Catalogue |
Corresponding author: Catherine A. Tauber ( cat6@cornell.edu ) Academic editor: Ben Price
© 2019 Catherine A. Tauber, Zoë Simmons, Agatha J. Tauber.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Tauber CA, Simmons Z, Tauber AJ (2019) Type specimens of Neuropterida in the Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford University Museum of Natural History. ZooKeys 823: 1-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.823.30231
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The Hope Entomological Collection in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History holds a large and diverse array of historically valuable type specimens for species in the superorder Neuropterida (Megaloptera, Neuroptera, and Raphidioptera). Most are from the mid-1800s (1823–1874). Here, we report each type found during a rigorous search of the collection, and we confirm the identity and status of each type with bibliographic, specimen, and label data. Images, current nomenclatural information, and references for name changes are provided for each species.
We identified primary or secondary types for 76 species in seven families of Neuroptera, primary and secondary types for one species of Raphidoptera (Raphidiidae), and secondary types for three species of Megaloptera (Corydalidae). Among the Neuroptera, we found primary types for 26 species of Mantispidae, 16 species of Myrmeleontidae, 11 species of Ascalaphidae, seven species of Nemopteridae, five species of Chrysopidae, and one species each of Coniopterygidae and Hemerobiidae. Types for only two species that were reported to be in the collection were not found.
To help stabilize the nomenclature, we made new lectotype designations for the following six species in the Hope Collection: Colobopterus dissimilis McLachlan, 1871; Mantispa batesella Westwood, 1867; Mantispa myrapetrella Westwood, 1867; Mantispa tropica Westwood, 1852; Myrmeleon anomalus Rambur, 1842; and Myrmeleon singulare Westwood, 1847. We also made new lectotype designations for two species in the Natural History Museum in London: Mantispa indica Westwood, 1852, and Mantispa quadrituberculata Westwood, 1852. In several other cases, holotype determinations in the literature were recognized as lectotype designations. Finally, to correct an important error in the literature, we reinstated the synonymization of Ascalaphus anticus Walker, 1853, A. loquax Walker, 1853, and A. trux Walker, 1853 under A. longus Walker, 1853.
Neuroptera , Megaloptera , Raphidioptera , type specimens, nomenclature, systematics, lectotype designations, synonymy
The Hope Entomological Collection at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (
Among the Hope Collection’s holdings are a significant number of type specimens in the superorder Neuropterida, a group of insects that includes the Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, and fishflies), Neuroptera, sensu stricto, (lacewings, antlions, etc.), and Raphidioptera (snakeflies). These specimens include primary types (holotypes, lectotypes, syntypes) from a diverse array of neuropteridan families. In addition to their value as name-bearing representatives of described species, many of these types are of special interest now because of their age (dating from 1823–1939) or association with historical expeditions, or because recent systematic publications have either overlooked or regarded them as lost.
Given the crucial importance of type specimens to the practice of systematics, Recommendation 72F.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) encourages institutions (collections and museums) to publish lists of the name-bearing (primary) types in their care. Thus, in accordance with the ICZN recommendation, here we provide an annotated and illustrated catalog of the primary and secondary types of Neuropterida that are housed in the Hope Entomological Collection. For each purported type, we provide images of the specimen and its labels, information on its condition and status (holotype, lectotype, syntype, paratype, nontype, etc.), its current name, and a brief taxonomic history of the name.
We made reasonably extensive searches of both the literature and the Hope collection. Our report includes all of the species that we found to have a type in the collection, or for which the literature reports the collection as housing a type or a possible type (Table
Neuropteridan type specimens reported to be in the Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Names appear as in the original descriptions.
Name | Author | Year | Category (Number of specimens) |
---|---|---|---|
Megaloptera | |||
Corydalidae | |||
1. armata (Corydalis) | Hagen | 1861 | Paralectotype (1) |
2. infectus (Nevromus) | McLachlan | 1869 | Paralectotype (2) |
3. subfasciatus (Chauliodes) | Westwood | 1847 | Paralectotype (1) |
Neuroptera | |||
Ascalaphidae | |||
1. abdominalis (Suphalasca) | McLachlan | 1871 | Syntype (1) |
2. angulatus [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] | Westwood | 1847 | Syntype (2) |
3. aurifera (Ulula) | McLachlan | 1871 | Paralectotype (2) |
4. delicatulus (Colobopterus) | McLachlan | 1871 | Paralectotype (1) |
5. dentifer [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] | Westwood | 1847 | Syntype (1) |
6. dissimilis (Colobopterus) | McLachlan | 1871 | Lectotype (New designation), Paralectotype (1) |
7. leucostigma (Ascalaphus) | Walker | 1860 | Syntype (1) |
8. longus (Ascalaphus) | Walker | 1853 | Historical specimen (3) |
9. macleayanus (Ascalaphus) | Guilding | 1823 | Syntype (2 adults, 1 larva) |
10. mexicana (Ulula) | McLachlan | 1871 | Syntype (1) |
11. obscurus [Ascalaphus (Haploglenius)] | Westwood | 1847 | Syntype (1) |
12. segmentator [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] | Westwood | 1847 | Syntype (3) |
13. terminalis (Haploglenius) | McLachlan | 1871 | Syntype (1) |
14. tessellatus [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] | Westwood | 1847 | Syntype (3) |
Chrysopidae | |||
1. brevicollis (Hemerobius) | Rambur | 1842 | Lectotype |
2. conformis (Hemerobius) | Rambur | 1842 | Lectotype |
3. mauricianus (Hemerobius) | Rambur | 1842 | Holotype |
4. neavei (Ancyclopteryx) | Navás | 1913 | Lectotype |
5. proximus (Hemerobius) | Rambur | 1842 | Syntype (1) |
Coniopterygidae | |||
1. detrita (Coniopteryx) | McLachlan | 1867 | Holotype |
Hemerobiidae | |||
1. fassnidgei (Boriomyia) | Killington | 1933 | Holotype |
Mantispidae | |||
1. areolaris (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1852 | Syntype (1) |
2. basella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Holotype |
3. batesella (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1867 | Lectotype (New designation), Paralectotype (3) |
4. bella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Holotype |
5. biseriata (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1852 | Lectotype |
6. chilensis (Mantispa) | Hagen | 1859 | Syntype (1) |
7. cognatella (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1867 | Lectotype |
8. crucifera (Mantispa) | Navás | 1914 | Lectotype, Paralectotype (3) |
9. delicatula (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1852 | Lectotype, Paralectotype (1) |
10. eurydella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Holotype |
11. fasciatella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Holotype |
12. fumosella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Holotype |
13. gracilis (Mantispa) | Rambur | 1842 | Syntype (1) |
14. haematina (Mantispilla) | Navás | 1914 | Holotype |
15. hagenella (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1867 | Holotype |
16. hamiltonella (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1867 | Syntype |
17. indica (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1852 | Paralectotype (2) |
18. iridella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Paralectotype (1) |
19. mozambica (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1852 | Holotype |
20. myrapetrella (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1867 | Lectotype (New designation), Paralectotype (7) |
21. natalensis (Necyla) | Navás | 1914 | Holotype/Syntype |
22. nodosa (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1847 | Holotype |
23. partheniella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Lectotype, Paralectotype (1) |
24. quadrituberculata (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1852 | Paralectotype (1) |
25. rubellus (Campion) | Navás | 1914 | Lectotype, Paralectotype (3) |
26. sacra (Necyla) | Navás | 1914 | Holotype |
27. sequella [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] | Westwood | 1867 | Holotype |
28. simulatrix (Mantispa) | McLachlan | 1900 | Holotype |
29. tropica (Mantispa) | Westwood | 1852 | Lectotype (New designation), Paralectotype (1) |
Myrmeleontidae | |||
1. acuta (Acanthaclisis) | Kimmins | 1939 | Holotype, Paratype (1) |
2. anomalus (Myrmeleon) | Rambur | 1842 | Lectotype (New designation) |
3. atomarius (Myrmeleon) | Rambur | 1842 | Syntype (2) |
4. distincta (Acanthaclisis) | Rambur | 1842 | Paralectotype (3) |
5. excelsus (Palparellus) | Navás | 1913 | Holotype |
6. interjectus (Formicaleo) | Navás | 1913 | Holotype |
7. isopterus (Gymnoleon) | Navás | 1913 | Holotype (not found) |
8. loanguana (Creagris) | Navás | 1913 | Syntype (1) |
9. mozambicus (Nelees) | Navás | 1913 | Syntype (1) |
10. neavinus (Formicaleo) | Navás | 1913 | Lectotype |
11. notatus (Myrmeleon) | Rambur | 1842 | Syntype (2) |
12. nycterinus (Palparidius) | Navás | 1913 | Holotype |
13. obscurus (Myrmeleon) | Rambur | 1842 | Syntype (2) |
14. pardus (Palpares) | Rambur | 1842 | Syntype (1) |
15. poultoni (Cymothales) | Navás | 1913 | Holotype (not found) |
16. pulchellus (Myrmeleon) | Rambur | 1842 | Holotype |
17. pulchellus (Palpares) | Esben-Petersen | 1922 | Paralectotype (1) |
18. punctulatus (Myrmeleon) | Rambur | 1842 | Syntype (1) |
19. rhodesicus (Gymnoleon) | Navás | 1913 | Holotype |
20. singulare (Myrmeleon) | Westwood | 1847 | Lectotype (New designation) |
21. tessellatus (Palpares) | Rambur | 1842 | Paralectotype (1) |
22. tillyardi (Acanthaclisis) | Kimmins | 1939 | Paratype (1) |
Nemopteridae | |||
1. albostigma (Nemoptera) | Westwood | 1874 | Holotype |
2. angulata (Nemoptera) | Westwood | 1836 | Holotype |
3. costalis (Nemoptera) | Westwood | 1836 | Holotype |
4. filipennis (Nematoptera) | Westwood | 1841 | Syntype (1) |
5. hebraica (Nemoptera) | Westwood | 1874 | Syntype (1) |
6. lawi (Croce) | Navás | 1913 | Lectotype |
7. storeyi (Pterocroce) | Withycombe | 1923 | Syntype (2) |
Raphidioptera | |||
Raphidiidae | |||
1. bagnalli (Agulla) | Navás | 1914 | Lectotype, Paralectotype (1) |
For each neuropteridan order, the families and the species within each family are presented in alphabetical order, and, for convenience, we used the traditional classification of neuropteridan taxa. It is worthy of note that recent work has questioned important aspects of the traditional classification, for example, the monophyly of Myrmeleontidae, as well as the monophyly and family status of Ascalaphidae. For recent phylogenetic information, readers are referred to the following selected references (
In our text, the format for each species entry is as follows:
First line: Species name; author; year of description; original genus name as published (in parentheses); and number of specimens, current type status, and figure number(s) of any types in the collection (in parentheses).
Section 1 – Original description: Citation for the published description, followed by the exact locality and depository data quoted from the original description.
Section 2 – Type series: Published data on the number of specimens mentioned or estimated from the literature, notation of published type status, and any other pertinent published information. Then follow details on the type(s) actually found in the collection, their Hope Entomological Collection number(s), pertinent label data, and sex(es) if known, and our interpretation of the current type status (holotype, syntype, etc.), as well as reference to our images of the specimen(s) and accompanying labels. Any other relevant information on the type(s) in the collection or elsewhere (especially the
Section 3 – Current name: Presently accepted name of the species.
Section 4 – Nomenclature: References and information leading to the current acceptance of the name: nomenclatural changes, synonymies, generic reassignments, and spelling issues.
Note: (i) We included any explanatory information, translations, or unreferenced comments by the current authors within brackets. (ii) The scale markers on the images apply to the specimens, not necessarily to the associated labels.
To gather or confirm information on selected species with types in both the
Because the neuropteridan types housed in the Hope Collection are mostly quite old (from the 1800s), the original descriptions are sparse. They seldom indicate the number of specimens that were included in the type series or if a primary type was selected. In some cases, there probably was only one type, but during our studies we learned that it was not prudent to make such an assumption. Not infrequently, we found that type series had been divided, and individual types traded and/or transferred among collections. Therefore, in the absence of specific information from the original description or a published record that indicates a single type, and in accordance with ICZN Recommendation 73F, we assumed that more than one syntype was used. In cases where a previous author had recognized a holotype in the absence of specific evidence of monotypy, and where additional types or probable types had been identified and considered, we noted, in accordance with ICZN Rules 74.5 or 74.6, that the author’s identification of a holotype could be considered as designation of the specimen as the lectotype. In cases where a holotype identification had been referred to in subsequent publication(s), and where no additional types were indicated or had been found, we noted that the holotype had been determined without evidence of monotypy.
We also were aware that the reverse situation might be possible, i.e., that type labels could have been added to nontype specimens either by the original author at a subsequent date or by subsequent authors. We made an effort to compare handwriting and to corroborate the authenticity of each type.
In most cases where several syntypes are known to exist (either in the
The Megaloptera, one of three orders in the Neuropterida, is a small group that contains only two families: Corydalidae and Sialidae. The larvae are aquatic predators that inhabit streams and other bodies of water, whereas the adults are terrestrial and may feed on pollen, soft or fermenting plant material, or not at all (
1. armata Hagen, 1861 (Corydalis) (Paralectotype; Fig.
Original description.Smith. Misc. Coll., 4 (1): 321; “HAB. Columbia, Venezuela.”; no actual description, but with an indication, i.e., bibliographic reference, to descriptions of Hemerobius cornutus L. by
Type series. There is one specimen in the
Corydalus cornutus (L.), originally described from Pennsylvania, USA, is widespread and relatively common throughout southeastern Canada and eastern and central USA. Its distribution was later shown to extend into southwestern USA, but it has not been recorded from Mexico, Central America, or South America (
Here, the
Current name. Corydalus armatus (Hagen, 1861).
Nomenclature.
2. infectus McLachlan, 1869 (Nevromus, as Neuromus, see below) (Two paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4: 41; “… (♂ ♀)…. Darjeeling. In coll. Mus. Brit., Oxon., et auct.”. Number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Although McLachlan’s description did not state how many specimens he had in the type series, clearly there were more than two and at least one of each sex. He did not specify a primary type. We have seen specimens in the
Quite a few years after the description was published,
Note: In an article over 20 years later,
Current name. Protohermes infectus (McLachlan, 1869).
Nomenclature. The original generic name Neuromus is recognized as an unjustified emendation of Nevromus, probably used for the first time by
3. subfasciatus Westwood, 1847 (Chauliodes) (One paralectotype; Fig.
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 70, fig. 5. “Inhabits Sylhet. In the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
Because the
Current name. Neochauliodes subfasciatus (Westwood, 1847).
Nomenclature. An article by
Neuroptera, with its approximately 16 described families, is by far the largest and most diverse of the neuropteroid orders (
The
About 450 species of owlflies are known from the warm regions of the world. They are very closely related to the antlions (family Myrmeleontidae), but differ noticably in the length and structure of their adult antennae, larval head morphology, and flight pattern (some species).
The
It is noteworthy that ten of the eleven primary types of Ascalaphidae in the
1. abdominalis McLachlan, 1871 (Suphalasca, a subsequent spelling of Suhpalacsa) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1873a [1871], 11: 258; “Hab. Gaboon. One ♂ in my collection. A second example in the Oxford Museum, perhaps a ♀, ...”.
Type series. McLachlan mentioned two specimens: one in his own collection (a male) and another (perhaps a female) in the
A single type specimen, labeled as a female (unconfirmed), is in the
Current name. Suhpalacsa abdominalis McLachlan, 1871.
Nomenclature. First, the original spelling of the genus that
Second, in the original description,
2. angulatus Westwood, 1847 [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] (Two syntypes; Figs
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 69; “Inhabits Assam. Major Jenkins.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
Current name. Ascalohybris angulata (Westwood, 1847).
Nomenclature.
3. aurifera McLachlan, 1871 (Ulula) (Two paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1873a [1871] 11: 249; “Santarem (Bates). In the British and Oxford Museums.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. McLachlan mentioned two depositories, and we conclude that there were at least two syntypes. However, he did not identify a primary type. Both
In addition to the specimen above, we found three specimens, sexes undetermined, in the
Current name. Ululodes vetulus (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. Both
4. delicatulus McLachlan, 1871 (Colobopterus) (One paralectotype; Fig.
Original description.J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1873a [1871], 11: 250; “Hab. Santarem (Bates).”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Although
Here, we report that the
Current name. Ameropterus delicatulus (McLachlan, 1871).
Nomenclature. The original genus name Colobopterus Rambur was identified as a junior homonym (
5. dentifer Westwood, 1847 [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 69; “Inhabits the East Indies. Col. Hearsey.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
We found a syntype of A. dentifer, sex undetermined, in the
Thus, there are syntypes in the
Current name. Glyptobasis dentifera (Westwood, 1847).
Nomenclature.
6. dissimilis McLachlan, 1871 (Colobopterus) (Lectotype, new designation; one paralectotype; Figs
Original description.J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1873a [1871], 11: 251; “Hab. Amazons (Bates). This curious little species is remarkable for the dissimilarity of form in the sexes, as confirmed by the notes made in situ by Mr. Bates. I have seen only one ♂, which is in the Oxford Museum.”.
Type series. The description included information and measurements for both male and female specimens. Thus, we conclude that McLachlan’s type series consisted of the single male and at least one female.
Both
In addition, there is one type (examined) in the
Current name. Ameropterus dissimilis (McLachlan, 1871).
Nomenclature. The original genus name Colobopterus Rambur was identified as a junior homonym (
7. leucostigma Walker, 1860 (Ascalaphus) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 10: 195; “Amazon region.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. The original description by Walker made no mention of the number or sexes of the specimens in the type series. About 10 years after the original description,
Current name. Ascalobyas microcerus (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature.
8. longus Walker, 1853 (Ascalaphus) (Three historical specimens; Fig.
Original description.List of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II.--(Sialides--Nemopterides). British Museum, London. 1853: 435; “Bengal.”. Two specimens indicated as: “a” and “b”.
Type series.
We also found three additional specimens (probably all female, unconfirmed) in the
The large label under all three specimens in the
Current name. Acheron longus (Walker, 1853).
Nomenclature.
Later,
9. macleayanus Guilding, 1823 (Ascalaphus) (Two adult syntypes and one larval syntype; Figs
Original description.Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1825 [1823], 14: 140; “… Ste Vincentii; … Mensibus Maio, Jan., Feb., occurrit. [Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Region, flight during May, Jan., Feb.]”.
Type series. The description’s notations – “Varietas β. (an sexus alter?)”, and “Ova oblonga …”, “Larva Pupaque latent” – indicate that during the description Guilding had studied more than one adult specimen, as well as eggs and immatures. Later,
We found three specimens in the
Our reasons for including the larval specimen as part of the type series are several. First,
We are unaware of a lectotype designation for this species. At this point, the three specimens in the
Current name. Ululodes macleayanus (Guilding, 1823).
Nomenclature. Originally assigned to Ascalaphus, the species was listed in Suhpalacsa by
10. mexicana McLachlan, 1871 (Ulula) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1873a [1871], 11: 248; “Hab. Mexico. In De Sélys’s collection and in the Oxford Museum.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Because the statement in the original description indicates two depositories, clearly the type series contained more than one specimen. We found one syntype in the
Current name. Ululodes mexicanus (McLachlan, 1871).
Nomenclature. The combination Ululodes mexicanus was first used by
11. obscurus Westwood, 1847 [Ascalaphus (Haploglenius)] (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 69; “Inhabits the East Indies. Col. Hearsey.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. The type of this species, like those of some other species that were in the Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, at one time was considered lost (
Current name. Stylascalaphus obscurus (Westwood, 1847).
Nomenclature. Previous combinations include Haploglenius (?) obscurus (Westwood, 1847) by
12. segmentator Westwood, 1847 [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] (Three syntypes; Figs
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 69, fig. 2. “Inhabits the East Indies. In the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., and my own.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood’s reference to two depositories indicates that he had more than one specimen in his type series. Three syntypes are in the
In addition to the three
Current name. Ogcogaster segmentator (Westwood, 1847).
Nomenclature. Westwood described the species within the subspecies Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster). Later
13. terminalis McLachlan, 1871 (Haploglenius) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1873a [1871], 11: 235; “Hab. Tapajos. (Bates). In the British and Oxford Museums.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified. [“Tapajós” refers to a tributary that joins the Amazon River near Santarém, one of Bates’ primary collecting areas].
Type series.
We found a syntype, probably male (unconfirmed), in the
Current name. Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker, 1853).
Nomenclature. The species was synonymized with Byas albistigma (Walker, 1853) by
14. tessellatus Westwood 1847 [Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster)] (Three syntypes or possible syntypes; Figs
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 69, fig. 1. “Inhabits the East Indies. In the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Apparently lacking information on Westwood’s types in the
We also found three specimens in the
Among the specimens of A. tessellatus in the
Note: The Lacewing Digital Library (
Current name. Ogcogaster tessellata Westwood, 1847.
Nomenclature. The original name Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster) tessellatus remains as an unreplaced junior homonym of Ascalaphus tessellatus described by
Originally assigned to Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster), the current combination, Ogcogaster tessellata Westwood, was first used by
Note.
With approximately 1200 species, the Chrysopidae is the second largest neuropteran family. It is distributed worldwide; specimens are frequently encountered in nature; and some species are used in the biological control of agricultural and horticultural arthropod pests. The classification of the chrysopid species inhabiting some parts of the world (e.g., Europe, South Africa, Australia, Japan, North America - north of Mexico) is reasonably well developed. However, the faunae from other regions are in need of considerable systematic work. At this time, the revision of the Chrysopidae by
Despite the large size and wide distribution of the family, the
1. brevicollis Rambur, 1842 (Hemerobius) (Lectotype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 427; “Rapporté de l’ile de France par M. Marchal.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. The female specimen in the
Current name. Chrysoperla brevicollis (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. This species was previously known as Chrysopa brevicollis (Rambur) and erroneously listed as Chrysoperla pudica (Navás). See
2. conformis Rambur, 1842 (Hemerobius) (Lectotype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 426–7; “De la Colombia; communiqué par M. Marchal.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. A single type (female, NEUR0038, Fig.
Current name. Ceraeochrysa conformis (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. Previously known as Chrysopa conformis (Rambur), the species was transferred to the large genus Ceraeochrysa (
3. mauricianus Rambur, 1842 (Hemerobius) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 425–6; “Habite Maurice. M. Marchal m’a communiqué un individu qu’il a pris lui-même dans cette ile. [Locality Mauritius. Mr. Marchal sent an individual to me that he collected on this island himself.]”.
Type series. The original description explicitly mentions one specimen; thus the
Current name. Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838).
Nomenclature. Hemerobius mauricianus was synonymized with Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael by
4. neavei Navás, 1913 (Ancyclopteryx, a subsequent spelling of Ankylopteryx) (Lectotype; Fig.
Original description.Ann. Soc. sci. Bruxelles, 1913b: 37 (pt. 1): 93; “Rhodesia, Nord-Ouest, Plateau Alala, Ndola (environ 400 ft.), 11 oct. 1905, S. A. Neave coll. (Mus. d’Oxford).”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
Current name. Parankylopteryx polysticta (Navás, 1910).
Nomenclature. The original description assigned the species to the genus Ankylopteryx (as “Ancyclopteryx”, a subsequent incorrect spelling). It later was included in the new subgenus Ankylopteryx (Parankylopteryx) by
5. proximus Rambur, 1842 (Hemerobius) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 425; “Se trouve dans les bois moins communément que le Perla. [Found in the woods less commonly than perla.]”. The description provides neither locality data nor any information about the number or sexes of the types that Rambur had.
Type series. One type (unknown sex), with label reading “Boulogne” [probably Boulogne-sur-Mer, in northern France], is in the
Current name: Nineta vittata (Wesmael, 1841).
Nomenclature. Hemerobius proximus was synonymized with Chrysopa vittata Wesmael by
The Coniopterygidae is a medium-sized family of small-bodied, cryptic insects (2–5 mm wing length). The wings and bodies of adults generally have a covering of light gray to white (“dusty”) wax that is produced by hypodermal glands. Larvae are predaceous on small arthropods, such as homopterans and mites; some species are considered important as natural biological control agents. The revision of the family Coniopterygidae by
Only 18 coniopterygid species were described before 1900. Three of these were described by McLachlan, and the
1. detrita McLachlan, 1867 (Coniopteryx) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Entomol. Monthly Mag., 4: 151; “Habitat ad Adelaide in Australia meridionali. In collect. Mus Oxon. One example in good condition.”.
Type series. In the
Current name.Neosemidalis (Neosemidalis) detrita (McLachlan, 1867).
Nomenclature. The current combination was first used by
Hemerobiidae is the third largest family in the order Neuroptera; it contains approximately 550 species. Adults are generally small to medium sized and inconspicuous; as their name implies, the wings of most species are brown. However, wing shape and size vary markedly among groups, as do their habitats and plant/host associations. In general, larvae feed on small, soft-bodied arthropods. A comprehensive taxonomic study by
Although brown lacewings are numerous and diverse in Europe, the family is represented by only one type in the
1. fassnidgei Killington, 1933 (Boriomyia) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Entomol. Monthly Mag., 69: 57, figs 1–4. “FRANCE, Maurin (5,000 ft.), Basses-Alpes. Taken at light, 4th Aug., 1932, by Mr. Wm. Fassnidge. … ♂ in my collection; genitalia preserved as a microscope preparation.”.
Type series. Killington’s specimen, the holotype by original designation, is in the
Current name. Wesmaelius fassnidgei (Killington, 1933).
Nomenclature. The current combination was first used by
Among the Neuroptera, Mantispidae is a moderately large family, with approximately 400 species. It occurs throughout the warm regions of the world, with particularly rich faunae in the tropical regions of Australasia, Africa, and Central and South America. Adults are easily recognized by their raptorial forelegs that resemble those of preying mantids (Mantodea: Mantidae). Larvae are hypermetamorphic; first instars are campodeiform and probably do not feed. The later two instars are grub-like and are known to feed on concealed prey. Some have been reported to prey on encased spider eggs, and others consume aculeate hymenopteran larvae in their nests, in a manner similar to parasitoidism.
The Hope Collection contains a rich assemblage of types and historically important specimens of mantispids. Types of 29 species are reported to be in the collection, and we found type specimens for all of them, including 26 species with primary types (holotype, syntype, or lectotype). Altogether, a total of 49 mantispid type specimens reside in the collection, with 14 from the Old World (Middle East, southern and western Africa, India, Australia, and Oceania) and 15 from the New World (mostly Brazil with H. W. Bates as collector, also Colombia and Venezuela). The authors of the descriptions include Westwood, Navás, Hagen, McLachlan, and Rambur; the range in years of publication is from 1842 to 1914.
The mantispid types presented some of the most challenging nomenclatural issues, probably because they tended to receive more attention from earlier entomologists than did the types in other families. Previous treatment was not always consistent among species, nor with the current ICZN Rules. For quite a few mantispid species, holotype determinations were made (and published) with no or very limited evidence concerning the possible existence of other syntypes. In general, these determinations were accepted into the literature and common usage. In contrast, syntypes of other species that were not studied in the past now tend to receive more rigorous treatment, and holotype assignations are rarely applied. Here, we made a concerted effort to treat all the species similarly, based on their history and a uniform application of the ICZN Rules. After our study, of the 26 species of mantispids with primary types in the
A recent catalog of the world’s Mantispidae (
1. areolaris Westwood, 1852 (Mantispa) (Syntype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 6 [1]: 265, tab. 18. fig. 3; “Habitat in Brasilia. Mus. Hope.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
Current name. Entanoneura costalis (Erichson, 1839).
Nomenclature. The synonymy of M. areolaris under E. costalis was proposed by
2. basella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 504; “(Mas.) [Male] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. Westwood did not explicitly identify the number of specimens in the type series. However, he designated only one depository, and he referred to one male specimen. Currrently, a single type (male) is in the
Current name. Trichoscelia iridella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature.
3. batesella Westwood, 1867 (Mantispa) (Lectotype, new designation; three paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 507; “(Mas et foem.) [Male and female] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood’s description did not specifically state the number of types he studied. However, he did mention seeing a male and a female, so there was more than one.
Four syntypes are held in the
Current name. Entanoneura batesella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. The first use of the current combination was by
4. bella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 502; “(Foem.) [Female] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. Although Westwood’s description did not specifically state how many type specimens he had, he referred to a female, and he designated only one depository.
A single type (female) is in the
Current name. Anchieta bella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. Anchieta became the generic replacement name after Anisoptera Schneider was identified as a junior homonym (
5. biseriata Westwood, 1852 (Mantispa) (Lectotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 6 [1]: 263, tab. 17, fig. 7; “Habitat in Australia, Moreton Bay. D. Mossman. Mus. Westw.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. We found no information on how many type specimens Westwood had, nor the sex(es). However, his original description does indicate one depository, his personal collection.
One type, in relatively poor condition and with sex unknown, is in the
In addition to the specimen in the
Thus, we now know that the single
Current name. Ditaxis biseriata (Westwood, 1852).
Nomenclature. Originally,
6. chilensis Hagen, 1859 (Mantispa) (Syntype; Fig.
Original description.Entomol. Zeit., 20: 408; “Patria Chili. Zwei Stücke von Dohrn mitgetheilt.”.
Type series. In his original description, Hagen stated that he received two specimens from Dohrn, one of which probably was a male and the primary specimen that he described. Apparently, that specimen remained in his own collection in the
There is a male specimen in the
Current name. Gerstaeckerella chilensis (Hagen, 1859).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
7. cognatella Westwood, 1867 (Mantispa) (Lectotype; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 506; “Habitat apud Sanctam Martham, Venezuelae. In Mus. Oxon.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. There is one Westwood specimen, a female, in the
The information on the locality label of the
Current name. Plega hagenella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature.
8. crucifera Navás, 1914 (Mantispa) (Lectotype, three paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Cien. Nat., 1914c, 13: 61; “‘Tasmania, about 100 ft. Plenty, abt. 30 m. N. W. of Hobart, on Derwent Riv.’ Julio 1902, J. J. Walker.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. From Navás’ statements in the description, clearly his type series contained more than one specimen, and his specimens showed variation in venation and size.
Here we are in agreement with
Current name. Campion cruciferus (Navás, 1914).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
9. delicatula Westwood, 1852 (Mantispa) (Lectotype, one paralectotype; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 6 [1]: 261, Tab. nostr. 17, fig. 5; “Habitat apud Adelaidam. D. Fortnum. In Mus. Hope.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood cited one depository, the
We found the two aforementioned types in the
The second type in the
Later,
We found one old specimen of M. delicatula in the
Current name. Theristria delicatula (Westwood, 1852).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
10. eurydella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 501; “Foem. [Female] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. Westwood’s description mentioned a female specimen and designated one depository. We found only one type in the
Current name. Anchieta eurydella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. The current combination was offered by
11. fasciatella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 503; “(Foem.) [Female] … Habitat apud Sanctam Martham, Venezuelae. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. Westwood’s description did not state specifically how many type specimens he had. However, he mentioned one female, and he designated one depository, the
The specimen in the
Current name. Anchieta fasciatella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature.
12. fumosella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 504; “(Mas.) [Male] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. Westwood’s description did not state specifically how many type specimens he had; however, he mentioned studying a male specimen, and he designated a single depository, the
Current name. Anchieta fumosella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
13. gracilis Rambur, 1842 (Mantispa) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 433; “Habite, dans la Colombie, les environs de Santa-Fé-de-Bogota.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. A type (sex unknown) is reported from the
Current name. Mantispa iridipennis Guérin-Méneville, 1844.
Nomenclature. A tentative synonymy was offered by
14. haematina Navás, 1914 (Mantispilla) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Cien. Nat., [1914c] 13: 62; “Africa meridional: ‘Salisbury, 5.000 feet, Mashonaland’. Sept. 1900, G. A. K. Marshall.”. Number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Navás’ article (by title) is focused on specimens in the
Current name. Mantispa haematina (Navás, 1914).
Nomenclature. Mantispilla was considered a subgenus of Mantispa by
15. hagenella Westwood, 1867 (Mantispa) (Holotype; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 504; “(Mas.) [Male] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. Although Westwood’s description did not state specifically how many type specimens he used, he specified a single depository, the
Current name. Plega hagenella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. The current combination is by
The Lacewing Digital Library (
16. hamiltonella Westwood, 1867 (Mantispa) (Syntype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 506; “Habitat in India orientali. Dna. Hamilton. In Mus. Oxon.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. A single type, a female, is in the
Current name. Campanacella hamiltonella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. The genus name was most recently reassigned by
17. indica Westwood, 1852 (Mantispa) (Two paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 6 [1]: 268, tab. 18, fig. 5; “Habitat in India orientali, Calcutta, Nepalia. (D. Hardwicke, &c.) In Mus. Britann., Westwood.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood’s description mentioned two depositories (British Museum and his own collection), and
New lectotype designation,
Current name. Mantispa indica Westwood, 1852.
Nomenclature. The name is now the same as the original, and it is listed as such by
18. iridella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (One paralectotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 503; “(Mas et foem.) [Male and female] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Muss. Brit. et Oxon.”.
Type series. Westwood’s description did not state specifically how many type specimens he had; however, he indicated that he had both a male and a female specimen, and he also indicated two depositories (British Museum and Oxford).
The
Current name. Trichoscelia iridella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. Westwood’s subgenus Trichoscelia was given genus-level stature by
19. mozambica Westwood, 1852 (Mantispa) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 6 [1]: 269, Tab. 18, fig. 6; “Habitat in Mozambica. In Mus. D. Miers.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood’s description did not state specifically how many type specimens he had; the description of the abdomen indicates a male specimen. According to
After a lengthy search, we found a single specimen, a male, with labels indicating that it is the type (NEUR0079, Fig.
Current name. Cercomantispa mozambica (Westwood, 1852).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
20. myrapetrella Westwood, 1867 (Mantispa) (Lectotype, new designation; seven paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 505; “Habitat in nidis vespae [… in the nests of wasps] (Myrapetrae scutellaris) Americae meridionalis [South America]. Vide White in Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. P. 322. In Muss. Brit. et Oxon.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood’s description designated two depositories –
Eight specimens were found in the
The seven paralectotype specimens lack locality labels, but all have Hope Museum labels and Beard’s identification labels similar to those on the lectotype.
Current name. Trichoscelia varia (Walker, 1853).
Nomenclature. The synonymy and current combination, Trichoscelia varia (Walker), were proposed by
Unfortunately, the type locality, “Americae meridionalis” [South America], refers to a very large area, and neither the lectotype nor any of the paralectotypes carry locality labels. Trichoscelia varia is reported from Argentina and Brazil; early records of the species from Suriname and Venezuela are questioned (see
21. natalensis Navás, 1914 (Necyla) (Holotype/Syntype; Fig.
Original description.Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Cien. Nat., 1914c, 13: 64; “Africa meridional. ‘Natal, 7–800 ft., near Durban’, Mavern’ G. A. K. Marshall.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Navás’ article (by title) is focused on specimens in the
Current name. Afromantispa natalensis Navás, 1914.
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
22. nodosa Westwood, 1847 (Mantispa) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 70, fig. 7; “Inhabits Assam. Dr. Cantor. In Mus. Hope.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood indicated only the
Current name. Euclimacia nodosa (Westwood, 1847).
Nomenclature.
23. partheniella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (Lectotype, one paralectotype; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 501; “(Mas et foem.) [Male and female] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. Although Westwood did not indicate how many type specimens he used, he did mention seeing both a male and a female specimen.
Two specimens are found in the
Current name. Anchieta partheniella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
24. quadrituberculata Westwood, 1852 (Mantispa) (One paralectotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 6 [1]: 264, tab. 18, fig. 1; “Habitat Northern India. Mus. W. W. Saunders.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Although Westwood did not state the number of specimens in the type series, he provided ranges for the morphological measurements that he made. Thus, clearly there was more than one specimen.
We identified two Westwood specimens in the
New lectotype designation,
Current name. Austroclimaciella quadrituberculata (Westwood, 1852).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
In the original description, the species name was given as “4-tuberculata”; this spelling was changed in compliance with ICZN Article 32.5.2.6.
25. rubellus Navás, 1914 (Campion) (Lectotype, three paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Cien. Nat., 1914c, 13: 65, fig. 1; “Australia: ‘N. S. W. Sydney. 18 m. S. of 0–100 ft., National Park’ 6 Diciembre 1902, J. J. Walker. He visto otro ejemplar ♂ de Australia del Museo de Londres.”. [The locality listed is probably near Audley in what is now called Australia’s Royal National Park. Established in 1870, it is Australia’s first national park, and one of the first in the world (information from Graham Owen, NSW)].
Type series. Navás’ article, as stated in the title, is focused on specimens in the
In the
Current name. Campion rubellus Navás, 1914.
Nomenclature. The name has remained unchanged; it was listed by
26. sacra Navás, 1914 (Necyla) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Cien. Nat., 1914c, 13: 63; “Palestina. Rev. O. P. Cambridge [Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge], 1865.”. Number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Navás’ article, as stated in the title, is focused on specimens from the
Current name. Necyla sacra Navás, 1914.
Nomenclature. The name has remained unchanged; it was listed by
27. sequella Westwood, 1867 [Mantispa (Trichoscelia)] (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 15: 503; “(Foem.) [Female] … Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.”.
Type series. In the original description, Westwood specified only one depository, the
Current name. Trichoscelia sequella (Westwood, 1867).
Nomenclature. The combination was proposed by
28. simulatrix McLachlan, 1900 (Mantispa) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Entomol. Monthly Mag., 36: 127–129, fig. unnumbered; “Matang, Borneo, August, 1899. One ♀. The type may be seen for the present in the Hope Collection, …. It will ultimately be deposited in the Sarawak Museum, to which it belongs.”.
Type series. McLachlan’s original description stated that there was a single type (a female) and that it would be transferred to the Sarawak Museum. However, as reported by
Current name. Mimetispa simulatrix (McLachlan, 1900).
Nomenclature. This species is now the sole member of the genus Mimetispa Handschin; the current combination was proposed by
29. tropica Westwood, 1852 (Mantispa) (Lectotype, new designation; one paralectotype; Figs
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 6 [1]: 265, tab. 18, fig. 2; “Habitat Africa tropicali occidentali, Gambia. Mus. Westwood.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
Current name. Pseudoclimaciella tropica (Westwood, 1852).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
The Myrmeleontidae is the largest and perhaps best-known family of Neuroptera. It contains ~1600 extant species in slightly more than 200 genera, which traditionally have been grouped into three subfamilies. This classification may soon change when recent genetic data are taken into account (
The
In his comprehensive catalog of the world’s antlions, L. A. Stange provided full taxonomic information for the species described prior to 2001 (
1. acuta Kimmins, 1939 (Acanthaclisis) (Holotype, one paratype; Figs
Original description.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1939: 588, Plate 18, fig. b. “W. AUSTRALIA: Freemantle, 1879 (Dr. Legge), 1♂, 1♀. Type ♂ in the Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford.”.
Type series.
Current name. Heoclisis acuta (Kimmins, 1939).
Nomenclature. The current generic assignment was made by
2. anomalus Rambur, 1842 (Myrmeleon) (Lectotype, new designation; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 388. “De la Colombie; collection de M. Marchal.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
Current name. Eremoleon anomalus (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. The current generic assignment was by
3. atomarius Rambur, 1842 (Myrmeleon) (Two syntypes; Figs
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 399. “Habite le Sénégal.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. The original description mentions both male and female features; thus it is clear that the type series contained more than one specimen. Later,
A third syntype of this species is in the
Current name. Myrmecaelurus atomarius (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. The current generic assignment was proposed by
4. distincta Rambur, 1842 (Acanthaclisis) (Three paralectotypes; Figs
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 380. “Du Sénégal. M. Marchal m’a communiqué une femelle de Maurice, dont la teinte générale est .... [From Senegal. Mr. Marchal has given me a female from Mauritius, whose general color is ….]”.
Type series.
Three specimens are in the
Current name. Centroclisis distincta (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. The genus name was reassigned by
5. excelsus Navás, 1913 (Palparellus) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Ann. Soc. sci. Bruxelles, 1913b, 37 (pt. 1): 89, fig. 2. “Afrique. Un échantillon au musée d’Oxford étiqueté: E. Rhodesia about 3000 ft., Mpudri [Sic!] River, Manica, Capt. Nov.6.01, Guy Marshall.”.
Type series. Navás stated that he had one specimen, and in the text he referred only to a female. We conclude that the sole type in the
Current name. Palparellus nyassanus (Navás, 1911).
Nomenclature. Palparellus excelsus was synonymized under P. nyassanus by
6. interjectus Navás, 1913 (Formicaleo) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Artes Barcelona, 1913a, (3) 10: 492 (fig. 6). “Un ejemplar lleva esta rótulo: N. E. Rhodesia, East Loangwa dist. Mterize R. 40 m. S. Petauke, 2500 feet. Capt. Nov. 4. 04 by S. A. Neave.”.
Type series. Navás mentioned one specimen; he also referred to a female in the text of his description.
One type is in the
Current name. Distoleon interjectus (Navás, 1913).
Nomenclature. The current combination is by Stange (2014: 155).
7. isopterus Navás, 1913 (Gymnoleon) (Holotype, not found)
Original description.Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Artes Barcelona, 1913a, (3) 10: 489 “Africa meridional. El rótulo dice: N. W. Rhodesia, Alala Plateau, Mkushi distr., about 4000 ft. 19-IX-1905. S. A. Neave. Un ejemplar (Mus. de Oxford).”.
Type series. Navás reported that he examined one specimen and that it was in the
Current name. Gymnoleon isopterus Navás, 1913.
Nomenclature. The name has remained unchanged; see
8. loanguana Navás, 1913 (Creagris) (Syntype; Fig.
Original description.Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Artes Barcelona, 1913a, (3) 10: 489. “N. E. Rhodesia, East Loangwa, Dist. 3–3500 ft., Mbala country, Coll. 13-V-1905, S. A. Neave (Mus. de Oxford).”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Navás did not indicate how many specimens he examined. A single type, sex undetermined, is in the
Current name. Creoleon loanguanus (Navás, 1913).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
9. mozambicus Navás, 1913 (Nelees) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Artes Barcelona, 1913a, (3) 10: 490. “Africa Oriental portuguesa. Beira, 17 Septiembre de 1905.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. One type, a female, is in the
Current name. Neuroleon mozambicus (Navás, 1913).
Nomenclature. The current combination was offered by
10. neavinus Navás, 1913 (Formicaleo) (Lectotype; Fig.
Original description.Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Artes Barcelona, 1913a, (3) 10: 491. “N. E. Rhodesia, Fort Jameson 3800 ft, 1-IV-1904, S. A. Neave (Mus. de Oxford).”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Only one depository (
Current name. Distoleon neavinus (Navás, 1913).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
11. notatus Rambur, 1842 (Myrmeleon) (Two syntypes; Figs
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 402. “Je l’ai pris dans les environs de Malaga, et M. Marchal me l’a communiqué du Sénégal.”.
Type series. Rambur mentioned two localities (Senegal and Málaga), but whether specimens were collected from both is unclear.
The
We know of no published lectotype designations or holotype identifications. At this time, we consider the two
Current name. Nemoleon notatus (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. The current combination was offered by
12. nycterinus Navás, 1913 (Palparidius) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Ann. Soc. sci. Bruxelles, 1913b, 37 (pt. 1): 90 (fig. 3). “Zambèse. O. R. C. à 20 milles au-dessus du fleuve Orange, Station Baviaan Krantz, capturé à la lumière, 20 février 1905, F. B. Parkinson (Mus. d’Oxford).”; Footnote: “Le bout de l’abdomen manque. [The end of the abdomen is missing.]”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. The description contains measurements for one specimen and a footnote that implies Navás worked with one specimen from which the tip of the abdomen was missing. There is one type in the
Current name. Palparidius capicola Péringuey, 1910.
Nomenclature.
13. obscurus Rambur, 1842 (Myrmeleon) (Two syntypes; Figs
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 403. “Habite l’Île Maurice; communiqué par M. Marchal.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Rambur did not indicate how many specimens he had.
Two syntypes, sexes undetermined, are in the
Current name. Myrmeleon obscurus Rambur, 1842.
Nomenclature. The original name has remained unchanged; see
14. pardus Rambur, 1842 (Palpares) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 375. “De Bombay.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Rambur mentioned features of both male and female specimens; thus it is clear that the type series had at least two specimens.
Current name: Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. The genus name was reassigned by
15. poultoni Navás, 1913 (Cymothales) (Holotype, not found)
Original description.Ann. Soc. sci. Bruxelles, 1913b, 91 (pt. 1): 91 (fig. 4). “N. 2. Rhodesia, East Loangwa, Dist. 2400 feet, Petauke. 23 mars 1905, S. A. Neave, coll. (Mus. d’Oxford).”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Navás did not mention explicitly how many specimens he used to prepare his original description. However, he noted only one depository, the
In an article that he wrote a year later,
Current name. Cymothales poultoni Navás, 1913.
Nomenclature. The name of this species has not changed; see
16. pulchellus Rambur, 1842 (Myrmeleon) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 408. “D’après un individu en assez nauvais état, venant de la Nouvelle-Hollande.”.
Type series. Rambur’s original description referred to a single specimen in rather poor condition; it did not indicate a sex or a depository.
One specimen in the Hope Collection (NEUR0058, Fig.
It is noteworthy that the
Current name. Glenoleon pulchellus (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. The generic reassignment was made by
17. pulchellus Esben-Petersen, 1922 (Palpares) (One paralectotype; Fig.
Original description.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10: 618, fig. 2; “1♂, 1♀, Deelfontein, South Africa (Col. Sloggett, 1903-109). Besides these two specimens, I have seen another specimen (head and abdomen lost) from Orange River Colony, 20 m. above Orange River Station, Baviaan Krantz, 20th Jan., 1905 (at light) (F. B. Parkinson leg.).”. The caption on fig. 2 reads “… (from Baviaan Krantz: Oxford University Museum).”.
Type series. The description indicates that three specimens from two localities were in the type series; Esben-Petersen did not specify in his description which one he considered to be the holotype. Two of the types, the male and female from Deelfontein, South Africa, are in the
We also found in the
Current name. Palparellus pulchellus (Esben-Petersen, 1922).
Nomenclature. The current combination was offered by
18. punctulatus Rambur, 1842 (Myrmeleon) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 405. “Communique par M. Marchal, et indiqué du Bengale.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series.
A Rambur type with abdomen missing (sex undetermined) is in the
Also, the
Current name. Cueta punctulata (Rambur, 1842).
Nomenclature. The generic name was reassigned by
19. rhodesicus Navás, 1913 (Gymnoleon) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Artes Barcelona, 1913a, (3) 10: 488 “El rótulo resa: N. W. Rhodesia, Alala Plateau, Mkushi distr., about 4000 ft. Coll. 19-IX-1905 by S. A. Neave.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Although Navás did not state specifically how many specimens he examined, his reference to a “label” (singular) implies that he had only one. One specimen, sex undetermined, is present in the
Current name. Gymnoleon rhodesicus Navás, 1913.
Nomenclature. The original name has remained unchanged; see
20. singulare Westwood, 1847 (Myrmeleon) (Lectotype, new designation; Fig.
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 70, Plate 34, fig. 4. “Inhabits the East Indies. In the Collection of the Linnaean Society and Capt. Boys.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood did not mention how many specimens he had.
A Westwood type (male), bearing labels in Westwood’s handwriting with data that are consistent with the original description, is in the
Current name. Indoclystus singularis (Westwood, 1847).
Nomenclature. The current combination is by
The original specific name was “singulare” (Latin, third declension, neuter) in gender agreement with the genus name when most early systematists (e.g., Linnaeus, Fabricius, and also Westwood) treated Myrmeleon as neuter. Other, mostly later, authors (e.g.,
21. tessellatus Rambur, 1842 (Palpares) (One paralectotype; Fig.
Original description.Libr. encycl. Roret, 1842: 375. “Du Sénégal. La femelle communiqué par Marchal.”.
Type series. Rambur specifically mentioned seeing at least two specimens, a male and a female. The female (from Senegal) was given to him by Marchal; this specimen is in the
Current name. Palpares percheronii (Guérin-Méneville, 1831).
Nomenclature. The species was synonymized by
It should be noted that at least two subsequent misspellings are associated with this species name: tesselatus by
22. tillyardi Kimmins, 1939 (Acanthaclisis) (One paratype; Fig.
Original description.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1939: 588, Plate 19, Fig. b. “W. AUSTRALIA: type ♂, Yanchep, 32 miles N. of Perth, 9–23. i. 36 (Miss Raymond), in the British Museum; paratype ♀, Swan River, in the Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford.”.
Type series. The holotype (by original designation) is in the
Current name. Heoclisis tillyardi (Kimmins, 1939).
Nomenclature. The current generic assignment was made by
This relatively small family (~150 described species) contains adults with highly modified and striking hindwings and equally remarkable larvae with extreme thoracic elongation. Nemopterids are restricted to arid desert and dry tropical regions of northern and southern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, southern Asia, Australia, and southern South America (
The
1. albostigma Westwood, 1874 (Nemoptera, as “albo-stigma”) (Holotype; Figs
Original description.Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or, illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects, for the most part contained in the collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope ... . Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 179, Plate XXXIII (= 33), fig. 7. “Africa australior, Terra Zoolu. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniae.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. One type, probably a male, is in the
Current name. Halter albostigma (Westwood, 1874).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
2. angulata Westwood, 1836 (Nemoptera) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 1: lxxv [= 75]. “Cape of Good Hope.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Westwood’s original description consists of a very brief note of three lines from an exhibit at the Entomological Society of London. This description of N. angulata follows a similarly abbreviated description of Nemoptera costalis Westwood, and it ends with the question “(An mas praecedentis?) [Is it a male of the former?]”. Thus, it appears that Westwood had one male specimen of N. angulata, and that he was not certain if the species differed from N. costalis.
Later,
Current name. Nemia angulata (Westwood, 1836).
Nomenclature. Several authors after Westwood considered N. angulata and N. costalis to be synonymous. A full synonymy and the first use of the current combination were published by
3. costalis Westwood, 1836 (Nemoptera) (Holotype; Fig.
Original description.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 1: lxxv [= 75]. “Cape of Good Hope.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Neither Westwood's very brief original description nor his later redescription (
Current name. Nemia costalis (Westwood, 1836).
Nomenclature. The first use of the combination was by
4. filipennis Westwood, 1841 (Nematoptera) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9: 13. “Habitat in India orientali. In Mus. D. W. W. Saunders, F.L.S., &c.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Although Westwood’s very brief original description carried no mention of the number of specimens he had, his use of the term “&c” after the Saunders collection implies that in addition to the one in the
A single syntype, sex undetermined, is in the
Current name. Croce filipennis (Westwood, 1841).
Nomenclature. The current combination was proposed by
5. hebraica Westwood, 1874 (Nemoptera) (One syntype; Fig.
Original description.Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or, illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects, for the most part contained in the collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope ... . Clarendon Press, Oxford. P. 178, Plate XXXIII = 330, fig. 5. “Northern Palestine. ‘Flying in a swamp among papyrus, near the waters of Merom, forming the first basin of the River Jordan,’ – Rev. D. D. Holland and Pickard Cambridge [O. Pickard-Cambridge]. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniae.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. Currently, there is one type, probably a male, in the
Current name. Nemoptera aegyptiaca Rambur, 1842.
Nomenclature. The synonymy between N. hebraica and N. aegyptiaca was suspected in the original description (
6. lawi Navás, 1913 (Croce) (Lectotype; Fig.
Original description.Ann. Soc. sci. Bruxelles, 37 (pt. 1) [1913b]: 87, fig. 1. “Afrique, Zambèse. Above O. River. Station Raviaan Krantz, 6 févr., 1906 (Mus. d’Oxford).”.
Type series. Navás mentioned a female, but he did not state how many specimens he studied.
Current name. Laurhervasia setacea (Klug, 1838).
Nomenclature. The synonymy, current combination, and history of name changes are found in
7. storeyi Withycombe, 1923 (Pterocroce) (Two syntypes; Figs
Original description.Entomol., 56: 141. “Hab. – Cairo, Egypt.”.
Type series. The extremely brief original description, which mentioned both male and female specimens, soon was followed by a more detailed redescription (
Withycombe’s identification of two specimens as “Type” precludes the application of ICZN Article 74.5, and all of the specimens he used in his type series remain as syntypes -- including the four specimens mentioned in the original description as “paratypes”, and any additional adult or larval specimens that can be shown to have been included as part of the type series (ICZN Article 73.2). Thus, at this time, the two specimens in the
Note: All of the adult specimens that Withycombe studied were reared from field-collected larvae; the larvae also were described in the second article (
Current name. Necrophylus arenarius Roux, 1833.
Nomenclature. The original name was synonymized with Pterocroce capillaris (Klug) by
The Raphidiidae is one of two families that comprise the order Raphidioptera. The entire order is small (~250 species), and its distribution and fossil record indicate that it is a relictual group. The family Raphidiidae is restricted to woodland habitats in the northern hemisphere, with species having quite limited distributions, largely within cool climates (
Both adults and larvae of this group are predaceous. Larvae are terrestrial and live beneath bark or in the soil. Little is known of their feeding habits and other biological traits.
The
1. bagnalli Navás, 1914 (Agulla) (Lectotype, paralectotype; Figs
Original description.Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Cienc. Nat., 1914c, 13: 67–68, fig. 2. “Oceania: ‘Vancouver J. [I.?], Victoria, B. C. 1894–97,’ Dr. E. Crompton (Mus. De Oxtord [Oxford]).”.
Type series. In his original description, Navás mentioned male and female features. Two types (male and female) are in the collection, each with a type label in Navás’ handwriting and his determination label with either a male or female symbol. He did not specify which was to be the name-bearing type. The genitalia of both specimens are dissected and held in microvials with glycerol.
Current name.Agulla (Agulla) assimilis (Albarda, 1891).
Nomenclature. Shortly after his description was published,
First, we thank two people from the
With one exception, types of all the neuropteran species that were reported by
canifrons Westwood, 1847 [Ascalaphus (Bubo)]
Original description.The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of the rarer and more beautiful species of insects, natives of India and the adjacent islands. The greater portion of which are now, for the first time, described and figured. Smith, London, 1848 [1847]: 69, fig. 3. “Inhabits the East Indies. In the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq.”. Sexes and number of specimens not specified.
Type series. The depository for the type(s) of this species was not reported in the original description. Moreover, we have found no reports of the species in the
Current name. Ascalaphodes canifrons (Westwood, 1847)
Nomenclature. Shortly after its original description, the species was referred to as Bubo canifrons (Westwood) [combination by