Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ludivina Barrientos-Lozano ( ludivinab@yahoo.com ) Academic editor: Astrid Eben
© 2019 Uriel Jeshua Sánchez-Reyes, Santiago Niño-Maldonado, Shawn M. Clark, Ludivina Barrientos-Lozano, Pedro Almaguer-Sierra.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sánchez-Reyes UJ, Niño-Maldonado S, Clark SM, Barrientos-Lozano L, Almaguer-Sierra P (2019) Successional and seasonal changes of leaf beetles and their indicator value in a fragmented low thorn forest of northeastern Mexico (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). ZooKeys 825: 71-103. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.825.30455
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Leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) constitute a highly diverse family of phytophagous insects with high ecological relevance, due to their host plant specificity and their close association to vegetation variables. Therefore, secondary succession and seasonal changes after loss of vegetal cover will have a significant influence on their community patterns. Accordingly, responses of leaf beetles to such environmental heterogeneity make them a suitable taxon for monitoring disturbance, which is more important for endangered habitats such as the low thorn forests (LTF) in northeastern Mexico. We conducted a study in a LTF fragment in order to assess the effects of secondary succession and seasonality on leaf beetle communities, as well as to quantify the importance of Chrysomelidae as an indicator taxon. Landsat scenes were used for delimiting a successional gradient, in which four succession categories were selected: four years, 17 years, and 31 years since loss of vegetal cover, and conserved areas. Eight plots of 100 m2 were randomly delimited in each category; plots were sampled monthly, using an entomological sweep net, from May 2016 to April 2017. In total, 384 samples were collected by the end of study, from which 6978 specimens, six subfamilies, 57 genera, and 85 species were obtained. Species richness was higher in early succession areas. Abundance declined significantly from early successional to conserved areas, but the conserved areas had the higher diversity. Furthermore, differences in abundance were significant between rainy and dry seasons in areas of four, 17, and 31 years of succession, but not in conserved areas; also, all categories had a similar abundance during the dry season. Intermediate (17 and 31 years) and conserved areas differed in the season of higher diversity. Regarding inventory completeness, it was close to or above 70 % for all comparisons, although it was very low for the 17-year category during the rainy season. Faunistic similarity was higher between intermediate categories. A total of 24 species had a significant indicator value. Effects of succession time and seasonality on leaf beetle communities are here quantified for first time in LTF forests. Influences of environmental heterogeneity and intermediate disturbance are discussed as main drivers of the results obtained. Several leaf beetle species are proposed that could be useful for monitoring succession time and secondary LTF vegetation in northeastern Mexico. However, studies must be replicated at other regions, in order to obtain a better characterization of disturbance influence on leaf beetles.
Chronosequence, community patterns, disturbance, seasonality, secondary succession, phytophagous beetles
Chrysomelidae is the third most diverse family of Coleoptera in the world, with more than 36,000 described species (excluding Bruchinae) (
As phytophagous insects, the structure and composition of chrysomelid communities are determined largely by vegetation variables. These include, for example, the type and height of each forest stratum (floristic structure), percentage of vegetation or tree cover, diversity of plants, abundance of young foliage, and specific characteristics of the host plant (
After disturbance, secondary succession involves subsequent modifications of the vegetation following removal of vegetal cover, and it occurs through different routes, mechanisms, and processes (
The extent of low thorn forest (LTF) vegetation in northeastern Mexico has been drastically reduced in the last 40 years (
The importance of evaluating changes in leaf beetle communities during secondary succession arises from their potential as indicator taxa. Chrysomelidae is cited as a useful family for monitoring local biodiversity (
The study was conducted in a LTF fragment, located in the municipality of Victoria in the state of Tamaulipas, northeastern Mexico. In order to rule out the influence of topography on successional community patterns, a specific polygon of approximately 400 hectares was delimited on a plain area with little slope, at a homogeneous elevation between 320 and 350 m a.s.l. (23°51.75'N, 99°14'W and 23°51'N, 99°13.25'W). In addition, the area was located on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental, adjacent to the rural localities of Ejido (Ej.) Rancho Nuevo and Ej. Santa Ana (Figure
Climate is classified as warm subhumid with summer rains, with an average annual temperature between 18 °C and 24.3 °C, and a total annual rainfall of 717.3 to 1058.8 mm (
To the southwest, the study area approaches the Natural Protected Area Altas Cumbres (NPAAC, Figure
In the study of secondary succession, it is not always possible to measure the process of modification in a vegetal community over time, usually several years, in the same plot or site (
We followed the chronosequence approach in this study. Delimitation of succession time of the LTF in the study area was carried out through the analysis of Landsat satellite images of the years 1973, 1986, 2000, 2005 and 2013 (
Land cover/land use | Description | Reclassification |
---|---|---|
Conserved low thorn forest | Primary, conserved vegetation of low deciduous or semi-deciduous thorn forest. | Vegetation |
Secondary vegetation of low thorn forest | Secondary arboreal vegetation of low thorn forest; predominance of arboreal species characteristic of submontane scrub and Tamaulipan thorn scrub. | Vegetation |
Modified areas | Disturbance areas. Dense or low crop vegetation, active or abandoned agricultural areas, low secondary herbaceous vegetation, grassland cover at ground level. | Disturbance |
Bare soil areas | Disturbance areas. Sparse or absent vegetation, dry rivers, rocks, bare soil, rural areas or buildings (human settlements). | Disturbance |
Transitional and persistence processes used to delimit succession categories in the study area. 1 = presence of vegetation (conserved and secondary low thorn forest); 0 = presence of disturbance (modified and bare soil areas).
Category / time of succession | Description | Landsat image | Field validation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1973 | 1986 | 2000 | 2005 | 2013 | 2016, 2017 | ||
Conserved areas | Areas with vegetation in 1973 that remained unchanged until 2017 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
44 years | Areas with disturbance in 1973, but with vegetation in 1986, which persisted until 2017 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
31 years | Areas with disturbance in 1986, but with vegetation in 2000, which persisted until 2017 | – | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
17 years | Areas with disturbance in 2000, but with vegetation in 2005, which persisted until 2017 | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
12 years | Areas with disturbance in 2005, but with vegetation in 2017 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1 |
4 years | Areas with disturbance in 2013, but with vegetation in 2017 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 1 |
Persistence of disturbance | Areas with disturbance in 1973, and remaining unchanged until 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sampling sites were selected according to the extent, location, and accessibility of the successional patches in the study area. Only four categories were selected for this study: 1) areas with four years of succession, 2) areas with 17 years of succession, 3) areas with 31 years of succession, and 4) conserved areas (Figure
Leaf beetles were sampled using an entomological sweep net (60 centimeters long and 40 centimeters in diameter). Each sample consisted of 200 sweeps on all the shrub and herbaceous vegetation in each plot, from soil level up to a maximum height of 2 m, between 10:00 and 14:00 hrs. All contents of the net after 200 sweeps were deposited in a plastic bag, adding 70 % ethyl alcohol, as well as a label with the corresponding data. Each plot of each successional category was sampled once a month, from May 2016 to April 2017, for a total of 384 samples (8 plots x 4 categories x 12 months).
The processing of samples and preparation of specimens were conducted in the laboratory according to previously established methods (
The observed species richness was measured as the total number of species in the LTF fragment, as well as at each successional category. Significant differences in the number of species among categories were determined by the diversity permutation test implemented in PAST 3.07 (
Overall differences in abundance of leaf beetle communities in the successional gradient were calculated with the Kruskal-Wallis test, after discarding a normal distribution. In addition, significant differences in abundance between categories were obtained through pairwise comparisons, using the Mann-Whitney test. Diversity was considered as a proportional value between species richness and abundance values, and was quantified by Simpson’s dominance index and the Shannon entropy index (
Seasonal effect was measured separately, by comparing observed and estimated species richness, abundance, and diversity in each category during the rainy (May to October 2016) and dry seasons (November 2016 to April 2017); differences in abiotic conditions between both seasons were confirmed in a previous study (
The indicator value of chrysomelid species was quantified by the Indicator Value Index, or IndVal (
In total, 6978 specimens of leaf beetles were collected distributed in six subfamilies, 57 genera, and 85 species (Appendix
Succession parameters of leaf beetle communities in a low thorn forest in northeastern Mexico.
Ecological parameter | Low thorn forest total | Succession time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 years | 17 years | 31 years | Conserved areas | ||
Observed richness* | 85 | 58 a | 36 b | 31 b | 45 ab |
Chao 1 | 103 | 70.07 | 66.23 | 33.57 | 52.55 |
Chao 2 | 97.86 | 72.07 | 53.81 | 34.96 | 56.95 |
Jackknife 1 | 103.95 | 73.83 | 47.88 | 38.92 | 57.86 |
Jackknife 2 | 108.96 | 80.78 | 55.75 | 39 | 63.81 |
ICE | 101.34 | 71.4 | 44.43 | 37.63 | 58.64 |
ACE | 99.91 | 68.05 | 44.52 | 34.9 | 52.43 |
Clench model | 95.53 | 68.40 | 46.32 | 40.27 | 55.16 |
Slope | 0.029 | 0.103 | 0.087 | 0.075 | 0.093 |
Completeness (%) | 82.52 | 82.77 | 54.35 | 92.34 | 85.63 |
Abundance* | 6978 | 2725 a | 1753 a | 1674 ab | 826 b |
Dominance (Simpson index)* | 0.2841 | 0.2174 a | 0.6543 b | 0.781 c | 0.1469 d |
Diversity (Shannon index)* | 2.009 | 2.084 a | 0.9797 b | 0.6796 c | 2.521 d |
The analysis of successional categories revealed that the species richness was significantly higher in the areas of four years of succession. The conserved areas also demonstrated a high number of species, although the value was similar to that observed in the intermediate categories (17 and 31 years of succession). In all categories, the inventories were reliable according to the Clench slope values, and the observed species richness values were close to the estimated values; areas of 4 and 31 years of succession, as well as conserved areas, had a completeness value above 70 %. However, a low value of completeness (54.35 %) was obtained only in the areas of 17 years of succession (Table
With respect to the Bray-Curtis index, a very high similarity was observed in the faunistic composition between the intermediate (17 and 31 years) successional areas (94.56 %). Remaining comparisons were below 50 % similarity (Table
Faunistic similarity of Chrysomelidae between successional categories of a low thorn forest in northeastern Mexico. Upper diagonal, values of the Bray-Curtis index. Lower diagonal, values expressed in percentage.
4 years | 17 years | 31 years | Conserved areas | |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 years | 1 | 0.3135 | 0.2629 | 0.2225 |
17 years | 31.35 % | 1 | 0.9456 | 0.2300 |
31 years | 26.29 % | 94.56 % | 1 | 0.2265 |
Conserved areas | 22.25 % | 23 % | 22.65 % | 1 |
Seasonal effect was absent in the observed species richness, since there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the rainy and dry seasons in any of the four categories (Figure
Influence of seasonality on the estimated species richness and inventory completeness of successional categories in a low thorn forest in northeastern Mexico.
4 years | 17 years | 31 years | Conserved | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimator index | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry |
Chao 1 | 70.59 | 31.64 | 87.21 | 21.07 | 27.12 | 14.1 | 42.39 | 23.9 |
Chao 2 | 71.21 | 31.37 | 66.37 | 21.05 | 32 | 14.06 | 52.32 | 23.63 |
Jack 1 | 67.65 | 33.94 | 47.65 | 21.98 | 30.85 | 14.98 | 45.79 | 25.94 |
Jack 2 | 77.37 | 25.56 | 60.19 | 13.56 | 34.75 | 8.43 | 52.56 | 22.25 |
ICE | 68.37 | 32.09 | 66.59 | 21.36 | 29.21 | 14.4 | 44.56 | 24.6 |
ACE | 63.47 | 32.35 | 57.91 | 21.36 | 27.45 | 14.47 | 42.27 | 24.82 |
Clench model | 63.12 | 38.40 | 47.94 | 27.51 | 30.67 | 18.80 | 43.22 | 28.69 |
Slope | 0.222 | 0.121 | 0.233 | 0.096 | 0.111 | 0.071 | 0.136 | 0.091 |
Completeness (%) | 72.24 | 97.97 | 35.54 | 99.66 | 88.49 | 99.29 | 84.92 | 96.23 |
Differences in abundance between the rainy and dry season were significant in each category (p < 0.05), except for the conserved areas where the number of specimens was similar in both seasons (p = 0.0904). In addition, during the rainy season, the abundances observed in the areas of 4, 17, and 31 years were similar, but significantly different from the conserved areas; contrarily, during the dry season there were no differences in abundance between categories (Figure
The analysis of similarity in species composition between successional categories, considering the seasonal effect, suggested the presence of three faunistic groups. The first group consisted of the areas of 17 and 31 years of succession during the rainy season. Conserved areas during the dry season represented another group. The category of four years of succession, intermediate areas during the dry season, and conserved areas in the rainy season formed a third group with higher heterogeneity (Figure
Of the 85 total species found in the LTF, only 24 had a significant indicator value (p < 0.05, Table
Chrysomelidae species with significant indicator value of successional time in a low thorn forest fragment in northeastern Mexico. A Acallepitrix sp. 1 B Epitrix sp. 5 C Acrocyum dorsalis Jacoby, 1885 D Alagoasa jacobiana (Horn, 1889) E Asphaera sp. 1 F Babia tetraspilota texana Schaeffer, 1933 G Brachycoryna pumila Guérin-Méneville, 1844 H Centralaphthona diversa (Baly, 1877) I Chaetocnema sp. 1 J Colaspis townsendi Bowditch, 1921 K Cryptocephalus trizonatus Suffrian, 1858 L Cyclotrypema furcata (Olivier, 1808). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Chrysomelidae species with significant indicator value of successional time in a low thorn forest fragment in northeastern Mexico. A Dysphenges sp. 1 B Epitrix sp. 1 C Epitrix sp. 2 D Epitrix sp. 3 E Epitrix sp. 4 F Helocassis clavata (Fabricius, 1798) G Heterispa vinula (Erichson, 1847) H Margaridisa sp. 1 I Parchicola sp. 1 J Parchicola sp. 2 K Plagiodera thymaloides Stål, 1860 L Sumitrosis inaequalis (Weber, 1801). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Leaf beetle species with a significant indicator value in a successional gradient of low thorn forest in northeastern Mexico. Indicator values in succession categories are expressed in percentage. Key: C = characteristic; D = Detector, p = probability.
Species | Succession time | p | Indicator category | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 years | 17 years | 31 years | Conserved areas | |||
Acallepitrix sp. 1 | 0.00 | 7.89 | 0.66 | 47.37 | 0.0048 | D |
Acrocyum dorsalis | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 75.00 | 0.0003 | C |
Alagoasa jacobiana | 4.46 | 2.38 | 5.36 | 56.25 | 0.0017 | D |
Asphaera sp. 1 | 34.09 | 1.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0433 | D |
Babia tetraspilota texana | 53.85 | 7.21 | 11.54 | 0.48 | 0.0021 | D |
Brachycoryna pumila | 88.73 | 2.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0001 | C |
Centralaphthona diversa | 11.08 | 40.83 | 42.74 | 5.35 | 0.0241 | D |
Chaetocnema sp. 1 | 93.47 | 5.55 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.0001 | C |
Colaspis townsendi | 53.35 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 3.05 | 0.0072 | D |
Cryptocephalus trizonatus | 37.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0492 | D |
Cyclotrypema furcata | 30.65 | 55.91 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.0047 | D |
Dysphenges sp. 1 | 21.88 | 14.51 | 42.19 | 0.45 | 0.0282 | D |
Epitrix sp. 1 | 90.87 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 5.24 | 0.0001 | C |
Epitrix sp. 2 | 19.44 | 4.86 | 0.52 | 63.89 | 0.0001 | D |
Epitrix sp. 3 | 75.38 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 3.89 | 0.0003 | C |
Epitrix sp. 4 | 7.34 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 58.70 | 0.0036 | D |
Epitrix sp. 5 | 1.97 | 7.89 | 0.00 | 39.47 | 0.0327 | D |
Helocassis clavata | 5.07 | 2.70 | 0.68 | 61.49 | 0.0014 | D |
Heterispa vinula | 7.50 | 45.21 | 18.33 | 0.97 | 0.0351 | D |
Margaridisa sp. 1 | 12.74 | 0.12 | 1.14 | 72.96 | 0.0002 | C |
Parchicola sp. 1 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 78.29 | 0.0001 | C |
Parchicola sp. 2 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0483 | D |
Plagiodera thymaloides | 42.86 | 0.45 | 19.64 | 0.00 | 0.0257 | D |
Sumitrosis inaequalis | 0.83 | 5.00 | 36.67 | 0.00 | 0.0353 | D |
The present study constitutes the first faunistic contribution of Chrysomelidae in the low thorn forest vegetation. The observed species richness and completeness values suggest that the fauna of leaf beetles in the LTF is close or superior to other types of low tropical forest (
However, the environmental heterogeneity in the LTF, resulting from disturbance and secondary succession, is perhaps the most important factor leading to the observed patterns. Previous studies had been carried out mainly in natural protected areas, where ecosystems have a high degree of conservation and low occurrence of fragmentation (
Responses of communities to disturbance are diverse (
Seasonality had a very important influence on the successional patterns. However, differences in species richness were non-existent between seasons. Thus, the number of leaf beetle species was similar throughout the year in each successional category. On the other hand, the number of specimens was significantly higher during the rainy season in all successional categories (4, 17, and 31 years); contrarily, no differences were observed in conserved areas. This is attributed to the vegetation characteristics in successional areas. An open structure of the canopy allows for a greater light input, which during the rainy season favors a high density of annual herbaceous and shrub species (
With respect to diversity, the intermediate categories (17 and 31 years of succession) showed significantly higher values in the dry season, while in the conserved areas they were higher during the rainy season. Intermediate areas of LTF are spatially and floristically heterogeneous; thus, the existence of annual species from other scrub communities must be responsible for the drastic reduction of understory vegetation in the dry season; consequently, this causes the decrease in abundance, reducing dominance and increasing diversity. Oppositely, the environmental conditions during the rainy season in conserved areas seem to be supporting a greater availability of resources, in such a way that leaf beetle species are uniformly dispersed; this can be attributed to the higher specialization of species in mature or conserved areas (
In addition to the consequences to abundance and diversity, disturbance and successional changes also influence species composition (
An important theory that aims to explain the relationship between disturbance and diversity is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH,
Overall, the seasonal effect on leaf beetle communities has been previously assessed in natural gradients (
Regarding the indicator potential of Chrysomelidae, other studies have suggested that the higher proportion and abundance of leaf beetles are characteristics of early succession or recently disturbed areas (
The indicator value index (IndVal) allows for statistical evaluation of the degree of association between species and their environment (
The study of effects of disturbance and secondary succession on species and communities is a key issue in ecology and conservation. In that sense, faunistic patterns of leaf beetles and their association to secondary succession are evaluated for first time in low thorn forest vegetation in northeastern Mexico. A highly fragmented landscape in early and intermediate successional stages, as well as the convergence of other vegetation communities, could be related to the high number of species found, due to a complex environmental heterogeneity. Overall, observed changes in communities were similar to those observed in other studies with leaf beetles in disturbance gradients. However, the inclusion of a seasonal effect results in some differences, depending on the evaluated parameter. Seasonal changes trigger differences in abundance, diversity, and species composition, but not in species richness, in each category and between categories. Major influence of seasonality occurred at intermediate successional categories, which could be due to the influence of intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Therefore, we point out the importance of evidence here obtained, since the influence of seasonal changes on successional trajectories is important for every biological taxon. Thus, accelerating climate change would exert modifications in the way communities are structured during secondary succession after disturbance, which is of major importance for species and ecosystem restoration. On the other hand, we propose that the use of several species of leaf beetles for monitoring secondary vegetation and quantifying the succession time of low thorn forest is feasible, at least in northeastern Mexico. However, further studies are necessary to assess the potential of these and other species of leaf beetles to be indicators.
Authors are indebted to Fatima Magdalena Sandoval-Becerra, Ricardo Vizcaya, and José Norberto Lucio-García, who assisted during leaf beetle sampling. Edmar Meléndez-Jaramillo provided advice in a preliminary characterization of plant species in the study area. Pablo Ruiz and responsible authorities from Ej. Santa Ana and Ej. Rancho Nuevo granted permissions for accessing sampling areas. Diana Angélica Sánchez-Reyes assisted in taking pictures of H. vinula in field. The first author acknowledges facilities provided by Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria. In addition, financial support for this study was granted by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) to the first author (Doctoral scholarship No. 401277).
Taxonomic checklist of Chrysomelidae per season in each category of succession time, in a fragment of low thorn forest in northeastern Mexico. Key: 4y = 4 years of succession, 17y = 17 years of succession, 31y = 31 years of succession, CA = Conserved areas.
Species | Rainy season | Dry season | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4y | 17y | 31y | CA | 4y | 17y | 31y | CA | |
CRIOCERINAE Latreille, 1807 | ||||||||
Tribe Lemini Heinze, 1962 | ||||||||
Lema sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
Lema sp. 2 | 1 | |||||||
Oulema sp. 1 * | 1 | |||||||
Neolema sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
CASSIDINAE Gyllenhal, 1813 | ||||||||
Tribe Chalepini Weise, 1910 | ||||||||
Baliosus sp. 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | ||||
Brachycoryna pumila Guérin-Méneville, 1844 | 33 | 30 | 8 | |||||
Chalepus amabilis Baly 1885 | 3 | |||||||
Chalepus bellulus (Chapuis, 1877) | 3 | |||||||
Chalepus digressus Baly 1885 | 2 | |||||||
Heterispa vinula (Erichson, 1847) | 21 | 50 | 23 | 7 | 15 | 43 | 21 | |
Pentispa distincta (Baly 1885) | 2 | |||||||
Sumitrosis inaequalis (Weber, 1801) | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 | |||
Tribe Ischyrosonychini Chapuis, 1875 | ||||||||
Physonota alutacea Boheman, 1854 | 6 | 3 | 4 | |||||
Tribe Cassidini Gyllenhal, 1813 | ||||||||
Agroiconota vilis (Boheman, 1855) | 1 | |||||||
Charidotella bifossulata (Boheman, 1855) | 1 | |||||||
Charidotella sexpunctata (Fabricius, 1781) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||||
Charidotis auroguttata Boheman, 1855 | 4 | |||||||
Helocassis clavata (Fabricius, 1798) | 3 | 1 | 17 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 9 | |
CHRYSOMELINAE Latreille, 1802 | ||||||||
Tribe Chrysomelini Latreille, 1802 | ||||||||
Subtribe Doryphorina Motschulsky, 1860 | ||||||||
Calligrapha ancoralis Stål, 1860 | 10 | 1 | ||||||
Calligrapha piceicollis Stål, 1859 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Deuterocampta atromaculata Stål, 1859) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||||
Subtribe Chrysomelina Latreille, 1802 | ||||||||
Plagiodera semivittata Stål, 1860 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
Plagiodera thymaloides Stål, 1860 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 3 | |||
GALERUCINAE Latreille, 1802 | ||||||||
Tribe Galerucini Latreille, 1802 | ||||||||
Group Coelomerites Chapuis, 1875 | ||||||||
Coraia subcyanescens (Schaeffer, 1906) | 3 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Derospidea ornata (Schaeffer, 1905) | 2 | |||||||
Miraces aeneipennis Jacoby, 1888 | 1 | |||||||
Tribe Luperini Chapuis, 1875 | ||||||||
Subtribe Diabroticina Chapuis, 1875 | ||||||||
Group Diabroticites Chapuis, 1875 | ||||||||
Diabrotica litterata Sahlberg 1823 | 8 | 4 | 2 | |||||
Group Cerotomites Chapuis, 1875 | ||||||||
Cyclotrypema furcata (Olivier, 1808) | 31 | 32 | 3 | 7 | 20 | |||
Tribe Alticini Newman, 1835 | ||||||||
Acallepitrix sp. 1 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 4 | |||
Acallepitrix sp. 2 | 5 | |||||||
Acrocyum dorsalis Jacoby, 1885 | 11 | 4 | ||||||
Alagoasa bipunctata (Chevrolat, 1834) | 4 | 4 | 9 | 2 | ||||
Alagoasa jacobiana (Horn, 1889) | 5 | 6 | 17 | 4 | 10 | |||
Alagoasa sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
Alagoasa sp. 2 | 2 | |||||||
Asphaera sp. 1 | 7 | 1 | 3 | |||||
Centralaphthona diversa (Baly, 1877) | 280 | 1172 | 1261 | 167 | 103 | 240 | 217 | 18 |
Chaetocnema sp. 1 | 976 | 61 | 41 | 8 | 2 | |||
Chaetocnema sp. 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |||||
Dibolia sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
Disonycha glabrata (Fabricius, 1781) | 4 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Disonycha sp. 2 | 16 | |||||||
Disonycha stenosticha Schaeffer, 1931 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
Dysphenges sp. 1 | 14 | 13 | 25 | 2 | 2 | |||
Epitrix sp. 1 | 287 | 1 | 1 | 44 | 320 | 3 | 12 | |
Epitrix sp. 2 | 16 | 3 | 3 | 25 | 4 | 21 | ||
Epitrix sp. 3 | 183 | 7 | 27 | 41 | 2 | |||
Epitrix sp. 4 | 5 | 1 | 16 | 4 | 20 | |||
Epitrix sp. 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 8 | ||
Heikertingerella sp. 1 | 3 | |||||||
Longitarsus sp. 1 | 32 | 10 | 10 | 40 | 7 | 4 | 8 | |
Macrohaltica jamaicensis (Fabricius, 1792) | 1 | |||||||
Margaridisa sp. 1 | 46 | 21 | 80 | 8 | 3 | 8 | 152 | |
Margaridisa sp. 2 | 4 | |||||||
Monomacra bumeliae (Schaeffer, 1905) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||||
Omophoita cyanipennis (Fabricius, 1798) | 3 | |||||||
Parchicola sp. 1 | 11 | 2 | 6 | |||||
Parchicola sp. 2 | 6 | |||||||
Parchicola sp. 3 | 1 | |||||||
Syphrea sp. 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
Syphrea sp. 2 | 2 | |||||||
Syphrea sp. 3 | 3 | |||||||
Systena sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
EUMOLPINAE Hope, 1840 | ||||||||
Tribe Eumolpini Hope, 1840 | ||||||||
Group Iphimeites Chapuis, 1874 | ||||||||
Brachypnoea sp. 1 | 4 | |||||||
Colaspis melancholica Jacoby, 1881 | 3 | |||||||
Colaspis sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
Colaspis townsendi Bowditch, 1921 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 15 | ||||
Zenocolaspis inconstans (Lefèvre, 1878) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||||
Tribe Typophorini Chapuis, 1874 | ||||||||
Group Typophorites Chapuis, 1874 | ||||||||
Paria sp. 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
CRYPTOCEPHALINAE Gyllenhal, 1813 | ||||||||
Tribe Cryptocephalini Gyllenhal, 1813 | ||||||||
Subtribe Pachybrachina Chapuis, 1874 | ||||||||
Pachybrachis sp. 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||||
Pachybrachis sp. 2 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
Pachybrachis sp. 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |||||
Pachybrachis sp. 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | ||||
Pachybrachis sp. 5 | 1 | |||||||
Pachybrachis sp. 6 | 1 | |||||||
Subtribe Cryptocephalina Gyllenhal, 1813 | ||||||||
Cryptocephalus guttulatus Olivier,1808 | 1 | |||||||
Cryptocephalus trizonatus Suffrian, 1858 | 3 | 4 | ||||||
Diachus sp. 1 | 2 | |||||||
Tribe Clytrini Lacordaire, 1848 | ||||||||
Subtribe Clytrina Lacordaire, 1848 | ||||||||
Anomoea rufifrons mutabilis (Lacordaire, 1848) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Smaragdina agilis (Lacordaire, 1848) | 2 | |||||||
Subtribe Ischiopachina Chapuis, 1874 | ||||||||
Ischiopachys bicolor proteus Lacordaire, 1848 | 5 | 1 | ||||||
Subtribe Babiina Chapuis, 1874 | ||||||||
Babia tetraspilota texana Schaeffer, 1933 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | ||
Subtribe Megalostomina Chapuis, 1874 | ||||||||
Proctophana sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
Tribe Fulcidacini Jakobson, 1924 | ||||||||
Chlamisus sp. 1 | 1 | |||||||
Diplacaspis prosternalis (Schaeffer, 1906) | 2 | 1 | 2 |