Research Article |
Corresponding author: Mario I. Ramos-González ( oiram.ramos@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Axel Hausmann
© 2019 Mario I. Ramos-González, Carlos Zamora-Manzur, Dania Saladrigas Menés, Luis E. Parra.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ramos-González MI, Zamora-Manzur C, Saladrigas Menés D, Parra LE (2019) The Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile. ZooKeys 832: 91-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.832.30851
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Four new species belonging to the genera Hoplosauris Butler, Butleriana Parra, Warrenaria Parra, and Fueguina Parra from south-central Chile are described. The species are H. morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., B. phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., W. onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., and F. araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. The genus Aloba Warren is reassigned to tribe Trichopterygini and A. carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. is described. Comparative diagnosis for all new species are provided, and illustrations of genitalia and the wing venation of the males for all new described species are given.
Andean region, Aloba, Butleriana, Fueguina, Hoplosauris, Larentiinae, taxonomy, Warrenaria
Geometridae is the second largest family within Lepidoptera, with approximately 23000 species worldwide (
Larentiinae is the second largest subfamily within Geometridae (
Phylogenetically, Trichopterygini is a group at the base of Larentiinae, sister to all other larentiines, along with Chesiadini and Dyspteridini (
Specimens from the Museum of Zoology of the Universidad de Concepción, Chile (
The Barcode Index Number (BIN) of each species is reported which was obtained from the BOLDSystems v4 database (
The generic assignment of new taxa is based primarily on male genitalia and hindwing venation, which are important characters for the delimitation of species and genera within Trichopterygini (
Aloba
Hoplosauris cinereus Bartlett-Calvert, 1893, by original designation.
Palpi short, slightly tilted up. Male: Hindwing subtriangular, valvae with brush-like setal tuft with accessory undulated individual bristles. Female: ductus bursae half the length of corpus bursae. Posterior third of corpus bursae with longitudinal striation; the remaining two thirds with microspines.
Antennae filiform in both sexes, but subapically broadened in males. Thorax and abdomen with brownish scales, varying in color from greyish to yellowish shades. Forewings with wide and dark antemedial and postmedial bands; apical spot subquadrate and discal spot always present. In males, hindwings are reduced, subtriangular and whitish; its apex can be extended or not, and there is no visible modification in anal margin. Wing venation in males: forewing with two accessory cells; hindwing with Sc+R1 and Rs+M1 separated, M2 is free and M3 and Cu1 are pedunculated near the angle of discal cell, which is polygonal and it extends for one third of wing surface. Tibial formula 0-2-4 in both sexes. Abdomen is longer and narrower in males than in females. Male genitalia: ensiform valvae with cucullus projected apically, setal tuft is brush-like with accessory and undulated individual bristles, juxta with sclerotized S-shaped lateral processes. Female genitalia: corpus bursae sub-pyriform with longitudinal striation on the posterior third; the remaining two-thirds with microspines on its surface.
This species is distinguished from A. cinereus (Bartlett-Calvert) by the following characteristics: saccus-vinculum broader, accessorial bristles in setal tuft apically undulated, and corpus bursae with the inner surface of its anterior half completely covered with microspines. Externally, this species stands out for its reduced wingspan and for the feather-like extended hindwing apex in males.
Male (Fig.
Adults. 1–2 Aloba carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 1 male (holotype) 2 female (paratype). 3, 4 Hoplosauris morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 3 male (holotype) 4 female (allotype). 5 Butleriana phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., male (holotype). 6 Warrenaria onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., male (holotype). 7, 8 Fueguina araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 7 male (holotype) 8 female (allotype). Scale bar: 1 cm.
Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, Chile, Concepción, Fundo El Guindo Point 1A, 36°50.18’S, 73°1.40’W, 20-X-2014, leg. M. Ramos & C. Rose, “Holotype Aloba carolinae” [red handwritten label] (
Paratypes: 46 males, 5 females. Chile: Curicó: Los Queñes, 34°59.65’S, 70°48.78’W, 721 m, 10-II-2016, leg. M. Ramos & M. Astrosa (1 ♂) (
This species occurs between Curicó and Palena provinces. It is distributed in parts of Santiago, Maule and Valdivian Forest biogeographic provinces, Central Chilean and Subantarctic subregions, Andean region.
Specimens were captured from October to March.
BOLD:AAD7992. Ten available sequences of DNA barcode: BC
The species name is dedicated to the collector and biologist Carolina Rose Garrido, Concepción, Chile.
This species and H. heliconoides Butler share the following characters: valvae with sclerotized costa and apically rounded; in females, two-thirds (or more) of corpus bursae with longitudinal striation. However, in the case of H. morenoi there are microspines on the sclerotized longitudinal striation only in the mid-ventral region (autapormorphy). The external morphology is highlighted by the grayish forewing, which is crossed by coppery-brown bands.
Male (Fig.
Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, Chile, Icalma, 02-II-2017, leg. H. Torres, “Holotype Hoplosauris morenoi” [red handwritten label] (
Paratypes: 17 males, 7 females. Chile: Diguillín: Volcán Chillán, 03-III-1979, coll. light traps (1 ♂) (
This species occurs between Diguillín and Capitán Prat provinces. It is distributed in parts of Santiago, Maule and Valdivian Forest biogeographic provinces, Central Chilean and Subantarctic subregions, Andean region.
Specimens were captured from January to March.
BOLD:AAH6701. Five available sequences of DNA barcode: BC LP 0039 (Curacautín), BC
The species name is dedicated to the naturalist and great collector Sr Guillermo Moreno Crisóstomo, Chillán, Chile.
This species has a characteristic maculation pattern that easily distinguishes it from congeners: background color of forewings ashy-white, splashed with violaceous-red scales and crossed by dark violaceous-red antemedial and postmedial bands, which are more noticeable towards the costa. Butleriana phoenix differs from B. minor (Butler, 1882), B. oculata (Mabille, 1885), B. fumosa (Butler, 1882), and B. fasciata (Butler, 1882) by the presence of free Rs and M1 veins on the hindwings of males. Additionally, B. phoenix shares with B. fasciata by having the A1 vein insinuated only at the base, but both species differ in male genitalia, as B. phoenix presents a strongly sclerotized costa, which exceeds the apex of cucullus, thereby forming a L-shaped notch at the apex of the valva.
Male (Fig.
Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, Chile, Chiloé, Quellón, 21-II-1951, leg. J.C. Vargas, “Museo”, “AMLP 0141” [genitalia slide] “Holotype Butleriana phoenix” [red handwritten label] (
Paratypes: 4 males. Chile: Chiloé: Mocopulli, Ruta 5 Sur km 1170, 42°22.08’S, 73°43.73’W, 182 m, 03-II-2017, leg. M. Ramos-G, M. Ramos-SM & C. Rose (1 ♂) (
This species occurs in Chiloé and Palena provinces. It is distributed in a part of the Valdivian Forest biogeographic province, Subantarctic subregion, Andean region.
Specimens were captured from January to March.
BOLD:AAD7597. Two available sequences of DNA barcode: BC
The species name is a noun in the apposition, referring to the Phoenix (a mythical firebird), for the red/purple that is present in the moth’s forewing coloration pattern.
This species can be easily distinguished from W. martha (Butler) by the presence of ashy-brown forewings, with less evident antemedial and postmedial bands, which have a ferruginous tone. Both species have an U-shaped posterior apex of the juxta in male genitalia but differs in the shape of the juxta’s base: subquadrangular in Warrenaria onca but subtriangular in W. martha.
Male (Fig.
Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, Chile, Nahuelbuta, Río Picoiquen, 22-XII-1965, leg. Fetis, “AMLP 0137” [genitalia slide], “Holotype Warrenaria onca” [red handwritten label] (
This species is only known from the type locality: Chile, Araucanía, Malleco, Angol, Nahuelbuta, Río Picoiquen. This locality belongs to Maule biogeographic province, Central Chilean subregion, Andean region.
The single specimen was captured in December.
The species name is a noun in apposition and is in reference to the jaguar (Panthera onca), a feline that inhabited the forests of southern South America until the end of the 19th century and which gives its name to the type locality (Nahuelbuta) in Mapudungun language (nawel: jaguar; füta: big).
This species can be easily distinguished from F. varians (Butler) and F. celovalva Parra by its ashy forewings, crossed by dark-brown stripes, and a less-developed saccular process. Externally, it differs from F. magallanica Parra by its antemedial and postmedial bands, which are less angular in F. araucana. Can be distinguished from congeners by three other characters: the presence of disjointed subtriangular lateral processes in the juxta, the large subrounded apical indention, which extends approximately through half of valva, and having a globular corpus bursae which is short and subequal to the length of ductus bursae.
Male (Fig.
Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, Chile, Araucanía, Malleco, R.N. Malalcahuello-Nalcas, Corralco, 09-XII-2014, leg. L.E. Parra, “AMLP 0139” [genitalia slide], “UCCC_MZUC_Lep_0031” [ID code], “Holotype Fueguina araucana” [red handwritten label] (
Paratypes: 1 male, 3 females. Chile: Malleco: Curacautín, Termas de Río Blanco, 1050-1300 m, 21/24-II-1954, leg. L.E. Peña (1 ♀) (
This species occurs between Malleco and Cautín provinces. It is distributed in parts of Maule and Valdivian Forest biogeographic provinces, Subantarctic subregion, Andean region.
Specimens were captured in December, February and March.
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to the Araucanía region, Chile, the locality where all specimens were collected.
Wing venation of males 17 Aloba carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 18 Hoplosauris morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 19 Butleriana phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 20 Warrenaria onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 21 Fueguina araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. Scale bar: 1 cm
The genus Hoplosauris was proposed by
It is possible to include H. morenoi in this genus, due to the low genetic distance between this species and H. pachrophylloides (< 8%;
Several Chilean Trichopterygini (e.g., Butleriana, Warrenaria, Fueguina, Tomopteryx Philippi, Triptila Warren, Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, and Parapachrophylla Parra) share ancestral characters in the male genitalia, e.g. valvae with indented posterior apex and juxta with a pair of lateral processes joined each other at transtilla height (
Males of the genera Butleriana and Llampidken Parra have in common the shape of the lobes on the hindwing. However, venation of lobes is different in these genera, as well as some structures in the male genitalia (e.g., hooked socius, presence of saccular processes and costal arm in Llampidken). Butleriana is characterized by the presence of a single anal vein (A2) crossing the lobe (a synapomorphy that defines Butleriana). A1, when present, is only a remnant vein, slightly visible at the base of the hindwing. This is different in Llampidken in which no anal veins go across the lobe (an autapomorphy) (
It is possible to distinguish Warrenaria by its reddish-brown coloration, rectangular valvae, and the shape of the uncus (
Fueguina comprises three species: F. varians, F. celovalva, and F. magallanica. This genus can be distinguished by the presence of three features in males: a lobe at the hindwing base with two anal veins, a spiniform saccular process, and a deep indention on the cucullus region (
Regarding Aloba,
Finally, considering all these new findings, the number of Chilean Trichopterygini increases to 15 genera and 45 species.
We thank James Austrums for improving the manuscript linguistically and Elier Fonseca for his constructive criticism of the manuscript. We also thank Axel Hausmann for sharing his barcoding data of Chilean geometrid moths deposited in