Research Article |
Corresponding author: Meicai Wei ( weimc@126.com ) Academic editor: Stephan M. Blank
© 2019 Mengmeng Liu, Zejian Li, Meicai Wei.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Liu M, Li Z, Wei M (2019) First record of the genus Fagineura Vikberg & Zinovjev (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) with descriptions of two new species from China. ZooKeys 829: 29-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.829.30086
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Fagineura Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2000 is recorded from China for the first time. Two species of Fagineura are described as new, F. flactoserrula sp. n. and F. xanthosoma sp. n. A key to the species of Fagineura worldwide is provided, now including four species. In addition, a simple phylogenetic analysis of Fagineura species is provided, based on sequences of the COI and NaK genes.
COI, key, NaK, Nematinae, sawfly, Symphyta, taxonomy
Fagineura Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2000 (
The specimens were examined with a Motic-SMZ-171 stereomicroscope. Images of the imagines were taken with a Nikon D700 digital camera and a Leica Z16APO separately. The genitalia were examined with a Motic BA410E microscope, and images of the genitalia were taken with Motic Moticam Pro 285A. The series of images produced were montaged using Helicon Focus (HeliconSoft, Kharkiv, Ukraine) and further processed with Adobe Photoshop CS 11.0.
Morphological descriptions of the new species are based on the holotypes. The terminology of genitalia follows
Specimens examined in this study are deposited in the Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha (CSCS), China, including all holotypes and paratypes of the two new species.
DNA was extracted from adult samples stored in 99.5% ethanol at -20 °C by using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Sequence data were obtained from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI; 810 bp) and the nuclear gene sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (NaK; 952 bp). PCR amplification of COI and NaK were performed as described previously (
Species Name | GenBank Accession Number | Reference | |
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COI | NaK | ||
Anoplonyx apicalis | DQ302172 | KJ434879 |
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Caulocampus acericaulis | DQ302182 | KJ434873 |
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Craterocercus fraternalis | DQ302170 | KJ434878 |
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Endophytus anemones | DQ302186 | KJ434900 |
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Euura amerinae | KJ434923 | KJ434915 |
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Euura annulata | DQ302195 | KJ434876 |
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Euura dimmockii | DQ302192 | KJ434885 |
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Euura dolichura | DQ302213 | KJ434858 |
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Euura herbaceae | DQ302217 | KJ434860 |
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Euura imperfecta | DQ302210 | KJ434883 |
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Euura lanatae | DQ302219 | KJ434907 |
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Euura leucapsis | KJ434922 | KJ434909 |
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Euura lipovskyi | DQ302206 | KJ434892 |
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Euura melanaspis | DQ302205 | KJ434863 |
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Euura miliaris | DQ302207 | KJ434895 |
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Euura montana | DQ302193 | KJ434868 |
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Euura pumilio | DQ302190 | KJ434882 |
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Euura ribesii | DQ302208 | KJ434871 |
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Euura saliciscinereae | DQ302216 | KJ434859 |
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Euura scutellata | DQ302191 | KJ434866 |
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Euura venusta | DQ302220 | KJ434862 |
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Fagineura crenativora | DQ302233 | KJ434899 |
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Fagineura flactoserrula | MH544099 | MH544101 | This work |
Fagineura xanthosoma | MH544100 | MH544102 | This work |
Fallocampus americanus | DQ302178 | KJ434903 |
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Kerita fidala | KJ434918 | KJ434826 |
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Mesoneura opaca | DQ302169 | KJ434877 |
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Mesoneura shishikuensis | KY698135 | KY698259 |
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Nematus erythrogaster | KJ434917 | KJ434818 |
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Nematus princeps | KJ434921 | KJ434865 |
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Nematus septentrionalis | DQ302197 | KJ434875 |
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Nematus tulunensis | DQ302209 | KJ434872 |
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Priophorus pallipes | DQ302167 | KJ434890 |
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Pristiphora abbreviata | KJ434920 | KJ434848 |
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Pristiphora abietina | DQ302227 | KJ434869 |
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Pristiphora alpestris | DQ302228 | KJ434897 |
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Pristiphora coactula | DQ302229 | KJ434870 |
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Pristiphora ferruginosa | DQ302188 | KJ434893 |
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Pristiphora geniculata | DQ302225 | KJ434898 |
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Pristiphora litura | DQ302231 | KJ434894 |
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Pristiphora monogyniae | DQ302223 | KJ434880 |
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Pseudodineura mentiens | KJ434919 | KJ434841 |
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The data of each newly sequenced sample are as follows:
Fagineura flactoserrula sp. n.: Paratype, 1♀, China, Hubei Province, Yichang City, Shennongjia Mountain, Yinyuhe, 31°34'00"N, 110°20'22"E, 2100 m, 16 May 2012, leg. Zejian Li; the GenBank Accession Numbers of COI and NaK are MH544099 and MH544101, respectively.
F. xanthosoma sp. n.: Paratype, 1♀, China, Hubei Province, Yichang City, Shennongjia Mountain, Yinyuhe, 31°34'00"N, 110°20'22"E, 2100 m, 17 May 2012, leg. Zejian Li; the GenBank Accession Numbers of COI and NaK are MH544100 and MH544102, respectively.
The final two-gene alignment is 1762 base pairs long and contains 42 specimens from 13 genera. The genetic distances among species were calculated based on Kimura 2-parameter model of the two genes in Mega 7 (
Abbreviations used in the text and illustrations are as follows:
OCL The distance between a lateral ocellus and the occipital carina, or the hind margin of the head where this carina would be if it were developed (
OOL The distance between an eye and a lateral ocellus.
POL The distance between the mesal margins of the 2 lateral ocelli.
Medium-sized; clypeus and labrum yellowish-white to yellow; clypeus with broad and moderately deep (0.4–0.5) emargination apically; mandibles symmetrical; malar space shorter than diameter of median ocellus, and in most species not exceeding 0.5 × of diameter of median ocellus; postocellar area short, more than 2.0 × as wide as long; antenna usually shorter than thorax and abdomen together; posterior part of mesopleural katepimeron covered with hairs; distance between cenchri almost as long as breadth of a cenchrus; forewing without radial cross-vein; the costa of forewing less dilated than in Pristiphora; hindwing with anal cell petiolate; claws bifid, inner tooth large; sawsheath short; annular suture 1 with setae band; the longest setae bands of lancet is at least 0.5 × length of annulus (Figs
The genus resembles Pristiphora, Mesoneura, Euura and Nematus, but Fagineura can be distinguished from Pristiphora by having an emarginate clypeus; less dilated costa of the forewing; claws with a large inner tooth; in males, the posterior end of tergum 8 with distinct apical projection; distinguished from Mesoneura by the lack of radial cross-veins; apex of vein C in forewing slightly enlarged; abdomen longer than the head and thorax together; ovipositor sheath longer than fore tibia; distinguished from Euura and Nematus by an annular suture 1 with setae band; malar space narrower than the diameter of the median ocellus; katepimeron of the mesopleuron with hairs; having campaniform sensilla on the tangium in most cases.
1 | Terga 1–2 black; lancet 14–15 serrulae | 2 |
– | Terga 1–2 yellow; lancet 19–21 serrulae | 3 |
2 | Metapleuron pale yellowish; orbit yellowish to brownish in female; clypeus emarginated for about 0.5 of its length; postocellar area 2.5 × as wide as long; ovipositor sheath with shallow emargination apically; cerci reaching further back than sheath; annular suture 1 of lancet straight, and with 3 marginal sensilla below. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku) | F. crenativora Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2000 |
– | Metapleuron mostly black (Fig. |
F. flactoserrula sp. n. |
3 | Mesepisternum entirely black; all coxae and apical 0.3 of hind tibia black; terga 3–10 mostly black; ovipositor sheath black; malar space nearly absent; petiole of anal cell of hindwing shorter than cu-a; tarsal claw with inner tooth longer than outer tooth; lancet with 19 serrulae. Japan (Honshu) | F. quercivora Togashi, 2006 |
– | Mesepisternum entirely pale yellowish-brown (Fig. |
F. xanthosoma sp. n. |
Holotype, ♀, China, Hubei Province, Yichang City, Shennongjia Mountain, Yinyuhe, 31°34'00"N, 110°20'22"E, 2100m, 17 May 2012, leg. Zejian Li, CSCS. Paratype, 1♀, China, Hubei Province, Yichang City, Shennongjia Mountain, Yinyuhe, 31°34'00"N, 110°20'22"E, 2100 m, 16 May 2012, leg. Zejian Li.
Body mostly black; labrum and clypeus pale yellow (Fig.
Fagineura flactoserrula sp. n., female, holotype. a Dorsal view b head, dorsal view c head, anterior view d antenna, lateral view e mesopleuron and metapleuron f ovipositor sheath, dorsal view g ovipositor sheath, lateral view h middle serrulae i lancet; the short double arrow denotes the longest setae band, the long double arrow denotes the length of the annulus, the simple arrow denotes the annular suture 1 j tangium; the arrowhead denotes a single campaniform sensillum.
Holotype, female. Body length approximately 6.5 mm (Fig.
Color. Body mostly black. Labrum, clypeus, most parts of pronotum, most parts of propleuron, tegula, most parts of all coxae, all trochanters and femora pale yellow; most parts of vertex and temple, triangular spot of median mesoscutal lobe and mesoscutellum, most parts of mesepisternum, speckles on terga, sterna of abdomen, all tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown; valvifer 2 pale yellow, valvula 3 yellowish-brown to black; cenchrus yellowish-white. Wings hyaline, most parts of stigma pale yellowish-brown with margins black brown, veins in most part black brown.
Head. Inner margins of eyes slightly convergent downward in frontal view, distance between eyes 1.9 × as long as height of eyes. Base of labrum elevated, apex slightly rounded; base of clypeus elevated, anterior margin of clypeus incised to 0.3 × length of clypeus, lateral corners rounded; labrum and clypeus shiny, with few faint setigerous punctures, without microsculpture. Malar space 0.5 × as long as diameter of median ocellus (Fig.
Thorax. Mesonotum shiny, with fine and slightly dense punctures, without microsculpture; median mesoscutal groove shallow and thin; mesoscutellum shiny, with faint and sparse punctures, and flat, posterior half of middle ridge distinct, about 0.8 × as long as wide; mesoscutellar appendage slightly shiny, with weak and sparse punctures, microsculpture faint, about 0.3 × length of scutellum, middle ridge low and blunt. Distance between cenchri as long as breadth of a cenchrus. Mesepisternum smooth and shiny, setigerous punctures and microsculpture indistinct; anepimeron of mesepimeron slightly shiny, with few wrinkles, punctures faint; katepimeron shiny, most parts with microsculpture and posterior part distinct, punctures weak and very sparse, posterior part covered with few setae; metapleuron shiny and smooth, with few weak punctures, microsculpture indistinct (Fig.
Abdomen. All abdominal terga shiny, with faint sparse setigerous punctures, microsculpture fine and very dense. Ovipositor sheath smooth and shiny, punctures laterally on valvula 3 weak and sparse, microsculpture indistinct; sheath 2.0 × as long as metatarsomere 1 and 1.3 × as long as front tibia, valvula 3 as long as valvifer 2; in lateral view, sheath tapering toward apex (Fig.
Legs. Protarsomere 1 shorter than combined length of tarsomeres 2–4; inner apical spur of hind tibia 0.4 × as long as metatarsomere 1, metatarsomere 1 0.6 × as long as combined length of metatarsomeres 2–5; tarsal claw with inner tooth long, but slightly shorter than outer tooth.
Male. Unknown.
China (Hubei).
Triangular spot on median mesoscutal lobe yellowish-brown to black-brown; mesoscutellum entirely black, or sometimes with yellowish-brown speckles; tangium with one campaniform sensillum, or none.
The new species is similar to F. crenativora Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2000, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: metapleuron mostly black; orbit black in the female; postocellar area 3.0 × as wide as long; sheath without emargination apically; cerci almost as long as the sheath; lancet with 14 serrulae, annular suture 1 of lancet oblique and slightly curved, and with 7 marginal sensilla below.
The specific name is derived from the flattened serrulae of the lancet.
Holotype, ♀, China, Hubei Province, Yichang City, Shennongjia Mountain, Yinyuhe, 31°34'00"N, 110°20'22"E, 2100m, 17 May 2012, leg. Zejian Li, CSCS. Paratypes (15♀♀): 1♀, China, Hubei Province, Yichang City, Shennongjia Mountain, Yinyuhe, 31°34'00"N, 110°20'22"E, 2100 m, 17 May 2012, leg. Zejian Li; 1♀, China, Hunan Province, Wugang City, Yun Mountain, Television tower, 26°38'38"N, 110°37'18"E, 1380 m, 11 April 2012, leg. Zejian Li and Zaiyang Pan; 1♀, China, Hunan Province, Wugang City, Yun Mountain ,1100 m, 25 April 2005, leg. Yingke He; 8♀♀, China, Hunan Province, Yongzhou City, Yangming Mountain, 900 to 1000 m, 24 April 2004, leg. Shaobing Zhang; 3♀♀, China, Hunan Province, Yongzhou City, Yangming Mountain, 1000 to 1300 m, 24 April 2004, leg. Meicai Wei; 1♀, China, Hunan Province, Yongzhou City, Yangming Mountain, 1000 to 1300 m, 24 April 2004, leg. Wei Xiao.
Body pale yellow to pale yellowish-brown; stigma and most parts of veins pale yellow (Fig.
Fagineura xanthosoma sp. n., female, paratype. a Dorsal view b head, dorsal view c head, anterior view d mesopleuron and metapleuron e antenna, lateral view f ovipositor sheath, dorsal view g ovipositor sheath, lateral view h middle serrulae; the short double arrow denotes the longest setae band, the long double arrow denotes the length of the annulus i lancet; the arrow denotes the annular suture 1 j tangium.
Holotype, female. Body length approximately 7.0 mm (Fig.
Color. Body pale yellow to pale yellowish-brown. Lateral fovea, around ocelli, dorsal side of scape and pedicel, anterior edge and medial spot of tergum 1 black; cenchrus yellowish-white. Wings hyaline, stigma and most parts of veins pale yellow.
Head. Inner margins of eyes slightly convergent downward in frontal view, distance between eyes 2.4 × as long as height of eye (Fig.
Thorax. Mesonotum slightly shiny, with minute and dense punctures, microsculpture indistinct; median mesoscutal groove shallow and narrow; mesoscutellum shiny, with weak and slightly sparse punctures, and flat, middle ridge indistinct, 0.8 × as long as wide; mesoscutellar appendage shiny, with faint and sparse punctures, without microsculpture, approx. 0.4 × as long as scutellum, middle ridge faint. Distance between cenchri as long as breadth of cenchrus. Mesepisternum shiny, setigerous punctures weak and slightly dense, microsculpture indistinct; mesepimeron shiny, with few faint punctures, with some microsculpture on margins, posterior part of katepimeron extensively covered with setae; metapleuron shiny and smooth, punctures and microsculpture indistinct (Fig.
Abdomen. All abdominal terga slightly shiny, with faint and sparse setigerous punctures, microsculpture fine and very dense. Ovipositor sheath shiny, punctures laterally on valvula 3 weak and sparse, microsculpture indistinct; ovipositor sheath 1.9 × as long as metatarsomere 1 and 1.2 × as long as front tibia, valvula 3 1.3 × as long as valvifer 2; in lateral view, sheath tapering toward apex (Fig.
Legs. Protarsomere 1 slightly shorter than combined length of tarsomeres 2–4; inner apical spur of hind tibia 0.4 × as long as metatarsomere 1, metatarsomere 1 0.7 × as long as combined length of metatarsomeres 2–5; tarsal claw with inner tooth slightly shorter than outer tooth.
Male. Unknown.
China (Hubei, Hunan).
Body length 6.0–8.0mm; scape and pedicel partly to entirely black; around ocelli more or less black; vein Sc a little basad or interstitial with origin of vein M from R, and vein M as long as or slightly shorter than vein R+M; petiole of anal cell of hindwing 1.2–1.6 × as long as cu-a; in dorsal view, apex of cercus protruding far as or beyond valvula 3.
The new species is similar to F. quercivora Togashi, 2006, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: mesepisternum entirely pale yellowish-brown; all coxae and hind tibia pale yellowish; terga 3–10 entirely pale yellowish-brown; ovipositor sheath yellow; malar space 0.8 × as long as diameter of median ocellus; petiole of anal cell of hindwing longer than cu-a; tarsal claw with inner tooth shorter than outer tooth; lancet with 21 serrulae.
The specific name is derived from the body color of adults.
A Kimura 2-parameter model of COI and NaK distances within Fagineura species is shown in Table
Kimura 2-parameter model distances among Fagineura species based on COI (below) and NaK (above) sequences.
Species | Distance between species | ||
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F. flactoserrula | F. xanthosoma | F. crenativora | |
Fagineura flactoserrula | 0.005 | 0.005 | |
Fagineura xanthosoma | 0.067 | 0.004 | |
Fagineura crenativora | 0.052 | 0.050 |
The two new species and Fagineura crenativora are separated by an adequate distance (Tables
Phylogenetic tree of three Fagineura species and other representative species of the Nematinae based on Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of COI and NaK sequences. Numbers at right of nodes show Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP). The scale bar shows the number of estimated substitutions per nucleotide position.
Mean Kimura 2-parameter model distances for COI (below) and NaK (above) within and among large genera of the Nematinae.
Genus | Distance within genus | Distance between genera | |||||
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COI | NaK | Nematus | Fagineura | Pristiphora | Euura | Mesoneura | |
Nematus | 0.140 | 0.052 | 0.089 | 0.090 | 0.110 | 0.108 | |
Fagineura | 0.056 | 0.005 | 0.123 | 0,091 | 0.119 | 0.109 | |
Pristiphora | 0.139 | 0.042 | 0.148 | 0.128 | 0.129 | 0.106 | |
Euura | 0.111 | 0.052 | 0.135 | 0.121 | 0.148 | 0.154 | |
Mesoneura | 0.062 | 0.026 | 0.134 | 0.116 | 0.131 | 0.129 |
In this paper, two new species of Fagineura are described and illustrated. Compared to the generic characters of Fagineura proposed by
We would like to thank T. Nyman (University of Eastern Finland) for making valuable comments of the manuscript, A. Liston (Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg) for proofreading of the English, Mrs. Shaobing Zhang, Mr. Wei Xiao, and Mr. Yingke He for collecting the type specimens of the new species. The research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY18C040001) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31672344).