Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xin Sun ( sunxin@neigae.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Louis Deharveng
© 2019 Wanda Maria Weiner, Zhijing Xie, Yu Li, Xin Sun.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Weiner WM, Xie Z, Li Y, Sun X (2019) Ceratophysella species from mushrooms in China (Collembola, Hypogastruridae). ZooKeys 822: 67-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.822.30880
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Four species of the genus Ceratophysella living on mushrooms are reported from China, including a new species, Ceratophysella skarzynskii Weiner & Sun, sp. n., which is described from alpine mushrooms. The new species belongs to the Ceratophysella group of species with a dorsal chaetotaxy of type B and differs from the other species in a combination of characters. Ceratophysella skarzynskii sp. n. is distinguished by its small body size (maximum length 1.09 mm), number of peg-like s-chaetae (30–32) in the ventral sensory file, the trilobed apical vesicle of antennal segment IV, five modified chaetae on dens, and serrated dorsal chaetae. A key to the Chinese species of the genus has been provided.
Ceratophysella skarzynskii sp. n., key, new species, taxonomy
The genus Ceratophysella Börner, 1932 is distributed worldwide, having more than 130 species (
Until now, fourteen species of the genus Ceratophysella have been reported from China (
Specimens were collected by hand using a brush and stored in ethanol; they were then cleared in lactic acid and KOH, and mounted in Marc André II medium. Drawings and measurements were made using a phase contrast microscope LEICA DM2500 equipped with a camera lucida.
Mushroom species were determined by the third author, Yu Li.
Abbreviations used in the descriptions:
Abd. abdominal segments,
Ant. antennal segments,
av apical vesicle
AIIIO sensory organ of Ant. III,
l.p. lateral processus on labial palp,
ms s-microsetae (ms) (microsensillum),
or subapical organite
PAO postantennal organ,
S sensillum,
s-chaetae sensorial chaetae on Th. and Abd.
Th. thoracic segments,
VT ventral tube,
Terminology for the descriptions follows that given in
Holotype : preadult male, China: Jilin: Changbai Mountains, alt. 2000 m, on Russula sp., leg. Xin Sun, 29 July 2015. Paratypes: 10 females and one juvenile, the same data as holotype. Type material: the holotype and 8 paratypes are housed in
Dorsal chaetotaxy of type B with serrated chaetae. Maximal length 1.09 mm. Antennal segment IV with bi- or trilobed apical vesicle and ventral sensory file with 30–32 peg-like s-chaetae. Dens with seven chaetae, five of them modified.
Body length 0.9–1.09 mm (holotype: 1.07 mm). Body colour violet or blue in alive specimens, grey or grey-black in alcohol, ventrally pale. Granulation rather coarse, 10–14 granules between chaetae p1 on Abd. V (Yosii’s parameter).
Antennae. Ant. IV with bilobed or trilobed apical vesicle (av), subapical organite (or), dorso-lateral microsensillum (ms), seven cylindrical, subequal sensilla (dorsal S0, S1–4, dorsolateral S7–8), ca. 30 small, peg-like sensilla and one subcylindrical sensillum in ventral sensory file (sensory rasp) (Fig.
Head. Ocelli 8 + 8. Postantennal organ 1.5 times as large as single ocellus with four lobes of which the anterior pair is larger than the posterior pair (Fig.
Labrum with 5, 5, 4 chaetae, four prelabrals present. Head of maxilla of the C. armatatype. Maxillary outer lobe with two sublobal hairs. Labium of the C. armata type, with five papillae (A–E) and six proximal chaetae. Guard chaetae a1, b1–2, d2, e2 and lateral processus (l.p.) as accessory papillae with short terminal sensillum. Guards b3–4, d3–4, and e1–6 with long sensilla. Dorsal guards b3–4, d3–4, and e3 distally expanded and flattened.
Chaetotaxy. Differentiation of dorsal chaetae into micro-/meso- and macrochaetae quite distinct (Figs
Tibiotarsi I, II, III with 19, 19, 18 chaetae respectively, including one acuminate tenent hair A1 each, femora with 13, 13, 12 chaetae, trochanters with 7, 7, 7 chaetae, coxae with 3, 7, 8 chaetae, subcoxae II with 0, 3, 3 chaetae, subcoxaeI with 1, 2, 3 chaetae. Claws with inner tooth and two pairs of lateral teeth. Empodial appendage with broad basal lamella and apical filament reaching slightly below inner tooth (ratio empodial filament: inner edge of claw = 0.47) (Fig.
Retinaculum with 4 + 4 teeth. Furca well developed. Ratio dens + mucro: inner edge of claw III = 2.11: 1, ratio dens: mucro = 1.79: 1. Cuticular skeleton of furca well visible. Dens with uniform granulation and seven dorsal chaetae of which five are modified, two strongly thickened and three moderately so; basal macrochaeta longer than others chaetae, shorter than dens (3/5 of its length). Mucro boat-like with clear outer lamella (Fig.
Anal spines as long as inner edge of claw III slightly curved, situated on basal papillae, colourless (Figs
The species is cordially dedicated to our colleague and friend Dr Dariusz Skarżyński, a prominent Polish specialist in Hypogastruridae, Collembola.
The new species belongs to the armata-group of species, group B (Abd. tergum IV with p1 as macrochaeta) and subgroup B2 (Abd. tergum IV without chaeta p3) (
Morphological characters for C. skarzynski sp. nov. and similar species: C. denisana Yosii, 1954 (
Species/characters | C. denisana | C. skarzynskii | C. empodialis | C. longispina | C. scotica |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximal body size (mm) | 1.20 | 1.09 | 1.80 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Yosii’ parameter | 14–16 (20) | 10–14 | 8–13 | 12–16 | 13–15 |
Ant.IV: apical vesicle | trilobed | trilobed | simple/slightly bilobed | simple/slightly bilobed | simple |
Ant.IV: number of peg-like chaetae in ventral file | >50 | 30–32 | 20 | max. 15 | 15–20 |
Maxillar palp: number of sublobal hairs | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Dorsal chaetae | smooth | serrated | rather smooth | serrated | rather smooth |
Th.II–III: length of chaetae s = p4/p3 | p4 >p3 | p4 >p3 | p4 >p3 | p4≈p3 | p4≈p3 |
Abd. V: chaetae s = p3/p1 | p3≈p1 | p3≈p1 | p3<p1 | p3≈p1 | p3<p1 |
Tibiotarsial tenent hair | ? | pointed | pointed | ? | pointed |
Empodial appendage : inner edge of claw | ±½ | ±½ | ±1¼ | ±½ | ±1 |
Empodial basal lamella : inner edge of claw | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1/5 | ? | 1/5 |
Lateral teeth of claw | basal 3 pairs | 2 pairs | 2 pairs | 2 pairs | 2 pairs |
Chaetae on dens: total number/numer of modified chaetae | 7/5 | 7/5 | 7/2 | 7(8)/2 | 7/2 |
Acorutes communis Folsom, 1898: 52.
Syn: Hypogastrura yuasai Yosii, 1954:
China: Henan: Zhengzhou, on Pleurotus ostreatus, 7 specimens on slides and 20 in alcohol, leg. Xin Sun, 05 Dec 2014; China: Henan: Zhumadian, on Pleurotus ostreatus, 9 specimens on slides and 50 in alcohol, leg. ZhijingXie, 10 Nov 2017; China: Zhejiang: Pinghu, on Pleurotus ostreatus, 13 specimens on slides and 100 in alcohol, leg. Xin Sun, 07 Dec 2014; China: Sichuan: Qingchuan, on Morchella esculenta, 4 specimens on slides and 30 in alcohol, leg. Zhijing Xie, 19 Mar 2017.
Achorutes denticulatus Bagnall, 1941: 218.
Syn: Achorutes armata var. nov. cuspidate Axelson, 1905:
Achorutes
distinguendus
Bagnall, 1941:
Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) exilis
Yosii, 1956:
Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) afghanistanensis
Stach, 1963:
China: Tibet: Lasa, on Ganoderma sp., 9 specimens on slides, leg. Weiping Xiong, 27 Mar 2015.
Hypogastrura liguladorsi Lee, 1974: 95.
China: Zhejiang: Wuyi, on Lentinus sp., 11 specimens on slides and 80 in alcohol, leg. Xin Sun, 09 Dec 2014.
In 2007 Wu and Yin proposed a key to the six species of the genus Ceratophysella known from China.
1 | Abd. IV with p1 chaeta shorter than p2 chaeta (A-type) | 2 |
– | Abd. IV with p1 chaeta longer than p2 chaeta (B-type) | 9 |
2 | Dens with 6 chaetae | 3 |
– | Dens with 7chaetae | 5 |
3 | Unguiculus as long as 1/2–1 of internal edge of claw | 4 |
– | Unguiculus very short, as long as 1/3, claw without teeth |
C. zhangi (Zhao, 1998)
|
4 | Labial palp with 4 papillae (papilla C absent), macrochaetae rather short, Th. II with p4 = s longer thanmacrochaeta p5 | C. succinea (Gisin, 1949) |
– | Labial palp with 5 papillae (papillae A–E present), macrochaetae long, Th. II with p4 =shorter than macrochaeta p5 | C. taiguensis Jia, Skarżyński & Li, 2010 |
5 | Body chaetae smooth | 6 |
– | Body chaetae serrated | 8 |
6 | Dens with thickened chaetae | 7 |
– | Dens without thickened chaetae | C. yinae (Yue & Fu, 2000) |
7 | Four internal chaetae on dens thickened, Ant. IV with 8 dorsal sensilla | C. baichengensis Wu & Yin, 2007 |
– | Two internal chaetae on dens thickened, Ant. IV with 7 dorsal sensilla | C. adexilis Stach, 1964 |
8 | Abd. V tergum with chaeta a2’ present, Ant. IV with simple apical vesicle, Abd. IV tergum with p5=s equal to ½ macrochaetae | C. denticulata (Bagnall, 1941) |
– | Abd. V tergum without chaeta a2, Ant. IV with bi- or trilobed apical vesicle, Abd IV with chaeta p5=s equal to ¾ macrochaetae | C. communis (Folsom, 1898) |
9 | Abd. V tergum with cuticular projection or medial spines | 10 |
– | Abd. V tergum without such projection or spines | 11 |
10 | Abd. V tergum with medial cuticular projection, dens with 7 normal chaetae, ventral sensory file (sensory rasp) with ca. 40 peg-like sensilla | C. liguladorsi (Lee, 1974) |
– | Abd. V tergum with chaetae p1 modified in spines, dens with 7 chaetae among which two modified, central sensory file (sensory rasp) with ca. 25–35 peg-like sensilla | C. duplicispinosa (Yosii, 1954) |
11 | Head with chaetae d5 and sd5 modified into spines | 12 |
– | Head without chaetae modified into spines | 13 |
12 | Length of unguiculus as 1/3 of inner edge of claw, tibiotarsi with A1 (tenent hair) short (= ½ of inner edge of claw) |
C. xiaoi (Tamura, 1998) (in: |
– | Length of unguiculus as 1/2 of inner edge of claw, tibiotarsi with A1 (tenent hair) long (= length of inner edge of claw) | C. anshanensis (Wu & Xie, 2007) |
13 | Head without a pair of cornea-like convexity | 14 |
– | Head with a pair of cornea-like convexity | C. sinensis Stach, 1964 |
14 | Dens with thickened chaetae, tibiotarsi with prolonged chaeta A1 as pointed tenent hair, claws with one internal tooth and two pairs of lateral teeth | C. skarzynskii sp. n. |
– | Dens without thickened chaetae, tibiotarsi without prolonged chaeta A1, claws without internal and lateral teeth | C. flectochaeta Lin & Xia, 1983 |
We would like to express our thanks to Dariusz Skarżyński, Anatoly Babenko, and Louis Deharveng for their valuable and helpful advice. We are also grateful to Taizo Nakamori for collecting C. communis specimens in the type locality. The present study was mainly supported by funding from the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2016YFA0602303-1), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.: 41571052, 41430857, 41811530086), the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province (No. 20160520051JH), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 2015M570281), the funding provided by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS, and the academic exchange program between Chinese and Polish Academies of Sciences.