Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ai-Ping Liang ( liangap@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Mike Wilson
© 2019 Zhi-Shun Song, Imran Khatri, Ai-Ping Liang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Song Z-S, Khatri I, Liang A-P (2019) Redescription and redefinition of the genus Chiltana Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Dictyopharidae, Dictyopharini), with description of a new species from Pakistan. ZooKeys 838: 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.838.30910
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The genus Chiltana Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995 is redescribed and redefined based on the types and new material from Pakistan. Chiltana includes two species, C. acarinata sp. n. and C. baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995 (the type species), both from Chiltan, Balochistan, Pakistan. A key to the species of the genus is provided. Nomenclatorial remarks on original publication, author, and date of Chiltana are given.
Fulgoroidea, morphology, taxonomy
The dictyopharid planthopper genus Chiltana was firstly described by Shakila-Mushtaq in her Ph.D. thesis for a single species from Pakistan (
Chiltana was placed in the tribe Dictyopharini (
Based on examination of the type specimens of C. baluchi and a critical review of the literature, Chiltana is here redescribed and redefined. The second Chiltana species, C. acarinata sp. n., is described and illustrated from Pakistan. Nomenclatorial remarks on original publication, author, and date of Chiltana are given.
The specimens studied in the course of this work are deposited in the following institutions, which are subsequently referred to by their acronyms:
The post-abdomen of the specimens used for dissections were cleared in 10% KOH at room temperature for ca 6–12 hours, rinsed and examined in distilled water and then transferred to 10% glycerol and enclosed in microvials to be preserved with the specimens. Observations and measurements were conducted under a Zeiss Stemi SV II optical stereomicroscope, and photography was under Zeiss Discovery V12 stereomicroscope equipped with a Nikon D7000 digital camera in Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Some final images were compiled from multiple photographs using CombineZM image stacking software and improved with the Adobe Photoshop CS5 software.
The morphological terminology and measurements used in this study follow
Chiltana Shakila-Mushtaq, 1984: 158, nomen nudum of Chiltana Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995.
Chiltana Shakila-Mushtaq, 1994: 2 (in key), 30 (in catalogue), nomen nudum of Chiltana Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995.
Chiltana Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995: 374. Type species: Chiltana baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995; by original designation and monotypy.
Chiltana may be distinguished from other genera in the Dictyopharini by the following combination of characters: cephalic process absent due to anterior margin of vertex not reaching beyond anterior margin of eyes; vertex with lateral carinae weakly ridged and subparallel, anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, without median carina; frons without median and intermediate carinae; pronotum with anterior and posterior margins nearly straight and subparallel anteroposteriorly, lateral marginal areas distinctly convex, median carina complete but weak, without intermediate carinae; mesonotum distinctly arched, carina absent; fore and middle femora flattened and dilated, with several various sized spines on ventral margin; hind tibiae with eight apical teeth; phallobase with inflated membranous paired lobes, with numerous small superficial spines on apex of lobes.
Head very short, cephalic process absent due to anterior margin of vertex not reaching beyond anterior margin of eyes, so anterior part of dorsal surface of head occupied by basal extension of frons in dorsal view (Fig.
Pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Fig.
Female genitalia. Gonapophyses VIII with anterior connective lamina large and sclerotized, with teeth of varying sizes and shapes. Gonoplacs with two lobes homologous; lateral lobe sclerotized, large and elongate, with a distinct sensory appendage on apex, a bunch of long setae on sensory appendage; the posterior lobe membranous, containing long sclerotized plate. Segment X large and broad, apex deeply excavated to accommodate anal style; anal style large and elongate.
This genus contains two species restricted to Chiltan, Balochistan, Pakistan.
In the original descriptions and illustrations of Chiltana, the frons and mesonotum were described as “tricarinate” (
Chiltana is similar to the genera Afronersia Fennah, 1958 and Gilgitia Shakita-Mushtaq, 1991 in various characters of head, venation and genitalia (
1 | Aedeagus with endosomal processes directed ventrad; dorsal apical process of gonostyles large and broad, directed dorsad; phallobase with a pair of dorsal lobes with a large and stout spine on apex of each lobe | C. acarinata sp. n. |
– | Aedeagus with endosomal processes directed dorsad; dorsal apical process of gonostyles small, directed dorsocephalad; phallobase with two pairs of dorsal lobes, without spine on apex | C. baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar |
Holotype ♂, Pakistan: Hazarganji, Chiltan National Park, 20 km SW Quetta, 3–6.vii.1989, W.J. Pulawski & W.A. Khan (
Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): 11.5–11.7 mm; head length (from apex of head to base of eyes): 1.2 mm; head width (including eyes): 1.5 mm; forewing length: 9.6–9.7 mm.
Coloration. General color brownish ochraceous marked with ivory white, pale green and purplish red on head and thorax, and dark brown on abdomen in dorsal view (Fig.
Structure. Head (Fig.
Male genitalia. Pygofer, in lateral view (Fig.
Chiltana acarinata sp. n. A Male segment X and pygofer, dorsal view B male pygofer, gonostyles, and segment X, lateral view C male pygofer, gonostyles, and segment X, caudal view D male pygofer and gonostyles, ventral view E gonostyle. Abbreviations: as, anal style; dmp, dorsal margin of pygofer in profile; gs, gonostyle; hpg, hook-like process of gonostyle; pg, pygofer; upg, upper process of gonostyle; sx, segment X; vmp, ventral margin of pygofer in profile. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
The specific epithet is borrowed from New Latin acarinatus, referring to the carinae on the frons and mesonotum being absent.
So far only known from Chiltan, Balochistan, Pakistan.
The new species may be distinguished from the type species of Chiltana, C. baluchi, by the different male genitalia.
Chiltana baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq, 1984: 160, fig. 33A–I, nomen nudum of Chiltana baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995.
Chiltana baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq, 1994: 30 (in catalogue), nomen nudum of Chiltana baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995.
Chiltana baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, 1995: 374, figs 1–12.
Holotype ♂ of Chiltana baluchi Shakila-Mushtaq & Akbar, Pakistan: (1) [red round label]; (2) Loc. Chiltan Muslim, Host. wild mint, Date. 6.vii.[19]64, Coll. S.M. Khan (
So far only known from Chiltan, Balochistan, Pakistan.
Chiltana was firstly described and illustrated as new genus by Shakila-Mushtaq in her Ph.D. thesis which was produced in 1984 (not 1989 as cited by Shakila-Mushtaq in her papers, e.g.,
However, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) has voted in favour of a revised version of the amendment to the Code that was proposed in 2008. The purpose of the amendment is to expand and refine the methods of publication allowed by the Code, particularly in relation to electronic publication. The revised version for the fourth edition of the Code, including the amendments to Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78, with effect from 1 January 2012, has been available online until the fifth edition of the Code is published (ICZN online). A new Article 9.12. has been added in the online version of the Code, which says “facsimiles or reproductions obtained on demand of an unpublished work, even if previously deposited in a library or other archive” do not constitute published work (ICZN online). An example helps to explain this article: “A Ph.D. thesis that was distributed only to members of the student’s thesis committee is listed for sale in the catalogue of a print-on-demand publisher. The print-on-demand work is a reproduction of the thesis. Because the thesis was an unpublished work in its original form, it remains unpublished” (ICZN online). Therefore, according to Article 9.12., we suggest that the Ph.D. thesis of
We wish to thank the late Dr Norman D. Penny (
The work on which this paper is based was supported by the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31572297, to Z.S.S.) and partially by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 31572298 and 31872279, to A.P.L.).