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Close relationship between the genera Sinhomidia and Homidia (Collembola, Entomobryidae) revealed by adult and first instar characters, with description of a new Sinhomidia species
expand article infoZhi-Xiang Pan‡, Chen-Chong Si§, Shu-Sheng Zhang|
‡ Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
§ Taizhou Foreign Language School, Taizhou, China
| Wuyanling National Nature Reserve, Wenzhou, China

Corresponding author: Zhi-Xiang Pan ( pzx1118@hotmail.com )

Academic editor: Louis Deharveng
© 2019 Zhi-Xiang Pan, Chen-Chong Si, Shu-Sheng Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Pan Z-X, Si C-C, Zhang S-S (2019) Close relationship between the genera Sinhomidia and Homidia (Collembola, Entomobryidae) revealed by adult and first instar characters, with description of a new Sinhomidia species. ZooKeys 872: 41-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.872.29815
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:57276239-43A7-473C-98D7-2A9B80A33B9F
Open Access

Abstract

A third species of the genus Sinhomidia is described from South China: S. uniseta sp. nov. This new species can be distinguished from the two other species of the genus by the following characters: colour pattern, single labial chaeta M, chaetotaxy on terga and ventral tube, unguis with three inner teeth, and 15 clypeal ciliated chaetae. Also, the chaetotaxy of the first instar of Sinhomidia is described for the first time in the present paper, and confirms the close relationship between Sinhomidia and Homidia. A key to species of Sinhomidia is provided.

Keywords

chaetotaxy, Entomobryinae, Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov., taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Sinhomidia was defined by Zhang et al. (2009), based on the type species Acanthocyrtus bicolor (Yosii, 1965). This genus is characterised by 8+8 eyes; scales pointed with coarse striations; dental spines present on inner dens; clavate tenent hairs; mucro bidentate with subapical tooth larger than apical one, and basal spine reaching subapical tooth; abdominal segment II/III/IV with 2/3/2 bothriotricha, and bothriotrichal complex with slightly modified accessory microchaetae; abdominal segment IV with anterior eyebrow-like macrochaetae (Zhang et al. 2009). This genus has scales present on the appendages according to S. bicolor (Zhang et al. 2009), however, Jin et al. (2017) proposed “scales present or absent on appendage” based on Sinhomidia guangxiensis Jin et al., 2017, which lacked such scales.

The genera Sinhomidia and Homidia Börner, 1906 are closely related, the scaled Sinhomidia being recognised as sister group of unscaled Homidia (Zhang et al. 2014a). This close relationship is supported by morphological, molecular and ecological evidence. Firstly, these two genera share several morphological characters, such as cephalic chaetotaxy on the dorsal side, eyebrow-like macrochaetae on abdominal segment IV, dens with inner spines in adults, smooth labial chaetae e and l1, the subapical mucronal tooth larger than the apical one, a bilobed bulb on antennal apex (Zhang et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2014b), bothriotricha formula (2/3/2 on abdominal segment II/III/IV), and sensory chaetotaxic formula on tergal segments (3, 2/2, 2, 3, ? (sensory chaetae on abdominal segment IV variable), 3). They are easily misidentified as Homidia in the field in view of their colour pattern and body form. Secondly, recent molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed a close relationship between them based on mitochondrial, ribosomal and nuclear gene fragments (Zhang et al. 2014a, 2015, 2016). Also, Ding et al. (2019) placed Sinhomidia within the clade of Homidia based on mitochondrial COI, 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA D1-2. Thirdly, these two genera live in similar habitat, and are usually found in leaf litter in tropical to subtropical bioclimates. Sinhomidia with two known species and the new species described here is much less diversified than Homidia which has about 37 species in China (Zhang et al. 2009, Jin et al. 2017, Ma and Pan 2017). Sinhomidia can be easily discriminated morphologically from Homidia by scales on the terga and slightly modified accessory microchaetae of the bothriotrichal complex (Zhang et al. 2009).

The genus Sinhomidia is endemic to China. The type species (S. bicolor) was first recorded from Taiwan (Yosii 1965), and subsequently a female specimen was found in Anhui Province (Zhang et al. 2009) and male specimens in Guangxi Province (Jin et al. 2017). To date, only two species of this genus have been described (S. bicolor and S. guangxiensis), and the chaetotaxy of larvae has not been revealed. Here, a third species from Guangdong Province is described, together with its first instar larva. We provide a detailed comparison between the new species and the two known species, and we compare the first instar chaetotaxy among nine species of family Entomobryidae. In addition, a key to the recorded species of Sinhomidia is provided.

Materials and methods

Specimens were sieved from leaf litter onto a tray in the field, collected by an aspirator, and stored in 99% ethanol at -20 °C. Specimens were photographed using a Nikon DS-Fi1 camera mounted onto a Nikon SMZ1000 stereomicroscope, then cleared in lactic acid, mounted in Hoyer’s medium under a coverslip, and examined under phase contrast using a Nikon 80i microscope. Lengths were measured from specimens on slide by NIS-Elements Documentation 3.1 software. Photos, illustrations and labels were enhanced by photoshop CS5 (Abode Systems).

Dorsal chaetotaxy is provided for only one side of the body. The nomenclature of cephalic chaetotaxy follows Szeptycki’s system (Szeptycki 1973), labial palp follows Fjellberg (1998), labial chaetae follow Gisin (1967), and dorsal thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy follows Szeptycki (1979).

Abbreviations:

Abd. abdominal segment;

Ant. antennal segment;

Gr. group;

mac macrochaeta(e);

mic microchaeta(e);

ms specialised microchaeta(e);

sens specialised ordinary chaeta(e);

Th. thoracic segment;

VT ventral tube;

Taxonomy

Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/656D27C0-C669-4E19-9399-9CDBA73CF9E5
Figs 1–9, 10–20, 21–24, 25–32, 33–42, 43–45

Description

(adult and subadult). Size. Body length up to 2.51 mm. Scales. Scales pointed and coarsely striated, present on dorsal side of head, thorax and abdomen (Figs 6, 7), with fewer scales present on antennae and legs. Ventral side of manubrium with longer and narrower scales than those of dorsal side of body (Fig. 8). Colour pattern. Ground colour whitish in ethanol. Eye patches dark blue. Antennae with dark pigmentation, gradually darker from Ant. I to Ant. IV. A dark band between basal antennae. Lateral and anterior margin of Th. II, posterior half of Abd. II, whole Abd. III, posterior Abd. IV and femurs of the hind leg pigmented (Figs 1–3). Ventral side of body and VT without pigment (Fig. 3). Subadults with the same colour pattern as adults, but Th. II laterally and Abd. IV posteriorly lighter (Fig. 4). Head. Eyes 8+8, G and H smaller than others and always difficult to observe using a light microscope; three chaetae (p, r, and t) within eye patches, with p largest (Fig. 10). Antenna 2.10–2.45 times as long as cephalic diagonal; antennal segments ratio as I:II:III:IV = 1:1.48–1.91: 1.28–1.56:2.51–3.34. Ant. I basally with 3 dorsal and 4 ventral smooth mic (Fig. 11). Ant. II with 5 basal smooth mic (Fig. 12), and 1 longer (rarely 3) and 1 shorter rod-like distal S-chaetae (Fig. 13). Ant. III organ with 2 rod-like and 3 short guard S-chaetae (Fig. 14). Bulb on apical Ant. IV bilobed (Fig. 15). Prelabral and labral chaetae as 4/5, 5, 4, all smooth; labral papillae absent (Fig. 16). Clypeus with 15 mac in four lines, arranged as 3, 5, 4, 3 (Fig. 17). Cephalic chaetotaxy on dorsal side with 3 antennal (A), 3 ocellar (O) and 5 sutural (S) mac, Gr. II with 3 mac (Fig. 10). Chaetae on labium basis as MRel1L2, with e and l1 smooth; postlabial chaetae not expanded (Fig. 18). Five papillae A–E on labial palp with 0, 5, 0, 4, 3 guard chaetae, respectively; lateral process (l.p.) normal, with tip reaching apex of papilla E; hypostoma with 2 guard chaetae; proximal chaetae 5 (Fig. 19). Maxillary outer lobe with 1 apical chaeta, 1 subapical chaeta and 3 sublobal hairs on sublobal plate, subapical chaeta slightly larger than apical one (Fig. 20). Thorax. Complete body sens as 2, 2/1, 2, 2, 33, 3, ms as 1, 0/1, 0, 1, 0, 0. Th. II with 4 medio-medial (m1, m2, m2i and m2i2), 3 medio-sublateral (m4, m4i and m4p) mac and 3 S-chaetae (ms antero-internal to sens); posterior with 17–19 mac; p6 as mic. Th. III with 17–19 mac and 2 sens; p5, p6 and m6 as mac, p4 as mic (Fig. 21). Coxal macrochaetal formula as 3 (1 pseudopore)/4+1, 3 (3 pseudopores)/ 4+2 (pseudopore(s) unclear) mac (Fig. 22). Trochanteral organ with 24–34 smooth chaetae, 5–6 in ventral and 3–4 in posterior line (Fig. 23). Inner tibiotarsus with slightly ciliated chaetae. Tenent hairs clavate, slightly shorter than inner edge of unguis in length. Unguis with 3 inner and 2 lateral teeth, tooth on outer edge unclear. Unguiculus lanceolate with outer edge slightly serrate and the most basal tooth larger (Fig. 24). Abdomen. Abd. IV 11–15 times longer than Abd. III along the dorsal axis. Abd. I with 3 mac (m2–4) and 2 S-chaetae (ms antero-external to sens). Abd. II with 5 central (a2, m3, m3e, m3ea and m3ep) and 1 lateral (m5) mac. Abd. III with 1 central (m3) and 4 lateral (am6, pm6, p6 and m7) mac, 2 sens and 1 ms. Abd. IV with 31 elongated and 2 normal length sens, and 10–14 mac arranged in anterior eyebrow-like line; postero-central area with 5 (7) mac (A4, A6, B4–6; Ae6 and Ae7 sometimes present). Abd. V with 3 sens, the middle one posterior to m3, the lateral one between chaetae a5 and m5 but shifted from anterior to posterior of a5 among the examined specimens; a1, a3, m3, m5, a5, m5, and a6 as mac, m3a sometimes as mac (Fig. 25). Anterior face of VT with many ciliated chaetae, 3+3 of them as mac, in a line connecting proximal (Pr) and external-distal (Ed) mac obliquely to median furrow (Fig. 26); lateral flap with 6–9 smooth and 10–11 ciliated chaetae on each side (Fig. 27); apical smooth chaetae on posterior face variable, five of examined specimens have 5 (2+1+2), one has 7, and another one has 9 (Fig. 28). Tenaculum with 4+4 teeth and 1 large, multi-laterally basally ciliated chaeta (Fig. 29). Manubrial plaque with 3 pseudopores and 8–10 ciliated chaetae (Fig. 30). Dens with 31–39 inner spines, basal chaetae (bs) spiny and multi-laterally ciliate, bs1 shorter than bs2, the morphology of chaeta pi unclear (Figs 9, 31). Mucro bidentate with subapical tooth larger than apical one; basal spine short, with tip reaching subapical tooth; distal smooth part of dens slightly shorter than mucro (Fig. 32).

Figures 1–9. 

Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov. 1–5 Habitus: 1 dorsal view of adult 2 lateral view of adult 3 ventral view of adult 4 dorsal view of subadult 5 lateral view of 1st instar larva 6 postero-median scales on Abd. IV 7 scales and bothriotrichal complex on Abd. III 8 scales on manubrium 9 dental spines.

Figures 10–20. 

Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov. 10 Cephalic chaetotaxy on dorsal side 11 basis of Ant. I 12 basis of Ant. II 13 distal part of Ant. II 14 Ant. III organ 15 distal part of Ant. IV 16 labrum 17 clypeal chaetotaxy 18 labium 19 labial palp 20 maxillary outer lobe 10–16 dorsal view 17–19 ventral view 20 lateral view. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figures 21–24. 

Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov. 21 Chaetotaxy of Th. II–III tergites 22 Coxae (A fore leg B middle leg C hind leg) 23 Trochanteral organ 24 Distal part of tibiotarsus and claw of hind leg 21, 24 dorsal view 22, 23 lateral view. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figures 25–32. 

Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov. 25 Dorsal chaetotaxy of Abd. I–Abd. V tergites 26 anterior face of ventral tube 27 lateral flap of ventral tube 28 posterior face of ventral tube 29 tenaculum 30 manubrial plaque 31 basal part of dens 32 distal part of dens and mucro 25, 26, 31, 32 dorsal view 28–30 ventral view 27 lateral view. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Description of the first instar larva

Size. Body length up to 0.79 mm. Colour pattern. Ground colour whitish, eye patches dark, antennae and femurs of hind legs with weak pigments, posterior half of Abd. II and whole Abd. III pigmented. The colour pattern is similar to that of adults, but paler overall (Fig. 5). Body. Body without scales. Complete tergal sens as 2, 2/1, 2, 2, 33, 3, ms as 1, 0/1, 0, 1, 0, 0. Cephalic chaetotaxy on dorsal side with 2 antennal (A), 2 ocellar (O) and 3 sutural (S) mac; eyes 8+8, eye patches with 3 chaetae (p, r, and t; p largest) (Fig. 33). Labium with 3 proximal chaetae, 4 chaetae (M, e, a1 and a2) in basomedial field and 5 chaetae (a3–a5, l1 and L2) in basolateral field, chaetae M and L2 ciliate, and others smooth; posterior area of labium with 9 ciliated mac (Fig. 38). Th. II with 7 anterior (a1–7), 6 median (m1–2, m4–7), and 6 posterior (p1–6) primary chaetae arranged in 3 rows; chaetae a7, m2, m5, m7 and p4–6 as mic, others as mac, and with 3 S-chaetae (ms antero-internal to sens). Th. III with 7 anterior (a1–7), 5 median (m1, m4–7), and 6 posterior (p1–6) primary chaetae arranged in 3 rows, and 2 S-chaetae; chaetae a7, m1, m4, m7, and p4–6 as mic, others as mac. Abd. I with 5 anterior (a1–3, a5–6), 5 median (m2–6), and 2 posterior (p5–6) primary chaetae arranged in 3 rows and 2 S-chaetae (ms antero-external to sens); chaetae m2–m4 as mac, others as mic. Abd. II with 6 anterior (a1–3, a5–7), 6 median (m2–7), and 4 posterior(p4–7) primary chaetae arranged in 3 rows, an additional chaeta external to p7 and 2 S-chaetae; chaetae a2, m3 and m5 as mac, a5 and m2 as bothriotricha, others as mic. Abd. III with 6 anterior (a1–3, a5–7), 7 median (m2–5, am6, pm6, m7), and 4 posterior (p4–7) primary chaetae arranged in 3 rows, 4 additional chaetae in lateral region, and 3 S-chaetae (1 ms and 2 sens); chaeta m3, am6 and pm6 as mac, m2, a5 and m5 as bothriotricha, others as mic (Fig. 34). Abd. IV with 5 (A1–4, A6), 6 (B1–6), 4 (C1–4), 7 (T1–7), 3 (D1–3), 3 (E1–3), and 3 (F1–3) primary ciliated chaetae arranged in 7 longitudinal lines, an additional ciliated chaeta between B1 and B2 (shown by arrow in Fig. 35), and 31 elongated and 2 normal sens; T2 and T4 as bothriotricha. Abd. V with 13 primary chaetae (m2, m3 and m5 as mac; a1, a3, a5, a6, p1, p3, p4, p5, ap6 and pp6 as mic) and 3 sens, the median sens posterior to m3. Abd. VI with 16 ciliated chaetae on one side and 2 along the median axis (Fig. 35). Appendages. Ant. I with 11 ciliated chaetae arranged in one ring and 1 basal smooth chaeta. Ant. II with 26 ciliated chaetae, arranged in 3 rings (8/8/9), basis without smooth spiny chaetae. Ant. III with 38 ciliated chaetae arranged in 4 rings (from basis to apex of Ant. III as 11/12/13/2) and 5 S-chaetae (Ant. III organ). Ant. IV with many S-chaetae (more than two types) and ciliated chaetae, apical bulb bilobed (Fig. 37). Ventral tube with 2 smooth chaetae on the posterior face and on each lateral flap anterior face without chaetae (Fig. 39). Manubrium with 42 ciliated chaetae, dens with numerous ciliated chaetae, without inner dental spines; chaetae bs2 longer than bs1, pi ciliated and similar in length to that of other ciliated chaetae; mucro with subapical tooth larger than apical one, basal spine absent (Fig. 41). Tenaculum with 4+4 teeth and without chaetae (Fig. 42). Four segments of fore, middle and hind leg with numerous chaetae, coxae with 1, 1, 1 chaetae, pseudopore unclear; trochanters with 6 (2 smooth), 6 (2 smooth), 5 (1 smooth and 1 spine like) chaetae; femurs with 13 (1 smooth), 17 (2 smooth), 17 (at least 1 smooth) ciliated chaetae; tibiotarsus with 39 (10/8/8/8/4 ciliated and 1 tenent hair), 41 (10/8/8/8/6 ciliated and 1 tenent hair), 48 (10/8/8/8/8/4, 1 tenent hair and 1 inner smooth chaetae) ciliated chaetae (Figs 43–45).

Figures 33–42. 

The first instar larvae of Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov. 33 Dorsal cephalic chaetotaxy 34 chaetotaxy of Th. II–Abd. III tergites 35 chaetotaxy of Abd. IV–VI tergites 36 chaetotaxy of Ant. I–III 37 distal part of Ant. IV 38 labium 39 ventral tube 40 manubrium 41 dens 42 tenaculum 33–37, 39–42 dorsal view 38 ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figures 43–45. 

Left legs of the first instar of Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov. 43–45 Anterior view of fore leg (43), mid leg (44) and hind leg (45). Scale bars: 50 μm.

Ecology

Found in leaf litter of Calamus thysanolepis.

Holotype

1♀ on slide, China, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou city, Tianhe District, Longdong reservoir, 23°14.134'N, 113°23.94'E, altitude 127±5 m, sample number 4661, collected by Z-X PAN and S-S ZHANG, 24-III-2018. Paratypes. 4♀1♂adults, 1 subadult and 1 first instar larva on slides and 3 adults in ethanol, same data as holotype. All types were deposited at the School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University.

Etymology

Specific epithet refers to the single chaeta M on labial basis (uni + seta).

Remarks

Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the other two species of the genus by the dark pigment present on the lateral and anterior margins of Th. II, posterior margin of Abd. II and whole Abd. III, labial single M chaeta, three mac and ms external to sens on dorsal side of Abd. I, 5 (7) mac in postero-median area of Abd. IV, middle sens posterior to m3 on Abd. V, and three teeth on inner side of unguis. Detailed differences between the three species of Sinhomidia are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.
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Detailed differences between the three species of genus Sinhomidia.

Characters S. uniseta sp. nov. S. bicolor S. guangxiensis
Colour pattern
Lateral stripes on head absent present absent
Pigment on Th. II along lateral and anterior margins, rarely whole along lateral and anterior margins whole
Pigment on Abd. I posterior margin whole whole
Middle dark band dorsally on Abd. IV absent present present
Posterior dark band dorsally on Abd. IV discontinuous continuous continuous
Scales on antennae, legs and manubrium present present absent
Maximum body length (mm) 2.5 3.4 2.4
Chaetotaxy
Chaeta M on labrum undoubled doubled doubled
Chaetae a2 and a5 on Abd. I absent absent present
Chaeta a3 on Abd. II mic mic mac
Postero-medial mac on Abd. IV 5 (7) 9 8
Inner teeth of unguis 3 4 4
Smooth/ciliated chaetae on each lateral flap of ventral tube 5–9/10–11 14/14 3/13

Discussion

Close relationship revealed by the chaetotaxy of adults and first instar between Sinhomidia and Homidia

The genus Sinhomidia was named referring to many features shared with Homidia (Zhang et al. 2009). Sinhomidia is regarded as sister group of Homidia (Zhang et al. 2014a), and is considered to be scaled Homidia (Zhang et al. 2014b). The genera Sinhomidia and Homidia share many features, such as colour pattern; chaetotaxy of head, labium, labrum, terga; S-chaetotaxic pattern, bothriotrichal pattern; and morphology of Ant. IV bulb, claw and mucro of adults (Pan et al. 2011, Zhuo et al. 2018). Phylogeny supports this close similarity (Zhang et al. 2014a, b, 2016, Zhang and Deharveng 2015, Ding et al. 2019). Here, we show that chaetotaxy of the first instar larva is also more similar between Sinhomidia and Homidia than between Sinhomidia and the species of the other six genera within family Entomobryidae where it has been described, including the number, morphology and relative location of primary tergal chaetae (Tab. 2).

These two genera differ nevertheless by several characters, such as scales (present in Sinhomidia versus absent in Homidia) (Figs 6–8), number of guard chaetae on labial papilla E (3 in Sinhomidia versus 4 in Homidia) (Fig. 19), bothriotrichal complex (slightly modified accessory mic of Sinhomidia versus not modified in Homidia) (Fig. 7), the relative position of posterior mac (p series) of Th. II–III (close to m series in Sinhomidia, versus close to posterior margin in Homidia) (Fig. 21), the number of mac on the dorsal side of Abd. I (3–5 in Sinhomidia versus 9–11 in Homidia), and length ratio Abd. IV/Abd. III (11–15 in the new species, but less than 10 times in Homidia, generally) (Zhang et al. 2009, Pan et al. 2011, Pan and Shi 2015, Jin et al. 2017, Zhuo et al. 2018).

Table 2.
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Comparison of the first instar larvae among nine species of Entomobryidae.

Tergite Chaetae S. un H. q H. j S. um S. b O. f H. n E. m P. a
Th. II m1 mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mac mac
m2 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic scale
p4 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
p5 mic mac mac mic mac mac mic mic mac
P6 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
Th. III a1 mac mac mic mic mac mac mic mic mic
a2 mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mic mic
a3 mac mac mac mac mac mic mic mic mic
a4 mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mic –
a5 mac mac mac mac mac mac mac mac mac
m1 mic mic mic mic – mic mic – –
m2 – – – – mac – – mic mac
m5 mac mac mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
p1 mac mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mac
p2 mac mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mac
Abd. I a4 – – – – – – – mic –
a5 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic – mic
m2 mac mac mac mic mac mac mac mic mac
m4 mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mac mac
m6 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
Abd. II a1 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
a2 mic mic mic mic mac mac mic mic mac
a6 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic – mic
a7 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic –
m3 mac mac mac mac mac mac mac mac mac
m4 mic mic mic mic mic – – mic mic
m5 mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mic mac
m6 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mac mic
m7 mic mic mic mic – mic mic – mic
p4 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic – –
p5 mic mic mic mic mic mic – – –
Abd. III a1 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
a2 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
a7 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic – mic
m4 mic mic mic mic mic – mic – mic
am6 mac mac mic mic mic mac mac mac mac
pm6 mac mac mac mic mac mac mac mac mac
p4 mic mic mic mic – mic mic mic –
p5 mic mic mic mic mic mic – mic –
Abd. IV A4 mac mic mic – – – – mic –
A5 – mic – mic mic – – – mic
A6 mac mic mac mic mic – mic ? mic
B4 mac mac mic mac mic – – mic mic
B5 mac mac mac mac mac mic mic mac mac
B6 mac mic mic mic mic mic – mic mic
E2 mac mac – – mic mac mic – mic
E3 mac mac mac mac mac – – mac mic
Abd. V a1 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
a3 mic mic mic mic mic – – – –
m2 mac mac mac mac mac mac mac mic mac
m3 mac mac mac mic mac mac mac mic mac
a5 mic mic mic mic mic mac mac – –
m5 mac mac mac mic mac – mic – mac
a6 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic – mic
p1 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic mic
p2 – – – – – – – mic –
p3 mic mic mic mic mic mic mic – mic
p4 mic mic mic mic mic mic – mic mic
p5 mic mic mic mic mic mic – – –
ap6 mic mic mic mic mic mic mac mic mic

Notes: S. un: Sinhomidia uniseta sp. nov.; H. q: Homidia quadriseta Pan, 2018; H. j: Homidia jordanai Pan et al., 2011; S. um: Sinella umesaoi Yosii, 1940; S. b: Seira barnadi (Womersley, 1934); O. f: Orchesella flavescens (Bourlet, 1839); H. n: Heteromurus nitidus (Templeton, 1836); E. m: Entomobryoides myrmecophila (Reuter, 1884); P. a: Pseudosinella alba (Packard, 1873); -: absent; ?: unclear (H. q refer to Zhuo et al. 2018; H. j refer to Pan et al. 2011; S. um and S. b refer to Zhang and Deharveng 2015; other four species refer to Szeptycki 1979).

Are scales present on appendages of Sinhomidia

Scales are intuitively considered to have evolved from ordinary chaetae, present in many species, and are important diagnostic characters for classification at the subfamilial and tribal levels of the family Entomobryidae. The tribe Willowsiini is well defined by the absence of dental scales (Zhang et al. 2009). However, the presence or absence of body scales for classification is not valid for Willowsiini (Zhang et al. 2014a). Sinhomidia is a member of Willowsiini by the absence of scales on dens, and differs from other genera by its dental spines. Two recorded species of Sinhomidia and the new species described here are consistent in the morphology of the scales and tip pointed and fusiform with coarse striations, but they do not agree well between them in whether the scales are present on appendages. They are present on appendages of S. bicolor and the new species, but absent on S. guangxiensis (Zhang et al. 2009, Jin et al. 2017). Referring to the examined specimens of the new species, a few scales are present on the basal segments of antennae and legs, and ventral side of manubrium; furthermore, scales on the manubrium are narrower and longer than on the dorsal side of the terga, and similar to normal chaetae (Fig. 8). Additionally, scales easily fall off after clearing, and their sockets are difficult to distinguish from those of normal chaetae when checked by light microscope. To confirm if Sinhomidia has scales present on appendages in all species, it would be necessary to check the holotype of S. guangxiensis.

Key to the species of genus Sinhomidia

1 Abd. I entirely dark pigmented, Abd. IV with a middle dark band, claw with 4 inner teeth, labial chaeta M doubled 2
– Abd. I with posterior margin dark pigmented, Abd. IV without middle dark band, claw with 3 inner teeth, labial chaeta M undoubled S. uniseta sp. nov.
2 Head with lateral dark stripes, chaetae a2 and a5 absent on Abd. I S. bicolor
– Head without lateral dark stripes, chaetae a2 and a5 present on Abd. I S. guangxiensis

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (36101880) and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LY15C040001). Also, thanks given to Professor Shidi SHI who provided comments on this manuscript.

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