Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li ( lisq@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
© 2019 Wan-Jin Chang, Fengyuan Li, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chang W-J, Li F, Li S (2019) Three new species of the spider genus Luzonacera Li & Li, 2017 from Philippines (Araneae, Psilodercidae). ZooKeys 822: 17-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.822.30927
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Three new species of Luzonacera Li & Li, 2017 are described: L. francescoballarini Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), L. lattuensis Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀) and L. peterjaegeri Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀). Prior to this study, the genus was known by two species, both from Luzon Island, Philippines. So far, the genus and all five species are endemic to Luzon Island and can be found in dry or humid caves in a dark environment.
cave, endemic, Luzon Island, Southeast Asia, tropical
The spider family Psilodercidae Machado, 1951 contains eleven genera and 116 species (
The recently described genus Luzonacera Li & Li, 2017 was known from two species, L. chang Li & Li, 2017 and L. duan Li & Li, 2017 (
All specimens were collected in Luzon Island and preserved in 95% ethanol solution. All types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS) and Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt (SMF). A Leica M205 C stereomicroscope was used to measure and examine the specimens. Morphological details of the specimens were studied with an Olympus BX41 compound microscope. An Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope was used to take photos. The images were generated using Helicon Focus 6.7.1 image stacking software and further revised with Adobe Photoshop. Leg measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus). Leg segments were measured from their retrolateral side except for L. peterjaegeri sp. n. which was measured from the prolateral side. All measurements are given in millimetres (mm). Terminology follows that of
The extraction of genomic DNA from legs followed
Luzonacera chang Li & Li, 2017
Luzonacera resembles Althepus Thorell, 1898 and Leclercera Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995. However, Luzonacera can be differentiated by the combination of the following characteristics: 1) absence of a conductor (versus presence of a conductor in both Althepus and Leclercera); 2) absence of a retrolateral protrusion on the tibia or cymbium of the male palp (versus presence of a retrolateral protrusion on the tibia or cymbium of the male palp in Althepus and Leclercera); 3) remarkably inflated tibia of the male palp; 4) pyriform bulb with spirally extended embolus; and 5) two pairs of spermathecae, the lateral spermathecae with longer stalks than the medial spermathecae.
L. chang Li & Li, 2017 (the type species), L. duan Li & Li, 2017, L. francescoballarini sp. n., L. lattuensis sp. n. and L. peterjaegeri sp. n.
Philippines.
1 | Embolus and bulb equal in length; embolus and bulb ratio approximately equal to 1 ( |
L. chang |
– | Embolus short (bulb ca. 2 times longer than the embolus); embolus and bulb ratio: 0.40–0.57 ( |
2 |
2 | Slight constriction of the central part of bulb ( |
L. francescoballarini sp. n. |
– | Pronounced constriction of the central part of bulb ( |
3 |
3 | Bulb with smooth surface dorsally ( |
L. peterjaegeri sp. n. |
– | Bulb with a notch (NO) dorsally ( |
4 |
4 | The tip of the bulb without protrusion (PT) ( |
L. duan |
– | The tip of the bulb with protrusion (PT) ( |
L. lattuensis sp. n. |
1 | Two pairs of similar spermathecae ( |
2 |
– | Two pairs of dissimilar spermathecae (medial pair oblique, tube-shaped) ( |
L. peterjaegeri sp. n. |
2 | Spermathecae without globose distal part (with swollen distal ends) ( |
L. chang |
– | Spermathecae with globose distal part ( |
3 |
3 | Two pairs of spermathecae pointed almost the same direction ( |
4 |
– | Two pairs of spermathecae pointed opposite directions ( |
L. francescoballarini sp. n. |
4 | Relatively short stalks of medial spermathecae; distal part and stalk ratio approximately 0.5 ( |
L. lattuensis sp. n. |
– | Relatively long stalks of medial spermathecae; distal part and stalk ratio approximately 0.25 ( |
L. duan |
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Bulacan Province, San Miguel City, near Biak-Na-Bato National Park, Bayukbok Cave, 15°10'5.4"N, 121°5'4.3"E, 125 m, 21.V.2015, F. Ballarin and Y. Li. Paratypes: 1♂, 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species is named after Francesco Ballarin, who collected the type series; name in genitive case.
Luzonacera francescoballarini sp. n. resembles L. lattuensis sp. n. in having a short embolus, and two pairs of twisted spermathecae globose at distal parts. Males can be distinguished from the latter species by the smooth dorsal surface of the bulb (Figure
Male (Holotype). Total length 4.81; carapace 1.60 long, 1.28 wide; abdomen 3.20 long, 0.96 wide. Colour faded. Carapace round, pale yellow, with ovoid brown patch medially and rounded brown patch posterior to ocular area. Fovea shallow. Anterior margin of thoracic region distinctly elevated. Chelicerae light brown with lamina, promargin with a single tooth and retromargin with two small teeth (Figure
Female (paratype). Similar to male in coloration and general features but slightly larger (Figure
Type locality only (Figure
Collected in a dark and rather humid cave, close to the ground, along the wall of the cave with huge rocks.
Based on the 651 bp aligned sequences, the COI uncorrected K2P-distance between L. francescoballarini sp. n. and L. chang is 13.5%, between L. francescoballarini sp. n. and L. duan is 15.0%, between L. francescoballarini sp. n. and L. lattuensis sp. n. is 14.9%, and between L. francescoballarini sp. n. and L. peterjaegeri sp. n. is 13.9%.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Philippines, Luzon Island, Cagayon Province, Tuguegarao City, Penablanca Village, Lattu-Lattuc Cave, 17°42'23"N, 121°49'2"E, 111 m, 31.V.2015, F. Ballarin and Y. Li. Paratypes: 1♂, 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.
The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.
Both sexes of L. lattuensis sp. n. and L. francescoballarini sp. n. are very similar. Males of L. lattuensis sp. n. can be distinguished from L. francescoballarini sp. n. by the bulb with a dorsal notch (Figure
Male (Holotype). Total length 3.85; carapace 1.28 long, 0.96 wide; abdomen 2.56 long, 0.75 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal brown bands; the central band is 3 times wider than the lateral bands (Figure
Female (paratype). General features and coloration are similar to the male, but the female is slightly larger (Figure
Type locality only (Figure
Collected close to the ground along the wall of a dark, rather dry and dusty secondary cave with huge rocks.
Based on the 651 bp- aligned sequences, the COI uncorrected K2P-distance between L. lattuensis sp. n. and L. chang is 12.4%, between L. lattuensis sp. n. and L. duan is 11.5%, and between L. lattuensis sp. n. and L. peterjaegeri sp. n. is 13.6%.
Holotype: ♂ (SMF), Philippines, Northern Luzon Island, Teresita State, Cagayan Province, Lower Kimmabalyu Cave, 18°11'35.4"N, 121°52'10.3"E, 22.I.2015, H. Steiner. Paratypes: 1♂, 2♀ (SMF), same data as holotype.
The species is named after Peter Jäger in honour of his contribution to the study of spiders from Asia; name in genitive case.
Luzonacera peterjaegeri sp. n. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by a distinct constriction on the central part of the bulb (Figure
Male (Holotype). Total length 4.00; carapace 1.50 long, 1.40 wide; abdomen 2.50 long, 1.00 wide. Carapace round, pale brown, with three longitudinal brown bands, with the middle band 3 times wider than the lateral bands (Figure
Female (paratype). General features and coloration are similar to male, but the female is slightly larger (Figure
Based on the 651 bp aligned sequences, the COI uncorrected K2P-distance between L. peterjaegeri sp. n. and L. chang is 15.9%, and between L. peterjaegeri sp. n. and L. duan is 13.9%.
The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Drs Yuri Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Mark Harvey (Western Australia, Australia), and Yanfeng Tong (Shenyang, China). Sarah Crews (San Francisco, USA) kindly checked the English. We are indebted to Francesco Ballarin (Tokyo, Japan), Helmut Steiner (Hanau, Germany), and Peter Jaeger (SMF) who provided the specimens examined in this study. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31530067) to Shuqiang Li.