Research Article |
Corresponding author: Andrea M. Egizi ( amegizi@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Dmitry Apanaskevich
© 2019 Andrea M. Egizi, Richard G. Robbins, Lorenza Beati, Santiago Nava, Colleen R. Evans, James L. Occi, Dina M. Fonseca.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Egizi AM, Robbins RG, Beati L, Nava S, Evans CR, Occi JL, Fonseca DM (2019) A pictorial key to differentiate the recently detected exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 (Acari, Ixodidae) from native congeners in North America. ZooKeys 818: 117-128. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.818.30448
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Until recently, only two haemaphysaline species, Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard, 1869) and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard, 1869), were known to occur in the United States, and neither was considered to be of significant medical or veterinary importance. In 2017–2018 established populations of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901, were detected in the eastern US for the first time. Haemaphysalis longicornis has the potential to be a significant threat to human and animal health, and the urgent need to determine the full extent of its distribution and host range requires availability of a straightforward and practical guide to differentiate it from native species. We created a pictorial dichotomous key to all stages of Haemaphysalis spp. known to occur in North America with scanning electron photomicrographs of all H. longicornis life stages, including rarely seen males, to aid researchers in differentiating these species. The largely Neotropical species Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, with established populations in Mexico and sporadic detections in the US on migrating birds is also included.
Asian longhorned tick, haemaphysaline fauna, dichotomous key, scanning electron microscopy, invasive species
Only two native species of Haemaphysalis ticks are known to occur in the United States: the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) and the bird tick, Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard, 1869) (
In 1993, a single specimen of the Central/South American species Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 (Haemaphysalis kochi Aragão, 1908 is a junior synonym) was detected in Ohio, USA, on a white-tailed deer at a deer-checking station (
In 2017, established populations of the East Asian/Australasian species Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901, were discovered in New Jersey (
In order to study potential impacts of H. longicornis on North America, a critical first step is being able to differentiate this species from co-occurring Haemaphysalis spp. Here we present scanning electron photomicrographs of all stages of H. longicornis, as well as a simple, usable dichotomous key to differentiate the four Haemaphysalis species that may be encountered in North America: H. leporispalustris, H. chordeilis, H. longicornis, and H. juxtakochi. While the rarity of H. juxtakochi detections in the US does not suggest that this species will often be sympatric with H. longicornis, we feel it is important to include it in our key for three reasons: (1) climate change is predicted to alter the distribution of many tick species (
Specimens of H. longicornis were obtained from US National Tick Collection archives for imaging. Males, females, and nymphs were sent from a laboratory colony started with specimens collected in Jeju-teukbyeoljachido, Republic of Korea (Accession # RML48803). Larvae originated from a colony started with specimens from Queensland, Australia (Accession # RML58949). Specimens were coated with gold and imaged with a JEOL JSM-6610LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL USA, Inc., Peabody, MA) (Figs
Additional photomicrographs of H. juxtakochi (adult), H. leporispalustris (all stages) and H. chordeilis (all stages) were obtained from the US National Tick Collection archives (http://www.discoverlife.org).
A literature search was conducted and key characters useful for distinguishing the four species were gleaned from the following:
Adults (Fig.
1 | Palpal segment 3 dorsally with prominent retrograde spur (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann, 1901 |
– | Palpal segment 3 without dorsal spur (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Palpal segment 3 ventrally with long, slender, retrograde spur extending at least to middle of segment 2 (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Gonixodes) juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 |
– | Palpal segment 3 ventrally with short spur, not reaching segment 2 (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Basis capituli ventrally with cornua at postero-lateral margins; dental formula 3/3 (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Gonixodes) leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) |
– | Basis capituli ventrally without cornua; dental formula 5/5 (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Aboimisalis) chordeilis (Packard, 1869) |
Nymphs (Fig.
1 | Basis capituli ventrally with cornua at postero-lateral margins (Fig. |
2 |
– | Basis capituli ventrally without cornua at postero-lateral margins (Fig. |
3 |
2 | Palpal segment 2 ventrally with 4–8 stout hairs along internal margin; palpal segment 3 ventrally with a short, blunt spur, not reaching anterior margin of segment 2 (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Gonixodes) leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) |
– | Palpal segment 2 ventrally with 2 fine hairs along internal margin; palpal segment 3 ventrally with a longer, sharp, retrograde spur, extending to or beyond anterior margin of segment 2 (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Gonixodes) juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 |
3 | Dorsally, lateral margins of basis capituli straight (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann, 1901 |
– | Dorsally, lateral margins of basis capituli pointed (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Aboimisalis) chordeilis (Packard, 1869) |
Larvae (Fig.
1 | Basis capituli ventrally with cornua at postero-lateral margins (Fig. |
2 |
– | Basis capituli ventrally without cornua at postero-lateral margins (Fig. |
3 |
2 | Basis capituli dorsally with prominent posteriorly directed cornua (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Gonixodes) leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) |
– | Basis capituli dorsally with cornua faint or absent (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Gonixodes) juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 |
3 | Dorsally, lateral margins of basis capituli straight (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann, 1901 |
– | Dorsally, lateral margins of basis capituli pointed (Fig. |
Haemaphysalis (Aboimisalis) chordeilis (Packard, 1869) |
This key enables researchers to distinguish the four species of Haemaphysalis that may be encountered in North America in all life stages. Previously, readers would have had to peruse keys from several distinct parts of the world in order to compare the morphology of these four species, e.g. US keys containing H. chordeilis (
The ability to easily distinguish these four species will contribute to ongoing efforts to map the distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis in North America and understand the potential risks posed by this recently discovered exotic tick species (
However, as Haemaphysalis is the second largest genus in the tick family Ixodidae (so-called hard ticks), with over 160 additional species in the Old World (
We thank Dr. James E. Keirans, formerly US National Tick Collection, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, for taking the SEMs provided by the US National Tick Collection. We also thank Dr. Alberto A. Guglielmone, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Argentina, and Michael L. May, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, for assistance in obtaining H. juxtakochi SEMs. The opinions and assertions advanced herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the US Departments of the Army or Defense.