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The Japanese soft scaleTakahashia citricola Kuwana, 1909 is redescribed and transferred to the genus PulvinariaTargioni Tozzettias Pulvinaria citricola (Kuwana, 1909), comb. n. (Coccoidea: Coccidae). Pulvinaria gamazumii Kanda, 1960 is synonymized with Pulvinaria citricola comb. n. and Pulvinaria nipponica Lindinger, 1933, is resurrected as the replacement name for Pulvinaria citricola Kuwana, 1914 (nec Kuwana, 1909). The adult female of Pulvinaria citricola (Kuwana, 1909) is redescribed and illustrated.
Takahashia citricola, Pulvinaria citricola, resurrected state, soft scale, Coccoidae
Soft scale insects belong to the family Coccidae which is of the third largest family in the superfamily Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha), with more than 1100 species described until now (
In Japan, 72 species of soft scales (Coccidae) in 21 genera have been recorded (
The genus Pulvinaria have been split in the past into other genera such as Acanthopulvinaria (
The scale insect samples studied were collected by several Japanese coccidologists (S. Kanda, S. Kawai and R. Takahashi) plus newly collected specimens. The slide-mounting method for the newly collected specimens followed that of
http://species-id.net/wiki/Pulvinaria_citricola
Figs 1–2(measured specimens are indicated by asterisks). 4 females*, Japan: Ôsaka [Osaka](34°33'N, 135°35'E - 34°46'N, 135°23'E), 5.v.1954, R. Takahashi coll., host: Cinnamomum camphora (deposited in SEHU). 1 female*, Japan: Aomori, Towada (40°25'N, 141°20'E - 40°39'N, 140°50'E), no date indicated, S. Kanda coll., host: Viburnum wrightii (deposited in OMNH; a syntype of Pulvinaria ganazumii). 5 females*, Japan: Tiba [Chiba], Matudo [Matsudo], Kamihongô [Kamiongo] (35°47'N, 139°55'E), 23.iv.2005, H. Tanaka coll., host: Ilex integra (deposited in TUA). 4 females, Japan: Tôkyô [Tokyo], Meguro (35°35'N, 139°39'E - 35°39'N, 139°44'E), 26.iv.1972, S. Kawai coll., host: Illicium anisatum (deposited in TUA); 1 female, Japan: Tôkyô [Tokyo], Hutyû [Fuchu], Saiwai-tyô [Saiwai-cho](35°41'N, 139°29'E), 10.v.1974, S. Kawai coll., host: Laurus nobilis (deposited in TUA).
(based on adult female). Body nearly round, broadest across thorax and anterior abdomen. Body strongly lifted by ventral ovisac. Anal plates posteriorly elongate; each plate with posterior margin about two times as long as anterior margin, with 3 fine apical setae and a well-developed discal seta. Three types of ventral tubular ducts present; smallest type forming complete broad submarginal band.
Living appearance. Body nearly round, broadest across thorax and anterior abdomen. Prior to oviposition, dorsum reddish light brown posteriorly and dark brown anteriorly (Fig. 1), changing to reddish brown with a dark brown marginal ring at full-maturity. Mature adult females produce an ovisac mainly from beneath abdomen. No wax present on dorsum at oviposition. Post-oviposition females sclerotised and not shrivelled. Ovisac white, very convex, nearly hemispherical. Body strongly lifted posteriorly by ovisac.
Slide-mounted material (measured individuals: n = 10).Body elongate-oval, 2.9–4.0 mm long, 2.9–4.0 mm wide, margin with a shallow indentation at each stigmatic cleft; anal cleft 1/5–1/6 body length.
Dorsum. Derm membranous when young. Dermal areolations well developed. Dorsal setae spiniform, 7–12 mm long, frequent, scattered over entire dorsum, each with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores each ring-like, conspicuous, 3.5–7.0 mm wide, consisting of a compact group of 2–11 pores anterior to anal plates. Dorsal tubular ducts absent. Dorsal microductules frequent throughout. Dorsal tubercles absent. Anal plates posteriorly elongated; each plate with posterior margin about two times as long as anterior margin, each with 3 fine apical setae and a discal seta; length of plates 214–249 mm; width of single plate 85–122 mm; each plate with well-developed supporting bars. Ano-genital fold with 2 pairs of setae along anterior margin and 1 or 2 pairs laterally. Anal ring with 6–8 setae (mostly 8). Eyespot present near margin
Margin.Marginal setae spinose, each with a simple pointed apex and a well-developed basal socket; length highly variable, each seta 20–107 mm long, with 10–13 setae present on each side between stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 0–3 (mostly 3) stigmatic spines in each cleft, longest spine 92–134 µm long, about 3–4 times as long as lateral spines.
Venter.Derm membranous. Pregenital disc-pores each with 8–11 loculi (mainly 10), present around genital opening and on mediolateral areas of all abdominal segments and metathorax; a small group also present laterad of each coxa. Spiracular disc-pores each with 5 loculi, present between margin and each spiracle in band 1–5 pores wide; anterior bands with 30–63 pores and posterior bands with 45–80 pores. Ventral microducts evenly distributed throughout venter. Three types of ventral tubular ducts present: type I with well-developed terminal gland and a stout inner ductule, present medially on head and thorax; type II rather narrower with a long, much thinner inner ductule, shallow cup-shaped invagination, and a well-developed terminal gland, sparse medially on posterior abdominal segments and also in a submarginal band with ducts of type III; type III ducts similar to type II, but with a short, filamentous inner ductule and very small terminal gland, mainly present in a broad submarginal band. Ventral setae: 3 pairs of long pregenital setae and 3–6 pairs of long setae between antennae; other setae short and fine. Spiracles as usual for family; width of each peritreme: anterior 47–60 mm, posterior 58–70 mm. Legs well developed; each with tibio-tarsal articulation and articulatory sclerosis; all claws without denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules; trochanter + femur 240–306 mm, tibia 162–198 mm, and tarsus 92–118 mm. Antennae each with 7 or 8 segments (mostly 8); total length 342–412 mm. Labium approximately 47–118 mm wide.
Aquifoliaceae: Ilex integra (
Thisspecies occurs widely across central and northern parts of Japan from Honsyû [Honsyu], Kyusyû [Kyushu] and Sikoku [Shikoku] districts.
A good photograph of ovisac-producing adult females is presented in
As explained in the introduction, the transfer of Takahashia citricola Kuwana, 1909, to Pulvinarianecessitates a replacement name for the junior homonym Pulvinaria citricola Kuwana, 1914. A previously unjustified replacement name Pulvinaria nipponica was proposed by
Pulvinaria citricola comb. nov. resembles the Japanese species Pulvinaria nipponica stat. res., Pulvinaria kuwacola Kuwana and Pulvinaria photiniae Kuwana in the distribution of type III ventral tubular ducts and the shape of marginal setae. However, it is easily distinguishable from those three species in having a well-developed discal seta on each anal plate and by the shape of the anal plates which are posteriorly elongated (Pulvinaria nipponica, Pulvinaria kuwacola and Pulvinaria photiniae lack discal setae and their anal plates are together quadrate and not elongated posteriorly).
Most soft scales in the genus Saissetia (Coccidae: Coccinae: Saissetini) also have a discal setae on the anal plates and this is considered a diagnostic feature of the genus (
Pulvinaria citricola (Kuwana, 1909), a pre-oviposition adult female on Ilex integra.
Pulvinaria citricola (Kuwana, 1909), adult female. ANT, antenna; AP, anal plates; DMD, dorsal microductule; DS, dorsal seta; LG, leg; MS, marginal setae; PGDP, pregenital disc pore; POP, preopercular pores; SDP, spiracular disc pore; SSP, stigmatic spines; VMD, ventral microduct; VTD, ventral tubular ducts of types I–III. Scales: 200 mm for ANT, AP, LG; 50 mm for MS, SSP; 10 mm for others.
The author thanks Dr Taro Adachi at Tokyo University of Agriculture for giving me the opportunity to examine the Dr Kawai’s specimens of Pulvinaria citricola (Kuwana, 1909); Mr. Naruhiko Shiyake at Osaka Museum of Natural History; and Dr Yorio Miyatake formerly at Osaka Museum of Natural History for giving me the opportunity to examine Dr Kanda’s specimens of this species; and Dr Masaaki Suwa and Dr Sadao Takagi formerly at Hokkaido University, Sapporo for giving me the opportunity to examine Dr. Takahashi’s specimens of this species. The author also thanks Ms Bonnie B. Blaimer, Department of Entomology, University of California, USA; Dr. Takumasa Kondo at Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Colombia; Dr Penny Gullan at The Australian National University in Canberra, Australia; Dr Yair Ben-Dov at Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel; and Dr Douglas J Williams, The Natural History Museum, London, U.K., for their kind suggestions regarding the replacement of the Pulvinaria ctricola Kuwana, 1914 (nec Kuwana, 1909) and reviewing earlier versions of the manuscript.