reitter, 1875; America centr., Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides brunneovittatus Léveillé, 1894; America centr., Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides brunneus Léveillé, 1889; Brazil: Cayenna (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides bugnioni Léveillé, 1903; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides carbonarius Léveillé, 1889; Brazil: Cayenna (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides carinatus Léveillé, 1894; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides celatus Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides chevrolati Reitter, 1875; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides circumcinctus Léveillé, 1889; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides collaris Sturm, 1807; Canada: Ontario, E USA to Michigan and E Texas (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15 (syn. Tenebroides nigripennis Sturm, 1826). Barron, J. R. 1971: 97 (Trogosita nigripennis Sturm, 1826; nomen nudum). Barron, J. R. 1971: 97 (Trogosita nigripennis Dejean, 1836; nomen nudum)

Tenebroides complicatus Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides cordicollis Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

† Tenebroides corrugata Wickham, 1913; USA: Colorado, Florissant; Early Oligocene (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 120. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23. Wickham, H. F. 1913: 291

Tenebroides corticalis Melsheimer, 1844; Guatemala, Mexico, USA, Canada to Alaska (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15 (syn. Tenebroides dubius Melsheimer, 1844; synonymized by Barron 1971). Léveillé, A. 1910: 16 (syn. Tenebroides intermedius Horn, 1862; synonymized by Barron 1971). Léveillé, A. 1910: 17 (syn. Tenebroides limbalis Melsheimer, 1844; synonymized by Barron 1971). Barron, J. R. 1971: 115 (syn. Trogosita limbalis Melsheimer, 1844; synonymized by LeConte 1863). Barron, J. R. 1971: 115 (syn. Trogosita dubia Melsheimer, 1844; synonymized by LeConte 1863). Barron, J. R. 1971: 115 (Trogosita conformis Dejean, 1836; nomen nudum). Barron, J. R. 1971: 115 (syn. Trogosita intermedia Horn, 1862; synonymized by LeConte 1863)

Tenebroides crassicornis Horn, 1862; Western states of Canada, USA (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15. Barron, J. R. 1971: 95 (syn. Trogosita californica Horn, 1862; synonymized by LeConte 1863). Barron, J. R. 1971: 95 (syn. Trogosita pleuralis Horn, 1862; synonymized by LeConte 1863). Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. (Tenebroides pleuralis Horn, 1862: California)

Tenebroides cribratus Léveillé, 1894; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides cucujoides Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 15

Tenebroides delicatus Léveillé, 1899; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides depressior Palisot de Beauvois, 1811 (Trogossita) incertae sedis; N America (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16. Barron, J. R. 1971: 119 (Trogossita depressior Palisot de Beauvois, 1811; incertae sedis)

Tenebroides depressus Guérin, 1846; Brazil, America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides difficilis Léveillé, 1889; Honduras (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides dilatatus Erichson, 1847; Peru (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides donckieri Léveillé, 1902; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides elongatulus Jacquelin du Val, 1857; Cuba (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

† Tenebroides emortua Germar, 1849; Germany: Orsberg; Tertiary: Upper Oligocene (varA)

Mörs, T. 1995: ii. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23

† Tenebroides eocenica Meunier, 1921; Germany: Messel; Tertiary: middle Eocene (varA)

Meunier, F. 1921: ii. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23

Tenebroides excellens Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides explanatus Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides facilis Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides farmairei Léveillé, 1889; Tonga-Tabu (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides fenestratus Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides flaviclavis Reitter, 1875; Cuba (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides floridanus Schaeffer, 1918; USA: Florida, Louisiana, centr. America (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 111. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1918: 199

Tenebroides fossulatus Léveillé, 1899; Bolivia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides fryi Léveillé, 1898; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides fulgens Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides fulvolineatus Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides germaini Léveillé, 1895; Bolivia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides godmani Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides gounellei Léveillé, 1889; Brazil: “Minas Geraes” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides gracilipes Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides harpaloides Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides helophorus Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides humeralis Léveillé, 1889; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides importunus Léveillé, 1905; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides incertus Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

† Tenebroides insignis Heer, 1883; Greenland: Atanrkerdluk; Mesozoic: Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian (varA)

Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23

Tenebroides insinuans Walker, 1858; Ceylon (?) (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides instabilis Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides iteratus Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides jatahyensis Léveillé, 1902; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16

Tenebroides latens Wollaston, 1862; Canary Isl: Teneriffa (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Plata-Negrache, P. & Prendes-Ayala, C. 1981: 230

Tenebroides laticollis Horn, 1862; Eastern USA, Canada (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 16. Barron, J. R. 1971: 105 (syn. Trogosita obscura Horn, 1862; synonymized by Leconte 1863)

Tenebroides latus Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides lineolatus Reitter, 1877; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides litigiosus Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides longicornis Léveillé, 1889 – Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides longulus Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides lucidus Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides marginatus Palisot de Beauvois, 1811; S and middle E USA (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17. Barron, J. R. 1971: 99 (syn. Tenebroides cucujiformis Horn, 1862; synonymized by LeConte 1863). Barron, J. R. 1971: 99. Léveillé, A. 1910: 15 (Tenebroides cucujiformis Horn, 1862). Léveillé, A. 1910: 16 (homonym Tenebroides marginatus Latreille, 1833 replaced by Tenebroides latreillei Léveillé, 1889: “Amer. aequin.”; synonymized by Barron 1971?)

Tenebroides marginicollis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides maroccanus Reitter, 1884; N Africa, Azores, Corsica, Spain (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17 (var. baillioti Léveillé, 1903: Madrid; syn. n.). Audisio, P. et al. 1995: 14. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Villemant, C. & Ramzi, H. 1997: 441 (biology)

Tenebroides marseuli Reitter, 1875; St. Catharina (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17

Tenebroides mauritanicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Tenebrio); cosmopolitan; type locality: “Algiriae” (varA)

(syn. Lucanus dubius Scriba, 1790; Carabus bucephalus Herbst, 1783; Lucanus fuscus Goeze, 1777; Lucanus fuscus Preyssler, 1790; Platycerus fuscus Geoffroy, 1762; Platycerus striatus Fourcroy, 1785; Tenebrio caraboides Linnaeus, 1758: type locality: “Europa”; Tenebrio piceus Schaller, 1783; Tenebrio planus Quensel, 1790; Tenebroides complanatus Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783; Tenebrio piceus Schaller, 1783; Trogosita affinis White, 1846)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 17 (syn. Tenebrioides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Léveillé, A. 1910: 17 (var. nitidus Horn, 1862: 83 synonymized by Kolibáč 2007). Arbogast, R. T. & Byrd, R. V. 1982: 61 (biology). Audisio, P. et al. 1995: 14 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Bahillo de la Puebla P. & López-Colón, J. I. 1999: 13. Bahillo de la Puebla P. & López-Colón, J. I. 1999: 13 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Bahillo de la Puebla P. & López-Colón, J. I. 2004: 129. Sarikaya, O. & Avci, M. 2009: 129 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Barron, J. R. 1971: 92–93. Barron, J. R. 1971: 93 (syn. Trogosita nitida Horn, 1862; synonymized by LeConte 1863). Borowiec, L. 1983: 11. Borowiec, L. 1983: 11 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 117. Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 117 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Dziadik-Turner, C. et al. 1981: 546 (biology). Esaki, T. et al. 1951: 1061. Faustini, D. I. & D. G. H. Halstead 1982: 45. Gollkowski, V. 1988: 42. Herger, P. 1998: 105 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777; distribution). Holzer, E. 1995: 30. Huber, Ch. & Kobel, E. 1994: 1. Kampsu, G. 2005: 17 (biology). Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 8. Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 8 (Tenebrioides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Klausnitzer, B. 1978: 176. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 146. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 151 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 21. Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 21 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90. Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90 (syn. Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Kolibáč, J. 1996b: 473. Kolibáč, J. 1999b: 12. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 84 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 109 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777; larva). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Tenebroides nitidus Horn, 1862). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365 (syn. Tenebroides piceus Dalla Torre, 1879). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1654. Matthews, E. G. 1992: 3. Mitter, H. 1998: 560. Mitter, H. 1998: 560 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777). Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181. Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 80. Pileckis, S. & V. Monsevičius 1995: 272. Plata-Negrache, P. & Prendes-Ayala, C. 1981: 230. Pospischil, R. 2003: 4 (biology). Purrini, K. & Ormieres, R. 1979: 437. Ratti, E. 1997: 178. Šefrová, H. & Laštůvka, Z. 2005: 162. Szwalko, P. & Kubisz, D. 1994: 46 (Tenebroides fuscus Goeze, 1777; distribution). Teson, A. & Dagoberto, E. L. 1979: 127 (biology). Vogt, H. 1967: 16. Vogt, H. 1967: 16 (Tenebriodes fuscus Preyssler, 1790). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 301 (syn. Trogosita affinis White, 1846; New Zealand)

Tenebroides metallescens Reitter, 1875

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18; Brazil (AL)

Tenebroides moerens Sharp, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides mordax Sharp, 1891; Costarica (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides murinus Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides muticus Palisot de Beauvois, 1811 (incertae sedis); N America (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. Léveillé, A. 1888: 439 (syn. Trogosita punctata Dejean, 1836). Barron, J. R. 1971: 120 (Trogosita punctata Dejean, 1836; nomen nudum). Barron, J. R. 1971: 119. (incertae sedis, syn. with Tenebroides nanus Melsheimer, 1844 by Horn 1862)

Tenebroides nanus Melsheimer, 1844; E USA, Mexico (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. Barron, J. R. 1971: 98. Barron, J. R. 1971: 119. (syn. Tenebroides muticus Palisot de Beauvois, 1811 syn. by Horn 1862). Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 150. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 109

Tenebroides nemosomiaeformis Léveillé, 1905; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides nigrocyaneus Léveillé, 1905; Paraguay (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides nigroviridis Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides oblongus Sharp, 1891; Mexico, Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides obtusus Horn, 1862; Eastern coastal states of USA (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. Barron, J. R. 1971: 108

Tenebroides occidentalis Fall, 1910; W Canada and USA, Mexico (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 117. Fall, H. C. 1910: 128

Tenebroides ocularis Lewis, 1894; Japan (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides opacus Reitter, 1875 (incertae sedis); N America (?), Colombia (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. Barron, J. R. 1971: 120 (incertae sedis)

Tenebroides ornatus Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides passeti Léveillé, 1905; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides patruelis Reitter, 1875 (incertae sedis); Brazil, “Carol. mer.” (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. Barron, J. R. 1971: 120 (incertae sedis)

Tenebroides politus Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides pollens Sharp, 1891; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides pulchellus Reitter, 1875; “Nov. Grenada” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides pumilus Léveillé, 1889; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides punctatolineatus Fairmaire, 1850; Polynesia (?) (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides punctulatus Reitter, 1875; Cuba, Portorico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides pusillimus Mannerheim, 1843 (incertae sedis); USA: Alaska (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. Barron, J. R. 1971: 120 (incertae sedis)

Tenebroides quadridens Palisot de Beauvois, 1811; “Oware” (?) (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides quadriguttatus Reitter, 1875; Brazil, Argentina (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides rectus Wollaston, 1862; Canary Isl.: Lanzarote (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Plata-Negrache, P. & Prendes-Ayala, C. 1981: 230

Tenebroides reflexus Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides reitteri Léveillé, 1889; Panama, Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 18

Tenebroides repetitus Sharp, 1891; Mexico, Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides ritsemae Léveillé, 1889; Colombia, Costarica (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides ruber Reitter, 1875; America centr., Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides rubromarginatus Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides ruficollis Reitter, 1875; Bogota (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides rufipes Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides rufiventris Reitter, 1875; Colombia, Argentina (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides rufolimbatus Léveillé, 1889; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides rugosipennis Horn, 1862; E USA to Arizona (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19. Barron, J. R. 1971: 108 (syn. Tenebroides arizonensis Schaeffer, 1918; synonymized by Barron 1971)

Tenebroides sallei Sharp, 1891; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides scaberrimus Léveillé, 1905; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides schaufussi Reitter, 1875; Venezuela: Caracas (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides sculpturatus Reitter, 1875; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides semicylindricus Horn, 1862; Eastern coast of USA to Mexico (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 109 (syn. Tenebrioides subaenea Reitter, 1875; synonymized by whom?). Barron, J. R. 1971: 109 (syn. Tenebroides foveatus Blatchley, 1917; synonymized by Barron 1971). Barron, J. R. 1971: 110 (syn. Tenebroides helophorus Sharp, 1891; synonymized by Schaeffer 1918; syn. uncertain)

Tenebroides semicylindricus Horn, 1862

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides sennevillei Léveillé, 1889; America centr. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides sericatus Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides serraticollis Léveillé, 1907; Argentina (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides sharpi Léveillé, 1891; Panama (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19 (syn. Tenebroides bimaculatus Sharp, 1891; syn by Léveillé 1910?) (AL)

Tenebroides similis Léveillé, 1905; Brazil

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides sinuatus LeConte, 1861; W USA, Canada; to Kansas, Montana, Texas (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19 (syn. Tenebroides sinuatus var. californicus Horn, 1862; synonymized by Barron 1971?). Barron, J. R. 1971: 91

Tenebroides sonorensis Sharp, 1891; SW USA, Mexico, Cuba (?) (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19 (distribution in Cuba). Barron, J. R. 1971: 112 (syn. Tenebroides debilis Fall, 1910; synonymized by whom?). Dajoz, R. 1997: 42 (ecology)

Tenebroides soror Jacquelin du Val, 1857; USA: Florida, Bahamas, N Cuba (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19. Barron, J. R. 1971: 101

Tenebroides spectator Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides steinheili Reitter, 1875; Colombia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides stultus Léveillé, 1907; Argentina (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides sublaevis Palisot de Beauvois, 1811; ‘Oware’ (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Note: species not mentioned by Barron (1971).

Tenebroides subnigra Palisot de Beauvois, 1811 (incertae sedis); USA: Pennsylvania (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19 (Tenebroidessubniger; misspelling). Barron, J. R. 1971: 119 (incertae sedis)

Tenebroides subplanus Reitter, 1875; Mexico (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides subruber Léveillé, 1899; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides subvirescens Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

Tenebroides sulcifrons Jacquelin du Val, 1857; Cuba (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19

† Tenebroides tenebrioides Germain, 1837; Germany: Rott, Siebengebirge; Tertiary: Upper Oligocene (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 19. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23

Tenebroides tenuistriatus Fall, 1910; USA: Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona; Mexico (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 114

Tenebroides transversicollis Jacquelin du Val, 1857; Cuba (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20

Tenebroides turkestanicus Ballion, 1870; Central Asia (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 109. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1654 (larva)

Tenebroides undulatus Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20

Tenebroides viridescens Léveillé, 1889; Brazil (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20

Tenebroides yucatanicus Léveillé, 1889; Yucatan, Honduras (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20

Tenebroides zapotensis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20

Tenebroides zunilensis Sharp, 1891; Guatemala (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20

† Genus Thoracotes Handlirsch, 1906

http://species-id.net/wiki/Thoracotes

Figs 24, 25; Map 5
Handlirsch, A. 1906–1908: 438–439, Taf. XLI-9 (1906).
Type species.

Thoracotes dubius Handlirsch, 1906 [by monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 121 (classification). Ponomarenko, A. G. 1985: 68. Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 74. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

Description

(Thoracotes dubius): “Ein 8 mm langer Käfer von ähnlicher Gestalt wie Parnidium Geinitzi. Der Prothorax is aber anders geformt un nähert sich mehr der Kreisform, Auch der Kopf scheint anders gewesen zu sein. Flügeldecken punktiert, 3, 5 mal so lang als breit. Geinitz vergleicht diese Form mit Latridiites Schaumi, mit dem sie allerdings auch einige Ähnlichkeit hat.”

This is potentially the oldest fossil record of Trogossitidae. Unfortunately, its description is inadequate and the illustration very poor. It is unclear to me why two more Mesozoic species from Russia were assigned to this dubious genus. It was not indicated in the original papers describing the two new species if the type of Thoracotes dubius was studied in situ (Ponomarenko 1985, 1990). The specimen appears to be housed in Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany. (A facsimile of the original description and illustration in Figs 24, 25.)

Description

(Thoracotes glabrus, translation from Russian). “Head sligthtly longer than wide, narrowed in front of eyes; eyes relatively large, situated at sides of head; cheeks[genae] short; temples [tempora] slightly shorter than eyes. The first antennomere large, second transverse, third 1.5 times longer than second, fourth to seventh as long as wide, eighth longer than wide, nineth to eleventh asymmetric. Pronotum with lateral margins rounded, its corners not acute, 1.5 times longer than wide. Front coxae not large, spherical, with exposed trochantins. Prosternal process short and blunt. Middle coxae transverse, nearly touching each other. Metathorax trapezoidal, narrowed anteriad, its length 1.8 times lesser than wide at hind [basal] margin. Hind coxae touch each other, transverse, not concave posteriorly [sic] and without coxal plates, at lateral sides shorter than at mid-point. Last abdominal sternite distinctly longer than penultimate one. Ovipositor long, with sclerotized palpifers [sic] and pairs of appendages [coxitae] with pubescent cerci [styli]. Legs relatively long, tibiae and tarsi thin. Elytra smooth. Length of beetle 3.6, width 1.6; length of elytra 2.3 mm.” “The beetle of Pavlovka distinctly smaller (length 3.0, width 1.0 mm).” (Ponomarenko 1990: 74.)

Distribution.

Germany: Dobbertin in Mecklenburg, Russia: central Siberia; Transbaikalia: Pavlovka, Onokhoy; Mesozoic: from Lower to Upper Jurassic.

Species:

† Thoracotes dubius Handlirsch, 1906; Germany; Lower Jurassic: Upper Lias (varA)

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 121 (classification). Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

† Thoracotes glabrus Ponomarenko, A., 1990; Russia: Transbaikalia; Upper Jurassic (varA)

Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 74. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 121. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

† Thoracotes sibiricus Ponomarenko, 1985; Russia: Siberia; Middle Jurassic (varA)

Ponomarenko, A. G. 1985: 68. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 121. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

† Tribe Lithostomatini Kolibáč & Huang, 2008
Kolibáč, J. & Huang, D.-Y. 2008: 142 (as Lithostomini). Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 57 (emendation to Lithostomatini)
Type genus.

Lithostoma Martynov, 1926 [by monotypy and author’s designation]

Kolibáč, J. & Huang, D.-Y. 2008: 142. Yu, Y. et al. 2012: 250

Remarks.

This fossil differs from all other Mesozoic Trogossitidae described to date. If Martynov (1926) interpreted the shapes of the head and antennal segments well, it is the first known member of Trogossitidae without a distinct antennal club and with the head narrowed towards its base. The following features of Trogossitidae appear in the fossil: (1) general shape and size of body, (2) distinctly flattened sides of pronotum and elytra, (3) double rows of punctures/tubercles among elytral carinae, (4) robust bidentate mandibles, (5) extremely large scapus, and (6) dilated antennal segments with what are perhaps sensorial fields in the enlarged parts of each segment. The classification within Trogossitinae is based on the presence of the sensorial fields in the enlarged parts of the antennomeres alone. Small tubercles occurring in pronotum and elytra are known in trogossitine genera Calitys and Phanodesta only; no peltine representative possesses such structures. The tribe differs from the recent and fossil members of Trogossitinae in broadly oval body (this occurs in some Gymnochilini only), pronotum narrowed anteriad, antennae without conspicuous club and asymmetrical segments in flagellum, head narrowed towards base. The shape of antennal segments 10 and 11 is unknown because they are missing (only a trace of segment 10 is visible). The antennae may be only 10-segmented with the last segment enlarged (as in e.g. Egoliini). The new tribe is probably isolated from other tribes of Trogossitinae and may be considered a sister group to them. The ventral part of the fossil is unfortunately unknown, so a classification of Lithostoma remains uncertain, chiefly based on the distinctly enlarged scapus.

On the other hand, the concept of Lithostomatini was justifiably called into question by Yu et al. (2012) who argued that insufficient morphological information existed for the establishment of a higher taxon.

† Genus Lithostoma Martynov, 1926

http://species-id.net/wiki/Lithostoma

Map 6
Martynov, A. V. 1926: 13 (in Russian), 32 (in English)
Type species.

Lithostoma expansum Martynov, 1926 [by monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. & Huang, D.-Y. 2008: 142 (Remarks, English description and translation of Russian description). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 26

Original description of the genus

(translation from Russian). “Head free, dilated between the eyes [Russ.: and narrowed backwards]; mandibulae strong, sharply bent inwards, with perhaps two teeth at the apices; antennae resembling those in living Ostomatinae [Russ.: in Ostoma and other genera]; basal joint large, bulbous anteriorly, second much smaller, third still smaller, short, fourth joint of the same width but elongated, 5–7th joints elongated but becoming gradually thicker towards the tip [Russ.: joints 10 and 11 not preserved], last 8–11 joints only slightly thicker, without distinct apical club (clavus). Pronotum broadening posteriorly, apparently furnished with marginal dilatations [Russ.: as in Ostoma]; covered all over with numerous point-like pits. Elytra broad, rounded at postero-lateral margins [Russ.: as in Ostoma], with perhaps 8 longitudinal stripes, each containing two rows of raised black points; intermediate narrow stripes barely elevated; both marginal dilatations also with pits and points [Russ.: Body size about 6 mm.].” (Martynov 1926: 32.)

Original description of the species.

English text: “Head and antennae as in generic description; sides of pronotum convex, points distinct; elytra broad, rounded at the postero-lateral margins; marginal dilatations rather broad; the dividing stripes not elevated. Length of the body 6 mm.” (Martynov 1926: 32)

Translation of Russian text: “Head free, strongly projecting anteriorly (partly artificial condition in compressed specimen). Mandibles robust, left mandible bidentate (right inconspicuous). Antennae as described above, each joint weakly dilated at apex; each dilated area with thin [sic], dark, round rim. Final two joints torn off, only a trace of joint 10 present. Pronotum widened towards base, with shallow punctures interspersed with small tubercles. Elytra wide, rounded apically and dorsally [sic]; flattened sides well-developed and probably lighter than dark brown convex portion of elytra. Elytra, including flattened sides, with rows of well-developed small, black tubercles [orig.: “convex punctures”]; carinae among them not higher than tubercles. Length of body from anterior margin of labrum to apex of elytra – 6 mm.” (Martynov 1926: 13.)

Note:

The Russian and English texts vary somewhat from one another; the Russian is more comprehensive.

Distribution.

Southern Kazakhstan: paper-shales near Galkino (approximately 42.15N, 70.02E), Chimkentskaya oblast district. Mesozoic: Upper Jurassic, probably Oxfordian.

Map 6.

A distribution of the tribe Lithostomatini and the genus † Juralithinus (Peltinae incertae sedis).

Species:

† Lithostoma expansum Martynov, 1926; Kazakhstan; Upper Jurassic (varA)

Martynov, A. V. 1926: 13 (in Russian), 32 (in English). Kolibáč, J. & Huang, D.-Y. 2008: 143 (Remarks, English description and translation of Russian description). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 26

Subfamily Peltinae Latreille, 1806
Latreille, P. A. 1806: 8, 1825.
Crowson, R. A. 1955: 82. Zherichin, V. V. 1978: 78 (unidentified remnants of two fossils, Turon; Kazachstan: Kzyl-Dzhar). Burakowski, B., Mroczkowski, M. & Stefanska, J. 1986: 121. Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 868 (Kirby, W. 1837: 104 is considered the author of the family rank name). Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 145. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 125 (diagnosis). Barron, J. R. 1971: 11.
Key to tribes of Peltinae
1 Antenna 8-segmented; body surface with stout scale-like setae; wingless species with convex body Colydiopeltini
– Antenna 10- or 11-segmented; body surface without scales or scale-like setae; winged or wingless species with flat or convex or conglobate body 2
2 Body flat, relatively large (more than 8 mm). Larva without distinct urogomphi Peltini
– Body convex or conglobate, smaller (mostly less than 7 mm). Larva with distinct urogomphi 3
3 Adult: mandible without mola, with membranous penicillus; front coxae distinctly projecting. Larva: mandible without mola, with tridentate lacinia mobilis Phloiophilini
– Adult: mandible with mola, membranous penicillus absent; front coxae indistinctly projecting. Larva: mandible with mola, without distinct lacinia mobilis Thymalini
Peltinae incertae sedis
† Genus Juralithinus Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990

http://species-id.net/wiki/Juralithinus

Map 6
Kireichuk, A. G. & Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 79 (Peltidae: Meligethiellinae).
Type species:

Juralithinus gracilidorsum Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990 [by monotypy and original designation]

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 126 (Thymalini). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

Remarks.

The genus was originally described in Peltidae and classified within the extinct subfamily Meligethiellinae along with Meligethiella and Ostomalynus (Kireichuk and Ponomarenko 1990). I accepted the classification within Trogossitidae: Peltinae. However, I synonymized Meligethiellinae and moved all three genera into the extant Thymalini (Kolibáč 2006). Features of Juralithinus agree with a general definition of Peltinae, although after re-examination of its description and illustrations, I found the evidence too weak to classify the genus within any of the extant tribes. Therefore, it is listed herein as Peltinae incertae sedis. It may be considered an ancestor of Thymalini or Peltini or of both tribes

Original description of the genus

(translation from Russian). “Diagnosis: Body conspicuously longitudinal, with prothorax relatively elongate and narrow, coxae narrowly separated in all pairs of legs; metathorax without femoral lines [paracoxal sutures? – they are drawn in l.c., Fig. 1a]; elytra distinctly wider than pronotum; first visible abdominal sternite approximately as large as the second to fourth, the last sternite longer.”

Original description of the species

(translation from Russian). “Elongate-oval beetle [sic]. Head with moderately protruded bidentate mandibles, very small transverse mentum and developed gular sutures. Pronotum with anterior margin deeply emarginate and widely rounded anterior corners. Transverse front coxae strongly [distinctly] narrowly separated, process between them not observed. Mesothorax convex at centre, middle coxae narrowly separated. Mesonotum wide, with widely rounded scutellum. Metathorax with conspicuous discrimen and paracoxal sutures, outer apices of metepisterna strongly anteriorly projecting. Hind coxae oval, very narrowly separated and obliquely situated towards centre. Elytra, with medium sized epipleurons, seem not to cover abdomen perfectly; their apices possibly artificially [sic] broken off. Femora medium-dilated, all with oval outlines. Tibiae weakly dilated towards apices, in middle, strangely enough, relatively thin with elongate apodemes [orig.: arrows] at apex. Hind tarsi relatively long, comprised of simple segments [i.e., without lobes]. Length – 9.3; width – 4.6; length of elytra – 2.3 [mm].”

Distribution.

Kazakhstan: Chimkentskaya obl., Mikhailovka; Mesozoic: Upper Jurassic, Karabastayskaya formation.

Species:

† Juralithinus gracilidorsum Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990; Kazakhstan; Upper Jurassic (varA)

Kireichuk, A. G. & Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 80. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 126. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

† Genus Sinopeltis Yu, Leschen, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang, 2012

http://species-id.net/wiki/Sinopeltis

Map 6
Yu, Y., Leschen, R. A. B., Ślipiński, A., Ren, D. & Pang, H. 2012: 246.
Type genus.

Sinopeltis jurassica Yu, Leschen, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang, 2012

Remarks.

This genus, containing two species, has only recently been established. The fossils are well preserved, with both part and counterpart. The species are relatively large, body shape perfectly appropriate to Peltinae or Lophocaterinae. The eyes are distinctly elevate, much more so than those in extant Ancyronini. The 3-segmented antennal club of Sinopeltis jurassica is “weakly asymmetrical” (quite symmetrical in the original picture), that of Sinopeltis amoena is “strongly asymmetrical” (inconspicuously so in the picture). The mesocoxae appear contiguous (unknown state in Trogossitidae) in Sinopeltis jurassica, whereas they are narrowly separated in Sinopeltis amoena. Both discrepancies mentioned may be the results of different positions of body parts (coxae, antennae) assumed during fossilization. Unfortunately, neither the ends of the tibiae nor the tarsi and mouthparts are described in either species, which leads to a lack of direct evidence for classification. Both Sinopeltis jurassica and Sinopeltis amoena are about 165 million years old and belong, if their classification is correct, together with species of Thoracotes, among the oldest known fossil members of Trogossitidae.

Description.

“Body broadly ovoid and parallel-sided. Antenna distinctly clubbed with antennomeres symmetrical [S. jurassica: “weakly asymmetrical”; S. amoena: “strongly asymmetrical”]; antennal insertions visible in dorsal view. Eyes convex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Antennal grooves present and parallel. Anterior pronotal angles well developed and subrounded. Mesoventrite not vaulted. Mesocoxae widely separated [see “note” in Remarks]. Metaventrite lacking axillary space and metakatepisternal suture. Metacoxae not excavate and narrowly separated. Elytra with seriate punctation (in one fossil). Abdominal ventrite 1 about as long as 2, intercoxal process narrow. Body length 7.5–7.6 mm, width 4.5–4.8 mm.” (Diagnosis of the genus according to Yu, Leschen, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang 2012.)

Distribution.

China: Inner Mongolia, Daohugou. Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan formation.

Species:

† Sinopeltis jurassica Yu, Leschen, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang, 2012; China: Inner Mongolia; Middle Jurassic (AD)

Yu, Y., Leschen, R. A. B., Ślipiński, A., Ren, D. & Pang, H. 2012: 247

† Sinopeltis amoena Yu, Leschen, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang, 2012; China: Inner Mongolia; Middle Jurassic (AD)

Yu, Y., Leschen, R. A. B., Ślipiński, A., Ren, D. & Pang, H. 2012: 247

Tribe Peltini Latreille, 1806
Latreille, P. A. 1806: 8, 1825.
Type genus.

Peltis O. F. Müller, 1764

Hunt, T. et al. 2007: 1915 (Peltinae) (molecular phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 125 (diagnosis, phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 868 (Kirby, W. 1837: 104 is considered the author of the family rank name). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 442 (Peltinae)

Remarks.

The single genus Peltis exhibits a noteworthy mixture of the both advanced and primitive morphological features. However, some of the derived, especially larval, character states may considered as various kinds of reduction. A few species of Peltis are highly adapted to a hidden way of life under tree bark or in rotten wood: they are flattened and slow-moving, their robust mandibles have distinct mola, and the larval urogomphi are strongly reduced. The outer appearance is similar to that in Calitys, while some details of both adult and larval morphology (for example the gular appendages in the larval cranium) resemble Thymalus. The synonymization of Zimioma with Peltis is undeniable. Apart from body size, there is no morphological character to distinguish between the two genera.

Genus Peltis O. F. Müller, 1764

http://species-id.net/wiki/Peltis

Figs 2, 9, 15; Map 7
Müller, O. F. 1764: 13.
Type species.

Silpha grossa Linnaeus, 1758 [designated by Hope 1840]

Bacianskas, V. 2009: 30 (biology). Barron, J. R. 1971: 24. Barron, J. R. 1996: 193 (Nearctic species). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 76. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Noreika, N. 2009: 68 (distribution). Spahr, U. 1981: 74 (amber and copal fossils)

Gaurambe C. G. Thomson, 1862 [type species: Silpha ferruginea Linnaeus, 1758]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 24. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 83. Silfverberg, H. 1978: 117

Ostoma Laicharting, 1781 [type species: Silpha ferruginea Linnaeus, 1758]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 30. Downie, N. M. & Arnett, R. H. Jr. 1996: 935 (key). Barron, J. R. 1971: 23. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 295 (Peltis Kugel, 1791). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 76 (synonymized). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Larsson, S. G. 1978: 150 (fossil, Baltic amber). Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 83. Reitter, E. 1876: 61

Zimioma Gozis, 1886 [type species: Silpha grossa Linnaeus, 1758]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 29 [Ostoma (Zimioma) Gozis, 1886]. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366

Description.

Body size: about 7.5–23.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures wide, subparallel. Frontoclypeal suture broadly emarginate. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: one. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes with bridge (Peltis). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell small (Peltis), cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts. Coxitae divided.

Larva: Frontal arms Y-shaped. Epicranial stem present. Endocarina absent. Gular sutures inconspicuous. Gula: anterior apodemes present. Paragular sclerites absent. Hypostomal rods present. Stemmata number: 3. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae absent. Mola reduced. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer present. Pedunculate seta absent. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion present. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in two parts, anterior margin even. Torma: two separate lateral sclerites. Antennal joints 1 and 2 elongate. Sensory appendix very small. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 0+0+0. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 0+0+0. Trochanter oblong. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi minute; median process absent.

Figure 9.

A Peltis (syn. Zimioma, Ostoma) grossa B Peltis (syn. Ostoma) ferruginea C Colydiopeltis loebli D Colydiopeltis compactum E Colydiopeltis burckhardti F Parapeltis australicum G Protopeltis viridescens H cf. Globorentonium plaumanni, Brazil (1–3: three different specimens from the same locality).

Biology.

Fungivorous. The adults live under the bark of dead or dying deciduous and coniferous trees and feed on fungi. Larvae can be found in rotten or decaying wood, for example at the base of old trees or inside stumps.

Distribution.

Holarctic temperate zones: North America from Arizona to Alaska, Europe including British Isles and Scandinavia, Siberia, Korea, Japan.

Map 7.

A distribution of the tribe Peltini.

Species:

Peltis columbiana Casey, 1924; widespread USA, Canada (from Alaska) (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 30

† Peltis constulata Heyden, 1862; Germany: Rott, Siebengebirge; Tertiary: Upper Oligocene (varA)

Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

Peltis ferruginea Linnaeus, 1758; Europe, Siberia, Japan, North Korea, USA, Canada (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 30 (Ostoma). Bahillo de la Puebla P. & López-Colón, J. I. 1999: 13 (Ostoma). Sarikaya, O. & Avci, M. 2009: 129 (Ostoma)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (syn. Ostoma cassidoides Lepechin, 1774); Russia (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (syn. Ostoma cimicoides Degeer, 1774; not binominal). Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (Ostoma)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (syn. Ostoma fraternus Randall, 1838); USA: Maine (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (syn. Ostoma nigricans Dalla Torre, 1879); Oberösterreich (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (syn. Ostoma nigrina Casey, 1916); Canada: British Columbia (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (syn. Ostoma rubicunda Laicharting, 1781); Germania (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 28 (syn. Ostoma septentrionalis Randall, 1838); USA: Maine (JRB)

Borowiec, L. 1983: 13 (Ostoma). Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 122 (Ostoma)

Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 7 (Ostoma). Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 155 (Ostoma, larva). Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 21 (Ostoma). Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90 (Ostoma). Kolibáč, J. 1999b: 12 (Ostoma). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 108 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. Peltis cimicoides DeGeer, 1774). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. Peltis fraterna Randall, 1838). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. Peltis nigricans Dalla Torre, 1879). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. Peltis nigrina Casey, 1916). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. Peltis rubicunda Laicharting, 1781). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. Peltis septentrionalis Randall, 1838). Krasutskii, B. V. 1996: 274 (Ostoma). Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 84 (Ostoma). Mitter, H. 1998: 561 (Ostoma). Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181 (Ostoma). Pileckis, S. & V. Monsevičius 1995: 272 (Ostoma). Reitter, E. 1876: 62 (Ostoma). Vogt, H. 1967: 17 (Ostoma)

Peltis gigantea Reitter, 1882; East Siberia, Far East, Japan, China: Northeast Territory (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 29 (Ostoma subgen. Zimioma). Esaki, T. et al. 1951: 1062 (Ostoma). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 84 (Zimioma). Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181 (Zimioma)

Peltis grossa Linnaeus, 1758; Europe (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 29 (Ostoma subgen. Zimioma)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 30 (syn. Ostoma (Zimioma) lunata Fabricius, 1787); Europe (AL)

Bahillo de la Puebla P. & López-Colón, J. I. 1999: 13 (Zimioma). Sarikaya, O. & Avci, M. 2009: 129 (Ostoma). Borowiec, L. 1983: 12. Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 121 (Zimioma). Cunev, J. 1999: 76. Fjellberg, A. & Hansen, S. O. 1997: 77 (biology). Karalius, S. & Monsevičius, V. 1992: 5 (distribution). Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 7 (Zimioma). Klausnitzer, B. 1978: 176. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 156 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 21. Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 139 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Krasutskii, B. V. 2006: 763 (biology). Mamaev, B. M. 1976: 1656 (larva). Mitter, H. 1998: 560 (Zimioma). Pileckis, S. & Monsevičius, V. 1995: 272. Ratti, E. 1997: 178. Reitter, E. 1876: 62 (Ostoma). Šablevičius, B. & Ferenca, R. 1995: 146. Svitra, G. & Aliukonis, A. 2009: 72 (distribution, biology). Vogt, H. 1967: 17 (Zimioma)

Peltis jakowlewi Semenov, 1898; Russia: South European Territory (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 30 (Ostoma subgen. Zimioma). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366

† Peltis laminata Wickham, 1910; USA: Colorado, Florissant; Tertiary: Lower Oligocene (JRB, varA)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 120. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24. Wickham, H. F. 1910: 48

† Peltis minuscula Pilton, 1935; France: Cantal; Tertiary: Upper Miocene, Messinian (varA)

Deuve, P. 1988: ii (exact reference unknown). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2005–2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm. Pilton, 1935: ii (exact reference unknown). Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 24

Peltis pippingskoeldi Mannerheim, 1852; western states of USA, Canada: British Columbia (JRB)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 31 (Ostoma). Barron, J. R. 1971: 25 (Ostoma). Dajoz, R. 1997: 44 (Ostoma) (biology). Reitter, E. 1876: 62 (Ostoma)

Peltis valida Lewis, 1894; Japan (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 30 (Ostoma subgen. Zimioma). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366

Tribe Colydiopeltini Kolibáč, 2006
Type genus.

Colydiopeltis Ślipiński, 1992

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 126

Remarks.

A record by Ivan Löbl and Daniel Burckhardt (Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle Genève) of three minute wingless Colydiopeltis species from a forest litter in Thailand, together with their scientific processing (Ślipiński 1992), was one of the most surprising discoveries within Cleroidea to occur in recent decades, rather like the discovery of the rentoniins in the 1960s. The latter author also added a second genus, Parapeltis, extracted from litter in Queensland, and he originally classified the two genera together with Larinotus within Larinotini (Ślipiński 1992). In a 2006 paper, I split the latter tribe into the monotypic Larinotini related to Egoliini and the newly-established Colydiopeltini. While the nominotypical Colydiopeltis shares basic thoracic and mouthpart characters with other trogossitids, Parapeltis shows several unusual features: (1) extended clypeus, (2) maxillary lacinia without hooked spine(s), (3) procoxal cavities externally closed, (4) all coxae (especially pro- and metacoxae) short and small (metacoxae do not reach elytral margin), (5) metepisterna extremely wide (see excellent drawings and description by Ślipiński l.c.). Labrum, aedeagus and tarsi are of common “trogossitid” structure, although some of these features may be shared with certain non-cleroid Cucujiformia. On the other hand, it should be noted that aptery can have a profound influence on thoracic morphology. I have never studied Parapeltis australicum, the single species, first-hand, so the classification here follows that by Ślipiński (1992).

Key to genera
1 Rather elongate species, pronotum narrower than elytra; front coxal cavities externally closed; mandible with two apical teeth Parapeltis
– More compact species, pronotum at base as wide as elytra; front coxal cavities externally open; mandible with one apical tooth Colydiopeltis
Genus Colydiopeltis Ślipiński, 1992

http://species-id.net/wiki/Colydiopeltis

Figs 9, 16; Map 8
Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 444.
Type species.

Colydiopeltis burckhardti Ślipiński, 1992 [by original designation]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 50. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: 1.5–2.0 mm. Body shape convex (not conglobate). Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: two or 1. Galea: shape very small. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: one. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge present. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection curved upwards (Colydiopeltis). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 8-segmented, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron wide. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: two. Spiculum gastrale present. Tegmen composed of three parts. Coxitae undivided.

Biology.

Unknown. Species of the genus were collected from forest litter by mass-sampling methods in the dry season.

Distribution.

Thailand.

Map 8.

A distribution of the tribe Colydiopeltini.

Species:

Colydiopeltis burckhardti Ślipiński, 1992; Thailand: Chiang Mai (AD)

Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 449. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 49

Colydiopeltis compactum Ślipiński, 1992; Thailand: NE of Bangkok (AD)

Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 450

Colydiopeltis loebli Ślipiński, 1992; Thailand: Phetchaburi, Kanchanburi (AD)

Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 451

Genus Parapeltis Ślipiński, 1992

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parapeltis

Fig. 9; Map 8
Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 451.
Type species.

Parapeltis australicum Ślipiński, 1992 [by original designation and monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 75. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: 1.2 mm. Body shape convex (not conglobate). Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge present. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection curved upwards (Colydiopeltis). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 8-segmented, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Spiculum gastrale present. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Biology.

Unknown. Collected from leaf litter in Eucalyptus woodland.

Distribution.

Australia: Queensland.

Species:

Parapeltis australicum Ślipiński, 1992; Australia: Queensland

Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 454. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 75

Tribe Phloiophilini Kiesenwetter, 1863
Kiesenwetter, E. A. H. von 1863: 666 (Phloeophilidae).
Type genus:

Phloiophilus Stephens, 1830

Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 56 (as Phloiophilidae). Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 145. Kolibáč, J. 1987: 110. Kolibáč, J. 2004a: 242. Kolibáč, J. 2008: 123 (phylogeny; stat. n. sub Trogossitidae). Lohse, G. A. 1979: 83 (as Phloeophilinae; sub Melyridae). Lawrence, J. F. 1982: 519 (morphology, systematics). Lawrence et al. 1993: CD-ROM (morphology of larvae). Lawrence et al. 1999a: CD-ROM (morphology of larvae). Lawrence et al. 1999b: CD-ROM (morphology of larvae). Majer 1994. Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 867 (phylogeny). Mayor, A. 2007: 363 (distribution). Pic, M. 1926: 2

Remarks.

Phloiophilus has been classified within Dasytidae or Melyridae sensu lato (Reitter 1911, Lohse 1979) or as a part of an independent family, i.e. Phloiophilidae (= Phloeophilidae), formerly in conjunction with the genera Xerasia Lewis (now Byturidae) and Acanthocnemus Perris (Pic 1926). The latter genus is now classified in the monotypic family Acanthocnemidae Crowson, 1970 within the melyrid branch of Cleroidea or as a sister group of the rest of Cleroidea, whereas Phloiophilidae is generally considered a relative of Trogossitidae (Crowson 1964a, Gunter et al. 2013, Kolibáč 2004, Klausnitzer 1996, Lawrence et al. 1993, 1999a, b, Majer 1994). Recently, Hunt et al. (2007) published a comprehensive study based exclusively on molecular data, according to which Phloiophilus edwardsi is related to Biphyllidae and Byturidae. Both the families are situated in a basal position of Cleroidea, near to Trogossitidae. On the other hand, preliminary outcomes of work by the Tree of Life team (McKenna et al. 2012) as well as by Gunter et al. (2013), which are also based on molecular data, show a close relationship between Phloiophilus and Trogossitidae as well. Also believing in this relationship from a morphological point of view, I attempted to put its morphological characters into the trogossitid character matrix of 2006 (Kolibáč 2008). A computer analysis within the NONA program indicated a relationship between Phloiophilus and basal Peltinae but, to be honest, a detailed analysis of character states shows that the supposed relationship is at least partly based on shared plesiomorphies as well as “reductions” common in all Cleroidea. Thus, the position and status of the single genus of Phloiophilidae/Phoiophilini remains uncertain. It is included herein at the rank of tribe but, in the light of future discoveries, it may also be shifted from Cleroidea to a group within traditional “Cucujoidea”. The genus Phloiophilus was unfortunately not included in the most modern morphological analysis by Lawrence et al. (2011).

Genus Phloiophilus Stephens, 1830

http://species-id.net/wiki/Phloiophilus

Figs 10, 15; Map 9
Stephens, J. F. 1830: 81.
Type species.

Phloiophilus edwardsii Stephens, 1830 [by monotypy]

Lohse, G. A. 1979: 83 (Phloeophilus, sub Melyridae). Majer, K. 1986: 114. Kolibáč, J. 2008: 105

Description.

Body size: about 3.0 mm. Body shape convex (not conglobate). Gular sutures wide, subparallel. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove absent. Eyes: size moderate. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape sub-clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge present. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation irregular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Tegmen composed of only one part. Coxitae divided.

Larva: Frontal arms curved (cucujoid). Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina present. Gular sutures inconspicuous. Gula: anterior apodemes present. Paragular sclerites absent. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally even, vertically situated. Lacinia mandibulae tridentate. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Pedunculate seta absent. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion present. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Antennal joints 1, 2 transverse. Sensory appendix larger than half of joint 3. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-0-0. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 1+1+1. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Figure 10.

A Thymalus limbatus B Phloiophilus edwardsi C Eronyxa marginicollis D Decamerus haemorhoidalis E Diontolobus punctatipennis F Afrocyrona ciskeiensis G Afrocyrona dwesae H Grynoma sp., New Zealand I Grynoma diluta.

Biology.

Fungivorous. Crowson (1964b) noted adults and larvae from Great Britain: Adult and larva fungivorous, larvae feed beneath the thin and fleshy fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Phlebia radiata Fr. of the Meruliaceae, which occurs on the dead wood of various deciduous trees (oak, beech, hazel), occasionally also conifers (pine). Adults are active in the warm days of autumn and winter (approximately, from late September to March). They have not been observed outside that period. They can be collected by sweeping from dry or decaying branches. Larvae may be found at all seasons, under the fruiting bodies of the fungus or under bark in spring and summer. Wielink et al. (2010) observed the species in the Netherlands and found adults active only by night. They live together with larvae on dead oak branches infested by the fungus Peniophora quercina.

Distribution.

Europe, North Africa.

Map 9.

A distribution of the tribe Phloiophilini.

Species:

Phloiophilus edwardsii Stephens, 1830; Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, North Africa (JK)

Audisio, P. et al. 1995: 14. Beutel, R. G. & Pollock, D. A. 2000: 826 (larva, morphology). Crowson, R. A. 1964b: 151 (biology). Gurlich, S. et al. 1995: 49. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 161. Kolibáč, J. 1999: 12. Kolibáč, J. 2008: 120. Lohse, G. A. 1979: 83 (Phloeophilus, sub Melyridae). Majer, K. 1986: 114. Mayor, A. 2007: 363 (syn. Phloiophilus bimaculatus Stephens, 1830; synonymized by whom?). Mayor, A. 2007: 364 (syn. Phloiophilus cooperi Stephens, 1830; synonymized by whom?). H. Vogt 1967: 13. Wielink van, P. et al. 2010: 17 (biology)

Tribe Thymalini Léveillé, 1888
Léveillé, A. 1888: 444.
Type genus.

Thymalus Latreille, 1802

Kireichuk, A. G. & Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 79 (Meligethiellinae, new Mesozoic subfamily). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 126 (diagnosis, stat. n.). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Krivosheina, N. P. & Mamaev, B. M. 1981: 50. Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F. Jr. 1995: 868 (Protopeltinae; Rentoniinae). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 442 (Protopeltinae, Rentoniinae)

Meligethiellinae Kireichuk & Ponomarenko, 1990

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 126 (synonymized). revalid. subfam. Note: Removed from synonymy; see the “Remarks” section for explanation of this synonymy

Protopeltini Crowson, 1966; Protopeltinae Crowson, 1970

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 126 (synonymized)

Rentoniini Crowson, 1966; Rentoniinae Crowson, 1966 (Rentoniinae = Protopeltini + Rentoniini; all Crowson 1966: 120); Rentoniinae Crowson, 1970 (= new status for Rentoniini, i.e. without Protopeltis)

Kolibáč, J. 2006: 126 (synonymized)

Remarks.

A recent and extensive morphological study by Lawrence et al. (2011) considered Trogossitidae and even Cleroidea polyphyletic. In their phylogenetic tree, Thymalus is included in a cluster of the nitidulid genera along with Cyclaxyra and Lamingtonium, whereas the position of Rentonellum lies in a different part of the traditional Cucujoidea, near Smicrips, Propalticus and Laemophloeus. Leschen et al. (2012) used a restricted data set adopted from the Lawrence et al. (2011) study and found Cleroidea monophyletic but Trogossitidae polyphyletic: Rentonellum was a part of the melyrid group and Thymalus formed a sister group to all the remaining cleroids. The latter authors also suggested that the subfamily Rentoniinae be re-established. It is beyond the scope of the work in hand to assess this matter; it was prepared “in-group”, without using the extensive cucujiform outgroups. The morphological evidence used in the both above papers indicates the need to check Thymalini classification again, in the context of the wider cucujiform dataset, using molecular data. A new species of “Rentonium-group” has recently been discovered in South Africa (Leschen et al. 2012). Further new species is just described by Gimmel and Leschen (in press) together with its associated larva. It appears that the features of this larval record confirm Crowson’s earlier identification of the rentoniine larva from New Zealand (Crowson 1966).

Since the extinct Mesozoic genera Meligethiella and Ostomalynus are excluded from Thymalini, Peltinae and Trogossitidae herein, the synonymization of the subfamily Meligethiellinae is not valid henceforth and the taxon should not be further listed in synonymy of the tribe Thymalini.

Key to genera

(Globorentonium Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2013 not included)

1 Body convex but not conglobate; elytra with conspicuous punctation 2
– Body conglobate; elytra without sculpture (smooth) or with very fine irregular punctures or shagreened 3
2 Body extremely bulged; head including eyes covered by pronotum when viewed from above (only clypeus and labrum visible); larger species (about 4–7 mm) Thymalus
– Body convex but not extremely bulged; head protruding (not covered by pronotum when viewed from above); smaller species (about 2.5 mm) Protopeltis
3 Elytra with light and dark spots; pubescence formed by short decumbent and long erect hairs Australiodes
– Elytra unicolorous, without spots; pubescence absent or made up of short hairs only 4
4 Elytra smooth, without pubescence, strongly involute; middle tibiae with row of spines at apex; wingless Rentonellum
– Elytra pubescent, not involute; middle tibiae probably without row of spines at apex; mostly winged 5
5 Middle coxal cavities widely separated; ventrites II–V with deeply transversely impressed anterior margins; last antennal segment transverse and truncate at apex; pubescence of elytra with shot-silk effect Parentonium
– Middle coxal cavities narrowly separated; ventrites II–V with or without weakly impressed anterior margins; last antennal segment not truncate at apex; pubescence of elytra sparse, directed backwards, without shot-silk effect 6
6 Head strongly transverse; front margin of clypeus with marked emargination; first ventrite with median keel at least in front; ventrites II–IV each with transverse line of strong backward-projecting setae near its hind border Rentonidium
– Head not transverse or only slightly so; front margin of clypeus almost straight; first ventrite without median keel; ventrites II–IV without such apical lines of setae Rentonium
Genus Australiodes Endrödy-Younga, 1960

http://species-id.net/wiki/Australiodes

Map 10
Endrödy-Younga, S. 1960: 239 [sub Liodidae]
Type species:

Clambus vestitus Broun, 1886 [by monotypy]

Crowson, R. A. 1966: 120 (transferred from Liodidae to Trogossitidae: Peltinae). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 47. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: 1.4 mm. Body shape conglobate. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Eyes number: two. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape partially fused with lacinia. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally closed. Pronotum subquadrate. Elytra: long hairs absent. Tegmen composed of a single unit (Kolibáč 2005).

“Maxilla with galea and lacinia largely fused; erect setae among pubescence of upper surface; metendosternite with elongate oblique arms, without lamina; elytra with pattern of light and dark patches” (ex Crowson 1966).

Biology.

Adults were collected by Crowson (1966: 123) “in Leucopogon flowers and on male catkins of the introduced Pinus insignis. Adults were also found under loose bark of a dead Hoheria.” [...] “Adults doubtless feed on pollen, as shown by the gut-contents of a dissected specimen; the breeding sites are probably somewhere about dead trees...” Crowson (1966).

Distribution.

New Zealand: Port Nicholson, Wellington; Waipoua State Forest, Northland; Western Hills, Whangarei.

Map 10.

A distribution of the tribe Thymalini including Rentonium-group.

Species:

Australiodes vestitus Broun, 1886; New Zealand (varA)

Crowson, R. A. 1966: 120. Endrödy-Younga, S. 1960: 239 (Liodidae). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 47

Genus Globorentonium Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2013

http://species-id.net/wiki/Globorentonium

Figs 9, 17; Map 10
Lawrence, J. F. & Ślipiński, S. A. 2013: 258.
Type species.

Globorentonium globulum Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2013 [by original designation]

Remarks.

The genus has been just recently described, therefore, it is not included in a generic key to Thymalini. A key to the all genera of Rentonium-group (denoted as Rentoniini Crowson, 1966) is provided by authors (Lawrence and Ślipiński 2013: 270). Globorentonium includes three newly described species. A key to their recognition is also provided by the authors of original descriptions (Lawrence and Ślipiński 2013: 259). Four supposed specimens of Globorentonium plaumanni from the same locality as the type series (Brazil: Santa Catarina, Nova Teutonia, leg. F. Plaumann 1972–77) are figured here.

Distribution.

Australia: Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania; Brazil: Santa Catarina.

Species:

Globorentonium globulum Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2013; Australia: Victoria, NSW, Tasmania (AD)

Lawrence, J. F. & Ślipiński, S. A. 2013: 260

Globorentonium lescheni Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2013; Australia: NSW (AD)

Lawrence, J. F. & Ślipiński, S. A. 2013: 264

Globorentonium plaumanni Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2013; Brazil: Santa Catarina (AD)

Lawrence, J. F. & Ślipiński, S. A. 2013: 268

Genus Parentonium Crowson, 1970

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parentonium

Map 10
Crowson, R. A. 1970: 6.
Type species.

Rentonium magnum Crowson, 1966 [by original designation]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 76. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: 1.3–2.0 mm. Body shape conglobate. Gular sutures wide, subparallel. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum of males: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape partially fused with lacinia. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge denticulate. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally closed. Pronotum transverse. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron wide. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, scales absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Claws: denticle absent.

Biology.

Parentonium australicum was found under the bark of a fallen Nothofagus trunk at an altitude of about 1200 m. Parentonium magnum was collected in mixed leaf-litter at about 250 m (Crowson 1966). It is presumed that the species are fungivorous.

Distribution.

Australia: Queensland, Lamington National Park; New Zealand: Grampian Hill, Nelson.

Species:

Parentonium australicum Crowson, 1970; Australia: Queensland (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1970: 6

Parentonium magnum Crowson, 1966; New Zealand (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1966: 121 (Rentonium). Crowson, R. A. 1970: 6 (Parentonium, combination). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 76

Genus Protopeltis Crowson, 1964

http://species-id.net/wiki/Protopeltis

Fig. 9; Map 10
Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 287, 295.
Type species.

Grynoma viridescens Broun, 1886 [by original designation]

Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 295. Crowson, R. A. 1966: 120. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 79. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: about 2.5 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures wide, subparallel. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Lacinial hooks: three. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge present. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation irregular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Claws: denticle absent. Tegmen composed of two parts.

Larva: Frontal arms curved (cucujoid). Epicranial stem present. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Gula: anterior apodemes present. Paragular sclerites absent. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae tridentate. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer present. Pedunculate seta absent. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion present. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part, anterior margin even. Antennal joints 1, 2 transverse. Sensory appendix larger than half of joint 3. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 1+0+0. Trochanter triangular. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

Larvae of Protopeltis viridescens were collected, according to Crowson’s note, at “fungusy bark of dead Nothofagus”. The adult gut he examined contained “abundant fungal material”, determined as “probably Hymenochaete sp.” (Crowson 1964a). Larva and adult are probably fungivorous.

Distribution.

New Zealand (for example, Arthur’s Pass National Park).

Species:

Protopeltis pulchella Broun, 1915; New Zealand (RAC)

Broun, T. 1915: 314 (Promanus). Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 289

Protopeltis viridescens Broun, 1886; New Zealand (RAC)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 29 (Grynoma). Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 290 (larva). Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M. 1975: 147. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 78. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 109

Genus Rentonellum Crowson, 1966

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rentonellum

Figs 9, 17; Map 10
Crowson, R. A. 1966: 120.
Type species.

Rentonellum apterum Crowson, 1966 [by original designation and monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 80. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: about 1.0 mm. Body shape conglobate. Gular sutures wide, subparallel. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape partially fused with lacinia. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite consisting of two separate parts. Antenna 10-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally closed. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities closed. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron wide. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation irregular, scales absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Coxitae undivided.

Biology.

Rentonellum apterum was found in Nothophagus and Podocarpus leaf-litter at an altitude of 900 m (Crowson 1966). The circumstances of the second species record are not known.

Distribution.

New Zealand; Brazil: “Nova Teutonia”.

Species:

Rentonellum apterum Crowson, 1966; New Zealand (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1966: 120. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 80

Rentonellum loebli Kolibáč, 2005; Brazil: “Nova Teutonia” (JK)

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 80

Note: It has been recently proposed that Rentonellum loebli might be a ciide rather than a rentoniine species (Lawrence and Ślipiński 2013).

Genus Rentonidium Crowson, 1966

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rentonidium

Figs 9, 17; Map 10
Crowson, R. A. 1966: 123.
Type species.

Rentonidium costiventris Crowson, 1966 [by original designation and monotypy]

Kolibáč, J. 2005: 81. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Description

(according to Crowson 1966, modified). Body size: 1.3 mm. Adult: Body conglobate. General form short ovate and very convex, Byrrhid-like; length not more than 2 mm. Head strongly transverse; front margin of clypeus with a marked emargination; galea and lacinia separate; lacinia without spines or hooks; no erect setae on upper body surface; metendosternite with slender lamina. Front coxal cavities internally closed, coxae very elongate, separated by a very narrow process; first ventrite with a median keel at least in front; ventrites II–IV each with a transverse line of strong backward-projecting setae near its hind border; tegmen undivided.

Biology.

Collected in “male flower of Pinus insignis” (Crowson 1966). Probably feeding on pollen grains as do the adults of Australiodes.

Distribution.

New Zealand: Northland, Waipoua State Forest.

Species:

Rentonidium costiventris Crowson, 1966; New Zealand (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1966: 123. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 81

Genus Rentonium Crowson, 1966

http://species-id.net/wiki/Rentonium

Figs 9, 17; Map 10
Crowson, R. A. 1966: 121.
Type species.

Rentonium daldiniae Crowson, 1966 [by original designation and monotypy]

Crowson, R. A. 1970: 6. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 81 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Description.

Body size: 1.3–1.5 mm. Body shape conglobate. Gular sutures wide, subparallel. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Mandibular apical teeth number: one. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 10-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally closed. Pronotum transverse. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation irregular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Spiculum gastrale present. Tegmen composed of only a single unit.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem absent. Endocarina present. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae with several small spines. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 2-segmented. Labial palpi 1-segmented. Torma: two separate lateral sclerites. Antennal joints 1, 2 transverse. Sensory appendix larger than half of joint 3. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1-2-2. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

The single known larva described (Crowson speculated that it might be identified as Rentonium daldiniae) was extracted from a forest litter sample (mainly Nothofagus) at an elevation of about 500m (Crowson 1966). An adult Rentonium daldiniae was found in Daldinia sp. fungus growing on a dead tree (Crowson 1966). Rentonium chilense was collected in Nothofagus forest at around sea level.

Distribution.

New Zealand: Canterbury, Waimate. South Chile: Isla Bertrand.

Species:

Rentonium chilense Crowson, 1970; Chile (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1970: 7. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 81 (redescription)

Rentonium daldiniae Crowson, 1966; New Zealand (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1966: 121, 123 (supposed larva). Crowson, R. A. 1970: 7. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 81 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 109

Genus Thymalus Latreille, 1802

http://species-id.net/wiki/Thymalus

Figs 10, 16, 18; Map 10
Latreille, 1802: 133.
Type species.

Peltis brunnea Thunberg, 1794 (= Cassida limbata Fabricius, 1787) [by original designation and monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 32. Barron, J. R. 1971: 35. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 296. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 85 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Nikitsky, N. B. et al. 1998: 29 (key). Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 83. Reitter, E. 1876: 64

Thymalops Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1962 [Type species: Cassida limbata Fabricius, 1787]

Barron, J. R. 1971: 35. Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M. 1962: 421

Remarks.

Comparing the larvae as well as adults of Thymalus and Protopeltis, I found some interesting similarities, which led me to consideration of their phylogenetic relationship. Later character analysis (Kolibáč 2006) showed a relationship of Thymalus and Protopeltis with the former Rentoniini Crowson, 1966. This in turn led to the establishment of the tribe Thymalini for the group. However, Crowson (1966, 1970) also associated the former monotypic tribe Protopeltini Crowson, 1966 with the rentoniins. Recently, such a classification was called into question by Lawrence et al. (2011) and Leschen et al. (2012), who found Trogossitidae polyphyletic in their character analyses; however, both analyses were based on the same character states. Their model genera Thymalus and Rentonellum are classified outside Cleroidea in Lawrence et al. (2011) trees whereas Leschen et al. (2012), using a restricted character set, removed them only from Trogossitidae and/or suggested subfamily rank for rentoniins again, without necessarily believing in a mutual relationship between the two genera. Some more detail appears in “Remarks” with the tribe Thymalini.

Léveillé (1877) described the Caucasian species Thymalus aubei as Thymalus fulgidus var. aubei Léveillé, 1877. However, Thymalus fulgidus Erichson, 1844 was originally described from North America and Barron (1971) synonymized this species with Thymalus marginicollis Chevrolat, 1842. That is perhaps why the latter author also synonymized the taxon aubei as a synonym of marginicollis, probably without examination of the holotype or even Caucasian specimens. Russian entomologists, for example Nikitsky et al. (1998), consider Thymalus aubei a valid species, with the synonym Thymalus subtilis Reitter, 1889.

Description.

Body size: 4.3–7.5 mm. Body shape convex (not conglobate). Gular sutures wide, subparallel. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove absent. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination moderate. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally closed. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron wide. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced), wedge cell present, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side reduced. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Larva: Frontal arms V-shaped. Epicranial stem reduced. Endocarina absent. Gular sutures inconspicuous. Gula: anterior apodemes present. Paragular sclerites absent. Hypostomal rods present. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae with several small spines. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer present. Pedunculate seta absent. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion present. Cardo-Stipes partially fused. Cardo: size much smaller than stipes. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part, anterior margin even. Torma: two separate lateral sclerites. Antennal joints 1, 2 transverse. Sensory appendix larger than half of joint 3. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 2-0-0. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 0+0+0. Trochanter triangular. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

The beetles are not associated with any particular tree species and are found on both deciduous and coniferous trees. Thymalus limbatus is known from the trunks of birch, beech, linden, and spruce, mostly under bark. It is assumed that the larvae feed on fungi in rotten or decaying wood (Kolibáč et al. 2005). Thymalus marginicollis has been collected from the fungi Polyporus betulinus, Polyporus versicolor, Daedalea confragosa, on the trunks of birch and also on “wild flowers in plant press” (Barron 1971).

Distribution.

Holoarctic: Northern states of USA, Canada, Europe, North Africa, Siberia to China and Japan. Some specimens, probably a new species, have recently been collected in Chinese Sichuan and Yunnan and also in northern Thailand.

Species:

Thymalus aubei Léveillé, 1877; “Batum”, Caucasus (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 32. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 156. Barron, J. R. 1971: 36 (syn. Thymalus aubei Léveillé, 1877 with Thymalus marginicollis Chevrolat, 1842). Barron, J. R. 1971: 36 (syn. Thymalus fulgidus var. aubei Léveillé, 1877 with Thymalus marginicollis Chevrolat, 1842). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. Thymalus subtilis Reitter, 1889). Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 86 (Thymalus subtilis Reitter, 1889). Léveillé, A. 1910: 33 (Thymalus subtilis Reitter, 1889). Nikitsky, N. B. et al. 1998: 28 (syn. Thymalus subtilis Reitter, 1889; lectotype designated). Nikitsky, N. B. & Semenov, V. B. 2001: 49

Thymalus chinensis Fairmaire, 1900; China: Fujian (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 32. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366

Thymalus laticeps Lewis, 1894; Japan (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 32. Esaki, T. et al. 1951: 1063. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 86. Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181

Thymalus limbatus Fabricius, 1787; Europe, North Africa: Tunisia (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 32. Alexander, K. N. A. 1996: 90 (biology). Bahillo de la Puebla, P. & López-Colón, J. I. 1999: 13. Bahillo de la Puebla, P. & López-Colón, J. I. 2004: 129. Bercedo, P. et al. 2006: 180 (distribution). Borowiec, L. 1983: 15. Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 123. Cunev, J. 1999: 76. Franz, H. 1981: 51–52 (distribution). Klausnitzer, B. 1976: 8. Klausnitzer, B. 1978: 176. Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 155. Kolibáč, J. 1993a: 20. Kolibáč, J. 1993b: 90. Kolibáč, J. 2002: 55 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 85 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 110 (larva). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (distribution). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. brunneus Thunberg, 1794). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366 (syn. rubiginosus Gmelin, 1790). Krasutskii, B. V. 1996: 274. Mitter, H. 1998: 561. Pileckis, S. & Monsevičius, V. 1995: 273. Ratti, E. 1997: 178. Reitter, E. 1876: 64. Theunert, R. 2006: 113–114 (distribution). Vogt, H. 1967: 18

Thymalus marginicollis Chevrolat, 1842; Canada, USA (JRB)

Barron, J. R. 1971: 36 (syn. Thymalus aubei Léveillé, 1877). Barron, J. R. 1971: 36 (syn. Thymalus fulgidus Erichson, 1844). Barron, J. R. 1971: 36 (syn. Thymalus fulgidus var. aubei Léveillé, 1877). Böving, A. G. & Craighead, F. C. 1931: 273 (larva). Dajoz, R. 1997: 44 (biology). Reitter, E. 1876: 64 (Thymalus fulgidus Erichson, 1844: “Amer. bor.”)

Thymalus oblongus Reitter, 1889; Russia: North and Central Europea teritorries, Sweden, East Siberia (JK)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 33. Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 86. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Krasutskii, B. V. 2006: 763 (biology). Nikitsky, N. B. et al. 1998: 28 (lectotype designated)

Thymalus parviceps Lewis, 1894; Japan (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 33. Esaki, T. et al. 1951: 1063. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 86. Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181

Thymalus punctidorsum Latreille, 1894; Japan (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 33. Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 366. Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 86. Nakane, T. et al. 1963: 181

Subfamily Lophocaterinae Crowson, 1964
Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 297 (Lophocaterinae).
Barron, J. R. 1971: 11, 12 (syn. Lophocateridae = Peltinae). Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 119 (Lophocateridae). Crowson, R. A. 1970: Hunt, T. et al. 2007: 1915 (molecular phylogeny). Klausnitzer, B. 1996: 145. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 125 (diagnosis). Kolibáč, J. & Zaitsev, A. A. (2010): 55 (subfamily status suggested). Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 868 (Kirby, W. 1837: 104 is considered the author of the family rank name). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 442 (Lophocaterinae Crowson, 1964).
Remarks.

The subfamily Lophocaterinae was established by Crowson (1964a) in Trogossitidae (minus Peltidae) and later re-classified at family rank (Crowson 1970). As Crowson remarked (1970: 9), “the group is very distinct from Peltidae in larval structure, but not easily separable from that family by skeletal characters of the adults; the larvae show apparent affinities to Trogossitidae [...], from which Lophocateridae are easily separable by characters of the adults.” This is exactly the reason why taxonomists sometimes consider lophocaterins (the tribe cluster Decamerini-Lophocaterini-Ancyronini in this context) relatives of Peltinae, and sometimes Trogossitinae. The results of my two character analyses are also uncertain. In Kolibáč (2006), lophocaterins are unambiguously determined as a sister group of Peltinae but the improved analysis (Kolibáč 2008) is not so definitive. The second analysis resulted in 48 most parsimonious trees of which 16 supported a sister relationship between the lophocaterins and Trogossitinae but 32 trees supported a relationship with Peltinae. Further, molecular analyses published by Hunt et al. (2007), Bocáková et al. (2011) and Gunter et al. (2013) show closer relationships between a number of representatives of Peltinae and the lophocaterins than the latter and Trogossitinae. We may therefore consider the sister relationship Lophocaterinae-Peltinae more probable than Lophocaterinae-Trogossitinae. However, it is better to use subfamily rank for all three monophyletic clades to avoid a peltine polyphyly. This has already been explained by Kolibáč and Zaitsev (2010) in detail: “There are three monophyletic branches in modern morphological analyses of Trogossitidae: (1) the subfamily Trogossitinae, (2) the tribe cluster Decamerini-Lophocaterini-Ancyronini, and (3) the subfamily Peltinae sensu stricto (Peltini-?Phloiophilini-Colydiopeltini-Thymalini). A sister relation of the lophocaterine cluster and Peltinae s.str. as recognized by Kolibáč (2006) and Hunt et al. (2007) was called into question by Kolibáč (2008) and by results of the present communication. Therefore, to rule out the potential polyphyly of Peltinae s.lat. (sensu Kolibáč 2006), we recommend to refer [sic] the tribe cluster Decamerini-Lophocaterini-Ancyronini again [sic] as the separate subfamily Lophocaterinae as aforementioned [sic] by Kolibáč (2008: 125).”

Key to tribes of Lophocaterinae
1 Tarsal claws with denticle. Larva: median process between urogomphi absent Decamerini
– Tarsal claws without denticle. Larva: median process between urogomphi present 2
2 Penicillus mostly composed of tuft of long setae. Frontoclypeal suture absent or weak and straight Ancyronini
– Penicillus membranous or composed of short, fine setae. Frontoclypeal suture conspicuous, mostly broadly emarginate Lophocaterini
† Genus Cretamerus Peris, Kolibáč & Delclòs (in press)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Cretamerus

Map 11
Peris D., Kolibáč J. & Delclòs X. (in press): iii.
Type species.

† Cretamerus vulloi Peris, Kolibáč & Delclòs, (in press) [by monotypy and author’s designation]

Remarks.

The fossil is the oldest known record confirmed for the entire superfamily Cleroidea on the European continent. Due to the fine state of preservation, certain morphological character states of the fossil were inserted into a character matrix of Trogossitidae genera. The resulting tree reveals the basal position of Cretamerus vulloi within the lophocaterine clade. It may form an extinct branch of the recent Decamerini.

In view of its fine state of preservation, certain morphological character states of the fossil to be inserted into a character matrix of Trogossitidae genera. The resulting tree reveals the basal position of Cretamerus vulloi within the lophocaterine clade. It may form an extinct branch of the recent Decamerini.

Original diagnosis.

Body very small, less than 2 mm. Antenna 10-segmented, 3-segmented club nearly symmetrical. Prothorax with dentate lateral margin; procoxal cavities externally closed. Elytra without carinae, punctation irregular or less than obviously regular. Tibiae with two straight (i.e. not hooked) spurs. Abdomen with six visible ventrites.

Distribution.

France: Charente-Maritime (Fouras/Bois-Vert); Cretaceous: early Cenomanian.

Map 11.

A distribution of the tribe Decamerini including the newly described genus † Cretamerus. A position of Eronyxa is indicated.

Species:

† Cretamerus vulloi Peris, Kolibáč & Delclòs (in press); France; Cretaceous (AD)

Peris D., Kolibáč J. & Delclòs X. (in press): iii

Tribe Decamerini Crowson, 1964
Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 287.
Type genus:

Decamerus Solier, 1849

Barron, J. R. 1975: 12 (syn. Decamerinae = Peltinae). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 127 (diagnosis, stat. n.). Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 868 (Decamerinae). Ślipiński, S. A. 1992: 442, 460 (key) (Decamerinae)

Remarks.

Since it was established (Crowson 1964a), Decamerinae has always been connected with Peltidae (= Peltinae) in the works of a variety of authors. Unfortunately, the single larva described to date (Crowson 1964a) was not associated with adults. It possesses some general features of Lophocaterinae (mandible with long lacinia mandibulae, cranium with characteristic gular area) but it differs in having curved (cucujoid) frontal arms and in the absence of a median process between the urogomphi. The larva of Eronyxa expansus is evidently lophocaterine (Tait et al. 1990); however, the adults of Eronyxa and the present decamerins are similar in morphology and chiefly of floricolous habit. Two character analyses (Kolibáč 2006, 2008) placed Eronyxa on the border between Lophocaterini and Decamerini. Although the latter genus is classified within Lophocaterini herein, I feel its true relationship lies with Decamerini. This issue should be re-examined, although not before an indisputable larva of Chilean Decamerini is found and/or reared.

Key to genera
1 Front coxal cavities completely externally closed; tarsal claws split into two almost identical parts Antixoon
– Front coxal cavities externally open or not completely closed; tarsal claws with large denticle (but shorter than outer claw) 2
2 Antenna 10-segmented; tegmen composed of one part; front coxal cavities open (or closed to 3/4) Decamerus
– Antenna 11-segmented; tegmen composed of three parts; front coxal cavities nearly closed Diontolobus
Genus Antixoon Gorham, 1886

http://species-id.net/wiki/Antixoon

Map 11
Gorham, H. S. 1886: 332.
Type species.

Antixoon cribripenne Gorham, 1886 (sub Melyridae) [by monotypy] (not included in Léveillé 1910)

Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 291 (key). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 47. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 116 (phylogeny)

Remarks.

In consideration of a recent re-classification of Eronyxa within Lophocaterini (Tait et al. 1990), the systematic position of Antixoon needs to be checked. However, the bifid tarsal claws correspond with Crowson’s (1964a) opinion about a close relationship between Antixoon, Diotolobus and Decamerus.

Description.

Body size: about 3.0 mm. Body shape flat. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Antennal groove absent. Eyes number: two. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) absent. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Antennal club symmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally closed. Pronotum transverse. Elytra: long hairs absent. Claws: denticle distinct.

Biology.

Floricolous: “collected in the flowers of bushes in more or less open country” Crowson (1964a).

Distribution.

(Map 11.) Central America: Panama.

Species:

Antixoon cribripenne Gorham, 1886; Central America (Panama) (RAC)

Gorham, H. S. 1886: 332

Genus Decamerus Solier, 1849

http://species-id.net/wiki/Decamerus

Figs 10, 18; Map 11
Solier, A. J. J. 1849: 369.
Type species.

Decamerus haemorrhoidalis Solier, 1849 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 28. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 291. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 52 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Peltostoma Reitter, 1877 [Type species: Peltostoma unguicularis Reitter, 1877; by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 28 (synonymized?). Reitter, E. 1877: 173

Description.

Body size: about 3.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove absent. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape elongate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projections extending laterally and downwards (Eronyxa). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 10-segmented. Antennal club weakly asymmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation irregular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell moved down, often small, wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle distinct. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: absent. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of only a single part.

Biology.

The species occur on the flowers of various bushes. Floricolous, found together with Diontolobus.

Distribution.

Central part of Chile, approximately regions IV to VI.

Species:

Decamerus haemorrhoidalis Solier, 1849; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 28. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 52 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1877: 174 (syn. Peltostoma unguicularis Reitter, 1877; synonymized by Léveillé 1910?)

Genus Diontolobus Solier, 1849

http://species-id.net/wiki/Diontolobus

Fig. 10; Map 11
Solier, A. J. J., 1849: 367.
Type species.

Diontolobus punctipennis Solier, 1849 [by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 27. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 291. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 53 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny)

Micropeltis Redtenbacher, 1867 [Type species: Micropeltis serraticollis Redtenbacher, 1867; by monotypy]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 27 (synonymized?). Reitter, E. 1876: 58

Description.

Body size: about 3.0–4.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures wide, convergent at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides absent. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove absent. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape sub-clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge present. Ventral furrow present. Basal notch moderate. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection curved upwards (Colydiopeltis). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, deeply emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club weakly asymmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron thin. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation irregular, scales absent. Wing: radial cell moved down, often small, wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 absent, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur absent, apical spurs not hooked or weakly hooked. Claws: denticle distinct. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: absent. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of three parts.

Larva: Frontal arms curved (cucujoid). Epicranial stem absent. Endocarina absent. Gular sutures conspicuous, parallel. Paragular sclerites absent. Hypostomal rods absent. Stemmata number: five. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae plumose. Mola present. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Pedunculate seta absent. Mala simple. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in single part. Antenna 1st transverse, 2nd elongate. Sensory appendix medium sized (to half of joint 3). Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 0+0+0. Abdominal segment IX not divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process absent.

Biology.

The species occur on flowers. Pollen grains were found in the gut of Diontolobus punctipennis (Crowson 1964a).

Distribution.

As same as in Decamerus, the central part of Chile, approximately regions IV to VI.

Species:

Diontolobus costulata Reitter, 1876; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 27. Reitter, E. 1876: 60 (Micropeltis costulata Reitter, 1876)

Diontolobus flavolimbata Reitter, 1877; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 27

Diontolobus inaequalis Reitter, 1877; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 28

Diontolobus incostata Reitter, 1876; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 28. Reitter, E. 1876: 59 (Micropeltis incostata Reitter, 1876)

Diontolobus lanuginosa Léveille, 1895; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 28

Diontolobus punctipennis Solier, 1849; Chile (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 28. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 53 (redescription). Reitter, E. 1876: 59 (syn. Micropeltis serraticollis Redtenbacher, 1867, synonymized by Léveillé 1910?)

Diontolobus punctipennis var. lateritius Fairmaire, 1883: 488

Diontolobus sp. (supposed larva); Chile (RAC)

Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 291. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 106

Tribe Ancyronini Kolibáč, 2006
Kolibáč, J. 2006: 127.
Type genus.

Ancyrona Reitter, 1876 [designated by Kolibáč 2006]

Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Kolibáč, J. & Zaitsev, A. A. 2010: 59 (phylogeny, larval morphology)

Remarks.

Ancyronini are undeniably related to Lophocaterini. As observations made upon the recently recorded Ancyrona diversa larva have shown (Kolibáč and Zaitsev 2010), the major morphological features of known larvae of the two tribes are nearly identical. In fact, it is likely that Ancyrona and allied genera are simply “advanced lophocaterins” adapted to a predatory way of life. Such a life-style is clearly demonstrated by their carnivorous mouthparts in both adults and larvae (sharp mandibles without mola), different life habits (they dwell on bark, branches or logs hunting for other insects) and well as their excellent capacity for rapid flight and swift reactions to intrusive stimuli. From the point of view of phylogenetic taxonomy, it appears that Lophocaterini are paraphyletic in relation to Ancyronini; both tribes are therefore in acute need of further study.

Key to genera
1 Head quite hypognathous; tarsal pattern 4-4-4 or 5-5-5; body convex 2
– Head quite prognathous; tarsal pattern 5-5-5; body more/less flattened 3
2 Antennae 10- or 11-segmented with loose 3-segmented club; mandible with penicillus formed by membranous appendage with short setae; eyes distinctly elevate Afrocyrona
– Antennae 10-segmented with compact 2-segmented club, segments 9 and 10 coalescent; mandible with penicillus composed of tuft of long setae; eyes not very elevate Neaspis
3 Eyes distinctly elevate; labrum sometimes fused with cranium (males); lacinia without hooked spurs; mediostipes fused with lacinia 4
– Eyes not very elevate; labrum free; lacinia with hooked pigmented spurs; mediostipes not fused with lacinia Ancyrona
4 Mandible enlarged, male mandible monstrous; galea and lacinia without spines Leptonyxa
– Mandible not enlarged; lacinia with several pale spines Grynoma
Genus Afrocyrona Kolibáč, 2007

http://species-id.net/wiki/Afrocyrona

Fig. 10; Map 12
Kolibáč, J. 2007b: 60.
Type species.

Afrocyrona dwesae Kolibáč, 2007 [designated by Kolibáč 2007b]

Description.

Body size: 2.9–5.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape sub-clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia partially fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) long setae. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 11-segmented or 10-segmented. Antennal club weakly asymmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced) or cell moved down, often small, wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Tarsal pattern 4-4-4 or 5-5-5. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two parts. Coxitae divided.

Biology.

The species were collected by beating branches and sifting rotten wood and litter. Detritus and some insect remnants were found in the gut of Afrocyrona dwesae, whereas only insect fragments were found in the gut of Afrocyrona ciskeiensis. The species are probably predatory and partly or occasionally fungivorous. Afrocyrona dwesae may be unable to fly.

Distribution.

Three described species are known from South Africa: Eastern Cape and Transvaal. One or two more species have been recently found in the island of Sokotra.

Map 12.

A distribution of the tribe Ancyronini.

Species:

Afrocyrona ciskeiensis Kolibáč, 2007; South Africa (JK)

Kolibáč, J. 2007b: 61

Afrocyrona dwesae Kolibáč, 2007; South Africa (JK)

Kolibáč, J. 2007b: 63

Afrocyrona gussmannae Kolibáč, 2007; South Africa (JK)

Kolibáč, J. 2007b: 64

Genus Ancyrona Reitter, 1876

http://species-id.net/wiki/Ancyrona

Figs 2, 11; Map 12
Reitter, E. 1876: 51.
Type species.

Ancyrona lewisi Reitter, 1876 [designated by Kolibáč 1993]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25. Lafer, G. Sh. 1992: 83. Matthews, E. G. 1992: 3 (key, Australia). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 45. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč, J. 2007a: 365. Kolibáč, J. & Zaitsev, A. A. (2010): 55 (larva)

Latolaeva Reitter, 1876 (Type species: Latolaeva ferrarii Reitter, 1876; designated by Kolibáč 2005)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 63. Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Kolibáč 2007b: 54 (synonymized). Reitter, E. 1876: 49

Description.

Body size: 3.1–8.0 mm. Body shape flat. Gular sutures narrow, subparallel at apex. Frontoclypeal suture present or broadly emarginate. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size large, lateral. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination absent. Lacinial hooks: two. Galea: shape sub-clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia not fused. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Mola absent. Penicillus (at base) long setae. Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow absent. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite absent. Lateral tormal process: projection projection not developed (all remaining). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula membranous, not retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite H-shaped. Antenna 10-segmented. Antennal club weakly asymmetrical, sensorial fields absent. Front coxal cavities externally open, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus present. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism absent, carinae conspicuous. Elytral punctation regular, scales present. Wing: radial cell oblong (or reduced) or cell moved down, often small, wedge cell absent, cross vein MP3-4 present, cross vein AA1+2-3+4 absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III–VII: one. Spiculum gastrale absent. Tegmen composed of two or three parts. Coxitae undivided.

Larva Ancyrona diversa Pic, 1921 (Kolibáč and Zaitsev 2010): Frontal arms Y-shaped. Epicranial stem minute, nearly absent. Endocarina present. Gular sutures conspicuous, convergent. Gula: anterior apodemes absent. Paragular sclerites absent. Hypostomal rods present. Stemmata number: two. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, horizontally situated. Lacinia mandibulae plumose. Mola absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Palpifer present. Pedunculate seta present. Mala simple. Mala: bidentate protrusion absent. Cardo-Stipes not fused. Cardo: size nearly as large as stipes. Ligula present. Labial palpi 2-segmented. Prementum in two parts, anterior margin even. Torma: two separate lateral sclerites and plate between them. Antennal joints 1, 2 elongate. Sensory appendix longer than half of joint 3. Thoracic sclerites pattern (dorsally) 1–2–0. Thoracic sclerites pattern (ventrally) 1–0–0. Trochanter oblong. Abdominal segment IX transversely divided. Tergite IX flat. Urogomphi present, hooked; median process present.

Figure 11.

A Ancyrona (syn. Latolaeva) bivittata B Ancyrona vicina C Ancyrona kosnovskorum (= fairmairei?) D Ancyrona sp., lewisi-group, Malaysia E Ancyrona japonica, Slovakia F Ancyrona gabonica G Leptonyxa fairmairei H Neaspis variegata.

Biology.

Predatory. Adults can be beaten from dry branches or individually collected on fallen timber, where they hunt for other insects.

Distribution.

Africa in the south of Sahara, eastern Asia (from India to Japan and Russian Far East), Australia: Queensland, New South Wales (types of Ancyrona aegra, Ancyrona amica, Ancyrona latebrosa, Ancyrona laticeps, Ancyrona vesca checked), New Guinea (including undescribed species). Strangely enough, one Japanese species, Ancyrona japonica, was introduced to Europe and first recorded in Hungary (“Visegrad 1904”). It has now been collected several times in adjacent Slovakia, on branches of decaying oak. Two Tertiary fossil species are known from European Eocene.

Species groups

In a review of Afrocyrona and Ancyrona, I divided the latter genus in several informal species groups (Kolibáč 2007b). They are listed below together with a short diagnosis, although not all Ancyrona species are classified within the particular groups. This is only the first attempt to classify the rich and complex genus, so a monophyly of these groups should be checked and tried, then the groups may be established at the rank of subgenera).

lewisi species-group

Species. Ancyrona lewisi, Ancyrona shibatai, Ancyrona haroldi, and numerous undescribed species from south and eastern Asia and New Guinea.

Distribution. Japan, China, southeastern Asia.

Diagnosis. Small, flat, broad, oval species. Dorsal surface with colour pattern formed by scales or rigid decumbent setae.

gabonica species-group

Species. Ancyrona gabonica, Ancyrona ferrarii, Ancyrona vicina, Ancyrona bivittata, Ancyrona feai, Ancyrona incensa, Ancyrona martini, Ancyrona plana, and numerous undescribed species from eastern Asia and tropical Africa. Australian species Ancyrona aegra, Ancyrona amica, Ancyrona latebrosa, Ancyrona laticeps, Ancyrona vesca probably also belong to the group.

Distribution. Tropical Africa, south-eastern Asia and probably Australia.

Diagnosis. Extremely flat, broad, oval species without scales and lacking decumbent pubescence on dorsal surface; dorsal side quite bare or with inconspicuous or erect pubescence. Some species with longitudinal colour stripes on elytra; stripes not formed by pubescence or scales. Antennal club very loose, nearly serrate. Tegmen composed of two or three parts.

japonica species-group

Species. Ancyrona japonica, Ancyrona diversa.

Distribution. Japan, northern China, Ussuri. Ancyrona japonica also spread to south-eastern and central Europe (from Bulgaria through Hungary to Slovakia); first European record in 1904.

Diagnosis. Rather elongate unicolorous species with long, soft pubescence on dorsal surface. Tegmen composed of 1 or 2 parts (parameral piece fused with phallobase), male abdominal segments IX–X more or less reduced.

colobicoides species-group

Species. Ancyrona colobicoides, Ancyrona fairmairei, Ancyrona kosnovskorum (syn. fairmairei?), Ancyrona minor.

Distribution. Madagascar.

Diagnosis. Flat, elongate species with conspicuously elevate eyes and compact 3-segmented club. Yellowish elytra with dark black-brown pattern (stripes, spots), pubescence short and decumbent. Primitive tegmen composed of three parts. Elytra with distinct carinae. One specimen known to me from Madagascan copal (Cap d’Ambre).

endroedyi species-group

Species. Ancyrona endroedyi, Ancyrona muellerae, Ancyrona caffra(?).

Distribution. South Africa.

Diagnosis. Body quite elongate (as in japonica group), with long, soft, erect hairs or short, decumbent, scale-like setae. Dorsal surface unicolorous or with pattern formed by pubescence. Radial cell completely or partly reduced. Tegmen composed of two or three parts. Elytra with more or less conspicuous carinae.

Species:

Ancyrona aegra Olliff, 1885; “Nov. Gal. mer.” (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona amica Olliff, 1885; S Australia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona andrewesi Léveillé, 1907; India (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona aurora Léveillé, 1899; Congo gall. (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona bivittata Léveillé, 1899; Cameroon (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25 (Latolaeva bivittata Léveillé, 1899). Kolibáč, J. 2007b: 55 (comb.; transferred from Latolaeva to gabonica-group)

Ancyrona blaisei Léveillé, 1907; Tonkin (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona bouchardi Léveillé, 1902; Sumatra (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona brasilica Perty, 1830; Brazil: Minas Geraes (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25 (Latolaeva brasilica Perty, 1830)

Note: Cleroidea? (see Reitter 1876: 51).

Ancyrona brunnea Léveillé, 1905; India (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona brunneolimbata Léveillé, 1905; Fernando Po (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 25

Ancyrona caffra Reitter, 1876; Cap (AL)

Reitter, E. 1876: 52. Léveillé, A. 1910: 25